Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Next-to-leading order (NLO)“

For processes involving structure functions and/or fragmentation functions, arguments that over a range of a proper kinematic variable, there is a part that dominates the next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections, are briefly reviewed. The arguments are tested against more recent NLO and in particular complete next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) calculations. A critical examination of when these arguments may not be useful is also presented.

After a brief introduction to Deep Inelastic Scattering in the Bjorken limit and in the Regge Limit we discuss the operator product expansion in terms of non local string operator and in terms of Wilson lines. We will show how the high-energy behavior of amplitudes in gauge theories can be reformulated in terms of the evolution of Wilson-line operators. In the leading order this evolution is governed by the non-linear Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation. In order to see if this equation is relevant for existing or future deep inelastic scattering (DIS) accelerators (like Electron Ion Collider (EIC) or Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC)) one needs to know the next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections. In addition, the NLO corrections define the scale of the running-coupling constant in the BK equation and therefore determine the magnitude of the leading-order cross sections. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the next-to-leading order BK equation has both conformal and non-conformal parts. The NLO kernel for the composite operators resolves in a sum of the conformal part and the running-coupling part. The QCD and [Formula: see text] kernel of the BK equation is presented.

The photon impact factor for the BFKL pomeron is calculated in the next-to-leading order (NLO) approximation using the operator expansion in Wilson lines. The result is represented as a NLO kT-factorization formula for the structure functions of small-x deep inelastic scattering.

We consider the next-to-leading order (NLO) calculation of single inclusive particle production at forward rapidities in proton-nucleus collisions and in the framework of the Color Glass Condensate (CGC). We focus on the quark channel and the corrections associated with the impact factor. In the first step of the evolution the kinematics of the emitted gluon is kept exactly (and not in the eikonal approximation), but such a treatment which includes NLO corrections is not explicitly separated from the high energy evolution. Thus, in this newly established “factorization scheme”, there is no “rapidity subtraction”. The latter suffers from fine tuning issues and eventually leads to an unphysical (negative) cross section. On the contrary, our reorganization of the perturbation theory leads by definition to a well-defined cross section and the numerical evaluation of the NLO correction is shown to have the correct size.

The next-to-leading order electro-weak radiative corrections to the µ±e- → µ±e- process are reviewed and their relevance is discussed for the MUonE experiment, proposed at CERN. The aim of MUonE is the high precision measurement of the QED running coupling constant in the space-like region, from which the full hadronic contribution can be extracted and used to provide a new and independent determination of the leading-order hadronic correction to the muon g − 2. In this context, the required accuracy demands that radiative corrections are accounted for at the highest level of precision and implemented into a Monte Carlo event generator for data analysis. The first step towards the final goal of theoretical precision, which will require the full set of NNLO corrections and resummation of higher orders, is the inclusion of NLO electro-weak corrections.

We present the NLO QCD corrections for light Higgs pair production via vector boson fusion at the LHC within the CP conserving type II two-Higgs doublet model in the form of a fully flexible parton-level Monte Carlo program. Scale dependences on integrated cross sections and distributions are reduced with QCD K-factors of order unity.

We report on recent progress in testing the factorization formalism of non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) at next-to-leading order (NLO) for J/ψ yield and polarization. We demonstrate that it is possible to unambiguously determine the leading color-octet (CO) long-distance matrix elements (LDMEs) in compliance with the velocity scaling rules through a global fit to experimental data of unpolarized J/ψ production in pp, [Formula: see text], ep, γγ, and e+e-collisions. Three data sets not included in the fit, from hadro-production and from photo-production in the fixed-target and colliding-beam modes, are nicely reproduced. The polarization observables measured in different frames at DESY HERA and CERN LHC reasonably agree with NLO NRQCD predictions obtained using the LDMEs extracted from the global fit, while measurements at the FNAL Tevatron exhibit severe disagreement. We demonstrate that the alternative LDME sets recently obtained, with different philosophies, in two other NLO NRQCD analyses of J/ψ yield and polarization also fail to reconcile the Tevatron polarization data with the other available world data.

Predictions of fiducial cross sections, differential cross sections, and lepton charge asymmetry are presented for the production ofW±bosons with leptonic decay up to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in perturbative QCD. Differential cross sections ofW±bosons andWboson lepton charge asymmetry are computed as a function of lepton pseudorapidity for a defined fiducial region inppcollisions ats=13 TeV. Numerical results of fiducialW±cross section predictions are presented with the latest modern PDF models at next-to-leading order (NLO) and NNLO. It is found that the CT14 and NNPDF 3.0 predictions with NNLO QCD corrections are about 4% higher than the NLO CT14 and NNPDF 3.0 predictions while MMHT 2014 predictions with NLO QCD corrections are smaller than its NNLO QCD predictions by approximately 6%. In addition, the NNLO QCD corrections reduce the scale variation uncertainty on the cross section by a factor of 3.5. The prediction of central values and considered uncertainties are obtained using FEWZ 3.1 program.

CP-violating interactions at quark level generate CP-violating nuclear interactions and currents, which could be revealed by looking at the presence of a permanent nuclear electric dipole moment. Within the framework of chiral effective field theory, we discuss the derivation of the CP-violating nuclear potential up to next-to-next-to leading order (N2LO) and the preliminary results for the charge operator up to next-to leading order (NLO). Moreover, we introduce some renormalization argument which indicates that we need to promote the short-distance operator to the leading order (LO) in order to reabsorb the divergences generated by the one pion exchange. Finally, we present some selected numerical results for the electric dipole moments of 2H, 3He and 3H discussing the systematic errors introduced by the truncation of the chiral expansion.

Cette thèse présente une étude dédiée du rayonnement supplémentaire dans les événements e⁺e⁻ → µ⁺µ⁻γ et e⁺e⁻ → π⁺π⁻γ avec un rayonnement dans l’état initial (ISR). L’étude est basée sur les données recueillies par le détecteur BABAR, correspondant à une luminosité intégrée de 424,2 fb⁻¹ et 43,9 fb⁻¹ à la résonance Y(4S) et en dessous de la résonance, respectivement. Les événements ISR à deux corps sont sélectionnés en exigeant que l’énergie du photon ISR dans le système du centre de masse E^*_ γISR soit supérieure à 4 GeV et que ISR l’angle polaire dans le laboratoire soit compris entre 0,35 et 2,4 rad, et qu’il y ait exactement deux traces avec les charges opposées, chacune avec une impulsion transverse p_T > 0,1 GeV et dans la plage angulaire entre 0,4 et 2,45 rad. Dans les événements avec deux candidats photons ISR, le photon ISR est choisi comme étant celui avec l’énergie E^*_ γISR la plus élevée. Des ajustements cinématiques d’ordre suivant (NLO) et d’ordre supérieur (NNLO) sont effectués pour étudier le rayonnement d’un ou deux photons respectivement dans les états initiaux et finals en plus du photon ISR. Plusieurs arbres de décision boostés (BDTs) basés sur la technique multivariée sont réalisés pour (1) déterminer les facteurs de normalisation des bruits de fonds multihadrons simulés à partir des processus qqbar et 3π, (2) séparer les signaux dimuon et dipion des bruits de fond dans un plan bidimensionnel en χ² d’ajustements cinématiques avec un photon supplémentaire à petit ou grand angle, et (3) supprimer les contributions des bruits de fond dans des échantillons de dipions avec deux photons supplémentaires. Suivant les méthodes de l’analyse précédente de BABAR, de nouveaux résultats sont présentés sur les processus NLO et comparés aux prédictions, en comparaison avec les prédictions des générateurs Monte Carlo (MC) PHOKHARA et AFKQED. La comparaison révèle des écarts dans les taux et également dans les distributions angulaires du photon supplémentaire entre les données et le générateur PHOKHARA. Le désaccord observé a un effet négligeable sur la mesure BABAR de la section efficace du dipion, mais il pourrait affecter de manière plus significative d’autres mesures basées sur la méthode ISR. Pour approfondir les résultats de l’analyse NLO, une analyse 0C basée sur la reconstruction cinématique à zéro contrainte de l’échantillon complet de muons est effectuée et valide le désaccord observé. Les contributions substantielles de NNLO sont étudiées et quantifiées dans les processus dimuon et dipion. Les implications de ces résultats pour d’autres expériences sont brièvement discutées et comparées
This thesis presents a dedicated study of additional radiation in e⁺e⁻ → µ⁺µ⁻γ and e⁺e⁻ → π⁺π⁻γ initial-state-radiation (ISR) events. This study is based on the data collected by the BABAR detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 424.2 fb⁻¹ and 43.9 fb⁻¹ at and below the Y(4S) resonance, respectively. Two-body ISR events are selected by requiring the ISR photon energy in the center-of-mass frame E^*_ γISR be greater than 4 GeV and the laboratory polar angle in the range 0.35-2.45 rad, and exactly two opposite charged tracks, each with transverse momentum p_T > 0,1 GeV and within the angular range 0.40-2.45 rad. In the events with two ISR photon candidates, the ISR photon is chosen to be that with the higher E^*_ γISR. Kinematic fits of next-to-leading order (NLO) and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) are performed to probe the radiation of one or two photons respectively in the initial and final states in addition to the ISR photon. Several boosted decision trees (BDTs) based on the multivariate technique are performed to (1) determine the normalization factors for simulated multihadron backgrounds from qqbar and 3π processes, (2) separate dimuon and dipion signals from backgrounds in a two-dimensional χ² plane of kinematic fits with a small-or large-angle additional photon, and (3) suppress background contributions in dipion samples with two additional photons. New results are presented for processes at NLO following the previous BABAR analysis, comparing with predictions from PHOKHARA and AFKQED Monte Carlo (MC) generators. The comparison reveals discrepancies in the one-photon rates and the PHOKHARA generator. The observed disagreement has a negligible effect on the BABAR measurement of the dipion cross section, but it could affect other ISR-based measurements more significantly. To further investigate the results from the NLO analysis, a 0C analysis which stands for zero constraint kinematic reconstruction of the full muon sample is performed and validates the observed disagreement. Substantial NNLO contributions are studied and quantified in both dimuon and dipion processes. Implications of these results for other experiments are briefly discussed and compared

In the past years, next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD computations have become standard tools for phenomenological studies at lepton and hadron colliders. On the experimental side, instead, general purpose Shower Monte Carlo (SMC) programs have become the main tools used in the analysis. These programs perform a resummation of all order leading logarithmic contributions in soft and collinear approximation. The whole process is thus represented as a parton shower, in which subsequent emissions are strongly ordered. Being fully exclusive, it is easy to interface them with phenomenological hadronization models, enabling the comparison with experimental data. However, they do not enforce NLO accuracy. In view of increasing precision required to disentangle signals from backgrounds, at present and future colliders, it has become clear that SMC programs should be improved, when possible, with NLO results. In this way a large amount of the acquired knowledge on QCD corrections would be made directly available to the experimentalists, in a flexible form that they could easily use for simulations. The problem of merging NLO calculations with parton shower simulations is basically that of avoiding overcounting, since the SMC programs already implement approximate NLO corrections. Several proposals have appeared in the literature during past years to overcome this problem. However, the first general solution to the overcounting was the MC@NLO proposal. The basic idea of MC@NLO is that of avoiding the overcounting by subtracting from the exact NLO cross section its approximation, as implemented in the SMC program to which the NLO computation is then matched. Such approximated cross section is computed analytically, and is SMC dependent. On the other hand, the MC subtraction terms are process-independent, and thus, for a given SMC, can be computed once and for all. In the current version of the MC@NLO code, the MC subtraction terms have been computed for the HERWIG SMC. In turns out, however, that in general, the exact NLO cross section minus the MC subtraction terms does not need to be positive. Therefore MC@NLO can generate events with negative weights. For the processes implemented so far, negative-weighted events may reach about 10--15% of the total. More recently, a method, named POWHEG (Positive Weight Hardest Emission Generator), was proposed that overcomes the problem of negative weighted events, and that is not SMC specific. In the POWHEG method the hardest radiation is generated first, with a technique that yields only positive-weighted events using the exact NLO matrix elements. The POWHEG output can then be interfaced to any SMC program that is either pt-ordered, or allows the implementation of a pt veto. The POWHEG method has been successfully tested in several production processes, both at leptonic and hadronic colliders. Among these we list: $ZZ$, $Q\bar{Q}$ hadroproduction, $ q\bar{q}$ and top pairs production and decay from $e^+e^-$ annihilation, Drell-Yan vector boson production, $W'$ production, Higgs boson production via gluon fusion, Higgs boson production associated with a vector boson (Higgs-strahlung) and single top, both in the $s$- and $t$-channel production mechanism. Detailed comparisons have been carried out between the POWHEG and MCatNLO results, and reasonable agreement has been found, which nicely confirms the validity of both approaches. In the present work we give a detailed description of the POWHEG method and an overview of two specific applications: single vector boson and Higgs boson production via gluon fusion. We first present the features of a general subtraction scheme. Then, we illustrate in detail two such schemes, which we adopted in calculations appearing in this thesis: the Catani and Seymour (CS) and the Frixione, Kunszt and Signer (FKS) one. Next we concentrate on the application of the POWHEG method to the process of single vector boson production, where, in the POWHEG framework, the Catani-Seymour subtraction approach was employed for the first time. We also introduced a generalization of the method in order to deal with vanishing Born cross sections, as in the case of $W^\pm$ production. Matrix elements were evaluated from scratch using helicity amplitude methods, including finite width effects, $Z/\gamma$ interference and angular correlations of decay products. Our program has been interfaced both with HERWIG and with PYTHIA, two of the most popular Shower Monte Carlo used in simulations. Results were found in remarkable agreement both with Tevatron data and with the MC@NLO program. We also discuss results at the LHC collider. Higgs boson production via gluon fusion process is then presented, with applications to both Tevatron and LHC colliders. Gluon fusion is the predominant Higgs boson production channel over a wide range of masses. Matrix elements were evaluated analytically and regularized according to the FKS subtraction formalism. In this case, results show agreement with MC@NLO distributions up to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) contributions. However, we fully understand the origin of these discrepancies and show that the POWHEG framework allows enough flexibility to get rid of them, if it is needed. Our results were also checked against NNLO and $q_T$ resummed available calculations, giving expected results.

In questo lavoro presento le implementazioni di due processi di produzione di una coppia di bosoni elettrodeboli (EW) dallo scattering di due adroni in due diversi generatori di eventi Monte Carlo all'ordine next-to-next-to-leading (NNLO) nella cromodinamica quantistica (QCD) combinati con la parton shower (PS). Nella prima parte della tesi discuto l'implementazione del processo di produzione di due coppie di leptoni privi di massa con lo stesso sapore e carica opposta dallo scattering protone-protone all'interno del generatore di eventi Monte Carlo Geneva. Dopo aver brevemente introdotto il metodo Geneva, fornisco una descrizione dettagliata di due delle sue funzioni recentemente implementate. Dopo aver passato gli eventi attraverso la parton shower di Pythia8, mostro infine diverse distribuzioni di interesse fenomenologico e le confronto con i dati degli esperimenti ATLAS e CMS al Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Il generatore di eventi Geneva consente di abbinare il calcolo NNLO con la resummazione all'ordine logaritmico next-to-next-to-leading primo (NNLL') della zero-jettiness e quella all'ordine logaritmico next-to-leading (NLL) della one-jettiness. Poiché il contributo della risommazione è differenziale nel solo parametro della N-jettiness, può essere utilizzato per generare eventi soltanto dopo aver fornito la sua dipendenza dall'intero spazio delle fasi di radiazione. Le funzioni utilizzate a questo scopo sono dette funzioni di splitting e devono essere normalizzate in modo da non compromettere l'accuratezza della risommazione. In questo lavoro presento un modo per normalizzarle on the fly, che fornisce una migliore stabilità all'integrazione Monte Carlo. Tuttavia, tale metodo richiede il calcolo analitico di diversi limiti dello spazio delle fasi che dipendono dalle mappe utilizzate per proiettare le configurazioni con N+1 partoni di stato finale su quelle con N partoni di stato finale. Dopo aver descritto tutte le proiezioni attualmente disponibili in Geneva, presento un calcolo dettagliato della normalizzazione delle corrispondenti funzioni di splitting. Successivamente discuto la sottrazione all'ordine next-to-leading (NLO) delle singolarità infrarosse di QCD per qualsiasi processo di produzione di un singoletto di colore. Poiché Geneva richiede l'integrazione Monte Carlo on-the-fly delle ampiezze reali sottratte, mostro un modo per ottimizzare l'efficienza dell'integrazione che può essere particolarmente utile per i processi in cui il calcolo degli elementi di matrice reali è computazionalmente impegnativa. Nella seconda parte della tesi discuto l'implementazione del processo di produzione di una coppia di fotoni da uno scattering protone-protone all'interno del generatore di eventi Monte Carlo Powheg Box + MiNNLOPS. Tale processo richiede un trattamento dedicato poiché è afflitto da divergenze di elettrodinamica quantistica (QED) nel limite in cui qualsiasi fotone diventa collineare a un quark. Dopo aver brevemente introdotto il generatore di eventi Powheg Box e il metodo MiNNLOPS, presento gli strumenti appositamente creati per questo calcolo. Comincio descrivendo una tecnica generale per trattare qualsiasi processo con una sezione d'urto Born divergente nel generatore di eventi Powheg Box senza applicare alcun taglio a livello di generazione. Presento quindi una mappa che impedisce che le configurazioni finite dal punto di vista della QED con un partone di stato finale siano proiettate su configurazioni singolari senza partoni di stato finale. Infine discuto alcune modifiche alla versione originale del metodo MiNNLOPS volte a ridurre l'impatto dei contributi spuri oltre il NNLO. Dopo aver passato gli eventi attraverso la parton shower di Pythia8, concludo mostrando diverse distribuzioni di interesse fenomenologico e confrontandole con i dati di LHC più recenti dall'esperimento ATLAS.
In this work, I present the implementations of two processes of electroweak (EW) boson pair production from hadronic scattering within two different Monte Carlo event generators at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) combined with parton showers (PS). In the first part of the work, I discuss the implementation of the process of production of two same-flavor opposite-charge pairs of massless leptons from proton-proton scattering within the Geneva Monte Carlo event generator. After briefly introducing the Geneva method, I provide a detailed description of two of its newly-implemented features. After passing the events through the Pythia8 parton shower, I finally show several distributions of phenomenological interest and compare them with the data from the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Geneva event generator provides a framework for matching the NNLO calculation with the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic prime (NNLL') resummation of the zero-jettiness and next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) resummation of the one-jettiness. Since the contribution from the resummation is only differential in the N-jettiness parameter, it can be used for generating events only after providing its dependence on the full radiation phase space. The functions used for this purpose are called splitting functions and must be normalized so as not to spoil the accuracy of the resummation. In this work, I present a way of normalizing them on the fly, which provides better stability to the Monte Carlo integration. However, such a method requires the analytic computation of several phase-space boundaries, which depend on the mappings used for projecting the configurations with N+1 final-state partons onto those with N final-state partons. After describing all the mappings currently available in Geneva, I present a detailed calculation of the normalization of the corresponding splitting functions. I then discuss the next-to-leading order (NLO) subtraction of the infrared QCD singularities for any process of production of a color singlet. Since Geneva requires the on-the-fly Monte Carlo integration of the subtracted real amplitudes, I show a way to optimize the efficiency of the integration, which can be particularly useful for processes where the evaluation of the real matrix elements is computationally demanding. In the second part of the work, I discuss the implementation of the process of production of a photon pair from a proton-proton scattering within the Powheg Box + MiNNLOPS Monte Carlo event generator. Such a process requires a dedicated treatment since it is plagued by quantum electrodynamics (QED) divergences in the limit where any photons become collinear to a quark. After briefly introducing the Powheg Box event generator and the MiNNLOPS method, I present the dedicated tools devised for this calculation. I begin by describing a generic way to deal with any process with a divergent Born cross section in the Powheg Box event generator without applying any generation-level cuts. I then present a mapping that prevents QED-finite configurations with one final-state parton from being projected to singular configurations with no final-state partons. Finally, I discuss several modifications to the original version of the MiNNLOPS method aimed at reducing the size of spurious contributions beyond NNLO. After passing the events through the Pythia8 parton shower, I conclude by showing several distributions of phenomenological interest and comparing them with the most recent LHC data from the ATLAS experiment.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

The pharmaceutical industry was for a long time founded on rigid rules. With the new PAT initiative, control is becoming significantly more flexible. The Food and Drug Administration is even encouraging the industry to use methods like machine learning. The authors designed a new data mining method based on inducing ensemble decision trees from which rules are generated. The first improvement is specialization for process analysis with only a few examples and many attributes. The second innovation is a graphical module interface enabling process operators to test the influence of parameters on the process itself. The first task is creating accurate knowledge on small datasets. The authors start by building many decision trees on the dataset. Next, they subtract only the best subparts of the constructed trees and create rules from those parts. A best tree subpart is in general a tree branch that covers most examples, is as short as possible and has no misclassified examples. Further on, the rules are weighed, regarding the number of examples and parameters included. The class value of the new case is calculated as a weighted average of all relevant rule predictions. With this procedure the authors retain clarity of the model and the ability to efficiently explain the classification result. In this way, overfitting of decision trees and overpruning of the basic rule learners are diminished to a great extent. From the rules, an expert system is designed that helps process operators. Regarding the second task of graphical interface, the authors modified the Orange explanation module so that an operator at each step takes a look at several space planes, defined by two chosen attributes (Demšar et al., 2004). The displayed attributes are the ones that appeared in the classification rules triggered by the new case. The operator can interactively change the current set of process parameters in order to check the improvement of the class value. The task of seeing the influence of combining all the attributes leading to a high quality end product (called design space) is now becoming human comprehensible, it does not demand a highdimensional space vision any more. The method was successfully implemented on data provided by a pharmaceutical company. High classification accuracy was achieved in a readable form thus introducing new comprehensions.