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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Object complement subordinate clauses"
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Wahyu Nugraha, I Komang Sulatra und Purwati. „SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL“. SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 12, Nr. 1 (18.03.2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v12i1.681.
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A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases. The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.
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Tuhai, O. „THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS“. Studia Philologica, Nr. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.
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KOLEVA-KOSTOVA, KRASILINA. „RHYTHMIC-INTONATIONAL PATTERNS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ATTACHED TO COPULAR MAIN CLAUSES“. Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, PR (29.06.2022): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.pr.14.
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The paper presents the results of parallel observations on the structurography and the rhythmic-intonational patterns of subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses in the Bulgarian language. It focuses on complex sentences, whose intonation contours are almost unexplored. One exception is the study of the intonation in com-plex sentences with a subordinate subject clause by Vladislav Marinov. The aim of this paper is to describe the structure of complex-compound sentences by examining a selection from a small corpus of sentences with copular main clauses. Using acoustic analysis programmes, I observe the intonation curves of these sentences and attempt at identifying intonational patterns associated with the variations of the basic sentence model NP cop NP in which the left and/or the right-hand noun group is substituted by a main or a subordinate clause (S): S1 cop S2, NP cop S, S cop NP. The main goal is to identify the characteristic features of the intonational connectivity within the complex-compound sentence and to study whether predicatives and their constituents are associated with particular intonational patterns. The object of study is predicative connectivity in complex-compound sentences and its reflection in their intonation contours. In particular, I observe subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses, traditionally divided into subject clauses and subject complement clauses. An important prerequisite for this work is a previous pilot study on a corpus of complex-compound sentences, which has shown that subject complement clauses are characterised by extremely low frequency. Keywords: rhythmic-intonational patterns, subordinate clauses attached to copular main clauses, complex sentences
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Thompson, Sandra A. „“Object complements” and conversation towards a realistic account“. Studies in Language 26, Nr. 1 (21.06.2002): 125–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.26.1.05tho.
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Based on a corpus of conversational English, I argue that the standard view of complements as subordinate clauses in a grammatical relation with a complement-taking predicate is not supported by the data. Rather, what has been described under the heading of complementation can be understood in terms of epistemic/evidential/evaluative formulaic fragments expressing speaker stance toward the content of a clause. This analysis, in which CTPs and their subjects are stored and retrieved as formulaic stance markers accounts for the grammatical, pragmatic, prosodic, and phonological data more satisfactorily than a complementation analysis.
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Алексанова, Л. А. „On the usage of complement clauses in scientific discourse“. Иностранные языки в высшей школе, Nr. 2(69) (19.08.2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2024.69.2.001.
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Придаточные изъяснительные предложения, являющиеся объектом настоящего исследования, объединяют в себе различные функциональные типы предложений — субъектные, объектные, предикативные и определительные. Они входят в состав сложноподчиненных предложений, главная часть которых обычно содержит слова речемыслительной деятельности, а сами придаточные несут в себе основную информацию. Предметом исследования является анализ функционирования данных структур в научном дискурсе, в частности в текстах современных немецких научных статей и монографий. Интерес к данной теме обусловлен тем, что в научных текстах доминирует информативная цель общения, и именно изъяснительные предложения играют большую роль как в коммуникативном, так и в текстообразующем плане. Цель статьи состоит в выявлении структурно-семантических и функциональных особенностей названных типов изъяснительных предложений в научном дискурсе. Автором статьи характеризуется статус данных предложений, анализируется их объем, тенденции в использовании тех или иных функциональных типов предложений. В комплексном описании выделенных типов изъяснительных предложений состоит и научная новизна предлагаемой статьи. Результат исследования показал, что в научном тексте значительно преобладают субъектные и объектные придаточные предложения, при доминировании глаголов мыслительной деятельности в главном предложении, которые нередко вводят косвенную речь, а также часто содержат конструкции с модальными глаголами и модально-пассивные формы преимущественно со значением необходимости. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что подача мысли, оформление самого высказывания, зафиксированного в изъяснительном предложении, во многом зависят от лексического наполнения и грамматической организации главного предложения, и вся структура сложноподчиненных предложений с изъяснительной частью влияет на качество подачи информации в научном дискурсе. Subordinate complement clauses, which are the object of this study, combine various functional types of clauses — subject, object, predicative and attributive. They are a part of complex sentences. with principal clauses usually containing verbal and cogitative words, and subordinate clauses providing the main information The subject of the study is the analysis of the functioning of these structures in scientific discourse, namely in the texts of German scientific articles and monographs. This theme arouses interest due to the fact that in scientific texts the informative function of communication dominates, and subordinate complement clauses play a significant part both in the communicative and text-forming aspects. The aim of the article is to identify the structural, semantic and functional features of the complement clauses in scientific discourse. The scientific novelty of the article lies in a comprehensive description of the selected types of complement clauses. Based on the material of German monographs and scientific articles, the paper describes the status of these clauses, analyzes their volume and trends in the use of certain functional types. The result of the study shows that in the scientific text the prevailing types are subject and object clauses with the dominance of cogitative verbs in the principal clauses. They often introduce indirect speech and contain constructions with modal verbs and modal-passive forms with the predominant modal meaning of necessity. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the way of expressing thoughts and the structure of the statement itself, fixed in a complement clause, largely depend on the lexical content and grammatical organization of the principal clause, and the entire structure of the complex sentences with a complement clause affects the quality of presenting information in scientific discourse.
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Haryanti, Sri, Purwo Haryono, Ana Setyandari und Sukasih Ratna Widayanti. „The Use of Constructions in The Novel The Autumn of The Patriarch by Gabriel Garcia Marquez“. Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 22, Nr. 2 (07.07.2021): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v22i2.12601.
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The present study deals with the features of long sentences in the novel The Autumn of the Patriarch by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. This study aimed to identify the features of long sentences found in the novel and to suggest ways to comprehend the long sentences. This study is beneficial for the development of English teaching, particularly the structure course. The data were in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences used in the novel which were collected through observation method (metode simak). Descriptive qualitative method was employed for analysing the data. The results indicated that most of the sentences were compound complex. Each clause can be identified through its subject, predicate, object, and adverb or complement. Each subordinate clause could be un-derstood by identifying the word(s) modified and introductory word used. By identifying the main clause, sub-ordinate clause, parts of a main clause, subordinate clause, and kinds of phrases, the reader can under-stand the long sentences. In addition, most of the main clauses were pre-ceded by adverbials.
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Spasova, Velichka. „ENGLISH ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVE STRUCTURES – CONSTITUENTS AND FUNCTIONS WITHIN THE CLAUSE“. Годишник на Шуменския университет. Факултет по Хуманитарни науки XXXIIIA, Nr. 1 (10.11.2022): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/sovb5690.
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The article discusses the qualitative and quantitative results from a corpus-based research into the constituents of English alternative interrogative structures (EAISs) and their grammatical functions within the clause. The study has shown that the most typical functions of the EAISs are those of direct object, adjunct and subject-oriented predicative complement. The EAISs often represent a binary unmixed coordination of noun phrases, prepositional phrases or (closed) interrogative subordinate clauses. However, there are also EAISs whose constituents belong to different syntactic categories. Still other EAISs have their final constituent unexpressed. The constituents most often occur within the boundaries of the same sentence.
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Rakhman, D. M. „Argument and Adjunct Purpose Constructions in Hill Mari“. NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, Nr. 2 (09.06.2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-2-19-35.
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In this study the author suggests a new systemic model of purpose constructions in Hill Mari - a Finno-Ugric language, spoken by approximately 30 000 people living mostly in Mari El Republic, located in Volga river basin. (Here and thereafter (if the opposite is not stated overtly) the term “purpose clause” or “purpose construction” is used in its traditional wide sense and should not be confused with “Purpose clauses” opposed to “Rationale clauses” in R. A. Faraci’s terms (1974).) There are two core strategies of marking the embedded predicate which can be used in contexts denoting purpose in Hill Mari. Firstly, an imperative form can be used. This option is reserved for different-subjects contexts. Secondly, an embedded predicate can be marked as infinitive. Notably, such a clause allows for its subject to be expressed overtly, in which case it is marked by Dative. Typically, though, the subject of an infinitival purposive clause is omitted and obligatorily controlled by a certain argument of a matrix clause. Finally, there are two peripheral constructions - those of perfect tense and non-past tense. Both are quite marginal and not universally accepted. This study also discusses the interaction between aforementioned strategies and purpose complementizers (conjunctions) š (borrowed from Russian) and. However, what constitutes the main theoretical concern of this study are certain peculiar traits of the subordinate null subject’s behavior. The paper adopts a standard generative approach (within Chomsky’s minimalist program) and argues that Hill Mari purpose constructions can be divided into two groups, namely, argument ones, occupying the position of VP complement, and adjunct ones, which are attached as VP adjuncts. This structural distinction can account for the indirect object control, which is possible in all cases, and direct object control, which is only allowed in case of certain matrix predicates. Such an analysis links Hill Mari purpose construction’s distinction to the Purpose/Rationale clauses distinction proposed for English in R. A. Faraci (1974). Finally, Hill Mari infinitival purpose clauses’ specific traits can potentially provide certain insights for the general theory of ditransitive constructions. Thus, among the main current approaches only that developed by L. Pylkkänen (2008) can account for the facts observed in Hill Mari. L. Pylkkänen argues that in some languages double objects constructions can be derived via “high” applicative head, taking VP as its complement and indirect object as its specifier. Our study argues that this is also likely to be the case in Hill Mari.
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Peterson, John, und Govind Mopkar. „Past habitual actions as relative future? On an unexpected use of the Konkani future participle and its likely origin“. Lingua Posnaniensis 63, Nr. 2 (15.12.2021): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/linpo.2021.63.2.2.
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In this paper we focus on the functions of the future participle in Goan Konkani. In addition to the more-or-less expected functions of a future participle, such as nominal attribution or marking a future or modal predicate in various subordinate and main clauses, the future participle in Konkani can also mark main predicates with a past habitual interpretation in a construction which we refer to as the “promise-construction”, as it is only found with a small class of main predicates such as promise, intend, think, etc., which take an object complement clause. We argue that the future participle originally denoted an atemporal event and later came to include habitual events with any temporal value (past, present or future), and that this has since grammaticalized with exclusively past habitual temporal reference in this one construction, as this was likely the most common environment in which habitual events of this semantic class of verbs occur.
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Kostenko, Victoria, Olena Bieliaieva und Iryna Solohor. „COMPLEX SENTENCES IN TEXTS OF INFORMED CONSENT FOR DENTAL TREATMENT: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, COMMUNICATIVE AND DISCOURSIVE ASPECTS“. Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Nr. 831-832 (2021): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.135-147.
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This article presents investigation of the structural and semantic characteristics of complex sentences and their contribution to implementing communicative strategies in the texts of informed consent for dental treatment. Informed consent is a bilateral document that provides a sufficient amount of specific information about the character of dental intervention, records the communication between doctor and patient in order to enable patients to make voluntary decisions concerning the exposure to potentially dangerous procedures. Complex sentences have been found out as one of the most common types of sentences in the texts studied. Although there is a wide range of complex sentences of different formal and semantic-syntactic types in the informed consent, some types are more prevalent than others. The two most common types of subordinate clauses have been identified: noun clauses as a direct object and adverbial clauses of condition. Complex sentences with objective clauses often contain cognitive or volitional verbs in the independent clause and are characterized by semantic and structural incompleteness, while the subordinate clause is a semantic center, which reveals, explains or complements the scope of the main clause. This type of complex sentences serves as one of the means to implement the communicative tactics guiding and controlling the patient’s perception of medical information. Conditional sentences specifying the circumstances and in particular those demonstrating the cause-effect relationship in the form of implicitation reasoning formulae are applied to implement the information communicative strategy. The considerable number of explanatory constructions (concretization, description, addition, clarification) serves to facilitate clearer understanding of the special information, thus implementing the information communicative strategy. The complex sentences are to increase the density of information and to focus on the addressee’s attention to the most relevant segments of the sentence and text. The predominance of complex sentences demonstrates the interaction of two tendencies: to compress the ramified logical relationship between phenomena, processes, situations within a sentence on the one hand, and to provide additional and sometimes redundant information in order to reduce the chance that a message will be misinterpreted, on the other hand. These tendencies incorporated on the syntax level by complex sentences are important preconditions for effective communication in giving / obtaining voluntary informed consent for dental treatment.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Object complement subordinate clauses"
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Xu, Shiwen. „Subordonnées complétives objets : une analyse contrastive du français et du chinois“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025PA030004.
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Les propositions subordonnées complétives objets (SCO) jouent un rôle central dans la construction des phrases complexes en français et en chinois. Alors que, en français, elles sont aisément identifiables grâce à des conjonctions explicites et une différenciation nette entre les modes verbaux, la reconnaissance des SCO en chinois s'avère plus complexe en raison de l'absence de marqueurs morpho-syntaxiques visibles. Cette étude comparative examine les méthodes de délimitation des SCO dans ces deux langues, en se basant sur des critères et des tests spécifiques pour repérer ces propositions. Nous avons ensuite procédé à un relevé exhaustif des énoncés contenant des SCO dans quatre œuvres littéraires, permettant une analyse statistique et comparative détaillée. Sur cette base, l'analyse synchronique a permis de comparer les structures des SCO en français et en chinois, mettant en évidence des similarités au niveau de la fonction syntaxique, mais également des différences significatives sur le plan formel. En outre, une étude diachronique a permis d'identifier les évolutions dans l'usage des SCO dans les deux langues. Pour le français, l'analyse s'étend de l’ancien français au français moderne, en s'appuyant principalement sur l'état de l'art des recherches existantes. Quant au chinois, l'étude couvre les périodes médiévale, prémoderne et moderne, en combinant un examen de l'état de l'art avec l'analyse de quatre œuvres de ces périodes. Cette recherche contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de subordination et des différences structurelles entre le français et le chinoisObject complement subordinate clauses (SCO) play a crucial role in the construction of complex sentences in both French and Chinese. In French, these clauses are easily identifiable due to explicit conjunctions and a clear distinction between verbal moods. In contrast, recognizing SCOs in Chinese proves more challenging, given the lack of visible morphosyntactic markers. This comparative study explores the methods for delineating SCOs in both languages, using specific criteria and tests to identify these clauses, particularly in Chinese, where syntactic boundaries are less clear. We conducted an exhaustive analysis of sentences containing SCOs from four literary works, enabling a comprehensive statistical and comparative examination. The synchronic analysis reveals both similarities in the syntactic functions of SCOs in French and Chinese, as well as significant formal differences. Furthermore, a diachronic approach highlights the evolution of SCO usage over time in both languages. This research offers new insights into the mechanisms of subordination and the structural differences between French and Chinese
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Mischke, Gertruida Elizabeth. „The Southern Sotho relative in discourse“. Diss., 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17463.
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Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised
as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two
types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated.
An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas
Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that
direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used
as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the
reference of object nouns.
Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new
information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite,
while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting
that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type
of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed.African Languages
M.A. (African Languages)
Bücher zum Thema "Object complement subordinate clauses"
1
Cardoso, Adriana. Discontinuous noun phrases and remnant-internal relativization in the diachrony of Portuguese. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates syntactic change regarding the availability of split noun phrases in relative clauses in the diachrony of Portuguese. In earlier stages of the language an element that is thematically dependent on the head noun (either as a complement or as a modifier) may not appear adjacent to it but in a relative clause internal position. In Contemporary European Portuguese, noun phrase discontinuity also arises in relative clauses, but only with the modifier/complement in the rightmost position. The word order with the modifier/complement at the left periphery of the relative clause is not allowed. The change is explained as being due to the loss of a left-peripheral position for contrastive focus within relative clauses (and possibly other types of subordinate clauses). Hence, the contraction of clause structure and the concomitant loss of movement are taken to constrain the possibilities of phrasal discontinuity found in earlier periods.
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Chamoreau, Claudine. Purepecha, a Polysynthetic but Predominantly Dependent-Marking Language. Herausgegeben von Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun und Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.38.
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Purepecha (language isolate, Mexico) has one relevant characteristic that leads to identifying it as a polysynthetic language: productive verbal morphology (in particular locative suffixes). Purepecha is a predominantly dependent-marking language, as its pronominal markers are enclitics, generally second position enclitics. But, in some contexts Purepecha shows head-marking characteristics. Today, pronominal enclitics exhibit variation, tending to move to the rightmost position in the clause; they may encliticize to the predicate itself, showing a head-attraction or polypersonalism strategy and making Purepecha more polysynthetic. But this language lacks noun incorporation. Purepecha has three types of non-finite clause: two subordinate clauses (non-finite complement clauses and purpose clauses) and a syntactically independent clause (the chain-medial clause). This seemingly inconsistent situation (characterized by a correlation of different properties, some of which have not been identified as polysynthetic) calls for addressing the typological classification of Purepecha among the polysynthetic languages.
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Abondolo, Daniel. Uralic Languages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.6.
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All but three of the thirty-nine Uralic languages are endangered, most of them seriously so; of the family’s ten main branches, only two have members considered safe (Finnish and Estonian of the Fennic branch, plus Hungarian). This chapter surveys a selection of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the Uralic languages; the emphasis is on presenting aspects that are usually ignored, oversimplified, or misrepresented. Among the topics broached are vowel harmony; consonant gradation, which in the Uralic context is of four distinct kinds, three of them quite old; less-than-agglutinative (i.e. fairly fusional features of several languages); problems of phonological reconstruction; the inflection of personal pronouns; person marking on nouns and Subject, Agent, and Object marking on verbs; and kinds of relative, complement, and support clauses.
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Miller, D. Gary. The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.001.0001.
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This reference grammar of Gothic includes much history along with a description of Gothic grammar. Apart from runic inscriptions, Gothic is the earliest attested language of the Germanic family in Indo-European. Specifically, it is East Germanic. Most of the extant Gothic corpus is a 4th-century translation of the Bible, traditionally ascribed to Wulfila. This translation is historically important because it antedates Jerome’s Latin Vulgate. Gothic inflectional categories include nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Nouns are inflected for three genders, two numbers, and four cases. Adjectives also have weak and strong forms, as do verbs. Verbs are inflected for three persons and numbers, indicative and nonindicative mood (here called optative), past and nonpast tense, and voice. The mediopassive survives as a synthetic passive and syntactically in innovated periphrastic formations. Middle and anticausative functions were taken over by simple reflexive structures. Nonfinite are the infinitive, the imperative, and two participles. Gothic was a null subject language. Aspect was effected primarily by prefixes, relativization by relative pronouns built on demonstratives plus a complementizer. Complementizers were the norm with subordinated verbs in the indicative or optative. Switch to the optative was triggered by irrealis (the unreal), matrix verbs that do not permit a full range of subordinate tenses (e.g. hopes, wishes), potentiality, and alternate worlds. Many of these are also relevant to matrix clauses (independent optatives). Essentials of linearization include prepositional phrases, default postposed genitives and possessive adjectives, and preposed demonstratives. Verb-object order predominates, but there is considerable variation. Verb-auxiliary order is native Gothic.
Buchteile zum Thema "Object complement subordinate clauses"
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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. „Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Tariana“. In Complementation, 178–203. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199297870.003.0008.
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Abstract Tariana has four types of complement clauses and four complementation strategies which include nominalizations, sequential subordinate clauses, and serial verb constructions. Complement clauses can only occur in O function, while nominalizations can be used in any other function, except for A. Unlike objects expressed with noun phrases, neither complement clauses nor most nominalizations can be targets of passive or any other valency-changing derivation.
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Faarlund, Jan Terje. „The finite clause“. In The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian, 155–208. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817918.003.0006.
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The topic of this chapter is the T-domain. The specifier of TP is the subject position. The finite verb never appears in T on the surface. In subordinate clauses it remains in V; in main clauses it moves on to C. There is an obligatory subject requirement for all finite, non-imperative clauses. In cases where no argument raises to SpecTP, a non-referential element is used to fill the subject role. There are two kinds of passives, a periphrastic one with an auxiliary and the perfect participle, or one derived from the reflexive form of the verb. The passive subject may be any nominal complement, including the complement of some prepositions, stranding the preposition. Sentence adverbials are left-adjoined to VP. By object shift an unstressed pronoun is shifted across the sentence adverbial if no other material intervenes. Negated objects cannot occur in VP, and have to be replaced by the negation above VP.
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Deutscher, Guy. „The Emergence of Finite Complements“. In Syntactic Change in Akkadian, 37–65. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198299882.003.0004.
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Abstract Finite complements in Akkadian developed from adverbial clauses. This process may appear unusual, since adverbial clauses are not often reported as sources of finite complements, and since adverbial conjunctions are not often reported as sources of complementizers. Moreover, according to the common interpretation of finite complements as object clauses (an interpretation which I tried to discredit in §2.1 above), the structural aspect of the change from adverbial clauses to complements may seem very problematic. This chapter examines the emergence of finite complements by tracing the development of the conjunction k”ima from an adverbial subordinator to a complementizer. I argue that the change from an adverbial to a complement can, in fact, be smooth and very natural, and that it does not present any genuine problems on either the semantic level or the structural level. Section 4.2 describes the core part of this process, the ‘bleaching’ of k’ima, from the causal meaning (‘because’) to the factive meaning (‘that’). The following section then examines the structural consequences of this process of semantic change.
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Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. „Aspectual Focus“. In Information Structure, 194–212. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199262588.003.0005.
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Abstract In the last chapter, we saw several instances in which lexical properties of verbs have an effect on f-structure: Manner-of-speaking verbs block focusing on the subordinate clause, and hence on extraction (Chapter 4, section 2.3). Creation verbs allow focusing on the complement of the picture noun phrase and hence license extraction (Chapter 4, section 4.2). The same effect was also seen with respect to extraposition (Chapter 4, section 4.1). Finally, sentence completeness was seen to be affected by properties of the verb as well (Chapter 4, section 4.2). In addition, the lexical properties themselves can be affected by context: We saw that a meaning component can be backgrounded if its content is contextually prominent and that contrast and modification can force focus on a verb even though the verb itself does not require it. This chapter discusses these and similar phenomena and offers a framework within which they can be analyzed. Section 1 briefly outlines the lexical theory of atoms and introduces the notion of aspectual focus. Section 2 elucidates the lexical properties of manner-of speaking verbs predicting both the extraction facts and completeness facts. It goes on to distinguish the lexical properties of the different verb types which take picture NPs as their complements, again deriving their extraction and completeness properties. Then f-structure constraints on extraction in double object constructions are shown to follow from their lexical structure. The topic of section 3 is missing objects which form structures with characteristic information structure properties. Finally, section 4 accounts for the unusual stress patterns assigned to out-of-the-blue change-events pointed out in Chapter 2, section 2.3.
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Grønn, Atle. „Tense in how- and that-clauses under visual perception“. In Non-Interrogative Subordinate Wh-Clauses, 63–84. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844620.003.0003.
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Abstract Russian exhibits a puzzling tense alternation between present and past in the complement under a matrix past perception verb. The paper proposes an analysis of how the tense data relate to the choice of complementizer: kak/how vs. chto/that. A challenge for Russian is to explain how the simultaneous interpretation arises with past under past without Sequence-of-tense rules characteristic of Germanic languages. The paper argues that the embedded past is independent of the matrix tense and gets a de re interpretation. On the other hand, present tense morphology in the complement under a past perception verb is only licensed in intensional environments, such as belief-contexts, hence in cases of epistemic perception. The complement clause is then semantically dependent on the matrix (de dicto reading), as with ordinary attitude verbs.
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Uegaki, Wataru. „The doubt-whether puzzle“. In Non-Interrogative Subordinate Wh-Clauses, 461–91. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844620.003.0015.
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Abstract The predicate doubt exhibits a distinctive selectional restriction: it is compatible with declarative and whether-complements but is incompatible with constituent wh-complements. The interpretation of a whether-complement under doubt is also puzzling, as doubt whether p is almost—but not completely—synonymous with doubt that p. This chapter presents a semantic account of these facts, based on the mechanisms of highlighting and exhaustification. Doubt expresses an existential doxastic attitude toward the negation of the highlighted content of the complement while having presuppositions that are sensitive to the ordinary content of the complement. Since that p and whether p are equivalent in the highlighted content but non-equivalent in the ordinary content, the semantics explains fine-grained differences in interpretations between doubt whether p and doubt that p. Furthermore, due to the absence of a stronger scalemate, the interpretation of doubt that/whether p undergoes strengthening via exhaustification, akin to the behavior of scaleless modals.
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Pinkster, Harm. „Subordinate clauses filling an argument position“. In The Oxford Latin Syntax, 52–236. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230563.003.0015.
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Chapter 15 deals with subordinate clauses, both finite and non-finite, which function as argument of their governing verb (traditionally called complement clauses). A distinction is made between declarative, interrogative, and imperative subordinate clauses. They are discussed according to the various subordinating devices: subordinators (e.g. quod, ut), question particles, infinitives (including accusative and infinitive clauses), gerunds, gerundives, and nominal clauses.
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Umbach, Carla, Stefan Hinterwimmer und Cornelia Ebert. „Depictive manner complements“. In Non-Interrogative Subordinate Wh-Clauses, 124–57. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844620.003.0005.
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Abstract Complement clauses introduced by manner wh-words like English how and German wie exhibit, next to their regular manner reading, a declarative-like reading called depictive in this chapter. For both German and English, speakers attest that depictive readings are not fully equivalent to declarative that/dass clauses because they include a pictorial meaning component inviting recipients to imagine scenes depicting the complement's content. The chapter proposes a semantic analysis according to which manner wh-words uniformly denote manners, which we reconstruct via similarity. The depictive reading is traced back to the high syntactic position of the wh-word, which is the reason why manner modification affects the situation/event token instead of its type and the content of the complement is understood as being wrapped in a "cloud" of similar situations. The pictorial add-on is explained by assuming that similarity clouds serve as cues for the addressee to think of ways picturing the complement's content—ways it could have been. This interpretation establishes a link to the use of manner wh-words as quotation markers.
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Corver, Norbert. „Decomposing adverbs and complementizers“. In Non-Interrogative Subordinate Wh-Clauses, 158–206. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844620.003.0006.
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Abstract This chapter examines the syntax of the Dutch wh-element hoe ‘how’ in two of its grammatical uses: its use as an interrogative manner ‘adverb’ (hoeQ(uestion)), and its use as a non-interrogative conjunctive element (referred to as hoeE(ventive)). It is proposed that the two instances of hoe can be reduced to a single linguistic expression, namely a nominal expression. HoeQ starts out as the complement of a silent adposition which heads a PP. This PP is moved to the clausal left periphery, specifically to the Spec-position of a dummy adpositional ‘conjunction’ that surfaces as of ‘if/whether’ or remains silent. HoeE is base-generated in [Spec, CP] and assigns substantive contents (‘manner/way’) to the clause. This nominal clause-marker moves to the specifier position of an adpositional conjunction within the clausal left periphery. Thus, although the base positions of the nominal expressions hoeQ and hoeE are configurationally asymmetric, their derived positions are configurationally symmetric.
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Dixon, R. M. W. „I know that it seems that he’ll make me want to describe her starting to say that she knows that it seems that . . . Complement clauses“. In A Semantic Approach to English Grammar, 230–85. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199283071.003.0008.
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Abstract There are, as outlined in §2.7, seven kinds of complement clause, which can fill the object or subject (or, sometimes, a post-object) slot in a main clause. All Secondary and Primary-B verbs take complement clauses—but each one allows only some of the full range of complement clause possibilities. Which complement clauses a given verb may accept is determined by the meaning of the verb and the meanings of the complement clause constructions. In §8.2 we outline the meanings of the different kinds of complement clause. §§8.3–4 then deal with Secondary and Primary-B types, one at a time, looking at the overall meaning of each type and the specific meanings of individual verbs within the type, thus providing a semantic explanation for the complement clauses that occur. §8.1 deals briefly with ‘parentheticals’, which are related to that complement constructions.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Object complement subordinate clauses"
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Knyazev, Mikhail Yu. „AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY ON THE REALIZATION OF SENTENTIAL COMPLEMENTS IN RUSSIAN“. In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.14.
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Declarative sentential complements in Russian can be realized either directly as čto-clauses or as čto-clauses embedded in the nominal construction headed by the “correlative” pronoun to. In previous studies, several factors that influence the choice of one of these two strategies have been identified, including the discourse status of the complement, the agentivity of the verb, the choice of the verb, register, etc. This study investigates the effect of syntactic complexity of the sententce in which the complement clause is embedded. The effect of complexity has been demonstrated before on the basis of several corpus studies of various constructions in English, which suggested that higher complexity is associated with the preference for the more explicit construction in the case of alternations. The goal of this study was to test whether complexity leads to a higher preference for the construction with the correlative (being the more explicit of the two alternants). Complexity was operationalized as additional embedding of the complement-taking predicate in a relative clause, either with a finite or a participial head (the latter presumably leading to still higher complexity). The hypothesis regarding the effect of complexity was tested in two experiments, an acceptability judgment study and a (100-scale) graded forced choice study. The experiments also tested the effect of the association between a verb and one of the two complementation strategies in the corpus (using the Attraction measure) as well as the effect of the subcategorization frame of the verb, i. e. whether it can take a direct object (by hypothesis, leading to the higher preference for čto-clauses) or only an oblique. The results of the experiments did not show an effect of complexity, which might be due to a small size of the effect and/or the nature of the task. However, the experiments revealed the effect of the Attraction class and of the subcategorization frame, namely, in oblique positions sentential complements show a higher preference for the correlative as opposed to direct positions. At the same time, verbs that have a higher association with čto-clauses in the corpus, show an approximately equal preference for both strategies. An explantion of this effect is proposed. Refs 16.
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Othman, Sanaa. „Types of Complements and Their Realizations in Scientific Texts“. In 3rd International Conference on Language and Education. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/iclangedu2023/paper.950.
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The following paper was undertaken to further understand the syntactic realizations of one of the major clause constituent, namely the complement C in scientific texts of academic level, (312) sentences all of them were chosen from Geology, Chemistry, Biology and Physics, symbolized as G, C, B and P were analysed. The model adopted in this study was Quirk et al.'s of (1985) to see the effectiveness of the above mentioned constituent realizations and their occurrence in such texts. The complement is restricted in some approaches like Quirk et al.'s model to refer only to the complementing function of structures following verbs "to be " in the case of subject Complement symbolized as (Cs), in the intensive type (SVCs) and the complex-transitive verbs in the case of object Complement symbolized as (Co), in the (SVOCo) where the intensive relation is implied between O and Co. It is hypothesized that the complements occurrences were prominent in the intensive type (SVCs) in comparison with their realizations in the complex-transitive one (SVOCo). The percentages of the Cs, distributed in the SVCs, patterns were very close in the four disciplines. The adjectives with complementation scored the highest rate. The highest rates among these adjective complementation categories were realized by that-clauses, to-infinitive clauses and prepositional phrases. The majority of subjects occurring in the analysed texts were with anticipatory "it". Finally, the Co, in the SVOCo type scored the lower percentage. The contributed percentages were to some extend related. The adjective phrases were dominant with different categories of complementation which were also hypothesized to be an additional characteristic of scientific writing. The findings of the study were found to be in agreement with the hypotheses.