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Adrian Kliks, Marcin Dryjanski, Vishnu Ram, Leon Wong, and Paul Harvey. "Towards autonomous open radio access networks." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 4, no. 2 (2023): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/gjii3746.
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In this paper we give an overview of an open disaggregated network architecture based on an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN), including the current work from standards bodies and industry bodies in this area. Based on this architecture, a framework for the automation of xApp development and deployment is proposed. This is then aligned with the key concepts described in ITU-T in terms of the evolution, experimentation, and adaptation of controllers. The various steps in such an aligned workflow, including design, validation, and deployment of xApps, are discussed, and use case examples are provided to illustrate further our position regarding the mechanisms needed to achieve automation.
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Ajeel, 7haneenabdulrahman7, and Ismail Hburi. "Meta surface Assisted Open radio access networks." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (2024): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol12.iss4.550.
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The paradigm of the open radio access networks (O-RAN) seeks to carry intelligence and openness (multi-vendors) to the conventional proprietary and closed radio access networks (RAN) schemes and deliver performance enhancement, cost-efficiency, and flexibility, in both the network's operation and deployment. On the other hand, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) are suggested for future networks due to their effectiveness in terms of cost and energy consumption. However, due to the fast time-varying feature of the dense wireless systems, it becomes difficult to allow optimal user association and beamforming in terms of signalling overheads and processing in RIS assisted RANs with the limited capacity of the fronthaul. Therefore, the objective of this study is to attain a trade-off between the costs (signalling overhead/complexity) and the throughput performance. In other words, the study sets the challenges of the RIS aided O-RAN technology regarding the joint selection of user’s equipment (UEs)/open radio unit (O-RU)-RIS pairs and the designing of beamforming at the O-RU/RIS and open distributed unit (O-DU). From this point, to addressing the designing challenges, this work suggests a simple and potential beamforming strategy in RIS aided O-RAN architecture taking into account the specification of the interfaces between different O-RAN units to split opportunities between the radio and distributing units. In specific, a channel-gain-based selection of UEs/O-RU-RIS pairs joint with duality theory (DT) and transform of quadratic function (TQF) algorithm (namely DT_TQF) is proposed. Firstly, the non-convex optimization problem is relaxed via duality and transform of quadratic functions, and then an iterative approach is carried out for the active and passive beamformers via a simple alternating optimization approach. This approach can achieve flexibility in the environment of a high-traffic transmission while lowering the interference between radio units and the signalling burden required for beamforming tasks. Numerical simulation results justify the effectiveness of the algorithm for different systems' parameter settings and validate the important of installing RIS. For example, for a certain environment, the performance gain is about 52.9 % in comparison to the classic null-steering/random phase shifter scheme.
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Dr., S. Oudaya Coumar, Jaswanth kumar B., sai charan T.Leela, and Sai Krishna V. "Minimization of Network Traffic in 5g Open Radio Access Networks." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 5 (2022): 1325–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6691439.
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This paper is about the Minimization of network traffic in 5g open radio access networks. providing network to high-density activity request is main thing of the guarantees of such future remote systems. The open radio access network get to organize that O-RAN is one of the basic drivers guaranteeing such a network in heterogenous systems. This paper proposes a energetic activity estimating plot to anticipate future activity request in combined O-RAN Moreover, we have demonstrated that the proposed system can suit a huge number of network devices associated at the same time within the combined O-RAN.
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Qasim, Russul, and Ismail S. Baqer. "Open Radio Access Networks “O-RAN” SystemsThroughput improvement)." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (2024): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol12.iss4.552.
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Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) are expected to revolutionizecommunication systems. O-RAN enables virtualized Radio Access Networkswhere distributed components are attached through open interfaces andintelligent controllers optimize the performance. A new conceptual design has been created for network configuration, deployment, and functions. This design uses interchangeable components from various vendors and can be optimized for performance through a centralized inference layer and data-driven control. However, due to the large number of users and limited capacity of the fronthaul in dense wireless systems, it becomes challenging to achieve optimal resource allocation in such massive systems. In this work, we balance the spectral efficiency and the required power, which will reduce the signalling overheads and processing in high-density radio access networks. More specifically, a linear channel estimation (based on the MMSE technique) is employed to design the Conjugate Beamforming vectors. The suggested iterative approach,namely LSF-IV, leverages the large-scale fading detection (LSF) and theintermediate value method (IV) to attain the balancing between users' uplink spectral performance. Concerning the algorithm validity and for a specific parameter setting scenario, the proposed approach can significantly enhance the spectral performance for the users in the worst channel conditions compared with the typical fractional PA. Adjusting a specific parameter can improve spectral performance by 45% with a 95% likelihood. This study found that using a more extended training sequence for channel estimation can result in a 27% improvement in spectral performance, based on a 95% likely percentage.
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Dryjański, Marcin, Łukasz Kułacz, and Adrian Kliks. "Toward Modular and Flexible Open RAN Implementations in 6G Networks: Traffic Steering Use Case and O-RAN xApps." Sensors 21, no. 24 (2021): 8173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248173.
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The development of cellular wireless systems has entered the phase when 5G networks are being deployed and the foundations of 6G solutions are being identified. However, in parallel to this, another technological breakthrough is observed, as the concept of open radio access networks is coming into play. Together with advancing network virtualization and programmability, this may reshape the way the functionalities and services related to radio access are designed, leading to modular and flexible implementations. This paper overviews the idea of open radio access networks and presents ongoing O-RAN Alliance standardization activities in this context. The whole analysis is supported by a study of the traffic steering use case implemented in a modular way, following the open networking approach.
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Plantin, Jean-Christophe. "The geopolitical hijacking of open networking: the case of Open RAN." European Journal of Communication 36, no. 4 (2021): 404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02673231211028375.
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This article investigates how discourses on open networking technologies provide a social imaginary that industry and government actors mobilize in an attempt to expand their control over mobile telecommunications networks. The case of recent initiatives aiming to ‘open up’ radio access network (or RAN, a key component of telecommunications infrastructure) with an ‘open RAN’ model reveals how the US Government came to promote this nascent technology to create an opposition between its own ‘open’ telecommunications networks versus proprietary and presumed ‘untrustworthy’ networks based on foreign equipment, namely Huawei. While a closer look casts doubts on the benefits of open radio access network to increase network security or to open up the equipment market, this case reveals how openness is an ambiguous notion that can be used by governments to exclude foreign trade enemies, while advocating for trust in telecommunications networks.
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Notari, Eduardo Fabricio, and Xisto Lucas Travassos. "5G New Radio Open Radio Access Network Implementation in Brazil: Review and Cost Assessment." Telecom 6, no. 2 (2025): 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom6020024.
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With the advances of Radio Access Networks, the Open RAN introduced the concept of virtualization and openness to the mobile network elements. These characteristics allow multi-vendor implementations in commercial out-of-shelf hardware with open radio interfaces beyond flexibility and scalability, permitting bringing the data processing to the network edge and easy network element escalation. In Brazil, Radio Access Networks comprise distributed and centralized architectural topology types, which do not meet the requirements of the 5G New Radio wireless mobile network. To reach the 5G needs, an upgrade in the existing network is necessary, revealing some challenges over the existing scenario. This study shows the state-of-art, political, and economic factors that challenge the implementation of Open RAN in Brazil, analyzing the actual regulatory and political facts that can make the technology affordable and possible to introduce quickly to the market.
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Wypiór, Dariusz, Mirosław Klinkowski, and Igor Michalski. "Open RAN—Radio Access Network Evolution, Benefits and Market Trends." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010408.
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Open RAN (radio access network) movement is perceived as a game changer, having robust potential to introduce shifts in mobile radio access networks towards tailor-made solutions based on the architecture decomposition. It is widely assumed that those changes will affect the approach to network deployments and supply chains of network elements and their further integration and maintenance. First deployments of O-RAN-based networks have already delivered broadband services to end users. In parallel, many proof-of-concept feature evaluations and theoretical studies are being conducted by academia and the industry. In this review, the authors describe the RAN evolution towards open models and make an attempt to indicate potential open RAN benefits and market trends.
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Tsagkaris, Kostas, George Poulios, Panagiotis Demestichas, Abdoulaye Tall, Zwi Altman, and Christian Destré. "An open framework for programmable, self-managed radio access networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 7 (2015): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7158279.
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Almuntifeky, Dheyaa Marjan Hussein, and Basim K. J. Al-shammari. "Blockchain-Enabled Secure and Decentralized Resource Management for Open Radio Access Network Cellular Networks." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 3 (2024): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol12.iss3.537.
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The rapid growth of Open Radio Access Networks (Open RAN) necessitates innovative resource management systems to address security and decentralization challenges. This study proposes the use of blockchain technology for enhancing the security, privacy, and decentralized decision-making in Open RAN cellular networks. The research focuses on secure communication between O-DU (Distributed Units) and O-CU (Centralized Units) using blockchain technology, along with smart contracts for O-DU to O-CU mapping, thereby ensuring data integrity and authenticity in resource management transactions. By leveraging a blockchain network and consensus methods, this study aims to validate resource management transactions securely and transparently. Smart contracts enforce resource management rules and adapt O-DU to O-CU mapping based on real-time network conditions. The experimental framework simulates an Open RAN environment with multiple O-DUs and O-CUs under dynamic network conditions and traffic demands, rigorously testing blockchain's security in O-DU to O-CU transactions. This study demonstrates that the proposed solution can improve transaction security, trust, transparency, smart contract automation, reduce resource allocation delay, and increase flexibility to dynamic network circumstances. The findings contribute to the ongoing efforts in enhancing the efficiency, security, and flexibility of 5G and beyond.
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Azariah, Wilfrid, Fransiscus Asisi Bimo, Chih-Wei Lin, Ray-Guang Cheng, Navid Nikaein, and Rittwik Jana. "A Survey on Open Radio Access Networks: Challenges, Research Directions, and Open Source Approaches." Sensors 24, no. 3 (2024): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24031038.
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The open radio access network (RAN) aims to bring openness and intelligence to the traditional closed and proprietary RAN technology and offer flexibility, performance improvement, and cost-efficiency in the RAN’s deployment and operation. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the Open RAN development. We briefly summarize the RAN evolution history and the state-of-the-art technologies applied to Open RAN. The Open RAN-related projects, activities, and standardization is then discussed. We then summarize the challenges and future research directions required to support the Open RAN. Finally, we discuss some solutions to tackle these issues from the open source perspective.
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Iturria-Rivera, Pedro Enrique, Han Zhang, Hao Zhou, Shahram Mollahasani, and Melike Erol-Kantarci. "Multi-Agent Team Learning in Virtualized Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN)." Sensors 22, no. 14 (2022): 5375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145375.
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Starting from the concept of the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN), continuing with the virtual Radio Access Network (vRAN) and most recently with the Open RAN (O-RAN) initiative, Radio Access Network (RAN) architectures have significantly evolved in the past decade. In the last few years, the wireless industry has witnessed a strong trend towards disaggregated, virtualized and open RANs, with numerous tests and deployments worldwide. One unique aspect that motivates this paper is the availability of new opportunities that arise from using machine learning, more specifically multi-agent team learning (MATL), to optimize the RAN in a closed-loop where the complexity of disaggregation and virtualization makes well-known Self-Organized Networking (SON) solutions inadequate. In our view, Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) with MATL can play an essential role in the orchestration of O-RAN controllers, i.e., near-real-time and non-real-time RAN Intelligent Controllers (RIC). In this article, we first provide an overview of the landscape in RAN disaggregation, virtualization and O-RAN, then we present the state-of-the-art research in multi-agent systems and team learning as well as their application to O-RAN. We present a case study for team learning where agents are two distinct xApps: power allocation and radio resource allocation. We demonstrate how team learning can enhance network performance when team learning is used instead of individual learning agents. Finally, we identify challenges and open issues to provide a roadmap for researchers in the area of MATL based O-RAN optimization.
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Ganesh, D., and T. Pavan Kumar. "A Survey onadvances in security threats and its counter measures in cognitive radio networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (2018): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10465.
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Cognitive radio is a promising wireless communication technology that improves spectrum utilization and offers many benefits for internet users. Cognitive radio networks utilizes the available limited resources in a more efficient and flexible way. The main objective of the Cognitive network is to efficiently utilize the unutilized spectrum and meet the demand of the secondary users. some of the important features of cognitive of Cognitive radio networks are dynamic spectrum access, self organizing and flexibility. As Cognitive radio networks are flexible in nature, it will be effected by various security attacks which in turn affects the performance of the network. Furthermore Cognitive radio networks transmit the spectrum in several licensed bands and it also performs dynamic spectrum allocation. Cognitive radio and Cognitive radio networks are wireless in nature these face conventional attacks. In this survey we address various attacks in different layers , new threats and challenges that Cognitive networks face, current available solutions to address layer attacks. In addition applications, open problems and future Research challenges are also specified.
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Kaarthik, K., P. T. Sivagurunathan, and S. Sivaranjani. "A REVIEW ON SPECTRUM SENSING METHODS FOR COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 12, no. 18 (2016): 5053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v12i18.5380.
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In Wireless Communication, Radio Spectrum is doing a vital role; for the future need it should use efficient. The existing system, it is not possible to use it efficiently where the allocation of spectrum is done based on fixed spectrum access (FSA) policy. Several surveys prove that it show the way to inefficient use of spectrum. An innovative technique is needed for spectrum utilization effectively. Using Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) policy, available spectrum can be exploited. Cognitive radio arises to be an attractive solution which introduces opportunistic usage of the frequency bands that are not commonly occupied by licensed users. Cognitive radios promote open spectrum allocation which is a clear departure from habitual command and control allocation process for radio spectrum usage. In short, it permits the formation of “infrastructure-less†joint network clusters which is called Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN). Conversely the spectrum sensing techniques are needed to detect free spectrum. In this paper, different spectrum sensing techniques are analyzed.
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Galluzzi, Valerie, and Ted Herman. "Survey: Discovery in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 1 (2012): 271860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/271860.
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Neighbor discovery is a component of communication and access protocols for ad hoc networks. Wireless sensor networks often must operate under a more severe low-power regimen than do traditional ad hoc networks, notably by turning off radio for extended periods. Turning off a radio is problematic for neighbor discovery, and a balance is needed between adequate open communication for discovery and silence to conserve power. This paper surveys recent progress on the problems of neighbor discovery for wireless sensor networks. The basic ideas behind these protocols are explained, which include deterministic schedules of waking and sleeping, randomized schedules, and combinatorial methods to ensure discovery.
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Banakh, Roman, Elena Nyemkova, Connie Justice, Andrian Piskozub, and Yuriy Lakh. "Data Mining Approach for Evil Twin Attack Identification in Wi-Fi Networks." Data 9, no. 10 (2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data9100119.
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Recent cyber security solutions for wireless networks during internet open access have become critically important for personal data security. The newest WPA3 network security protocol has been used to maximize this protection; however, attackers can use an Evil Twin attack to replace a legitimate access point. The article is devoted to solving the problem of intrusion detection at the OSI model’s physical layers. To solve this, a hardware–software complex has been developed to collect information about the signal strength from Wi-Fi access points using wireless sensor networks. The collected data were supplemented with a generative algorithm considering all possible combinations of signal strength. The k-nearest neighbor model was trained on the obtained data to distinguish the signal strength of legitimate from illegitimate access points. To verify the authenticity of the data, an Evil Twin attack was physically simulated, and a machine learning model analyzed the data from the sensors. As a result, the Evil Twin attack was successfully identified based on the signal strength in the radio spectrum. The proposed model can be used in open access points as well as in large corporate and home Wi-Fi networks to detect intrusions aimed at substituting devices in the radio spectrum where IEEE 802.11 networking equipment operates.
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Sun, Yaohua, Mugen Peng, Yijing Ren, Li Chen, Li Yu, and Shiqiang Suo. "Harmonizing Artificial Intelligence with Radio Access Networks: Advances, Case Study, and Open Issues." IEEE Network 35, no. 4 (2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.011.2000656.
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Engin, Zeydan, Mangues Josep, Baranda Jorge, Requena Manuel, and Turk Yekta. "Service Based Virtual RAN Architecture for Next Generation Cellular Systems." IEEE 10 (January 18, 2022): 9455–70. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3144534.
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Service based architecture (SBA) is a paradigm shift from Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) to microservices, combining their principles. Network virtualization enables the application of SBA in cellular systems. To better guide the software design of this virtualized cellular system with SBA, this paper presents a software perspective and a positional approach to using fundamental development principles for adapting SBA in virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRANs). First, we present the motivation for using an SBA in cellular radio systems. Then, we explore the critical requirements, key principles, and components for the software to provide radio services in SBA. We also explore the potential of applying SBA-based Radio Access Network (RAN) by comparing the functional split requirements of 5G RAN with existing open-source software and accelerated hardware implementations of service bus, and discuss the limitations of SBA. Finally, we present some discussions, future directions, and a roadmap of applying such a high-level design perspective of SBA to next-generation RAN infrastructure. © 2022 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. All rights reserved.
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Gregory, Mark A. "Future of Telecommunications is Open Source." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 3 (2020): ii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n3.363.
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Papers in the September 2020 issue of the Journal include the NBN Futures Forum on the social and economic benefits of broadband for digital inclusion and telehealth, the benefits of submarine cables to South Pacific nations, 5G transmission, the economics of over-the-top media, energy efficient wireless sensor networks and a celebration of the life of Liz Fell, journalist and Distinguished Fellow of the Telecommunications Society of Australia (now the Telecommunications Association). This year, open source has moved into focus with the telecommunications industry, with open core systems and open radio access networks for 5G taking centre stage. The Journal welcomes contributions on telecommunications and the digital economy.
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Sachin, Singh. "Open Radio Access Networks in Multi-Vendor Environments: A Survey of Interoperability Solutions and Best Practices." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 10, no. 2 (2025): 57–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14881343.
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The quick advancement of Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) has largely transformed the deployment and management of 5G networks by adopting open, flexible, and interoperable structures. This paper delves into O-RAN, covering its essential features, design concepts, and deployment obstacles. It also outlines the architecture of O-RAN while pointing at openness and multi-vendor integration as the main principles. The paper also discusses the main challenges faced in O-RAN implementation, including interoperability, latency, scalability, and network optimization. Additionally, optimization strategies for improving system performance and addressing these challenges are presented, with a particular focus on the role of cloud-based data migration in O-RAN. The study also reviews security measures necessary to protect an integrity and confidentiality of data in O-RAN deployments. Consequently, the results of this study contribute to the extensive body of research on O-RAN and its practical applications, which will aid in the development and deployment of next-generation communication networks in the future.
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Rehman, Bilal Ur, Mohammad Inayatullah Babar, Arbab Waheed Ahmad, et al. "Uplink non-orthogonal multiple access in heterogeneous networks: A review of recent advances and open research challenges." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, no. 10 (2022): 155013292211324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501329221132496.
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Fifth-generation wireless communications provide several benefits, including high throughput, lower latency, massive connectivity, considerable improvement in the number of users, higher base station capacity, and achieved quality of service. Non-orthogonal multiple access, an effective approach for sharing the same radio resources, has been highlighted as a viable technology in the fifth-generation wireless networks to achieve the demands of available bandwidth, user connectivity, and application latency. Non-orthogonal multiple access and heterogeneous networks have recently emerged as promising network infrastructures for enhancing the spectrum capacity and accommodating more users by sharing the same resources with high throughput. This potential capability has made the non-orthogonal multiple access–enabled heterogeneous networks a new research topic in the modern era. In this survey, the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access and its significance in different emerging technologies has been well explored. Furthermore, this survey covers a systematic overview of the state-of the-art techniques based on non-orthogonal multiple access–enabled heterogeneous networks and devising taxonomy for uplink non-orthogonal multiple access–enabled heterogeneous networks. In addition, this survey provides critical insights and identifies several open research challenges considering the uplink non-orthogonal multiple access–enabled heterogeneous networks.
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Giannopoulos, Anastasios, Sotirios Spantideas, Nikolaos Kapsalis, et al. "Supporting Intelligence in Disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks: Architectural Principles, AI/ML Workflow, and Use Cases." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 39580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3166160.
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Musa, Abubakar Ahmad, Adamu Hussaini, Cheng Qian, Yifan Guo, and Wei Yu. "Open Radio Access Networks for Smart IoT Systems: State of Art and Future Directions." Future Internet 15, no. 12 (2023): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15120380.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a vast network comprising various components such as physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items equipped with sensors, actuators, and software. These components are interconnected, facilitating the collection and exchange of copious data across networked communications. IoT empowers extensive monitoring and control over a myriad of objects, enabling them to gather and disseminate data that bolster applications, thereby enhancing the system’s capacity for informed decision making, environmental surveillance, and autonomous inter-object interaction, all without the need for direct human involvement. These systems have achieved seamless connectivity requirements using the next-generation wireless network infrastructures (5G, 6G, etc.), while their diverse reliability and quality of service (QoS) requirements across various domains require more efficient solutions. Open RAN (O-RAN), i.e., open radio open access network (RAN), promotes flexibility and intelligence in the next-generation RAN. This article reviews the applications of O-RAN in supporting the next-generation smart world IoT systems by conducting a thorough survey. We propose a generic problem space, which consists of (i) IoT Systems: transportation, industry, healthcare, and energy; (ii) targets: reliable communication, real-time analytics, fault tolerance, interoperability, and integration; and (iii) artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML): reinforcement learning (RL), deep neural networks (DNNs), etc. Furthermore, we outline future research directions concerning robust and scalable solutions, interoperability and standardization, privacy, and security. We present a taxonomy to unveil the security threats to emerge from the O-RAN-assisted IoT systems and the feasible directions to move this research forward.
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Peng, Mugen, Yaohua Sun, Xuelong Li, Zhendong Mao, and Chonggang Wang. "Recent Advances in Cloud Radio Access Networks: System Architectures, Key Techniques, and Open Issues." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 18, no. 3 (2016): 2282–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comst.2016.2548658.
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Damayanti, Lusi, Damelia Panggabean, Sheren Regina Pingkan, Asri Wulandari, Alfin Hikmaturokhman, and Adhi Hidayatullah. "Design and Build 4G Open Radio Access Network at SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta." JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6, no. 2 (2023): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v6i2.7537.
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The transition of RAN (Radio Access Network) development from the conventional model to Open RAN is motivated by the fact that Open RAN presents new services by reducing CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) and has the ability to integrate all cellular technologies in one server. One of cellular technology that can be developed using Open RAN is 4G LTE networks. The 4G LTE network produces internet with high data rate and low latency system. Various use case implementations can be carried out, for example to support learning on campus. In this study, the development of Open RAN 4G is implemented as a use case to build the Jakarta State Polytechnic SmartLab which produces its own cellular network. The importance of this research is to be able to ascertain the performance of the Open RAN 4G network using a Centralized RAN scenario. The method used in this research consists of knowing the problem, determining the tools used, determining the implementation scenario, configuring, and testing network performance. Parameters measured to test network performance are uplink downlink speed, RSRP value, and SINR value. Based on the scenarios that have been executed, the results show that the Open RAN 4G network has a maximum downlink speed performance of 13.6 Mbps, a maximum uplink speed of 7.22 Mbps, a maximum SINR of 22 dB, an RSRP of -200 dBm, and a maximum range that can be reached is 5 meters.
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Martínez-Morfa, Mario, Carlos Ruiz de Mendoza, Cristina Cervelló-Pastor, and Sebastia Sallent-Ribes. "Federated Learning System for Dynamic Radio/MEC Resource Allocation and Slicing Control in Open Radio Access Network." Future Internet 17, no. 3 (2025): 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17030106.
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The evolution of cellular networks from fifth-generation (5G) architectures to beyond 5G (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) systems necessitates innovative solutions to overcome the limitations of traditional Radio Access Network (RAN) infrastructures. Existing monolithic and proprietary RAN components restrict adaptability, interoperability, and optimal resource utilization, posing challenges in meeting the stringent requirements of next-generation applications. The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) and Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) have emerged as transformative paradigms, enabling disaggregation, virtualization, and real-time adaptability—which are key to achieving ultra-low latency, enhanced bandwidth efficiency, and intelligent resource management in future cellular systems. This paper presents a Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning (FDRL) framework for dynamic radio and edge computing resource allocation and slicing management in O-RAN environments. An Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model has also been developed, resulting in the proposed FDRL solution drastically reducing the system response time. On the other hand, unlike centralized Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches, the proposed FDRL solution leverages Federated Learning (FL) to optimize performance while preserving data privacy and reducing communication overhead. Comparative evaluations against centralized models demonstrate that the federated approach improves learning efficiency and reduces bandwidth consumption. The system has been rigorously tested across multiple scenarios, including multi-client O-RAN environments and loss-of-synchronization conditions, confirming its resilience in distributed deployments. Additionally, a case study simulating realistic traffic profiles validates the proposed framework’s ability to dynamically manage radio and computational resources, ensuring efficient and adaptive O-RAN slicing for diverse and high-mobility scenarios.
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Саргсян, Э. Р., and А. А. Рындин. "Research into calculation models of radio signals losses in radio access networks." МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 9, no. 4(35) (2021): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26102/2310-6018/2021.35.4.031.
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В работе проводится анализ существующих моделей расчета уровня потери сигнала в сетях радиодоступа. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что сети радиодоступа повсеместно применяются в современном мире телекоммуникационными операторами связи для обеспечения коммуникации между абонентами по всему миру. Данная работа анализирует рассмотренные эмпирические и аналитические модели и подтверждает возможность их использования для расчета потери сигнала для сетей радиодоступа. Результаты были получены путем анализа доступных моделей, последующим выбором моделей для расчета в разных условиях (городских, сельских, на открытой местности) и выполнением расчетов на основе данных моделей. Были использованы модели Окамура-Хата, COST231-Хата, Кся-Бертони, для расчета показателей при различных частотах распределения сигнала и с учетом внешних факторов, таких как изменение рельефа местности, наличие высоких зданий, ширину улиц и др. В результате расчетов было выявлено, что для городской местности, на небольшие расстояния лучше всего подходит модель Кся-Бертони так как имеет максимальное количество параметров, которые учитывается в модели, для городской среды. Для открытой местности или маленьких городов можно использовать более простые модели: Окамура-Хата для малых частот от 150 до 1500 МГц и COST231-Хата для высоки частот от 1500 МГц до 2000 МГц. В разделе результатов представлены графики, показывающие зависимость потери сигнала от расстояния, а также позволяющие увидеть, что в городской местности модель Кся-Бертони позволяет более точно рассчитать значение потери сигнала, при этом обеспечивая более положительные результаты. Материал статьи представляет практическую ценность для работ, которые основаны на алгоритмах расчета потери сигнала и позволяет увидеть готовые модели для расчетов и, соответственно, их результаты для различных условий, что убирает необходимость затрачивать время на данные исследования. This work contains the analysis of the existing models for calculating the signal loss level in the radio access network. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that radio access networks are widely used in the modern world by telecommunications operators for communication between subscribers around the globe. This paper analyzes the considered empirical and analytical models and confirms the possibility of their application to calculating signal losses for radio access networks. The results were obtained by analyzing the available models, then by choosing the models for calculation under different conditions (urban, rural, open area) and by performing calculations based on these models. The models of Okamura-Khata, COST231-Khata, Xia-Bertoni were employed to calculate indicators at various frequencies of signal distribution and with consideration to external factors, such as changes in the terrain, the presence of tall buildings, the width of streets, etc. As a result of the calculations, it has been revealed that for urban areas and for short distances, the Xia-Bertoni model is best suited since it has more parameters that are taken into account in the model for the urban environment. For open areas or small towns, simpler models can be used: Okamura-Hata for low frequencies from 150 to 1500 MHz and COST231-Hata for high frequencies from 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz. The results section provides graphs showing the dependency of signal loss on distance and indicating that in urban areas the Xia-Bertoni model can calculate more accurately the signal loss value while providing more positive results. The material of the article is of practical value for works that are based on algorithms for calculating signal loss and enables to see ready-made models for calculations and their results for various conditions accordingly, which eliminates the need to spend time on such studies.
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Elizabeth Atieno Otieno. "Comprehensive survey on security challenges and solutions in cognitive radio networks." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 21, no. 1 (2024): 001–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.21.1.0177.
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Cognitive Radio (CR) technology offers dynamic spectrum access, allowing for more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum. While this innovation addresses spectrum scarcity, it introduces significant security and privacy concerns. This paper examines key vulnerabilities in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), including spectrum sensing data falsification, primary user emulation attacks, and denial-of-service attacks, which exploit the adaptive and opportunistic nature of CR systems. In addition, privacy challenges arise from the frequent sharing of location, identity, and spectrum usage data. This paper explores existing security frameworks, mitigation strategies, and privacy-preserving techniques, emphasizing the need for robust cryptographic methods, trust management, and real-time intrusion detection systems. The paper concludes by identifying open research areas that need attention to develop secure, resilient CRNs while preserving user privacy.
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Elizabeth, Atieno Otieno. "Comprehensive survey on security challenges and solutions in cognitive radio networks." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 21, no. 1 (2024): 001–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14922138.
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Cognitive Radio (CR) technology offers dynamic spectrum access, allowing for more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum. While this innovation addresses spectrum scarcity, it introduces significant security and privacy concerns. This paper examines key vulnerabilities in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), including spectrum sensing data falsification, primary user emulation attacks, and denial-of-service attacks, which exploit the adaptive and opportunistic nature of CR systems. In addition, privacy challenges arise from the frequent sharing of location, identity, and spectrum usage data. This paper explores existing security frameworks, mitigation strategies, and privacy-preserving techniques, emphasizing the need for robust cryptographic methods, trust management, and real-time intrusion detection systems. The paper concludes by identifying open research areas that need attention to develop secure, resilient CRNs while preserving user privacy.
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Aldababsa, Mahmoud, Mesut Toka, Selahattin Gökçeli, Güneş Karabulut Kurt, and Oğuz Kucur. "A Tutorial on Nonorthogonal Multiple Access for 5G and Beyond." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (June 28, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9713450.
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Today’s wireless networks allocate radio resources to users based on the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) principle. However, as the number of users increases, OMA based approaches may not meet the stringent emerging requirements including very high spectral efficiency, very low latency, and massive device connectivity. Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principle emerges as a solution to improve the spectral efficiency while allowing some degree of multiple access interference at receivers. In this tutorial style paper, we target providing a unified model for NOMA, including uplink and downlink transmissions, along with the extensions to multiple input multiple output and cooperative communication scenarios. Through numerical examples, we compare the performances of OMA and NOMA networks. Implementation aspects and open issues are also detailed.
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Luitel, Subash, and Sangman Moh. "Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control Protocols for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks: A Comparative Survey." Sensors 18, no. 11 (2018): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113781.
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The increase of application areas in wireless sensor networks demands novel solutions in terms of energy consumption and radio frequency management. Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are key for ensuring efficient spectrum management, by making it possible to use the unused licensed frequency spectrum together with the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Sensor nodes powered by energy-constrained batteries necessarily require energy-efficient protocols at the routing and medium access control (MAC) layers. In CRSNs, energy efficiency is more important because the sensor nodes consume additional energy for spectrum sensing and management. To the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no survey on “energy-efficient” MAC protocols for CRSNs in the literature, even though a conceptual review on MAC protocols for CRSNs was presented at a conference recently. In this paper, energy-efficient MAC protocols for CRSNs are extensively surveyed and qualitatively compared. Open issues, and research challenges in the design of MAC protocols for CRSNs, are also discussed.
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TSUCHIDA, Shohei, Mamoru SAWAHASHI, Hidekazu TAOKA, and Kenichi HIGUCHI. "Field Experiments on Open-Loop Type Transmit Diversity in OFDM Radio Access." IEICE Transactions on Communications E92-B, no. 5 (2009): 1705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e92.b.1705.
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Miozzo, Marco, Ali Zoraze, Lorenza Giupponi, and Paolo Dini. "Distributed and Multi-Task Learning at the Edge for Energy Efficient Radio Access Networks." Distributed and Multi-Task Learning at the Edge for Energy Efficient Radio Access Networks 9, no. 2169-3536 (2021): 12491–505. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3050841.
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The big data availability of Radio Access Network (RAN) statistics suggests using it for improving the network management through machine learning based Self Organized Network (SON) functionalities. However, this may increase the already high energy consumption of mobile networks. Multiaccess Edge Computing can mitigate this problem; however, the machine learning solutions have to be properly designed for efficiently working in a distributed fashion. In this work, we propose distributed architectures for two RAN SON functionalities based on multi-task and gossip learning. We evaluate their accuracy and consumed energy in realistic scenarios. Results show that the proposed distributed implementations have the same performance but save energy with respect to their correspondent centralized versions and benchmark solutions. We conclude the paper discussing open research issues for this interesting emerging field.
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Zeydan, E., L. Blanco, J. Mangues-Bafalluy, S.S. Arslan, and Y. Turk. "Post-Quantum Blockchain-Based Decentralized Identity Management for Resource Sharing in Open Radio Access Networks." IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking 8, no. 3 (2024): 895–909. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2024.3432689.
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Sagar Anand Ukey, Aishwarya, and Meenu Chawla. "Spectrum aware clustering in cognitive radio ad hoc networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.30 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.30.13458.
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Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging technology developed for efficient utilization of the radio spectrum. CRN utilizes CR technology and enables the unlicensed users also referred as secondary users (SUs) to access free portions of the licensed spectrum in an opportunistic manner. To support scalability and stability in distributed CRNs also referred as cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), SUs are often organized into smaller groups known as clusters. Spectrum aware clustering is considered as the key technique to overcome numerous is-sues associated with the dynamic nature of CRAHNs. This article focuses on clustering in CRAHNs and presents a comprehensive review of various spectrum aware clustering algorithms presented in the literature. The article highlights notable clustering metrics and includes the description of cluster formation and maintenance process. The article also renders potential research gaps in existing research works and discusses open challenges and issues that need to be addressed for efficient clustering in CRAHNs.
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Sherif, Heba, Eman Ahmed, and Amira M. Kotb. "Energy-Efficient and Accelerated Resource Allocation in O-RAN Slicing Using Deep Reinforcement Learning and Transfer Learning." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 24, no. 3 (2024): 132–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2024-0029.
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Abstract Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs) have two main components: Network Slicing and Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN). NS is needed to handle various Quality of Services (QoS). O-RAN adopts an open environment for network vendors and Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). In recent years, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approaches have been proposed to solve some key issues in NGWNs. The primary obstacles preventing the DRL deployment are being slowly converged and unstable. Additionally, these algorithms have enormous carbon emissions that negatively impact climate change. This paper tackles the dynamic allocation problem of O-RAN radio resources for better QoS, faster convergence, stability, lower energy and power consumption, and reduced carbon emissions. Firstly, we develop an agent with a newly designed latency-based reward function and a top-k filtration mechanism for actions. Then, we propose a policy Transfer Learning approach to accelerate agent convergence. We compared our model to another two models.
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Zhu, Yanmin, and Yuan Jiang. "On Optimal Antijamming Strategies in Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 4 (2012): 793194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793194.
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Physical layer radio jamming is a serious security threat to a wireless sensor network since the network relies on open wireless radio channels. A radio jammer is typically strategic and chooses its jamming strategy in response to the possible defense strategy taken by the sensor network. In this paper we model the interaction between the sensor network and the attacker as a noncooperative nonzero-sum static game. In such a game, the sensor network has a set of strategies of controlling its probability of wireless channel access and the attacker manipulates its jamming by controlling its jamming probability after sensing a transmission activity. We propose an algorithm for computing the optimal strategies for jamming attack and network defense. A critical issue is that there may exist a number of possible strategy profiles of Nash equilibria. To address this issue, we further propose to choose realistic Nash equilibria by applying the Pareto dominance and risk dominance. Our numerical results demonstrate that the strategies chosen by the Pareto dominance and risk dominance achieve the expected performance. Our results presented in the paper provide valuable defense guidance for wireless sensor networks against jamming attacks.
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Chaoub, Abdelaali, and Elhassane Ibn-Elhaj. "Performance Evaluation of Multimedia Traffic Transmission Under Binomial and Poissonian Primary Traffics in Cognitive Radio Networks." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 4, no. 3 (2012): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2012070106.
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Cognitive Radio is an enabling agile technology for communication and channels sharing in multimedia and wireless networks. The authors consider multimedia traffic transmission over Cognitive Radio (CR) networks using a progressive source coding associated to fountain codes. For a Cognitive Radio infrastructure where the spectrum is owned by Primary Users (PUs) that have Binomial and/or Poissonian traffics, Secondary Users (SUs) are allowed to share these spectral resources using the Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing feature of the Cognitive Radio concept. The objective of this paper lies in characterizing the reliability and as a result evaluating the performance of the secondary multimedia service provision under both primary traffic types in lossy Cognitive Radio environments. The authors have conducted a general analysis for many still open issues in Cognitive Radio and tackle three critical factors responsible for secondary service disruption: primary traffic interruptions, concurrent access to shared frequency bands leading to collisions and subchannels characteristics. Numerical simulations, in view of the average Spectral Efficiency, examine the performance of the multimedia transmission under the primary interruptions caused by the Binomial and the Poissonian primary applications and consider also the dynamics between the competing secondary peers in addition to subchannels fading and noise.
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Semenova, Aishat N., Aisha M. Chegemlieva, and Zarema Sh Sebaeva. "TECHNICAL FEATURES OF BUILDING A LI-FI NETWORK USING SDN MANAGEMENT METHODS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/5, no. 153 (2024): 155–65. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.12.05.018.
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Building LI-FI wireless access networks using open-source platforms opens up prospects for telecom operators. At the same time, it is necessary to develop models of systems and describe management methods. For this purpose, the document proposes to use a central-ized management system based on SDN principles. Having complete information about the sta-tus of network elements allows you to ensure optimal use of network resources, increase throughput and quality of service. An analysis of the principles of building an office LI-FI network using the management level based on SDN principles was carried out, measures were taken to reduce interference in cellular networks, increase bandwidth and quality of service. Building an access network based on Li-Fi technology is a very promising direction to solve the problems of existing wireless access networks based on radio frequency technologies. To manage such a net-work, it is advisable to use open source SDN platforms and, in particular, the ONOS operating system. The proposed solutions require the development of mathematical models and methods for the optimal solution of control problems in various operating conditions.
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Dev, Kapal, Chih-Lin I, Raouf Boutaba, Sunder Ali Khowaja, Shao-Yu Lien, and Yue Wang. "Guest Editorial Special Issue on Green Open Radio Access Networks: Architecture, Challenges, Opportunities, and Use Cases." IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking 8, no. 3 (2024): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2024.3441148.
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Kumar, Sunil. "AI/ML Enabled Automation System for Software Defined Disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks: Transforming Telecommunication Business." Big Data Mining and Analytics 7, no. 2 (2024): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/bdma.2023.9020033.
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Mohsin, Mustafa, Jordi Mongay Batalla, Evangelos Pallis, George Mastorakis, Evangelos K. Markakis, and Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis. "On Analyzing Beamforming Implementation in O-RAN 5G." Electronics 10, no. 17 (2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172162.
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The open radio access network (O-RAN) concept is changing the landscape of mobile networks (5G deployment and 6G research). O-RAN Alliance’s suggestions that O-RAN can offer openness and intelligence to the traditional RAN vendors will enable the capability for multi-vendors to re-shape the RAN structure and optimize the network. This paper positions the main research challenges of the O-RAN approach in regards to the implementation of beamforming. We investigate the O-RAN architecture and the configurations of the interfaces between O-RAN units and present the split options between the radio and distributing units in terms of O-RAN specification and 3GPP standards. From this point, we discuss the beamforming methods in O-RAN, addressing challenges and potential solutions, and suggest the introduction of the zero-forcing equalizer as a precoding vector in the channel-information-based beamforming method. This may be one of the solutions for achieving flexibility in a high-traffic communication environment while reducing the radio unit interferences caused by implanting the precoding in the open radio unit.
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Malekzadeh, Mina, Abdul Azim Abdul Ghani, and Shamala Subramaniam. "Design of Cyberwar Laboratory Exercises to Implement Common Security Attacks against IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks." Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/218271.
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In wireless network communications, radio waves travel through free space; hence, the information reaches any receiving point with appropriate radio receivers. This aspect makes the wireless networks vulnerable to various types of attacks. A true understanding of these attacks provides better ability to defend the network against the attacks, thus eliminating potential threats from the wireless systems. This work presents a series of cyberwar laboratory exercises that are designed for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks security courses. The exercises expose different aspects of violations in security such as confidentiality, privacy, availability, and integrity. The types of attacks include traffic analysis, rogue access point, MAC filtering, replay, man-in-the-middle, and denial of service attacks. For each exercise, the materials are presented as open-source tools along with descriptions of the respective methods, procedures, and penetration techniques.
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El-Hajj, Mohammed. "Secure and Trustworthy Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Optimization: A Zero-Trust and Federated Learning Framework for 6G Networks." Future Internet 17, no. 6 (2025): 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17060233.
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The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) paradigm promises unprecedented flexibility and cost efficiency for 6G networks but introduces critical security risks due to its disaggregated, AI-driven architecture. This paper proposes a secure optimization framework integrating zero-trust principles and privacy-preserving Federated Learning (FL) to address vulnerabilities in O-RAN’s RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) and xApps/rApps. We first establish a novel threat model targeting O-RAN’s optimization processes, highlighting risks such as adversarial Machine Learning (ML) attacks on resource allocation models and compromised third-party applications. To mitigate these, we design a Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA) enforcing continuous authentication and micro-segmentation for RIC components, coupled with an FL framework that enables collaborative ML training across operators without exposing raw network data. A differential privacy mechanism is applied to global model updates to prevent inference attacks. We validate our framework using the DAWN Dataset (5G/6G traffic traces with slicing configurations) and the OpenRAN Gym Dataset (O-RAN-compliant resource utilization metrics) to simulate energy efficiency optimization under adversarial conditions. A dynamic DU sleep scheduling case study demonstrates 32% energy savings with <5% latency degradation, even when data poisoning attacks compromise 15% of the FL participants. Comparative analysis shows that our ZTA reduces unauthorized RIC access attempts by 89% compared to conventional O-RAN security baselines. This work bridges the gap between performance optimization and trustworthiness in next-generation O-RAN, offering actionable insights for 6G standardization.
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Kułacz, Łukasz, and Adrian Kliks. "Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Using Multi-Source Context Information in OpenRAN Networks." Sensors 22, no. 9 (2022): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093515.
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Bearing in mind the stringent problem of limited and inefficiently used radio resources, a multi-source mechanism for the dynamic adjustment of occupied frequency bands is proposed. Instead of relying only on radio-related information, the system that collects data from various sources is discussed. Mainly, using the ubiquitous sources of information about the presence of users (such as city monitoring), it is possible to identify areas that have high or low expected traffic with high probabilities. Consequently, in low-traffic areas, it is not necessary to allocate all available spectrum resources while maintaining the quality of service. This leads to the improved spectral efficiency of the network. As the level of trust in certain information sources may differ among various operators, we propose to implement such functionality in the form of an application. Our contribution is a proposal for an algorithm that limits the use of radio resources through fuzzy and soft connections of multiple sources of contextual information. The simulation results presented in this paper show that it is possible to reduce the spectrum used with a slight and simultaneous reduction in user bitrate, which increases the spectral efficiency of the entire system. Hence, following the concept of an open radio access network, various policies for information merging may be specified.
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Polyakov, Nikita, and Anna Platonova. "Assessing Latency of Packet Delivery in the 5G 3GPP Integrated Access and Backhaul Architecture with Half-Duplex Constraints." Future Internet 14, no. 11 (2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14110345.
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Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) is an enabling technology for efficient 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) New Radio (NR) deployment. The key feature of IAB is multi-hop wireless backhauling, allowing utilizing relaying IAB-nodes to provide cost-efficient access network densification and alleviate the problem of blockages. One of the critical performance measures in such systems is the latency of packet delivery over the multi-hop paths. The paper aims at assessing the impact of multi-hop transmission on the end-to-end delay in an IAB radio access network, taking into account the half-duplex constraint. We build a detailed queuing theory model for latency assessment in time-division-multiplexing (TDM)-based IAB deployments and evaluate the delay due to queuing in the network nodes for several cell topologies and under different time allocation strategies between access and backhaul. The paper considers a practical Manhattan-style urban deployment, which is characteristically impaired by the blockage of buildings. The numerical results show that balancing the access and backhaul micro phases is crucial for reducing the end-to-end packet delay, at least in the uplink, while increasing the number of network hops yields a linear increase in the total packet delay for both the uplink and downlink. The numerical results were obtained via simulation using the open-source software OMNeT++.
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Kumar, Sunil. "ORAN-HAutoscaling: A Scalable and Efficient Resource Optimization Framework for Open Radio Access Networks with Performance Improvements." Information 16, no. 4 (2025): 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040259.
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Open Radio Access Networks (ORANs) are transforming the traditional telecommunications landscape by offering more flexible, vendor-independent solutions. Unlike previous systems, which relied on rigid, vertical configurations, ORAN introduces network programmability that is AI-driven and horizontally scalable. This shift is facilitated by modern container orchestrators, such as Kubernetes and Red Hat OpenShift, which simplify the development and deployment of components such as gNB, CU/DU, and RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs). While these advancements help reduce costs by enabling shared infrastructure, they also create new challenges in meeting ORAN’s stringent latency requirements, especially when managing large-scale xApp deployments. Near-RTRICs are responsible for controlling xApps that must adhere to tight latency constraints, often less than one second. Current orchestration methods fail to meet these demands, as they lack the required scalability and long latencies. Additionally, non-API-based E2AP (over SCTP) further complicates the scaling process. To address these challenges, we introduce ORAN-HAutoscaling, a framework designed to enable horizontal scaling through Kubernetes. This framework ensures that latency constraints are met while supporting large-scale xApp deployments with optimal resource utilization. ORAN-HAutoscaling dynamically allocates and distributes xApps into scalable pods, ensuring that central processing unit (CPU) utilization remains efficient and latency is minimized, thus improving overall performance.
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Temesgenen, Dagnachew Azene, José Núñez-Martínez, and Paolo Dini. "Softwarization and Optimization for Sustainable Future Mobile Networks: A Survey." IEEE Access 5 (December 1, 2017): 25421–36. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2771938.
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Due to the tremendous growth in mobile data traffic, cellular networks are witnessing architectural evolutions. Future cellular networks are expected to be extremely dense and complex systems, supporting a high variety of end devices (e.g., smartphone, sensors, machines) with very diverse QoS requirements. Such an amount of network and end-user devices will consume a high percentage of electricity from the power grid to operate, thus increasing the carbon footprint and the operational expenditures of mobile operators. Therefore, environmental and economical sustainability have been included in the roadmap toward a proper design of the next-generation cellular system. This paper focuses on softwarization paradigm, energy harvesting technologies, and optimization tools as enablers of future cellular networks for achieving diverse system requirements, including energy saving. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art literature embedding softwarization paradigm in densely deployed radio access network (RAN). In addition, the need for energy harvesting technologies in a densified RAN is provided with the review of the state-of-the-art proposals on the interaction between softwarization and energy harvesting technology. Moreover, the role of optimization tools, such as machine learning, in future RAN with densification paradigm is stated. We have classified the available literature that balances these three pillars, namely, softwarization, energy harvesting, and optimization with densification, being a common RAN deployment trend. Open issues that require further research efforts are also included.
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de Figueiredo, Felipe A. P., Ruben Mennes, Irfan Jabandžić, Xianjun Jiao, and Ingrid Moerman. "A Baseband Wireless Spectrum Hypervisor for Multiplexing Concurrent OFDM Signals." Sensors 20, no. 4 (2020): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041101.
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The next generation of wireless and mobile networks will have to handle a significant increase in traffic load compared to the current ones. This situation calls for novel ways to increase the spectral efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a wireless spectrum hypervisor architecture that abstracts a radio frequency (RF) front-end into a configurable number of virtual RF front ends. The proposed architecture has the ability to enable flexible spectrum access in existing wireless and mobile networks, which is a challenging task due to the limited spectrum programmability, i.e., the capability a system has to change the spectral properties of a given signal to fit an arbitrary frequency allocation. The proposed architecture is a non-intrusive and highly optimized wireless hypervisor that multiplexes the signals of several different and concurrent multi-carrier-based radio access technologies with numerologies that are multiple integers of one another, which are also referred in our work as radio access technologies with correlated numerology. For example, the proposed architecture can multiplex the signals of several Wi-Fi access points, several LTE base stations, several WiMAX base stations, etc. As it able to multiplex the signals of radio access technologies with correlated numerology, it can, for instance, multiplex the signals of LTE, 5G-NR and NB-IoT base stations. It abstracts a radio frequency front-end into a configurable number of virtual RF front ends, making it possible for such different technologies to share the same RF front-end and consequently reduce the costs and increasing the spectral efficiency by employing densification, once several networks share the same infrastructure or by dynamically accessing free chunks of spectrum. Therefore, the main goal of the proposed approach is to improve spectral efficiency by efficiently using vacant gaps in congested spectrum bandwidths or adopting network densification through infrastructure sharing. We demonstrate mathematically how our proposed approach works and present several simulation results proving its functionality and efficiency. Additionally, we designed and implemented an open-source and free proof of concept prototype of the proposed architecture, which can be used by researchers and developers to run experiments or extend the concept to other applications. We present several experimental results used to validate the proposed prototype. We demonstrate that the prototype can easily handle up to 12 concurrent physical layers.
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Dev, Kapal, Chih-Lin I, Vuk Marojevic, Sunder Ali Khowaja, Shao-Yu Lien, and Yue Wang. "Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special Section on Open Radio Access Networks: Architecture, Challenges, Opportunities, and Use Cases in Vehicular Networks." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 73, no. 7 (2024): 9221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3399470.
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