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1
Palazzo, Francesco, und Roberto Bartoli, Hrsg. La mediazione penale nel diritto italiano e internazionale. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-249-3.
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This book contains the proceedings of the first day of the conference Strumenti alternativi di composizione dei conflitti: la mediazione civile e penale (Alternative instruments for the settlement of disputes: civil and criminal mediation), held in Florence on 20 and 21 October 2010. In recent years criminal mediation has been the subject of acute academic reflection, beginning to open a breach in both legislation and practice. Moreover, mediation has found a consistent and real application within the international perspective. This has opened up new scenarios in which the response to offences expressing a significant illegality is broken down in line with the two paradigms of judicial and "transactional", and within which these paradigms are becoming increasingly integrated.
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Focke, Jaap. Machseh Lajesoumim. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726955.
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The Jewish Orphanage in Leiden was the last one of 8 such care homes to open its doors in The Netherlands before the Second World War. After spending almost 39 years in an old and utterly inadequate building in Leiden’s city centre, the inauguration in 1929 of a brand-new building, shown on the front cover, was the start of a remarkably productive and prosperous period. The building still stands there, proudly but sadly, to this day: the relatively happy period lasted less than 14 years. On Wednesday evening, 17th March 1943, the Leiden Police, under German instructions, closed down the Orphanage and delivered 50 children and 9 staff to the Leiden railway station, from where they were brought to Transit Camp Westerbork in the Northeast of the country. Two boys were released from Westerbork thanks to tireless efforts of a neighbour in Leiden; one young woman survived Auschwitz, and one young girl escaped to Palestine via Bergen-Belsen. The 55 others were deported to Sobibor, not one of them survived. Some 168 children lived in the new building at one time or another between August 1929 and March 1943. This book reconstructs life in the orphanage based on the many stories and photographs which they left us. It is dedicated to the memory of those who perished in the holocaust, but also to those who survived. Without them this book could not have been written.
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The Linux(R) Kernel Primer: A Top-Down Approach for x86 and PowerPC Architectures (Prentice Hall Open Source Software Development Series). Prentice Hall PTR, 2005.
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Rodriguez, Claudia Salzberg, Gordon Fischer und Steven Smolski. The Linux(R) Kernel Primer: A Top-Down Approach for x86 and PowerPC Architectures (Prentice Hall Open Source Software Development Series). Prentice Hall PTR, 2005.
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Nathanson, Mitchell. Tearing Down the Walls. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036804.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how the baseball club owners finally ceded much of the status and glory they had worked so hard to achieve. The civil rights movement on the left provided perhaps the most obvious test of the owners' status and independence. On the right, the owners were increasingly pressured as well, as challengers from all over the political spectrum wanted in on America's game and were less content than ever to sit on the sidelines and be dictated to by the self-appointed gatekeepers of American values. Although the official date of death on the “owners-as-manor lords” tombstone is open to debate—a likely candidate is July 12, 1976, the date of the first collective bargaining agreement granting the players free agency—the seeds of the owners' demise in status were in fact planted years earlier.
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Wolfson, Todd, Hrsg. Governance: Democracy All the Way Down. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038846.003.0006.
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This chapter examines indymedia's multilayered, transnational application of direct democracy, which in many ways anticipates and sets the stage for Occupy Wall Street. It focuses on the ways that democracy is understood and enacted by indymedia activists—from the development of an open media system where anyone can speak (democratizing the media), to the preference for consensus-based decision making (democratic governance), and the belief that activists must develop the structures, processes, and relationships within the movement that they aim to achieve in the world (prefigurative politics). Seen from this vantage, for indymedia activists democracy is multivalent, standing in as the end goal of a new society, a revolutionary tool to remake that society, and the everyday practice that allows for innovation and new forms of collective power.
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(Illustrator), Jack Davis, und Tom Lathrop (Translator), Hrsg. Don Quixote Fourth Centenary Translation Tom Lathrop. European Masterpieces in Translation, 2006.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., und Charles Glisson. Participatory-based versus Authority-based Human Service Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0012.
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This chapter introduces ARC’s principle of being participatory based. This principle requires the active, open participation of front-line staff, middle managers, and top administrators in decisions about practices and policies that affect the well-being of clients served by their organization. It counters the conflicting priority of prescribing change in a top-down manner without the benefit of the experience of those closest to service provision. The chapter explains how participatory-based organizations impact staff discretion, motivation, learning, and engagement with clients and reviews the empirical evidence that supports participatory-based approaches. This evidence includes research in social cognition and neuroscience. Case examples illustrate the positive impact of participatory approaches on service provider and client outcomes, outlining their influence through norms and expectations as well as underlying beliefs and assumptions.
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Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman und Jørn Braa. The Challenge of Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0004.
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This chapter explores how the Expanded PHI approach can inform the diagnosis of the fragmentation problem, and solutions to address it. Fragmentation is undoubtedly a ‘wicked’ problem, since trying to address it in one place may throw up new and unexpected issues in others. Integration is positioned as a modern solution, such as the architecture of open health information exchange to address the fragmentation problem, and significant efforts and money are being put in by ministries, donors, software vendors, and others in this area. Various global declarations have emphasized integration as a primary effort in health sector reforms in LMICs. Approaches have also often emphasized ‘big bang solutions’ that have typically not given adequate time for the solutions to take root. The Expanded PHI approach argues for incremental and bottom-up approaches informed by broader top-down visions.
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Demshuk, Andrew. Demolitions and Dread, 1961–1964. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645120.003.0004.
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Having learned its lessons in 1960, the State pursued demolitions through the following years without serious architectural competitions or involving the public. Each time the wrecking ball danced through another monument protest letters increased in number and severity, until at last the surprise 1963 toppling of the Baroque Johannis tower, directly east of the University Church, was seen by many to anticipate the destruction of the University Church as foretold in 1960. Extreme letter exchanges unleashed the regime’s open hatred for citizens who failed to correspond to its imagined majority of supporters, and the inconceivable defection of leading authorities from the party line prompted a tightening of top-down control. Although the scale of protest frightened the regime into delaying its plans for some years, engaged citizens rejoiced but were circumspect. For by now they hardly believed anything promised from above, and the regime gave no promises in 1964, only silence.
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Pooley, William G. Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847502.001.0001.
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The moorlands of Gascony are often considered one of the most dramatic examples of top-down rural modernization in nineteenth-century Europe. From an area of open moors, they were transformed in one generation into the largest man-made forest in Europe. This book explores how these changes were experienced and negotiated by the people who lived there, drawing on the immense ethnographic archive of Félix Arnaudin (1844–1921). The book replaces the songs, stories, and everyday speech that Arnaudin collected, as well as the photographs he took, in the everyday lives of agricultural workers and artisans. It argues that the changes are understood as a gradual revolution in bodily experiences, as men and women forged new working habits, new sexual relations, and new ways of conceiving of their own bodies. Rather than just a story of top-down reform, this is an account of the flexibility and creativity of the cultural traditions of the working population. The book begins with a biographical sketch of the folklorist Arnaudin and an overview of the men and women whose cultural traditions he recorded. The following chapters explore everyday speech about the body, stories of werewolves and shapeshifters, tales of animal cunning and exploitation, and songs about love and courtship. The book focuses on the lives of a handful of the most talented storytellers and singers Arnaudin encountered, showing how their cultural choices reflect wider patterns of behaviour in the region, and across rural Europe.
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LaGrave, Danielle, Patricia L. Devers Winters und Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian. Prenatal Screening Technologies and Test Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0007.
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Maternal serum screening began with the measurement of serum alpha fetal protein to detect open neural tube defects, which led to the implementation of routine serum-based prenatal screening in the second trimester for Down syndrome. Advances via combined and integrated screening allowed for the first-trimester detection of both Down syndrome and trisomy 18. Next-generation sequencing has enabled the identification of aneuploidies in circulating cell-free fetal DNA from the plasma fraction of maternal whole blood. This breakthrough in molecular genetic testing, commonly referred to as noninvasive prenatal testing, has revolutionized prenatal screening and testing for genetic disorders without posing additional risk to the pregnancy. This chapter reviews the history of maternal serum screening, the disorders it can detect, the methods of calculating patient-specific risk, and reasons for recalculation or adjustment of risk. This chapter also reviews of cell-free DNA-based testing for fetal aneuploidies, including its limitations and potential.
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Horton, Tim. Complete Running Back. Human Kinetics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718218987.
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There is nothing more exciting than watching a skilled running back sidestep a tackler, hit an open hole in the line, pivot, turn, and accelerate up the field for a huge gain. It’s a position that many have played but few have excelled in. And not one has succeeded alone. Complete Running Back will help you step onto the field with the skills to thrill and knowledge to succeed. Tim Horton, running backs coach to Tre Mason, Darren McFadden, Felix Jones, and Knile Davis, shares his expertise, insights, and advice for becoming an every-down threat. You’ll learn to think, move, and play with a purpose. With 81 drills and coaching tips, you’ll master the intricacies of these skills: • Ball protection • Open-field running • Short-yardage running • Blocking • Pass catching Complete with mental strategies, game preparation, in-game adjustments, and programming for increasing strength, power, speed, and agility, Complete Running Back is your guide to maximizing potential and performance of the sport’s most important positions.
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Blattner, Charlotte E. Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948313.001.0001.
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Extraterritorial jurisdiction stands at the juncture of international law and animal law and promises to open a path to understanding and resolving the global problems that challenge the core of animal law. As corporations have relocated and the animal industry (agriculture, medical research, entertainment, etc.) has dispersed its production facilities across the territories of multiple states, regulatory gaps and fears of a race to the bottom have become a pressing issue of global policy. Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders provides enough background to allow readers to understand why extraterritorial jurisdiction must respond to these developments, counters objections that readers might raise, and describes how to improve animal law in tandem. The heart of the work is a fully fledged catalog of options for extraterritorial jurisdiction, which states can employ to strengthen their animal laws. The book offers top-down perspectives drawn from general international law and trade law, and complements them with a bottom-up view from the perspective of animal law. The approach connects the law of jurisdiction to substantive law and opens up deeper questions about moral directionality, state and corporate duties owed to animals, and the comparative advantages of applying constitutional, criminal, and administrative animal law across the border. To ensure that extraterritorial animal law does not become complicit in oppressing ethnic, cultural, or any other minorities, the book offers critical interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by studies on posthumanism and postcolonialism. Readers will further learn when and how extraterritorial jurisdiction violates international law, and the consequences of exercising it illegally under international law. This work answers questions about how and why extraterritorial jurisdiction can overcome the steepest hurdles for animal law and help us move toward a just global interspecies community.
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McDuff, Dusa, und Dietmar Salamon. Constructing symplectic manifolds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0008.
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This chapter examines various ways to construct symplectic manifolds and submanifolds. It begins by studying blowing up and down in both the complex and the symplectic contexts. The next section is devoted to a discussion of fibre connected sums and describes Gompf’s construction of symplectic four-manifolds with arbitrary fundamental group. The chapter also contains an exposition of Gromov’s telescope construction, which shows that for open manifolds the h-principle rules and the inclusion of the space of symplectic forms into the space of nondegenerate 2-forms is a homotopy equivalence. The final section outlines Donaldson’s construction of codimension two symplectic submanifolds and explains the associated decompositions of the ambient manifold.
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Güthenke, Constanze, und Brooke Holmes. Hyperinclusivity, Hypercanonicity, and the Future of the Field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818489.003.0003.
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The canon has long served as a means of controlling the information that the professional classicist, who is facing a vast field of potentially relevant material, can be expected to possess. But recent developments (e.g. the rise of reception studies, a broadened definition of the ancient Mediterranean, comparative antiquities) have put pressure on this strategy. In this chapter we consider the limitations of two possible responses to such a situation—what Sheldon Pollock has called ‘hypercanonicity’, a doubling down on the canon, and ‘hyperinclusivity’, an attempt to encompass everything—before advocating what we call the ‘open field’, an embrace of the many different and singular configurations of knowledge that are coming to define the classicist in the twenty-first century.
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Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. The Secular Republic. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175829.003.0007.
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This chapter addresses Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's secularism. If popular expectations were any guide, two paths to global leadership lay wide open to Mustafa Kemal in 1922: he could either capitalize on Ottoman possession of the caliphate in order to seize the mantle of pan-Islamic leadership, or he could set himself up as an anti-imperialist model for Asian and African socialists. However, it was at this juncture that Mustafa Kemal's Turkist, scientistic, and pro-Western leanings became manifest, leading him and the Turkish nation down an uncharted path that combined intense nationalism with an extreme commitment to Western secularism. The popular philosophy of scientism, serving as a deus ex machina, provided the overall framework of this new secularism and shaped Mustafa Kemal's views of Islam.
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Christian, Vidal-León. A New Approach to the Law of Foreign Investments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780190612054.016.0011.
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This chapter analyzes South Africa's decision to terminate its investment treaties and the underlying objectives of South Africa's new investment regime, namely: (1) reinforcing the ‘sovereign right to regulate in the public interest’; (2) doing away with international investment arbitration; and (3) placing foreign and domestic investments on an equal footing. It examines the standards of investment protection not explicitly laid down in the Promotion and Protection of Investment Bill 2013 and inquires whether these standards are otherwise protected by the constitution or other laws. The chapter concludes that whilst South Africa's policy decision on its investment protection regime is open to debate, the government has followed a comprehensive, transparent, and inclusive process, in which relevant stakeholders have been heard and with which they have engaged.
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Sarotte, Mary Elise. Revisiting 1989–1990 and the Origins of NATO Expansion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163710.003.0008.
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This afterword focuses on the NATO expansion. NATO's future formed a key part of the negotiations on German unification. In early February 1990, James A. Baker III, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, and Helmut Kohl all discussed with Mikhail Gorbachev the prospect that if he allowed Germany to unify, NATO would not subsequently move eastward beyond its 1989 border, in other words, not even into East Germany. Gorbachev responded orally that any expansion of “the zone of NATO” would be “unacceptable,” but nothing was written down and no formal agreements were reached. Ultimately, the representatives of the United States and West Germany expertly outmaneuvered Gorbachev in the negotiations over German unification in 1990. They accomplished their goals of expanding NATO to East Germany and of leaving open the door for future expansion to Eastern Europe.
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Gueorguiev, Dimitar D. Retrofitting Leninism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555668.001.0001.
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Retrofitting Leninism explores the relationship between political inclusion and political control through the lens of participatory governance in the People’s Republic of China. In this book, Dimitar Gueorguiev explores and substantiates three key points. First, public participation is a prerequisite for effective administration, irrespective of how a regime is constituted. Second, a regime’s ability to solicit, process, and recast public input into policy outputs is central to its political durability. Third, technological advances in communication make it easier for authoritarian regimes, particularly those with Leninist foundations, to correspond with the public and thus undercut calls for genuine democratic progress—an endogenous process of regime maintenance the author calls retrofitting. Using archival data, media reports, and original opinion polls, Gueorguiev shows how public inputs are incorporated into the marketing and implementation of top-down policy outputs. To unpack the interface between inputs and outputs, he focuses on proposal-making and government priorities in local Chinese legislatures. Finally, to evaluate the downstream impact, Gueorguiev estimates the effect of open policymaking on sub-national regulation and government approval. The findings suggest that public engagement contributes to both policy stability and positive public perceptions of policy. Though instrumental, the book also underscores that inclusive authoritarianism depends on the voluntary participation of Chinese citizens, which is far from guaranteed.
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Sherwood, Dennis, und Paul Dalby. Temperature and heat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0003.
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Concepts of temperature, temperature scales and temperature measurement. The ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Assumptions underlying the ideal gas, and distinction between ideal and real gases. Introduction to equations-of-state such as the van der Waals, Dieterici, Berthelot and virial equations, which describe real gases. Concept of heat, and distinction between heat and temperature. Experiments of Rumford and Joule, and the principle of the conservation of energy. Units of measurement for heat. Heat as a path function. Flow of heat down a temperature gradient as an irreversible and unidirectional process. ‘Zeroth’ Law of Thermodynamics. Definitions of isolated, closed and open systems, and of isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isothermal changes in state. Connection between work and heat, as illustrated by the steam engine. The molecular interpretation of heat, energy and temperature. The Boltzmann distribution. Meaning of negative temperatures.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0010.
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After briefly summarizing each of the chapters as well as the main results reached in this study, the Conclusion points to several worthwhile topics for future research which were left open along the way: (i) to extend the doctrine of hylomorphism beyond the specific case of concrete particular objects; (ii) to clarify further the relationship between metaphysics and science particularly as it pertains to the hylomorphic approach to matter; (iii) to provide additional independent considerations in order to narrow down further the ontological category to which forms should be assigned; (iv) to advance our understanding of the relationship between necessity and essence, construed non-modally; and (v) to refine our conception of essentialism and anti-essentialism in the service of developing an adequate hylomorphic treatment of artifacts. Overall, it is argued that the results of this study allow us to classify matter-form compounds as being more deserving of substance status than other types of composite entities, due at least in part to their highly unified nature.
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Spencer, Maureen, und John Spencer. 1. Exam skills for success in evidence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715795.003.0001.
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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flow charts. This book is a supplementary aid to coursework preparation and particularly to revision for examinations and coursework. It does not present model answers to be slavishly imitated but, rather, examples to help the student understand the topic and see how it might be approached. The examinee’s objective is to accumulate in the time allowed as many marks as possible, a goal that needs to be broken down into three stages: namely, planning, execution and review. These days law examinations can take different forms, including seen questions, open book exams and so on. To take account of this, the book includes essay answers that are closer to more fully researched pieces than to the answers in a traditional unseen examination.
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van der Vossen, Bas, und Jason Brennan. In Defense of Openness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462956.001.0001.
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The humane and workable solution to global poverty is freedom. We can help the poor—and help ourselves at the same time—by tearing down our walls and trade barriers. Both justice and good economic sense require that we open borders, free up international trade, and respect the economic liberties of people around the world. What global justice requires is an open world. Most books on global justice see the world’s poor as little more than mouths to be fed. Their authors see justice as a zero-sum game: some must lose so that others may win. They rely on controversial moral intuitions and outdated or mistaken economic beliefs about economic growth. Van der Vossen and Brennan present global justice as a positive-sum game: the methods that can best help the world’s poor also help everyone else. Using mainstream development economics and common-sense moral intuitions, they argue that instead of treating the world’s poor as helpless victims who must be rescued by the rich, we should remove the coercive limits that keep people poor in the first place. We should offer people the freedom to work, produce, trade, and migrate, in ways that help better themselves and others who are willing to cooperate with them. In Defense of Openness offers a new approach to global justice: we don’t need to “save” the poor. The poor will save themselves, if only we would get out of their way and let them.
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Grossmann, Matt. How Social Science Got Better. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518977.001.0001.
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Social science research is facing mounting criticism, as canonical studies fail to replicate, questionable research practices abound, and researcher social and political biases come under fire. Far from being in crisis, however, social science is undergoing an unparalleled renaissance of ever-broader and deeper understanding and application—made possible by close attention to criticism of our biases and open public engagement. Wars between scientists and their humanist critics, methodological disputes over statistical practice and qualitative research, and disciplinary battles over grand theories of human nature have all quietly died down as new generations of scholars have integrated the insights of multiple sides. Rather than deny that researcher biases affect results, scholars now closely analyze how our racial, gender, geographic, methodological, political, and ideological differences impact our research questions; how the incentives of academia influence our research practices; and how universal human desires to avoid uncomfortable truths and easily solve problems affect our conclusions. To be sure, misaligned incentive structures remain, but a messy, collective deliberation across the research community is boosting self-knowledge and improving practice. Ours is an unprecedented age of theoretical diversity, open and connected data, and public scholarship. How Social Science Got Better documents and explains recent transformations, crediting both internal and public critics for strengthening social science. Applying insights from the philosophy, history, and sociology of science and providing new data on trends in social science research and scholarly views, it demonstrates that social science has never been more relevant, rigorous, or self-reflective.
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Meyer, John M. Sacrifice and the Possibilities for Environmental Action. Herausgegeben von Stephen M. Gardiner und Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.47.
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A key political-strategic question facing those aiming to foster environmental action is, When and how do environmental concerns resonate widely with citizens? This question invites reflection upon the rhetoric of “sacrifice,” especially as often deployed within wealthy consumer societies. This rhetoric has become a political sticking point that often entangles environmental discourse in a false dichotomy between sacrifice and self-interest and thereby constrains the political imaginary. By challenging this dichotomy we can draw attention to the ubiquity of notions of sacrifice in everyday life, thereby defusing its ability to shut down ambitious proposals for action. We might use this insight to reorient talk about sacrifice in a manner that expands our imaginary and opens up broader possibilities for democratic change.
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Pryce, Huw. Writing Welsh History. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746034.001.0001.
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This is the first book to explore how the history of Wales and the Welsh has been written over the past fifteen hundred years. By analysing and contextualizing a wide range of historical writing, from Gildas in the sixth century to recent global approaches, it opens new perspectives both on the history of Wales and on understandings of Wales and the Welsh—and thus on the use of the past to articulate national and other identities. The book’s broad chronological scope serves to highlight important continuities in interpretations of Welsh history. One enduring preoccupation is Wales’s place in Britain. Down to the twentieth century it was widely held that the Welsh were an ancient people descended from the original inhabitants of Britain whose history in its fullest sense ended with Edward I’s conquest of Wales in 1282–4, their history thereafter being regarded as an attentuated appendix. However, the book shows that such master narratives, based on medieval sources and focused primarily on the period down to 1282, were part of a much larger and more varied historiographical landscape. Over the past century the thematic and chronological range of Welsh history writing has expanded significantly, notably in the unprecedented attention given to the modern period, reflecting broader trends in an increasingly internationalized historical profession as well as the influence of social, economic, and political developments in Wales and elsewhere.
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Austen, Jane, und Christina Lupton. Pride and Prejudice. Herausgegeben von James Kinsley. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198826736.001.0001.
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‘He began to feel the danger of paying Elizabeth too much attention’. Pride and Prejudice , one of the most famous love stories of all time, has also proven itself as a treasured mainstay of the English literary canon. With the arrival of eligible young men in their neighbourhood, the lives of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five daughters are turned inside out and upside down. Pride encounters prejudice, upward-mobility confronts social disdain, and quick-wittedness challenges sagacity. Misconceptions and hasty judgements bring heartache and scandal, but eventually lead to true understanding, self-knowledge, and love. It’s almost impossible to open Pride and Prejudice without feeling the pressure of so many readers having known and loved this novel already. Will you fail the test - or will you love it too? As a story that celebrates more unflinchingly than any of Austen’s other novels the happy meeting-of-true-minds, and one that has attracted the most fans over the centuries, Pride and Prejudice sets up an echo chamber of good feelings in which romantic love and the love of reading amplify each other.
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MacQueen, Hector L., Hrsg. Continuity, Influences and Integration in Scottish Legal History. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474488761.001.0001.
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David Sellar (1941-2019) was a pioneering historian of Scots law who convincingly and conclusively rejected previous interpretations of the subject as a series of false starts and rejected experiments. He emphasised instead the continuity of legal development in Scotland, with change a process of integration of external influences with indigenous customs from very early times on. Thus down to the present Scots law embraces Celtic and other customary elements reaching far back into its past, while also having been open to innovation from the developing Canon, Civil, Feudal and English Common law since the middle ages. This too has left deep marks upon the law’s character as a “mixed legal system”. Sellar’s approach, articulated mainly through essays published in diverse places over four decades, had significant influence upon general understanding of legal history in Scotland as well as leading to appreciation elsewhere of its comparative significance. The major essays gathered together in this single collection demonstrate the scope and reach of Sellar’s overall contribution. Its distinguishing mark is the perspective that Sellar himself brought to bear, which was one no other previous writer in the field could achieve, especially in relation to Celtic and Canon law.
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Thurston, T. L., und Manuel Fernandez-Gotz, Hrsg. Power from Below in Premodern Societies. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009042826.
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This volume challenges previous views of social organization focused on elites by offering innovative perspectives on 'power from below.' Using a variety of archaeological, anthropological, and historical data to question traditional narratives of complexity as inextricably linked to top-down power structures, it exemplifies how commoners have developed strategies to sustain non-hierarchical networks and contest the rise of inequalities. Through case studies from around the world – ranging from Europe to New Guinea, and from Mesoamerica to China – an international team of contributors explore the diverse and dynamic nature of power relations in premodern societies. The theoretical models discussed throughout the volume include a reassessment of key concepts such as heterarchy, collective action, and resistance. Thus, the book adds considerable nuance to our understanding of power in the past, and also opens new avenues of reflection that can help inform discussions about our collective present and future.
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Khan, B. Zorina. Inventing Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936075.001.0001.
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Abstract: How do knowledge and ideas influence the competitiveness of firms and nations? Current debates about grand innovation prizes, patent trolls, technological disruption, human capital, and the role of an entrepreneurial state reflect and replicate earlier controversies that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. This book shows how and why the ideas of creative individuals promote progress. The insights are based on original archival research regarding over 100,000 inventors, patented inventions, and innovation prizes in Europe and the United States during industrialization. This systematic empirical analysis across time and place and institutions provides a comprehensive microfoundation for understanding technological change and long-run macroeconomic growth. British and French policies favored “administered innovation systems,” in which elites, administrators, or panels made key economic decisions about inducement prizes, rewards, and the allocation of resources. European institutions generated returns that were misaligned with economic value and productivity and perpetuated socioeconomic inequality. Europe fell behind when the negative consequences of such top-down administered systems accumulated and reduced comparative advantage. The modern knowledge economy emerged when, for the first time in world history, an intellectual property clause was included in a national Constitution, in the United States. This strong endorsement for open-access property rights and unfettered markets in ideas reflected a revolution in thinking about the sources of creativity and technical progress. U.S. global industrial ascendancy was a direct outcome of its decentralized market-oriented institutions, which fostered diversity in ideas and innovations, the diffusion of information and disruptive technologies, and sustained endogenous growth.
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Tomlinson, Jim. Rolling Back the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786092.003.0004.
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This chapter begins with the economic crisis of the 1970s, OPEC 1 and Labour’s responses, and the broader ideological challenge presented to social democracy by the economic problems of the mid 1970s. The chapter’s second section looks at the broad growth of anti-state notions amongst a variety of elements in 1970s Britain, including academics, journalists, and think tanks, and how these notions related to the Conservative Party’s developing positions. The third section looks in a more focused fashion at the development of the ‘rolling back the state’ policy agenda as applied to public spending after 1979. The fourth section looks more broadly at the successes and failures of the attempt to roll back the state down to the end of the Conservative government in 1997. The final section looks at how far the state-shrinking agenda reflected or shaped public opinion.
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de Beauvoir, Simone. Preface to Djamila Boupacha. Übersetzt von Marybeth Timmermann. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036941.003.0013.
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A twenty-three-year-old Algerian woman and liaison agent for the FLN was imprisoned, tortured, raped with a bottle by French military men, and it’s considered ordinary.1 Since 1954, in the name of suppressing rebellion, then of pacification, we are all accomplices of a genocide that has claimed over a million victims; men, women, old folks and children have been slaughtered: gunned down during search-raids, burned alive in their villages, throats slit or bellies ripped open, many tortured to death. Entire tribes have been left to starve and freeze, at the mercy of beatings and epidemics in the “relocation camps” which are in fact extermination camps—serving also as brothels to the elite soldiers—and where more than five hundred thousand Algerians currently await their death. During the course of the last few months, the press, including even the most circumspect papers, has been full of horror stories: assassinations, lynchings, violent racist attacks on Arab immigrants; manhunts in the streets of Oran; corpses by the dozen in Paris, hanging from trees in the Bois de Boulogne and along the banks of the Seine; maimed limbs and blown up heads; bloody All Saints Day in Algiers....
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Mavhunga, Clapperton Chakanetsa. The Mobile Workshop. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262535021.001.0001.
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The tsetse fly is a pan-African insect that bites an infective forest animal and ingests blood filled with invisible parasites, which it carries and transmits into cattle and people as it bites them, leading to n'gana (animal trypanosomiasis) and sleeping sickness. This book examines how the presence of the tsetse fly turned the forests of Zimbabwe and southern Africa into an open laboratory where African knowledge formed the basis of colonial tsetse control policies. The book traces the pestiferous work that an indefatigable, mobile insect does through its movements, and the work done by humans to control it. The book restores the central role not just of African labor but of African intellect in the production of knowledge about the tsetse fly. It describes how European colonizers built on and beyond this knowledge toward destructive and toxic methods, including cutting down entire forests, forced “prophylactic” resettlement, massive destruction of wild animals, and extensive spraying of organochlorine pesticides. Throughout, the book uses African terms to describe the African experience, taking vernacular concepts as starting points in writing a narrative of ruzivo (knowledge) rather than viewing Africa through foreign keywords.
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Colesworthy, Rebecca. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778585.003.0001.
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The introduction establishes a broad historical context for the project, demonstrating the centrality of ideas about gift-giving to a number of fields and discourses following World War I. Within this context, Marcel Mauss’s classic 1925 essay, The Gift, is not unique in its topic but rather in capturing and articulating a sense shared by a wide range of thinkers and authors in the interwar period that a traditional ideological separation of gifts and exchanges was beginning to break down. The book’s focus on the way women writers in particular responded to and worked to represent this crisis is also explained. Notably, modernist writing by men—Baudelaire, Eliot, Pound—has already been central to gift theory. Shifting attention to writing by women, who have historically been treated in theory and in practice as the “supreme gift,” opens up an alternative twentieth-century genealogy of theorizing the gift.
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Lo, Vivienne, und Michael Stanley-Baker. Chinese Medicine. Herausgegeben von Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0009.
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This article leans towards practice-orientated accounts. The historical enterprise dignifies itself with the idea that it is possible to share something of the sensory and perceptive style of the originators of early Chinese healing practices to deepen our appreciation of their textual legacies. Indeed the ethnic and cultural boundaries of China itself are contested. This article discusses some observations about how the sensory modalities of Chinese medical thought speak powerfully to a modern global audience who frequently feel their own individual experience of health and sickness devalued in the processes of modern standardized medicine. With these methodological tools at our disposal, the door also opens into a rich inter regional cultural and material history, and a narrative not only concerned with internal ‘Chinese’ genealogical developments but also ready to tackle the transitions, transformations, and transmissions that happen to medical knowledge as it is exchanged between different peoples across physical domains as well as down through generations of healers.
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Jordan, Randolph. Acoustical Properties. Herausgegeben von Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.44.
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One of the defining thematic preoccupations in the fiction filmmaking of Philippe Grandrieux, one of the leading figures in French Art Cinema, is that of the politics of property. InSombre, La Vie Nouvelle, andUn Lac, the relationship dynamics between a woman and a variety of agents competing to claim her are mapped out in the overlap between different registers of space. This overlap opens up complex dynamics between differing spatial practices that are evident within Grandrieux’s narratives and the stylistics with which he shapes them, breaking down conventional understanding of the distance between screen and audience. This chapter argues that one cannot account for the richness of spatial practice in these films without attention to the representation of acoustic space. Drawing on recent concepts in sound studies and critical geography, and expanding upon the literature on Grandrieux’s work, the author focuses on instances of spatial delineation that defines elements of owned property in each of these films.
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Hedenstierna, Göran, und Hans Ulrich Rothen. Physiology of positive-pressure ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0088.
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During positive pressure ventilation the lung volume is reduced because of loss of respiratory muscle tone. This promotes airway closure that occurs in dependent lung regions. Gas absorption behind the closed airway results sooner or later in atelectasis depending on the inspired oxygen concentration. The elevated airway and alveolar pressures squeeze blood flow down the lung so that a ventilation/perfusion mismatch ensues with more ventilation going to the upper lung regions and more perfusion going to the lower, dependent lung. Positive pressure ventilation may impede the return of venous blood to the thorax and right heart. This raises venous pressure, causing an increase in systemic capillary pressure with increased capillary leakage and possible oedema formation in peripheral organs. Steps that can be taken to counter the negative effects of mechanical ventilation include an increase in lung volume by recruitment of collapsed lung and an appropriate positive end-expiratory pressure, to keep aerated lung open and to prevent cyclic airway closure. Maintaining normo- or hypervolaemia to make the pulmonary circulation less vulnerable to increased airway and alveolar pressures, and preserving or mimicking spontaneous breaths, in addition to the mechanical breaths, since they may improve matching of ventilation and blood flow, may increase venous return and decrease systemic organ oedema formation (however, risk of respiratory muscle fatigue, and even overexpansion of lung if uncontrolled).
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Gardner, Colin. Chaoid Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474494021.001.0001.
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The book expands on a burgeoning area in contemporary film studies that explores absences and interstices such as black and white screens that interrupt the film narrative in order to explore buried or hidden philosophical and affective layers that, once revealed, will radically change our reading of the film. In this case I explore silences in the soundtrack – not ambient silence or so-called ‘room tone’ but complete sound drop-outs, as if the film projector had broken down, thereby jolting the audience out of their passive relationship to the screen so that they become aware of their surroundings and the material apparatus of film as a mechanical device. The book uses a chronological case study approach so that these dislocations can be analyzed in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from early sound film in Weimar Germany to the post-war French avant-garde, the student and worker uprisings of May ’68, Cinema Nôvo in Brazil and post-revolutionary cinema in Iran. The main conceptual underpinning of the book is Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of Chaoids, which are various organizations of chaos through the different disciplines of science, philosophy and art. In this case I use silence to pursue a variety of vectors that open up the surface plane of art (in this case cinema) to discover different philosophical (and by extension, political) singularities and multiplicities.
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Hendriks, Thomas. Rainforest Capitalism. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022473.
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Congolese logging camps are places where mud, rain, fuel smugglers, and village roadblocks slow down multinational timber firms; where workers wage wars against trees while evading company surveillance deep in the forest; where labor compounds trigger disturbing colonial memories; and where blunt racism, logger machismo, and homoerotic desires reproduce violence. In Rainforest Capitalism Thomas Hendriks examines the rowdy world of industrial timber production in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to theorize racialized and gendered power dynamics in capitalist extraction. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among Congolese workers and European company managers as well as traders, farmers, smugglers, and barkeepers, Hendriks shows how logging is deeply tied to feelings of existential vulnerability in the face of larger forces, structures, and histories. These feelings, Hendriks contends, reveal a precarious side of power in an environment where companies, workers, and local residents frequently find themselves out of control. An ethnography of complicity, ecstasis, and paranoia, Rainforest Capitalism queers assumptions of corporate strength and opens up new ways to understand the complexities and contradictions of capitalist extraction.
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Martin, Liam. Halfway House. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479800681.001.0001.
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Halfway House draws on three and a half years of intensive ethnographic fieldwork to open a window on the little-known web of organizations governing prisoner reentry at the frontier of mass incarceration. It tells the story of Joe Badillo, along with a small cast of connected characters, following the ups and downs of his unfolding experience as he leaves jail and searches for a place in the world outside while confronting overwhelming obstacles. Joe’s first stop after release is Bridge House, and the author moves into the program as a researcher around the same time he arrives, the beginnings of the long-term collaboration at the heart of the book. This deeply personal account is weaved into a larger analysis of the halfway house as an institution, a site of punishment and carceral control as well as housing and social support. With a national push under way for decarceration and alternatives to imprisonment, it provides an opportunity to rethink the pitfalls and possibilities of using the halfway house to challenge the worst excesses of mass incarceration.
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Beiner, Guy. Forgetful Remembrance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749356.001.0001.
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What happens when a society attempts to obscure inconvenient episodes in its past? In 1798, Ulster Protestants—in particular Presbyterians—participated alongside Catholics in the failed republican rebellion of the United Irishmen. In subsequent years, communities in counties Antrim and Down that had been heavily involved in the insurrection reconciled with the newly formed United Kingdom and identified with unionism. As Protestant loyalists closed ranks in face of resurgent Catholic nationalism, with many joining the Orange Order, Presbyterians had a vested interest to consign their rebel past to oblivion. Uncovering a vernacular historiography, to be found in oral traditions and often-unnoticed local writings, Guy Beiner shows that recollections of the rebellion persisted under a public facade of forgetting. Beneath a culture of silencing and reticence, he finds muted traditions of forgetful remembrance. Beiner follows the dynamics of social forgetting for over two centuries, starting with anxieties of being forgotten that preceded the insurrection. He reveals how bitter memories of repression prevented a policy of amnesty from facilitating amnesia. Clandestine traditions of defiant remembrance were regenerated and transmitted over several generations, yet when commemoration emerged into the open, it was met with violent responses. Prohibitions on public remembrance of 1798 seemed to come to an end by the bicentennial year of 1998, with the signing of the peace agreement in Northern Ireland, however the ambiguity of memory continues into the current post-conflict era. Comparative references demonstrate the wider relevance of the historical study of social forgetting.
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Moore, Geoff. Virtue at Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793441.001.0001.
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Virtue at Work is about good organizations, good managers, and good people, and how these can contribute to good communities. It is aimed at practitioners—principally managers at all levels and in all kinds of organizations. It provides an integrated and philosophically grounded framework which enables a coherent approach to organizations and organizational ethics from the perspective of practitioners in the workplace, of managers in organizations, as well as of organizations themselves. The philosophical grounding comes from the work of the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre. In line with MacIntyre’s own commitments, the book makes philosophy down to earth and practical. It provides a new way of understanding ethics and organizations which is both realistic and attractive, but also challenging. It also provides tough but realistic suggestions in order to put this approach into practice. Virtue at Work not only applies theory in a readable and compelling manner, but also shows how this has been applied to a wide variety of organizations and occupations. Examples are drawn from architecture, accounting, human resource management, banking, investment advising, open source software, health and beauty retailing, pharmaceuticals, garment manufacturing, Fair Trade, car manufacturing, symphony orchestras, circuses, jazz, the UK’s National Health Service, surgery, nursing, churches, and journalism. If you are entirely happy with the way the world is, including your experience of organizations as an employee or manager, then this book is not for you. If, however, you have even the slightest hesitation when reflecting on life, management, or organizations…read on.
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Kraig, Bruce. Food Cultures of the United States. Greenwood, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652578.
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This comprehensive volume examines the history of American food culture and cuisine today, from staple ingredients to dietary concerns. Everyday, without realizing it, Americans plan their days around food—what to make for dinner, where to meet for brunch, what to bring to a party. As a nation of immigrants, the U.S. has food and foodways that few countries in the world have. This addition to the Global Kitchen series examines all aspects of food culture in the United States, from the early Colonial period and Native American influences on the new immigrants’ food to the modern era. The volume opens with a Chronology that looks at United States history and significant food events. Coverage then dives deep into the history of food in the U.S., and is followed by a chapter on influential ingredients in American cooking. Chapters break down American cuisine into appetizers and side dishes, main dishes, and desserts, looking at typical meals and flavors that characterize it. Additional chapters examine food eaten during holidays and on special occasions, street food and snacks, and restauarants. A final chapter looks at issues and dietary concerns. Recipes round out each chapter.
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Lambert, Nicholas A. The War Lords and the Gallipoli Disaster. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197545201.001.0001.
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This book offers a new history of an old subject: the genesis of Britain’s disastrous 1915 Dardanelles campaign. It also offers a new history of a new subject—the strategic implications of globalization—because in order to comprehend the former, it is necessary to grasp the latter. Thanks to the development of the international wheat market during the late nineteenth century, the British government came to realize that the national dependence upon imported food had become the Achilles heel of the British Empire. The book shows how the disruption of the global wheat trade during the early months of the First World War exceeded the government’s worst nightmare. By January 1915, the rising price of bread and consequent threat of social unrest required a political response. It came in the form of a seemingly unrelated event: the disastrous British attack at Gallipoli in the spring of 1915. Contrary to all previous narratives which argue this was done for the military–strategic objective of relieving pressure on the Western Front, this books demonstrates that the British government authorized the attack for mainly political–economic reasons: to open the flow of grain from Russia through the Dardanelles in order to bring down the politically dangerous level of bread prices in Britain, and to enable Russia to export wheat and earn foreign exchange that would obviate the need for huge British loans to support its war effort. In so doing, the book offers a case study of grand strategic policymaking under pressure.
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Thomas, Aled. Free Zone Scientology. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350182578.
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In this novel academic study, Aled Thomas analyses modern issues surrounding boundaries and fluidity in contemporary Scientology. By using the Scientologist practice of ‘auditing’ as a case study, this book explores the ways in which new types of ‘Scientologies’ can emerge. The notion of Free Zone Scientology is characterised by its horizontal structure, in contrast to the vertical-hierarchy of the institutional Church of Scientology. With this in mind, Thomas explores the Free Zone as an example of a developing and fluid religion, directly addressing questions concerning authority, leadership and material objects. This book, by maintaining a double-focus on the top-down hierarchy of the Church of Scientology and the horizontal-fluid nature of the Free Zone, breaks away from previous research on new religions, with have tended to focus either on new religions as indices of broad social processes, such as secularization or globalization, or as exemplars of exotic processes, such as charismatic authority and brainwashing. Instead, Thomas adopts auditing as a method of providing an in-depth case study of a new religion in transition and transformation in the 21st century. This opens the study of contemporary and new religions to a series of new questions around hybrid religions (sacred and secular), and acts as a framework for the study of similar movements formed in recent decades.
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Stevenson, Leslie. Eighteen Takes on God. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190066109.001.0001.
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This is a compact introduction to a variety of conceptions of God. Part I examines eight theologies: God as an old man in the sky; as an incorporeal person; as a necessary being; as truth, goodness, and beauty; apophatic theology (beyond all words); pantheism; deism; and open theology in which God acts and changes. The discussion shows differences over whether God is a person, whether he (?) is gendered, whether he is simple, whether he changes over time, and whether he can be spoken of at all. Part II reviews five different ways of understanding language about God: instrumentalism, reductionism, postmodernism, relativism, and a Wittgensteinian view. Part III moves closer to religious experience and practice, looking at the views of Otto, Buber, Kant, Tillich, and Quakers. There are also comments and endnotes on such diverse figures as William Blake, Samuel Palmer, Feuerbach, Don Cupitt, Goethe, Kierkegaard, Iris Murdoch, Simone Weil, Abbe Louf, John Gray, and Keith Ward. There is no overall commitment to theism, atheism, or agnosticism. Instead there is a sympathetic account of various views of the divine, combined with critical questioning about their meaning and practical application. In Chapter 18 Quakerism is recommended as one good way.
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Waldron, Janice L., Stephanie Horsley und Kari K. Veblen, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Social Media and Music Learning. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190660772.001.0001.
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The rapid pace of technological change over the last decade, particularly in relation to social media and network connectivity, has deeply affected the ways in which individuals, groups, and institutions interact socially: This includes how music is made, learned, and taught globally in all manner of diverse contexts. The multiple ways in which social media and social networking intersect with the everyday life of the musical learner are at the heart of this book. The Oxford Handbook of Social Media and Music Learning opens up an international discussion of what it means to be a music learner, teacher, producer, consumer, individual, and community member in an age of technologically-mediated relationships that continue to break down the limits of geographical, cultural, political, and economic place. This book is aimed at those who teach and train music educators as well as current and future music educators. Its primary goal is to draw attention to the ways in which social media, musical participation, and musical learning are increasingly entwined by examining questions, issues, concerns, and potentials this raises for formal, informal, and non-formal musical learning and engagement in a networked society. It provides an international perspective on a variety of related issues from scholars who are leaders in the field of music education, new media, communications, and sociology in the emerging field of social media.
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Meisels, Tamar, und Jeremy Waldron. Debating Targeted Killing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190906917.001.0001.
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In this “for and against” book, Jeremy Waldron and Tamar Meisels defend competing positions on the legitimacy of targeted killing. The volume begins with a joint introduction, briefly setting out the terms of discussion, and presenting a short historical overview of the practice—i.e. what is targeted killing, and how has it been used in which conflicts and by whom. The debate opens with Meisels’ defense of targeted killing as a legitimate and desirable defensive anti-terrorism strategy, in keeping with both just war theory and international law. Meisels unreservedly defends the named killing of irregular combatants, most notably terrorists, during armed conflict. Additionally, she offers a possible moral justification for rare instances of assassination outside that framework, specifically with reference to recent cases of nuclear scientists developing weapons of mass destruction for the Iranian and Syrian governments. The debate continues with Waldron’s arguments focusing on the dangers and the inherent wrongness of governments’ having the right to maintain death lists—lists of named individuals who are to be hunted down and killed. Waldron notes the many differences between individualized targeting and ordinary combat, and he resists the attempt to assimilate targeted killing to killings in combat. Waldron also cautions us to consider carefully what a world of targeted killings will be like, the many abuses it is liable to, and why we should be very cautious, morally and strategically, in our thinking about it.
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Gage, Greg, und Tim Marzullo. How Your Brain Works. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12429.001.0001.
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Discover the hidden electrical world inside your nervous system using DIY, hands-on experiments, for all ages. No MD or PhD required! The workings of the brain are mysterious: What are neural signals? What do they mean? How do our senses really sense? How does our brain control our movements? What happens when we meditate? Techniques to record signals from living brains were once thought to be the realm of advanced university labs... but not anymore! This book allows anyone to participate in the discovery of neuroscience through hands-on experiments that record the hidden electrical world beneath our skin and skulls. In How Your Brain Works, neuroscientists Greg Gage and Tim Marzullo offer a practical guide—accessible and useful to readers from middle schoolers to college undergraduates to curious adults—for learning about the brain through hands-on experiments. Armed with some DIY electrodes, readers will get to see what brain activity really looks like through simple neuroscience experiments. Written by two neuroscience researchers who invented open-source techniques to record signals from neurons, muscles, hearts, eyes, and brains, How Your Brain Works includes more than forty-five experiments to gain a deeper understanding of your brain. Using a homemade scientific instrument called a SpikerBox, readers can see how fast neural signals travel by recording electrical signals from an earthworm. Or, turning themselves into subjects, readers can strap on some electrode stickers to detect the nervous system in their own bodies. Each chapter begins by describing some phenomenology of a particular area of neuroscience, then guides readers step-by-step through an experiment, and concludes with a series of open-ended questions to inspire further investigation. Some experiments use invertebrates (such as insects), and the book provides a thoughtful framework for the ethical use of these animals in education. How Your Brain Works offers fascinating reading for students at any level, curious readers, and scientists interested in using electrophysiology in their research or teaching. Example Experiments How fast do signals travel down a neuron? The brain uses electricity. . . but do neurons communicate as fast as lightning inside our bodies? In this experiment you will make a speed trap for spikes! Can we really enhance our memories during sleep? Strap on a brainwave-reading sweatband and test the power of cueing up and strengthening memories while you dream away! Wait, that's my number! Ever feel that moment of excitement when you see your number displayed while waiting for an opening at the counter? In this experiment, you will peer into your brainwaves to see what happens when the unexpected occurs and how the brain gets your attention. Using hip hop to talk to the brain. Tired of simply “reading” the electricity from the brain? Would you like to “write” to the nervous system as well? In this experiment you will use a smartphone and hack a headphone cable to see how brain stimulators (used in treating Parkinson's disease) really work. How long does it take the brain to decide? Using simple classroom rulers and a clever technique, readers can determine how long it takes the brain to make decisions.