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Park, Jungkap, Paul D. Piehowski, Christopher Wilkins, Mowei Zhou, Joshua Mendoza, Grant M. Fujimoto, Bryson C. Gibbons et al. „Informed-Proteomics: open-source software package for top-down proteomics“. Nature Methods 14, Nr. 9 (07.08.2017): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4388.
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Korol, Elena, und Zarina Chipova. „Structural analysis of labor costs in the construction of tunnels by open, closed methods and the TOP DOWN method“. Construction and Architecture 10, Nr. 2 (27.06.2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2022-10-2-31-35.
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In connection with the need to increase labor productivity, the choice of effective technologies, this paragraph discusses the technology and optimization of the work schedule for the construction of transport and pedestrian tunnels. After a structural analysis of labor costs during the construction of tunnels in an open and closed way and using the TOP DOWN method (using bored piles), a technology algorithm was proposed that will systematize, optimize the construction schedule and reduce construction time by 15-20%, which will significantly increase efficiency building production.
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Khalid, Muhammad Farhan, Kanzal Iman, Amna Ghafoor, Mujtaba Saboor, Ahsan Ali, Urwa Muaz, Abdul Rehman Basharat et al. „PERCEPTRON: an open-source GPU-accelerated proteoform identification pipeline for top-down proteomics“. Nucleic Acids Research 49, W1 (17.05.2021): W510—W515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab368.
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Abstract PERCEPTRON is a next-generation freely available web-based proteoform identification and characterization platform for top-down proteomics (TDP). PERCEPTRON search pipeline brings together algorithms for (i) intact protein mass tuning, (ii) de novo sequence tags-based filtering, (iii) characterization of terminal as well as post-translational modifications, (iv) identification of truncated proteoforms, (v) in silico spectral comparison, and (vi) weight-based candidate protein scoring. High-throughput performance is achieved through the execution of optimized code via multiple threads in parallel, on graphics processing units (GPUs) using NVidia Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) framework. An intuitive graphical web interface allows for setting up of search parameters as well as for visualization of results. The accuracy and performance of the tool have been validated on several TDP datasets and against available TDP software. Specifically, results obtained from searching two published TDP datasets demonstrate that PERCEPTRON outperforms all other tools by up to 135% in terms of reported proteins and 10-fold in terms of runtime. In conclusion, the proposed tool significantly enhances the state-of-the-art in TDP search software and is publicly available at https://perceptron.lums.edu.pk. Users can also create in-house deployments of the tool by building code available on the GitHub repository (http://github.com/BIRL/Perceptron).
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Park, Jungkap, Paul D. Piehowski, Christopher Wilkins, Mowei Zhou, Joshua Mendoza, Grant M. Fujimoto, Bryson C. Gibbons et al. „Author Correction: Informed-Proteomics: open-source software package for top-down proteomics“. Nature Methods 15, Nr. 7 (13.06.2018): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0040-0.
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Li, Chilin, Congling Yin, Xiaoke Mu und Joachim Maier. „Top-Down Synthesis of Open Framework Fluoride for Lithium and Sodium Batteries“. Chemistry of Materials 25, Nr. 6 (05.03.2013): 962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm304127c.
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Sho, Kwang-Ho. „Study on the Application of Semi-open cut Top-Down Construction for Framework“. Journal of the Korean Association for Spatial Structures 11, Nr. 2 (15.06.2011): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9712/kass.2011.11.2.129.
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Wang, Bing, Zhiwei Wang, Ni Pan, Jiangmei Huang und Cuihong Wan. „Improved Identification of Small Open Reading Frames Encoded Peptides by Top-Down Proteomic Approaches and De Novo Sequencing“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 11 (22.05.2021): 5476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115476.
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Small open reading frames (sORFs) have translational potential to produce peptides that play essential roles in various biological processes. Nevertheless, many sORF-encoded peptides (SEPs) are still on the prediction level. Here, we construct a strategy to analyze SEPs by combining top-down and de novo sequencing to improve SEP identification and sequence coverage. With de novo sequencing, we identified 1682 peptides mapping to 2544 human sORFs, which were all first characterized in this work. Two-thirds of these new sORFs have reading frame shifts and use a non-ATG start codon. The top-down approach identified 241 human SEPs, with high sequence coverage. The average length of the peptides from the bottom-up database search was 19 amino acids (AA); from de novo sequencing, it was 9 AA; and from the top-down approach, it was 25 AA. The longer peptide positively boosts the sequence coverage, more efficiently distinguishing SEPs from the known gene coding sequence. Top-down has the advantage of identifying peptides with sequential K/R or high K/R content, which is unfavorable in the bottom-up approach. Our method can explore new coding sORFs and obtain highly accurate sequences of their SEPs, which can also benefit future function research.
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Giesel, Kristina, und Michael Kobler. „An Open Scattering Model in Polymerized Quantum Mechanics“. Mathematics 10, Nr. 22 (13.11.2022): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10224248.
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We derive a quantum master equation in the context of a polymerized open quantum mechanical system for the scattering of a Brownian particle in an ideal gas environment. The model is formulated in a top-down approach by choosing a Hamiltonian with a coupling between the system and environment that is generally associated with spatial decoherence. We extend the existing work on such models by using a non-standard representation of the canonical commutation relations, inspired by the quantization procedure applied in loop quantum gravity, which yields a model in which position operators are replaced by holonomies. The derivation of the master equation in a top-down approach opens up the possibility to investigate in detail whether the assumptions, usually used in such models in order to obtain a tractable form of the dissipator, hold also in the polymerized case or whether they need to be dropped or modified. Furthermore, we discuss some physical properties of the master equation associated to effective equations for the expectation values of the fundamental operators and compare our results to the already existing models of collisional decoherence.
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Chen, Y., G. Tebaldi, R. Roque, G. Lopp und Y. Su. „Effects of interface condition characteristics on open-graded friction course top-down cracking performance“. Road Materials and Pavement Design 13, sup1 (Juni 2012): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.657051.
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Liepelt, Roman, und Marcel Brass. „Top-Down Modulation of Motor Priming by Belief About Animacy“. Experimental Psychology 57, Nr. 3 (01.01.2010): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000028.
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There is recent evidence that we directly map observed actions of other agents onto our own motor repertoire, referred to as direct matching (Iacoboni et al., 1999). This was shown when we are actively engaged in joint action with others’ (Sebanz et al. 2003) and also when observing irrelevant movements while executing congruent or incongruent movements (Brass et al., 2000). However, an open question is whether direct matching in human beings is limited to the perception of intentional agents. Recent research provides contradictory evidence with respect to the question whether the direct matching system has a biological bias possibly emerging from perceptual differences of the stimulus display. In this study all participants performed a motor priming task observing the identical animation showing finger lifting movements of a hand in a leather glove. Before running the experiment we presented either a human hand or a wooden analog hand wearing the leather glove. We found a motor priming effect for both human and wooden hands. However, motor priming was larger when participants believed that they interacted with a human hand than when they believed to interact with a wooden hand. The stronger motor priming effect for the biological agent suggests that the “direct matching system” is tuned to represent actions of animate agents.
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Baučić, M., F. Gilić, S. Bačić und T. Duplančić-Leder. „OPEN GEOSPATIAL DATA FOR URBAN GREEN AREAS“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-4/W2-2020 (15.09.2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-4-w2-2020-17-2020.
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Abstract. More than half of the world’s population lives in big urbanized areas. It is not rare that those areas are lacking natural green spaces. Green spaces improve different aspects of life in cities and they are becoming so important that lately more and more attention is given to the so-called green infrastructure. The first step in planning green infrastructure is acquiring information about current city greenery. In this paper, it was investigated how can airborne, spaceborne, and street-level images be used in gathering information about greenery. As spaceborne images, Sentinel-2 satellite images were used and as street-level images, Google Street View 360° photospheres have been utilized. From both sources, information about current greenery status was automatically extracted. Gathered data was aggregated on different spatial units that are suitable for decision making that aims at further developing the green spaces. These top-down and street-level images complement each other in a way that top-down images can be used to track the percentage of green area and its changing over time, while street-level images give information about greenery that is perceived by pedestrians. With proposed methods, it is possible to detect areas that should be considered for greening and also to identify areas that should have priority in that process.
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Nicolas-Vullierme, B. „A Contribution to Doubly Asymptotic Approximations: An Operator Top-Down Derivation“. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 113, Nr. 3 (01.07.1991): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930199.
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As a contribution to the theory of Doubly Asymptotic Approximations (DAAs), a formal operator top-down derivation specialized to steady-state motions is proposed for the Neumann exterior problem associated to the Helmholtz equation. It generalizes previously published ones which relied either on a modal approach [1] or on a scalar approach for a model problem [2]. The proposed derivation is based on an integral representation of the solution of the Helmholtz equation in an unbounded domain: first, two asymptotic expansions of the representation with respect to the nondimensional wave number k are obtained in the low-k and the high-k ranges; then these expansions are matched. This procedure allows to point out that some geometrical physical and mathematical assumptions underlie the validity of high order continuous forms of the DAAs. Special attention is then devoted to their discretized counterparts which are compared to previously published ones. In both cases it suggests further investigation of some interesting and open geometry and numerical analysis problems.
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Sanocki, Thomas, und Jong Han Lee. „Attention-Setting and Human Mental Function“. Journal of Imaging 8, Nr. 6 (01.06.2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8060159.
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This article provides an introduction to experimental research on top-down human attention in complex scenes, written for cognitive scientists in general. We emphasize the major effects of goals and intention on mental function, measured with behavioral experiments. We describe top-down attention as an open category of mental actions that initiates particular task sets, which are assembled from a wide range of mental processes. We call this attention-setting. Experiments on visual search, task switching, and temporal attention are described and extended to the important human time scale of seconds.
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Chen, Wei, und Da Deng. „Sodium-cutting: a new top-down approach to cut open nanostructures on nonplanar surfaces on a large scale“. Chem. Commun. 50, Nr. 87 (2014): 13327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc02409e.
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Pershing, Andrew J., Katherine E. Mills, Nicholas R. Record, Karen Stamieszkin, Katharine V. Wurtzell, Carrie J. Byron, Dominic Fitzpatrick, Walter J. Golet und Elise Koob. „Evaluating trophic cascades as drivers of regime shifts in different ocean ecosystems“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, Nr. 1659 (05.01.2015): 20130265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0265.
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In ecosystems that are strongly structured by predation, reducing top predator abundance can alter several lower trophic levels—a process known as a trophic cascade. A persistent trophic cascade also fits the definition of a regime shift. Such ‘trophic cascade regime shifts' have been reported in a few pelagic marine systems—notably the Black Sea, Baltic Sea and eastern Scotian Shelf—raising the question of how common this phenomenon is in the marine environment. We provide a general methodology for distinguishing top-down and bottom-up effects and apply this methodology to time series from these three ecosystems. We found evidence for top-down forcing in the Black Sea due primarily to gelatinous zooplankton. Changes in the Baltic Sea are primarily bottom-up, strongly structured by salinity, but top-down forcing related to changes in cod abundance also shapes the ecosystem. Changes in the eastern Scotian Shelf that were originally attributed to declines in groundfish are better explained by changes in stratification. Our review suggests that trophic cascade regime shifts are rare in open ocean ecosystems and that their likelihood increases as the residence time of water in the system increases. Our work challenges the assumption that negative correlation between consecutive trophic levels implies top-down forcing.
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Despland, Emma, und Paola G. Santacruz. „Top-down and bottom-up controls on an herbivore on a native and introduced plant in a tropical agricultural landscape“. PeerJ 8 (13.03.2020): e8782. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8782.
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The recent introduction in a tropical agricultural environment of a weedy open-habitat plant (Solanum myriacanthum) and subsequent host range expansion of a common forest-edge butterfly (Mechanitis menapis) onto that plant provides an opportunity to examine reconfiguration of tritrophic networks in human-impacted landscapes. The objectives of this study were (1) determine if the caterpillars on the exotic host are more or less limited by plant defenses (bottom-up forces) and if they experience enemy release (decrease of top-down pressure) and (2) define how anthropic open pasture habitat influences the herbivore’s tritrophic niche. Field and laboratory monitoring of larval survival and performance on a native (Solanum acerifolium) host plant and the exotic (S. myriacanthum) host plant were conducted in the Mindo Valley, Ecuador. Plant physical defenses were also measured. Results showed that larval mortality was mostly top-down on S. acerifolium, linked to parasitism, but mostly bottom-up on S. myriacanthum, possibly linked to observed increased plant defenses. Thus, in the absence of co-evolved relationships, herbivores on the exotic host experienced little top-down regulation, but stronger bottom-up pressures from plant defenses. These findings provide a rare empirical example of enemy-free space as a mechanism underlying host-range expansion. S. myriacanthum was less colonized in open pastures than in semi-shaded habitats (forest edges, thickets): fewer eggs were found, suggesting limited dispersal of adult butterflies into the harsh open environments, and the survival rate of first instar larvae was lower than on semi-shaded plants, likely linked to the stronger defenses of sun-grown leaves. These findings show how environmental conditions modulate the rewiring of trophic networks in heavily impacted landscapes, and limit a biocontrol by a native herbivore on an invasive plant in open habitats.
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Gu, Yuhang, Jie Hao, Bing Chen und Hai Deng. „Top-Down Pyramid Fusion Network for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Semantic Segmentation“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 20 (17.10.2021): 4159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204159.
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In recent years, high-resolution remote sensing semantic segmentation based on data fusion has gradually become a research focus in the field of land classification, which is an indispensable task of a smart city. However, the existing feature fusion methods with bottom-up structures can achieve limited fusion results. Alternatively, various auxiliary fusion modules significantly increase the complexity of the models and make the training process intolerably expensive. In this paper, we propose a new lightweight model called top-down pyramid fusion network (TdPFNet) including a multi-source feature extractor, a top-down pyramid fusion module and a decoder. It can deeply fuse features from different sources in a top-down structure using high-level semantic knowledge guiding the fusion of low-level texture information. Digital surface model (DSM) data and open street map (OSM) data are used as auxiliary inputs to the Potsdam dataset for the proposed model evaluation. Experimental results show that the network proposed in this paper not only notably improves the segmentation accuracy, but also reduces the complexity of the multi-source semantic segmentation model.
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Liin, Sara I., Per-Eric Lund, Johan E. Larsson, Johan Brask, Björn Wallner und Fredrik Elinder. „Biaryl sulfonamide motifs up- or down-regulate ion channel activity by activating voltage sensors“. Journal of General Physiology 150, Nr. 8 (12.07.2018): 1215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711942.
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Voltage-gated ion channels are key molecules for the generation of cellular electrical excitability. Many pharmaceutical drugs target these channels by blocking their ion-conducting pore, but in many cases, channel-opening compounds would be more beneficial. Here, to search for new channel-opening compounds, we screen 18,000 compounds with high-throughput patch-clamp technology and find several potassium-channel openers that share a distinct biaryl-sulfonamide motif. Our data suggest that the negatively charged variants of these compounds bind to the top of the voltage-sensor domain, between transmembrane segments 3 and 4, to open the channel. Although we show here that biaryl-sulfonamide compounds open a potassium channel, they have also been reported to block sodium and calcium channels. However, because they inactivate voltage-gated sodium channels by promoting activation of one voltage sensor, we suggest that, despite different effects on the channel gates, the biaryl-sulfonamide motif is a general ion-channel activator motif. Because these compounds block action potential–generating sodium and calcium channels and open an action potential–dampening potassium channel, they should have a high propensity to reduce excitability. This opens up the possibility to build new excitability-reducing pharmaceutical drugs from the biaryl-sulfonamide scaffold.
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McCluney, Kevin E., und John L. Sabo. „Animal water balance drives top-down effects in a riparian forest—implications for terrestrial trophic cascades“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, Nr. 1836 (17.08.2016): 20160881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0881.
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Despite the clear importance of water balance to the evolution of terrestrial life, much remains unknown about the effects of animal water balance on food webs. Based on recent research suggesting animal water imbalance can increase trophic interaction strengths in cages, we hypothesized that water availability could drive top-down effects in open environments, influencing the occurrence of trophic cascades. We manipulated large spider abundance and water availability in 20 × 20 m open-air plots in a streamside forest in Arizona, USA, and measured changes in cricket and small spider abundance and leaf damage. As expected, large spiders reduced both cricket abundance and herbivory under ambient, dry conditions, but not where free water was added. When water was added (free or within moist leaves), cricket abundance was unaffected by large spiders, but spiders still altered herbivory, suggesting behavioural effects. Moreover, we found threshold-type increases in herbivory at moderately low soil moisture (between 5.5% and 7% by volume), suggesting the possibility that water balance may commonly influence top-down effects. Overall, our results point towards animal water balance as an important driver of direct and indirect species interactions and food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Moree, Dana. „Travelling Educational Change and Cultural Diversity in the Czech Republic“. Lifelong Learning 3, Nr. 1 (2013): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/lifele2013030151.
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This article analyses the interconnectedness of travelling policy and domestic top-down and bottom-up processes in the case of a country going through a transformation from a communist to a more open system. This interconnectedness and the dilemmas it poses will be examined in several steps. After a theoretical introduction to the concept of travelling policy and domestic bottom-up and top-down processes, we will introduce the initial situation of the educational system in the Czech Republic around 1989. We will then analyse the process of educational change, and we will describe how Czech teachers view this change by presenting the results of qualitative research among these teachers. Finally, we will concentrate on the diversity issue as one part of the process of educational change. A diversity aspect was chosen because on this issue we can demonstrate the influences of travelling policy on top and bottom development.
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Resende, David Nunes, und Marco Bravo. „A TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO IMPROVE REGIONAL INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS IN PORTUGAL“. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management 13, Nr. 1 (20.03.2016): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2016.v13.n1.a10.
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The objective of this article is to present a successful program that built a National Innovation Network based in the University Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs), incubators and science parks.The University Technology Enterprise Network (UTEN), which was launched in March 2007, includes 15 Portuguese Universities and select international partners in a 5-Year program funded by the Portuguese government. The main objective has been to accelerate the development of a sustainable, globally competitive, professional technology transfer and commercialization network within Portugal to increase Portugal’s international competitiveness in university–based science, and technology transfer and commercialization. We argue that all initiatives taken place in the project have gotten UTEN network presently run in the Open Innovation paradigm fostered mostly by the TTOs and their own networks and officers. Science and technology based entrepreneurship was increasingly seen as a key element of Portugal’s ability to grow and prosper (UTEN, 2012). Research universities had worked to foster a range of technology transfer and commercialization activities and offices, together with industrial liaison programs, mostly devoted to fostering entrepreneurial environments, launching technology based start-ups, and bringing ideas from the laboratory to the market. UTEN was created to synergize this growth and stimulate new competencies in international technology transfer and commercialization to facilitate industry access to leading markets worldwide. In other words, UTEN is the living example of an Innovation network - an Open Innovation Network launched to contribute to build the necessary relationships between all actors, giving them the necessary knowledge to play their roles. This working paper shows the actions taken to construct UTEN and improve the Portuguese Innovation Ecosystem. These actions follows the patterns observed in other studies – essentially those ones from Resende et al, 2013; McAdam et al., 2012; Philpott et al., 2011; Todorovic et al., 2011; Rogers, 2002; Rogers et al., 2001; Rogers et al., 2000 and Gibson and Rogers, 1994.We have collected data that shows the success of the program based on the results of the first five years of the project.
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Alkahtani, Aishah. „Curriculum change management and workload“. Improving Schools 20, Nr. 3 (05.06.2017): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365480217706789.
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This study examines the ways in which Saudi teachers have responded or are responding to the challenges posed by a new curriculum. It also deals with issues relating to workload demands which affect teachers’ performance when they apply a new curriculum in a Saudi Arabian secondary school. In addition, problems such as scheduling and sharing space require committee negotiations between head teachers, teachers, and higher level management in the project. The results show the importance of open communication, and a bottom-up as well as a top-down flow of decision-making. Communication and decisions flow down to the middle managers, and the reactions and opinions of those at the bottom may or may not flow back up to the decision-makers at the top.
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Rosyada, Amron, R. Dimas Endro W und M. Arif Kurniawan. „Effects of adding sideboard and longitudinal bulkhead construction on ship stability of open-top cargo ship“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1166, Nr. 1 (01.05.2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1166/1/012042.
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Abstract The cargo cover removal on cargo ship will surely affect the technical condition of ship accomplishment that is regulated by rule. In this study, the author would like to evaluate the down-flooding point and free surface effect on open-top cargo ship to the stability acceptance criteria using IMO and DNV test procedures. The simulation result shows that the ship stability value is not in the range of the value required with IMO A.749(18) stability criteria. The failures are caused by lower down-flooding point and free surface effect. The Construction modifications effect by adding sideboard and longitudinal bulkhead is believed can increase the stability value. The simulation result using modified construction shows that the stability value is getting better. Using IMO MSC.Circular608 test procedure, the green-water is still allowed to enter cargo room of modified ship, 633,56 m3 at 25% load, 428,87 m3 at 50% load, and 194.94 m3 at 75% load. It is better than the previous ship that the green-water is not allowed at all. Using DNV test procedure, all of the modified ship stability values are accepted by IMO A.749(18). The value of area 30-40° is 21.06~21.00 m.deg and the value of maximum GZ angle is 28.2°.
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Li, Chenning, und Zhichao Cao. „LoRa Networking Techniques for Large-scale and Long-term IoT: A Down-to-top Survey“. ACM Computing Surveys 55, Nr. 3 (30.04.2023): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494673.
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Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are an emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm, which caters to large-scale and long-term sensory data collection demand. Among the commercialized LPWAN technologies, LoRa (Long Range) attracts much interest from academia and industry due to its open-source physical (PHY) layer and standardized networking stack. In the flourishing LoRa community, many observations and countermeasures have been proposed to understand and improve the performance of LoRa networking in practice. From the perspective of the LoRa networking stack; however, we lack a whole picture to comprehensively understand what has been done or not and reveal what the future trends are. This survey proposes a taxonomy of a two-dimensional (i.e., networking layers, performance metrics) to categorize and compare the cutting-edge LoRa networking techniques. One dimension is the layered structure of the LoRa networking stack. From down to the top, we have the PHY layer, Link layer, Media-access Control (MAC) layer, and Application (App) layer. In each layer, we focus on the three most representative layer-specific research issues for fine-grained categorizing. The other dimension is LoRa networking performance metrics, including range, throughput, energy, and security. We compare different techniques in terms of these metrics and further overview the open issues and challenges, followed by our observed future trends. According to our proposed taxonomy, we aim at clarifying several ways to achieve a more effective LoRa networking stack and find more LoRa applicable scenarios, leading to a brand-new step toward a large-scale and long-term IoT.
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Yun, Jinhyo Joseph, Xiaofei Zhao, KyungBae Park und Lei Shi. „Sustainability Condition of Open Innovation: Dynamic Growth of Alibaba from SME to Large Enterprise“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 11 (27.05.2020): 4379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114379.
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Research Question: Open innovation and the open business model exaggerate complexity (a transaction cost) in addition to the realization of emergence and its lock-in. Within a short period, Alibaba has become one of the global top e-commerce companies with several open innovation business models. Our research question was: “How could Alibaba become a global top e-commerce company in China in such a short time?” Research Method: We chose a deep interview method, participatory observation, and meta-analysis to answer this research question. Research Result: Alibaba has applied global, creative e-commerce business models through open innovation in a short time. In addition, it has overcome complexity—i.e., the cost of open innovation and the force that breaks down a company—through an open innovation-friendly culture. This is a “Jack-Ma style consumer confidence and new Guanxi culture”, a new and strong Chinese corporate culture. Alibaba has also undergone the expansion of its open business model feedback loop platform. This study investigated the expanded open business model feedback loop platform, the continuously strengthened open-innovation-friendly culture, and complexity, with the latter being the cost of open innovation, which was controlled by an open-innovation-friendly culture and open business model feedback loop.
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Macaluso, Emiliano, Uta Noppeney, Durk Talsma, Tiziana Vercillo, Jess Hartcher-O’Brien und Ruth Adam. „The Curious Incident of Attention in Multisensory Integration: Bottom-up vs. Top-down“. Multisensory Research 29, Nr. 6-7 (2016): 557–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002528.
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The role attention plays in our experience of a coherent, multisensory world is still controversial. On the one hand, a subset of inputs may be selected for detailed processing and multisensory integration in a top-down manner, i.e., guidance of multisensory integration by attention. On the other hand, stimuli may be integrated in a bottom-up fashion according to low-level properties such as spatial coincidence, thereby capturing attention. Moreover, attention itself is multifaceted and can be describedviaboth top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Thus, the interaction between attention and multisensory integration is complex and situation-dependent. The authors of this opinion paper are researchers who have contributed to this discussion from behavioural, computational and neurophysiological perspectives. We posed a series of questions, the goal of which was to illustrate the interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes in various multisensory scenarios in order to clarify the standpoint taken by each author and with the hope of reaching a consensus. Although divergence of viewpoint emerges in the current responses, there is also considerable overlap: In general, it can be concluded that the amount of influence that attention exerts on MSI depends on the current task as well as prior knowledge and expectations of the observer. Moreover stimulus properties such as the reliability and salience also determine how open the processing is to influences of attention.
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SMITH, WALKER O., und CHRISTIANE LANCELOT. „Bottom-up versus top-down control in phytoplankton of the Southern Ocean“. Antarctic Science 16, Nr. 4 (30.11.2004): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002305.
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Oceanic phytoplankton communities are a mixture of various algal functional groups, all of which are of different sizes, have variable physiologies, and interact differently with disparate herbivores. We suggest that polar plankton communities, and specifically the larger phytoplankton of Southern Ocean HNLC (high nutrient, low chlorophyll) systems, are controlled primarily by bottom-up processes, but that smaller (pico- and nanoplankton) reach an equilibrium that is set simultaneously by light, iron and grazing by microzooplankton. Thus Southern Ocean phytoplankton conforms to the “ecumenical iron hypothesis”, albeit with the further addition of light as an environmental control. Examples of bottom-up controls include iron availability, irradiance regulation (either by the incident surface irradiance as controlled by season and sea ice cover, or by the effects of vertical turbulence and mixed layer depths), and macronutrient availability (silicic acid and nitrate). While the contribution of various phytoplankton taxa varies spatially and temporally within the Antarctic, we suggest that this is largely due to the specific responses of the important functional groups to the patterns of physical forcing and micronutrient inputs, rather than to changes in controls by small and large grazers. Examples of abiotic and biotic controls are examined from representative regions of the Antarctic, including continental shelf regions and open ocean HNLC systems. Results from models further support our contention that bottom-up control of large forms is paramount in the Southern Ocean, but top-down controls play an important part in regulating the equilibrium standing stocks of smaller taxa. If bottom-up control is indeed universal in the Antarctic, then it has profound implications for the understanding of interannual variability, food web structure, and population dynamics of higher trophic levels in both the present and past Southern Ocean.
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Kučera, Jan, und Dušan Chlapek. „Comparison of Approaches to Publication of Open Government Data in Two Czech Public Sector Bodies“. JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government 6, Nr. 1 (14.11.2014): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v6i1.316.
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This case study compares approaches to publication of Open Government Data in two Czech public sector bodies: the Czech Telecommunication Office (CTO) and the Czech Trade Inspection Authority (CTIA). The top-down approach applied by the CTO is compared to the bottom-up approach applied by the CTIA. Results achieved by these two public sector bodies are described and the case study is concluded with the lessons learned.
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Meilyanawindaperdana, Rama Kipran und Aminullah Imal Alfresi. „Implementasi Cisco Packet Tracer pada Infrastruktur Jaringan Komputer di PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan Prabumulih Field“. Jurnal CoSciTech (Computer Science and Information Technology) 3, Nr. 2 (18.08.2022): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/coscitech.v3i2.3946.
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Jaringan Local Area Network suatu jaringan komputer yang menyambungkan komputer dalam suatu area terbatas Mobile User Tujuan Dari Penelitian ini yaitu untuk melakukan aktivitas kerja dalam pengelolaan data, menggunakan share folder yang bisa diakses dengan VPN untuk membuka data maupun mencari informasi penting lainnya. Sehingga Implemtasi Infrastruktur jaringan Komputer sangat penting guna menunjang kinerja di PT Pertamina. Metode digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Top DownTop Down merupakan metode untuk merancang jaringan yang dimulai pada lapisan atas model referensi Open System Iterconnecton (OSI) sebelum kelapisan di bawahnya.Metode yang di terapkan yaitu Kualitatif dengan terjun langsung ketempat penelitian untuk mewawan cari megenai masalah yang adapada PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan. Adapun hasilpenelitiandiperolehdariImplmentasiInfrastrukturJaringanKomputer di PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan Field menggunkan Top Down untukmengimplemtasikanjaringankomputer yang lebihbaik, pengelolaan data yang ada di PT Pertamina Hulu RokanPrabumulih Field.
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Stojanovski, Jadranka. „Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Croatia“. Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 5 (30.09.2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2015.5.7.
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There is a vibrant Open Access environment in Croatia and several academic and research institutions initiate different activities concerning open access to the scientific information (Ru đer Boš kovi ć Institute, School of Medicine, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Faculty of Organization and Informatics at University of Zagreb, University of Zadar, University of Osijek, National and University Library, etc.). It is very important to improve collaboration among different stakeholders, as well as to provide top-down guidance harmonized with EU practices. Important blocks of the existing Open Access research infr astructure are presented in the paper: the Croatian Scientific Bibliography CROSBI, the Croatian portal for Open Access journals HRČAK, and the co mmon infrastructure for digital academic repositories DABAR. Future develo pment of Open Access infrastructure in Croatia is discussed.
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Capdevila, Ignasi, und Matías I. Zarlenga. „Smart city or smart citizens? The Barcelona case“. Journal of Strategy and Management 8, Nr. 3 (17.08.2015): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-03-2015-0030.
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Purpose – In recent years, the term “smart city” has attracted a lot of attention from policy makers, business leaders and citizenship in general. Although there is not a unique definition of what a smart city is, it is generally accepted that “smart” urban policies refer to local governments’ initiatives that use information and communication technologies in order to increase the quality of life of their inhabitants while contributing to a sustainable development. So far, “smart city” approaches have generally been related to top-down processes of technology diffusion. The purpose of this paper is to present a broader view on “smart” initiatives to analyze both top-down and bottom-up dynamics in a smart city. The authors argue that these two perspectives are complementary and its combination can reinforce the collaboration between different city stakeholders. Top-down and bottom-up initiatives are not opposed forces but, on the contrary, can have a synergistic effect on the innovation capacity of the city. Both perspectives are illustrated by providing examples of different “smart” aspects in the city of Barcelona: smart districts, open collaborative spaces, infrastructures and open data. Design/methodology/approach – To illustrate the arguments, the authors analyze the case of the city of Barcelona providing examples of top-down and bottom-up initiatives in four different smart city aspects: smart districts, open collaborative spaces, infrastructures and open data. The research method is based on a case study (Yin, 1984). The primary data consisted on interviews to city council representatives as well as managers of local public institutions, like economic development offices, and local organizations like for instance coworking spaces. The authors interviewed also specialists on the innovation history of the city in order to validate the data. In addition, the authors used secondary data such as reports on the 22@, and documentation on the Barcelona innovation policies, as well as doing a compilation of press articles and the online content of the institutional webpages. All together, the authors have followed a data triangulation strategy to seek data validation based on the cross-verification of the analyzed data sources. Findings – The analysis suggests that the top-down and bottom-up perspectives are complementary and their combination can reinforce the collaboration between different city stakeholders. Top-down and bottom-up initiatives are not opposed forces but, on the contrary, can have a synergistic effect on the innovation capacity of the city. Both perspectives are illustrated by providing examples of different “smart” aspects in the city of Barcelona: smart districts, open collaborative spaces, infrastructures and open data. Research limitations/implications – Nevertheless, the analysis has its limitations. Even if the authors have emphasized the importance of the bottom-up initiatives, citizens do not have often the resources to act without governmental intervention. This is the case of services that require high-cost infrastructures or regulatory changes. Also, as it usually happens in the case of disruptive technology, it is hard for citizens to understand the possibilities of its use. In these cases, firms and institutions must play an important role in the first phases of the diffusion of innovations, by informing and incentivizing its use. It is also important to note that some of the emerging usages of technology are confronted to legal or regulatory issues. For instance, distributed and shared Wi-Fi networks might be in opposition to economic interests of internet providers, that often difficult its expansion. It is also the case of services of the sharing economy that represent a menace to established institutions (like the tensions between Uber and taxi companies, or Airbnb and hotels). In these cases, city halls like it is the case in Barcelona, tend to respond to these emergent uses of technology by regulating to ensure protection to existing corporate services. Practical implications – In conclusion, the transformational process that leads a city to become a smart city has to take in consideration the complexity and the plurality of the urban reality. Beyond considering citizens as being users, testers or consumers of technology, local administrations that are able to identify, nourish and integrate the emerging citizens’ initiatives would contribute to the reinforcement of a smart city reality. Originality/value – The contribution of the paper is to go beyond the generalized technologic discourse around smart cities by adding the layer of the citizens’ initiatives.
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Ichoku, C., und L. Ellison. „Global top-down smoke aerosol emissions estimation using satellite fire radiative power measurements“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, Nr. 10 (22.10.2013): 27327–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-27327-2013.
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Abstract. Biomass burning occurs seasonally in most vegetated parts of the world, consuming large amounts of biomass fuel, generating intense heat energy, and emitting corresponding amounts of smoke plumes that comprise different species of aerosols and trace gases. Accurate estimates of these emissions are required as model inputs to evaluate and forecast smoke plume transport and impacts on air quality, human health, clouds, weather, radiation, and climate. Emissions estimates have long been based on bottom-up approaches that are not only complex, but also fraught with compounding uncertainties. Fortunately, a series of recent studies have revealed that both the rate of biomass consumption and the rate of emission of aerosol particulate matter (PM) by open biomass burning are directly proportional to the rate of release of fire radiative energy (FRE), which is fire radiative power (FRP) that is measurable from satellite. This direct relationship enables the determination of coefficients of emission (Ce), which can be used to convert FRP or FRE to smoke aerosol emissions in the same manner as emission factors (EFs) are used to convert burned biomass to emissions. We have leveraged this relationship to generate the first global 1° × 1° gridded Ce product for smoke aerosol or total particulate matter (TPM) emissions using coincident measurements of FRP and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. This new Fire Energetics and Emissions Research version 1.0 (FEER.v1) Ce product has now been released to the community and can be obtained from http://feer.gsfc.nasa.gov/, along with the corresponding 1-to-1 mapping of their quality assurance (QA) flags that will enable the Ce values to be filtered by quality for use in various applications. The regional averages of Ce values for different ecosystem types were found to be in the ranges of: 16–21 g MJ−1 for savanna and grasslands, 15–32 g MJ−1 for tropical forest, 9–12 g MJ−1 for North American boreal forest, about ~24 g MJ−1 for Russian boreal forest, and 18–26 g MJ−1 for Russian croplands and natural vegetation. The FEER.v1 Ce product was multiplied with FRP data to generate smoke TPM emissions, which were compared with equivalent emissions products from three existing inventories. The smoke TPM emissions results from FEER.v1 showed higher and more reasonable estimates than those of two other emissions inventories that are based on bottom up approaches and already reported in the literature to be too low, but portrayed an overall reasonable agreement with those of another inventory based on a hybrid method that includes the top-down approach, thereby suggesting that top-down approaches may hold better promise and need to be further developed to accelerate the reduction of uncertainty associated with fire emissions estimation in air-quality and climate research and applications. Based on analysis of data covering the period of 2004–2011, FEER.v1 results show that ~65–85 Tg yr−1 of TPM is emitted globally from open biomass burning, with a generally decreasing trend over this short time period. The FEER.v1 Ce product is the first global gridded product in the family of "emission factors", that is based essentially on satellite measurements, and requires only direct satellite FRP measurements of an actively burning fire anywhere to evaluate its emission rate in near real time, which is essential for operational activities, such as the monitoring and forecasting of smoke emission impacts on air quality.
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Marslen-Wilson, William D. „What phonetic decision making does not tell us about lexical architecture“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, Nr. 3 (Juni 2000): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00353249.
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Norris et al. argue against using evidence from phonetic decision making to support top-down feedback in lexical access on the grounds that phonetic decision relies on processes outside the normal access sequence. This leaves open the possibility that bottom-up connectionist models, with some contextual constraints built into the access process, are still preferred models of spoken-word recognition.
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Beeker, Timo, Anna Witeska-Młynarczyk, Sanne te Meerman und China Mills. „Psychiatrization of, with and by children: Drawing a complex picture“. Global Studies of Childhood 10, Nr. 1 (28.02.2020): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610619890074.
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When discussed in the context of diagnosing or medicating children, psychiatrization is usually portrayed as a more or less monolithic top-down process, which, according to some, enables a child’s right to health, while for others is a form of child abuse. This article challenges these conceptualizations in two steps: First, it draws on available literature on psychiatrization (including its top-down and bottom-up operations, and its ideological and material aspects), and its relationship to various psy-practices, and wider processes of (bio) medicalization, psychologization and reification. Second, using two detailed vignettes from ethnographic research with children and youth in Poland, the article demonstrates that children and youth are not necessarily passive recipients of psychiatrization as they themselves navigate, appropriate, resist, and transform top-down influences. While one vignette details a child’s more or less open resistance to psychiatrization through their attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder label, the other vignette shows young people embracing and positively identifying with bio and psy-knowledge in relation to depression. However, both vignettes show how children and youth make psychiatrization meaningful as it shapes their lifeworlds, with them sometimes becoming agents of psychiatrization themselves. Our data illustrate the nuances of psychiatrization of, with and by children, and we draw on this to complexify existing literature and framings of psychiatrization.
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Kimbro, David L., J. Wilson White und Edwin D. Grosholz. „The dynamics of open populations: integration of top–down, bottom–up and supply–side influences on intertidal oysters“. Oikos 128, Nr. 4 (15.11.2018): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.05892.
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Su, Taojunfeng, Michael A. R. Hollas, Ryan T. Fellers und Neil L. Kelleher. „Identification of Splice Variants and Isoforms in Transcriptomics and Proteomics“. Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science 6, Nr. 1 (10.08.2023): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-044021.
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Alternative splicing is pivotal to the regulation of gene expression and protein diversity in eukaryotic cells. The detection of alternative splicing events requires specific omics technologies. Although short-read RNA sequencing has successfully supported a plethora of investigations on alternative splicing, the emerging technologies of long-read RNA sequencing and top-down mass spectrometry open new opportunities to identify alternative splicing and protein isoforms with less ambiguity. Here, we summarize improvements in short-read RNA sequencing for alternative splicing analysis, including percent splicing index estimation and differential analysis. We also review the computational methods used in top-down proteomics analysis regarding proteoform identification, including the construction of databases of protein isoforms and statistical analyses of search results. While many improvements in sequencing and computational methods will result from emerging technologies, there should be future endeavors to increase the effectiveness, integration, and proteome coverage of alternative splicing events.
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Fricke, Ute, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Jie Zhang, Cynthia Tobisch, Sandra Rojas-Botero, Caryl S. Benjamin, Jana Englmeier et al. „Landscape diversity and local temperature, but not climate, affect arthropod predation among habitat types“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 4 (29.04.2022): e0264881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264881.
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Arthropod predators are important for ecosystem functioning by providing top-down regulation of insect herbivores. As predator communities and activity are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors on different spatial scales, the strength of top-down regulation (‘arthropod predation’) is also likely to vary. Understanding the combined effects of potential drivers on arthropod predation is urgently needed with regard to anthropogenic climate and land-use change. In a large-scale study, we recorded arthropod predation rates using artificial caterpillars on 113 plots of open herbaceous vegetation embedded in contrasting habitat types (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement) along climate and land-use gradients in Bavaria, Germany. As potential drivers we included habitat characteristics (habitat type, plant species richness, local mean temperature and mean relative humidity during artificial caterpillar exposure), landscape diversity (0.5–3.0-km, six scales), climate (multi-annual mean temperature, ‘MAT’) and interactive effects of habitat type with other drivers. We observed no substantial differences in arthropod predation rates between the studied habitat types, related to plant species richness and across the Bavarian-wide climatic gradient, but predation was limited when local mean temperatures were low and tended to decrease towards higher relative humidity. Arthropod predation rates increased towards more diverse landscapes at a 2-km scale. Interactive effects of habitat type with local weather conditions, plant species richness, landscape diversity and MAT were not observed. We conclude that landscape diversity favours high arthropod predation rates in open herbaceous vegetation independent of the dominant habitat in the vicinity. This finding may be harnessed to improve top-down control of herbivores, e.g. agricultural pests, but further research is needed for more specific recommendations on landscape management. The absence of MAT effects suggests that high predation rates may occur independent of moderate increases of MAT in the near future.
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Wang, Hui. „Designing the everyday“. Architectural Research Quarterly 21, Nr. 3 (September 2017): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135517000501.
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In China, although the ‘everyday’ should be studied as one of the most fundamental architectural issues, it is frequently neglected by Chinese architects. A consciousness for the ‘everyday’ is marginalised by the prevailing ‘non-everyday’ backed by a top-down way of reasoning. Under this circumstance, it is constructive to reconsider the ‘everyday’ in order to open up new potentials for the design practice and discourse in architecture.
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Maneth, Sebastian. „A Survey on Decidable Equivalence Problems for Tree Transducers“. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 26, Nr. 08 (Dezember 2015): 1069–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054115400134.
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The decidability of equivalence for three important classes of tree transducers is discussed. Each class can be obtained as a natural restriction of deterministic macro tree transducers (MTTs): (1) no context parameters, i.e., top-down tree transducers, (2) linear size increase, i.e., MSO definable tree transducers, and (3) monadic input and output ranked alphabets. For the full class of mtts, decidability of equivalence remains a long-standing open problem.
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Masoumi, Hadi, Bahar Farahani und Fereidoon Shams Aliee. „Systematic and ontology-based approach to interoperable cross-domain open government data services“. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 16, Nr. 1 (23.12.2021): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-08-2021-0132.
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Purpose Open government data (OGD) has emerged as a radical paradigm shift and endeavor among government administrations across the world mainly due to its promises of transparency, accountability, public-private collaboration, civic participation, social innovation and data-driven value creation. Complexity, cross-cutting nature, diversity of data sets, interoperability and quality issues usually hamper unlocking the full potential value of data. To tackle these challenges, this paper aims to provide a novel solution using a top-down approach. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors propose a systematic ontology-based approach combined with a novel architecture and its corresponding processes enabling organizations to carry out all the steps in the OGD value chain. In addition, an OGD Platform including a portal (www.iranopendata.ir) and a data management system (www.ogdms.iranopendata.ir) are developed to showcase the proposed solution. Findings The efficiency and the applicability of the solution are evaluated by a real-life use case on energy consumption of the buildings of the city of Tehran, Iran. Finally, a comparison was made with existing solutions, and the results show the proposed approach is able to address the existing gaps in the literature. Originality/value The results imply that modeling and designing the data model, as well as exploiting an ontology-based approach are critical pillars to create rich, relevant and well-described OGD data sets. Moreover, clarity on processes, roles and responsibilities are the key factors influencing the quality of the published data services. Thus, to the best of the knowledge, this is the first study that exploits and considers an ontology-based approach in a top-down manner to create OGD data sets.
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Lesne, Jean, Marie-Pierre Bousquet, Julien Marcoux und Marie Locard-Paulet. „Top-Down and Intact Protein Mass Spectrometry Data Visualization for Proteoform Analysis Using VisioProt-MS“. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 13 (Januar 2019): 117793221986822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177932219868223.
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The rise of intact protein analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) was accompanied by an increasing need for flexible tools allowing data visualization and analysis. These include inspection of the deconvoluted molecular weights of the proteoforms eluted alongside liquid chromatography (LC) through their representation in three-dimensional (3D) liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) maps (plots of deconvoluted molecular weights, retention times, and intensity of the MS signal). With this aim, we developed a free and open-source web application named VisioProt-MS ( https://masstools.ipbs.fr/mstools/visioprot-ms/ ). VisioProt-MS is highly compatible with many algorithms and software developed by the community to integrate and deconvolute top-down and intact protein MS data. Its dynamic and user-friendly features greatly facilitate analysis through several graphical representations dedicated to MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of proteoforms in complex samples. Here, we will illustrate the importance of LC-MS map visualization to optimize top-down acquisition/search parameters and analyze intact protein MS data. We will go through the main features of VisioProt-MS using the human proteasomal 20S core particle as a user-case.
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Alcalá-Alcalá, Sergio, José Eduardo Casarrubias-Anacleto, Maximiliano Mondragón-Guillén, Carlos Alberto Tavira-Montalvan, Marcos Bonilla-Hernández, Diana Lizbeth Gómez-Galicia, Guillermo Gosset und Angélica Meneses-Acosta. „Melanin Nanoparticles Obtained from Preformed Recombinant Melanin by Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches“. Polymers 15, Nr. 10 (19.05.2023): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102381.
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Melanin is an insoluble, amorphous polymer that forms planar sheets that aggregate naturally to create colloidal particles with several biological functions. Based on this, here, a preformed recombinant melanin (PRM) was utilized as the polymeric raw material to generate recombinant melanin nanoparticles (RMNPs). These nanoparticles were prepared using bottom-up (nanocrystallization—NC, and double emulsion–solvent evaporation—DE) and top-down (high-pressure homogenization—HP) manufacturing approaches. The particle size, Z-potential, identity, stability, morphology, and solid-state properties were evaluated. RMNP biocompatibility was determined in human embryogenic kidney (HEK293) and human epidermal keratinocyte (HEKn) cell lines. RMNPs prepared by NC reached a particle size of 245.9 ± 31.5 nm and a Z-potential of −20.2 ± 1.56 mV; 253.1 ± 30.6 nm and −39.2 ± 0.56 mV compared to that obtained by DE, as well as RMNPs of 302.2 ± 69.9 nm and −38.6 ± 2.25 mV using HP. Spherical and solid nanostructures in the bottom-up approaches were observed; however, they were an irregular shape with a wide size distribution when the HP method was applied. Infrared (IR) spectra showed no changes in the chemical structure of the melanin after the manufacturing process but did exhibit an amorphous crystal rearrangement according to calorimetric and PXRD analysis. All RMNPs presented long stability in an aqueous suspension and resistance to being sterilized by wet steam and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Finally, cytotoxicity assays showed that RMNPs are safe up to 100 μg/mL. These findings open new possibilities for obtaining melanin nanoparticles with potential applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, diagnosis, and sun protection, among others.
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YSTRÖM, ANNA, und HEDVIG ASPENBERG. „OPEN FOR INNOVATION? PRACTICES SUPPORTING COLLABORATION IN SWEDISH REGIONAL CLUSTERS“. International Journal of Innovation Management 21, Nr. 05 (31.05.2017): 1740008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919617400084.
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While it could be argued that globalisation would diminish the importance of a company’s location, research has shown that in an increasingly complex, knowledge-based and dynamic economy, regional collaboration has in fact become a critical aspect of enhancing competitiveness, locally as well as globally. Still, in order to create sustainable, innovative and successful clusters, interaction and collaboration among its members is necessary, which is not always easy to accomplish and requires actions that stimulate bottom-up activity rather than top-down directives. Taking a practice-based perspective, this paper explores what cluster management do in their everyday activities to support collaboration among cluster members, based on a qualitative case study of 14 Swedish regional clusters and cluster initiatives. The paper contributes by outlining and discussing two distinct and essential practices–orchestrating and narrating.
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Granell, C., D. Bhattacharya, S. Casteleyn, A. Degbelo, M. Gould, C. Kray, M. Painho und S. Trilles. „GEO-C: ENABLING OPEN CITIES AND THE OPEN CITY TOOLKIT“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W8 (11.07.2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w8-61-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The GEO-C doctoral programme, entitled “Geoinformatics: Enabling Open Cities”, is funded by the EU Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (International Training Networks (ITN), European Joint Doctorates) until December 2018, and is managed by three European universities in Germany, Portugal and Spain. 15 doctoral grantholders (Early Stage Researchers) were selected to work on specific three-year projects, all contributing to improving the notion of open cities, and specifically to an Open City Toolkit of methodologies, code, and best practice examples. Contributions include volunteered geographic information (VGI), public information displays, mobility apps to encourage green living, providing open data to immigrant populations, reducing the second-order digital divide, sensing of quality of life, proximity based privacy protection, and spatio-temporal online social media analysis. All doctoral students conducted long-term visits and were embedded in city governments and businesses, to gain experience from multiple perspectives in addition to the researcher and users’ perspective. The projects are situated within three areas: transparency, participation, and collaboration. They took mostly a bottom-up (citizen-centric) approach to (smart) open cities, rather than relying on large IT companies to create smart open cities in a top-down manner. This paper discusses the various contributions to enabling open cities, explains in some detail the Open City Toolkit, and its possible uses and impact on stakeholders. A follow-up doctoral program has been solicited and, if successful, will continue this line of research and will strengthen aspects of privacy, data provenance, and trust, in an effort to improve relations between data (e.g. news) publishers and consumers.</p>
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Xue, Yang, Hanzhi Yu und Geng Qin. „Towards Good Governance on Dual-Use Biotechnology for Global Sustainable Development“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 24 (20.12.2021): 14056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132414056.
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Dual-use biotechnology faces the risks of availability, novel biological agents, knowledge, normative, and other dual-use risks. If left unchecked, these may destroy human living conditions and social order. Despite the benefits of dual-use technology, good governance is needed to mitigate its risks. The predicaments facing all governments in managing the dual-use risks of biotechnology deserve special attention. On the one hand, the information asymmetry risk of dual-use biotechnology prevents the traditional self-governance model in the field of biotechnology from playing its role. On the other hand, top-down public regulation often lags behind technological iteration due to the difficulty of predicting the human-made risks of dual-use biotechnology. Therefore, we argue that governance of the dual-use risks of biotechnology should avoid the traditional bottom-up or top-down modes. We suggest the governance for dual-use biotechnology could be improved if the four-stage experimentalist governance model is followed. The first stage is to achieve consensus on a broad governance framework with open-ended principles. The second stage is for countries to take action based on local conditions and the open-ended framework. The third stage is to establish a dynamic consultation mechanism for transnational information sharing and action review. The fourth and final stage is to evaluate and revise the global governance framework.
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Riedl, Valentin, Lukas Utz, Gabriel Castrillón, Timo Grimmer, Josef P. Rauschecker, Markus Ploner, Karl J. Friston, Alexander Drzezga und Christian Sorg. „Metabolic connectivity mapping reveals effective connectivity in the resting human brain“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 2 (28.12.2015): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513752113.
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Directionality of signaling among brain regions provides essential information about human cognition and disease states. Assessing such effective connectivity (EC) across brain states using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) alone has proven difficult, however. We propose a novel measure of EC, termed metabolic connectivity mapping (MCM), that integrates undirected functional connectivity (FC) with local energy metabolism from fMRI and positron emission tomography (PET) data acquired simultaneously. This method is based on the concept that most energy required for neuronal communication is consumed postsynaptically, i.e., at the target neurons. We investigated MCM and possible changes in EC within the physiological range using “eyes open” versus “eyes closed” conditions in healthy subjects. Independent of condition, MCM reliably detected stable and bidirectional communication between early and higher visual regions. Moreover, we found stable top-down signaling from a frontoparietal network including frontal eye fields. In contrast, we found additional top-down signaling from all major clusters of the salience network to early visual cortex only in the eyes open condition. MCM revealed consistent bidirectional and unidirectional signaling across the entire cortex, along with prominent changes in network interactions across two simple brain states. We propose MCM as a novel approach for inferring EC from neuronal energy metabolism that is ideally suited to study signaling hierarchies in the brain and their defects in brain disorders.
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Yulihasri, Dr, Arief Prima Johan, Rebi Fara Handika und Dr Herri. „A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION ON THE SUCCESSFUL TURNAROUND STRATEGY FROM TOP LEADER PERSPECTIVES: EXAMPLES FROM INDONESIA“. Business: Theory and Practice 19 (20.06.2018): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2018.12.
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Turnaround process involved many approaches of strategic and tactical attempts. However, such knowledge are difficult to identified since many previous studies only focused on what constitute successful turnaround, and limited to the use of financial data. As turnaround is a transformational process comprehend every element of organization, ploy on implementing and orchestrating such strategic action should be determined by company’s top leaders. The purpose of this study was to explore the way in which leaders manage the company’s turnaround process and their leadership style through a qualitative study in Indonesian business. Drawing from several top managers in various industry in Indonesia, the result showed that there are many attempt should consider on implementing turnaround process. Financial restructuration, employee’s transformation initiative, and business reengineering process are imperative approaches. Furthermore, leaders need to consider top-down approach on decision making, attention to detail, and open communication to gain employees commitment.
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Antoniou, J., und G. Bergeles. „Development of the Reattached Flow Behind Surface-Mounted Two-Dimensional Prisms“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 110, Nr. 2 (01.06.1988): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243524.
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Velocity and turbulence measurements are presented for the region after reattachment behind a two dimensional surface-mounted prism of varying length. The prism is mounted on the floor of an open circuit blow down wind tunnel and flow parameters for the developing boundary layer are deduced from the measurements; longitudinal integral time and length scales are estimated through autocorrelations. Reattchment on top of the prism, due to its increased length, affects the characteristics of the developing boundary layer; in this case the shear layer originating from the up-stream edge of the prism splits twice at reattachment points on top and behind the prism and the integral length scales of the turbulent eddies are found to be smaller due to the splitting.
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Li, Xin, Torben Juul Andersen und Carina Antonia Hallin. „A Zhong-Yong perspective on balancing the top-down and bottom-up processes in strategy-making“. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 26, Nr. 3 (22.10.2019): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-01-2019-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative perspective on Zhong-Yong that is different from the notion of “Yin-Yang balancing” and apply it to understand the issue of balancing the top-down and bottom-up processes in strategy making. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt a “West meets East” mindset and approach to develop an alternative perspective on Zhong-Yong, and then apply this perspective to understand the issue of balancing the top-down and bottom-up processes in strategy making. There are three steps in the process of developing the alternative perspective. First, the authors argue that the essence of “Yin-Yang balancing” is a ratio-based solution to paradoxical balancing, which is in fact equivalent to Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean and compatible with some western management scholars’ approaches to solving paradox. Second, the authors identify a different generic solution to paradoxical balancing implicit in the western management literature. Third, the authors find in the original text of Zhong-Yong equivalent ideas to the identified different generic solution and then propose an alternative perspective on Zhong-Yong that is fundamentally different from the notion of “Yin-Yang balancing.” Findings Applied to the issue of balancing the top-down and bottom-up processes in strategy making, the new perspective on Zhong-Yong provides us with the following prescriptive insights from the life-wisdom of eastern philosophy: first, top management (e.g. Shun as the sage-king) must listen to various views and opinions also from employees and low-level managers at the bottom of the organization to be better informed about complex issues. Second, top management must analyze the diverse elements of the various views and opinions they collect and synthesize by taking the good from the bad to find smarter solutions and make decisions with better outcomes. Third, abiding by a set of (more or less) cohesive values help top managers be open and receptive to information and insights from low-level organizational members and enhancing unbiased information. Research limitations/implications This paper is mainly a theoretical perspective. Empirical work is needed to test the prescriptions offered in this paper. Practical implications Practitioners may learn new perspectives from ancient Chinese philosophies on how to balance. Originality/value This paper applies a new perspective on Zhong-Yong to an important paradox in strategic management.
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Zhilina, Larisa Vladimirovna. „Japanese Universities’ Community in International Environment: Maneuvers or Heading Down?“ Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, Nr. 1 (15.12.2019): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-119-129.
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The article discusses the issues that striving for getting on the first lines of ratings, Japanese universities have faced to face with in recent years. Since 2003, when universities began to receive their public evaluation on the pages of global university ratings, the world university system has entered a new phase of its development. For many countries, including Japan, getting into the top-list of global ratings has become almost a national goal. Of the new issues that have emerged over the course of the past years, the most important at present is the “internationalization” of Japanese universities and the most obvious manifestations of this tendency are the increasing interest in world university rankings. At the same time in Japan internationalization has become both a universities and a government priority because it is seen as a sign of global competitiveness. Since 2000, the government has introduced a series of legislative and policy initiatives aimed at increasing institutional autonomy and management capabilities, enhancing evaluation and emphasizing quality, and developing internationally-competitive research via centres of excellence and graduate schools. To solve this problem the Japanese government decided to increase the number of international students from the current 100,000 to 300,000 by 2020. However now the ranking of Japanese universities is on a downward trajectory, as universities elsewhere in East Asia catch up. In order to become more competitive with universities in other countries, Japan needs to open up its universities and work positively to welcome more-and more talented-researchers and students from overseas, it also needs to increase the number of courses available in English. At the same time it needs to send more Japanese researchers and students overseas to stimulate their research and improve necessary for top-ranking standards.