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1
Yamaguchi, Takanobu, und David A. Randall. „Cooling of Entrained Parcels in a Large-Eddy Simulation“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, Nr. 3 (01.03.2012): 1118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-080.1.
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Abstract The relative importance, for cloud-top entrainment, of the cooling rates due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing was assessed through analysis of the results produced by a Lagrangian parcel-tracking model (LPTM) incorporated into a large-eddy simulation model. The LPTM predicts each parcel’s trajectory over time, using the resolved velocity simulated by the host model. An LPTM makes it possible to identify entrained parcels; this is almost impossible to do in an observational study. A nocturnal stratocumulus cloud was simulated over 4h using a 5-m horizontal grid spacing and a 2.5-m vertical grid spacing. At the start of the last hour of the simulation, over 40 million parcels were placed near the top of the inversion layer and then tracked. Parcel histories were analyzed to identify entrained parcels. Entrainment occurs in cloud holes, which occur in dry regions of sinking air. Entrainment into the mixed layer is regulated by buoyancy, which requires parcels to be precooled in the inversion layer, prior to entrainment. A mixing fraction analysis was used to separate the cooling due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing. Results show that radiative and evaporative cooling are of comparable importance, but that mixing is by far the dominant cooling mechanism. The radiative cooling rate is strongly inhomogeneous, and only weak radiative cooling is found in regions of entrainment. Therefore, the entrained parcels experience less than the horizontal-mean radiative cooling. Although radiative cooling maintains the boundary layer turbulence, its direct effect on buoyancy of entrained parcels is modest.
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Lang, Yandong, Geoffrey J. Stanley, Trevor J. McDougall und Paul M. Barker. „A Pressure-Invariant Neutral Density Variable for the World's Oceans“. Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 3585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0321.1.
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AbstractWe present a new method to calculate the neutral density of an arbitrary water parcel. Using this method, the value of neutral density depends only on the parcel’s salinity, temperature, latitude, and longitude and is independent of the pressure (or depth) of the parcel, and is therefore independent of heave in observations or high-resolution models. In this method we move the parcel adiabatically and isentropically like a submesoscale coherent vortex (SCV) to its level of neutral buoyancy on four nearby water columns of a climatological atlas. The parcel’s neutral density γSCV is interpolated from prelabeled neutral density values at these four reference locations in the climatological atlas. This method is similar to the neutral density variable γn of Jackett and McDougall: their discretization of the neutral relationship equated the potential density of two parcels referenced to their average pressure, whereas our discretization equates the parcels’ potential density referenced to the pressure of the climatological parcel. We calculate the numerical differences between γSCV and γn, and we find similar variations of γn and γSCV on the ω surfaces of Klocker, McDougall, and Jackett. We also find that isosurfaces of γn and γSCV deviate from the neutral tangent plane by similar amounts. We compare the material derivative of γSCV with that of γn, finding their total material derivatives are of a similar magnitude.
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d’Andrimont, Raphaël, Guido Lemoine und Marijn van der Velde. „Targeted Grassland Monitoring at Parcel Level Using Sentinels, Street-Level Images and Field Observations“. Remote Sensing 10, Nr. 8 (17.08.2018): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081300.
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The introduction of high-resolution Sentinels combined with the use of high-quality digital agricultural parcel registration systems is driving the move towards at-parcel agricultural monitoring. The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has introduced the concept of CAP monitoring to help simplify the management and control of farmers’ parcel declarations for area support measures. This study proposes a proof of concept of this monitoring approach introducing and applying the concept of ‘markers’. Using Sentinel-1- and -2-derived (S1 and S2) markers, we evaluate parcels declared as grassland in the Gelderse Vallei in the Netherlands covering more than 15,000 parcels. The satellite markers—respectively based on crop-type deep learning classification using S1 backscattering and coherence data and on detecting bare soil with S2 during the growing season—aim to identify grassland-declared parcels for which (1) the marker suggests another crop type or (2) which appear to have been ploughed during the year. Subsequently, a field-survey was carried out in October 2017 to target the parcels identified and to build a relevant ground-truth sample of the area. For the latter purpose, we used a high-definition camera mounted on the roof of a car to continuously sample geo-tagged digital imagery, as well as an app-based approach to identify the targeted fields. Depending on which satellite-based marker or combination of markers is used, the number of parcels identified ranged from 2.57% (marked by both the S1 and S2 markers) to 17.12% of the total of 11,773 parcels declared as grassland. After confirming with the ground-truth, parcels flagged by the combined S1 and S2 marker were robustly detected as non-grassland parcels (F-score = 0.9). In addition, the study demonstrated that street-level imagery collection could improve collection efficiency by a factor seven compared to field visits (1411 parcels/day vs. 217 parcels/day) while keeping an overall accuracy of about 90% compared to the ground-truth. This proposed way of collecting in situ data is suitable for the training and validating of high resolution remote sensing approaches for agricultural monitoring. Timely country-wide wall-to-wall parcel-level monitoring and targeted in-season parcel surveying will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of monitoring and implementing agricultural policies.
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Zhu, Xiaolin, und Desheng Liu. „Investigating the Impact of Land Parcelization on Forest Composition and Structure in Southeastern Ohio Using Multi-Source Remotely Sensed Data“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 19 (20.09.2019): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192195.
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Forestland parcelization (i.e., a process by which large parcels of forestland ownership are divided into many small parcels) presents an increasing challenge to sustainable forest development in the United States. In Southeastern Ohio, forests also experienced intensive forestland parcelization, where the majority of forest owners own parcels smaller than 10 acres currently. To better understand the impact of forestland parcelization on forest development, this study employed multi-source remotely sensed data and land ownership data in Hocking County, Ohio to examine the relationship between forestland parcel size and forest attributes, including forest composition and structure. Our results show that private forestland parcels are generally smaller than public forestland (the average parcel sizes are 21.5 vs. 275.0 acres). Compared with private lands, public lands have higher values in all forest attributes, including forest coverage, abundance of oak-dominant stands, canopy height and aboveground biomass. A further investigation focusing on private forestland reveals that smaller parcels tend to have smaller forest coverage, less greenness, lower height and aboveground biomass, indicating that forests in smaller parcels may experience more human disturbances than larger parcels. The results also show that logarithmic models can well quantify the non-linear relationship between forest attributes and parcel size in the study area. Our study suggests that forestland parcelization indeed has negative effects on forest development, so it is very important to take appropriate measures to protect forests in small ownership parcels.
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Schnieder, Maren, Chris Hinde und Andrew West. „Combining Parcel Lockers with Staffed Collection and Delivery Points: An Optimization Case Study Using Real Parcel Delivery Data (London, UK)“. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, Nr. 3 (04.08.2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030183.
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Delivering parcels to collection and delivery points (CDPs) is often seen as a better option compared with home delivery. However, if the demand is inhomogeneous, either the parcel locker utilization or the service level (i.e., the number of parcels that can be delivered) is low. Either situation would reduce the financial viability. This paper compares two options to increase the utilization, namely: (i) modular lockers (i.e., numbers of lockers adjusted periodically depending on demand) and (ii) combining parcel lockers with staffed CDPs. The latter has the advantage of a low investment cost of staffed CDPs and a low cost per parcel of parcel lockers. Secondly, the paper calculates the optimal number of lockers at a staffed CDP, assuming that all parcels are placed in the staffed CDP if the parcel locker is full. This method was applied to data collected by a parcel delivery company in London. The advantage of using real world data over one year is that it includes seasonal and daily changes in the parcel demand. The decision support method accounts for parcels not being picked up by customers on the delivery day, returned deliveries, and the net present value (NPV) of the investment. This paper shows that having enough lockers for 100% of all parcels compared with 80% doubles the number of required parcel lockers because of the inhomogeneity of the demand. In addition, combining fixed lockers with staffed CDPs offers greater financial benefits compared with modular lockers in this case study.
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Wu, Zhang, Li, Dale, Ding und Lu. „Urban Parcel Grouping Method Based on Urban Form and Functional Connectivity Characterisation“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, Nr. 6 (16.06.2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8060282.
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The grouping of parcel data based on proximity is a pre-processing step of GIS and a key link of urban structure recognition for regional function discovery and urban planning. Currently, most literature abstracts parcels into points and clusters parcels based on their attribute similarity, which produces a large number of coarse granularity functional regions or discrete distribution of parcels that is inconsistent with human cognition. In this paper, we propose a novel parcel grouping method to optimise this issue, which considers both the urban morphology and the urban functional connectivity. Infiltration behaviours of urban components provide a basis for exploring the correlation between morphology mechanism and functional connectivity of urban areas. We measured the infiltration behaviours among adjacent parcels and concluded that the occurrence of infiltration behaviours often appears in the form of groups, which indicated the practical significance of parcel grouping. Our method employed two parcel morphology indicators: the similarity of the line segments and the compactness of the distribution. The line segment similarity was used to establish the adjacent relationship among parcels and the compactness was used to optimise the grouping result in obtain a satisfactory visual expression. In our study, constrained Delaunay triangulation, Hausdorff distance, and graph theory were employed to construct the proximity, delineate the parcel adjacency matrix, and implement the grouping of parcels. We applied this method for grouping urban parcel data of Beijing and verified the rationality of grouping results based on the quantified results of infiltration behaviours. Our method proved to take a good account of infiltration behaviours and satisfied human cognition, compared with a k-means++ method. We also presented a case using Xicheng District in Beijing to demonstrate the practicability of the method. The result showed that our method obtained fine-grained groups while ensuring functional regions-integrity.
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Tran, Duc Trong. „Assigning of land location and land price to land parcel using ArcGIS engine“. Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, Nr. 1 (28.02.2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(1).04.
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Assigning a state price to each land parcel is a frequent and yet important task in the state management of land parcels. Land price is issued for each street. For each street, land price is divided according to level of location 1, 2, 3 and 4. Parcel is assigned to which location level depending on its walking distance to nearest street, and passed minimum alley’s width, etc. The task of valuing land parcels is cumbersome because the number of land parcels to be priced is huge. To alleviate this burden for government staff, a step by step processing model is developed to automatically determine the location level of a particular parcel. Using ArcGIS Engine library and VB.NET programming language, the steps in the proposed model are built into functions in a specialized module for land valuation. Experiment in assigning location level and land prices of Tam Hiep ward, Bien Hoa city, Dong Nai province shows that 91,73% of parcels are assigned the same location level as the location on the issued land location map. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed model in automatically determining location levels and corresponding prices of land parcels.
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Romps, David M., und Zhiming Kuang. „Do Undiluted Convective Plumes Exist in the Upper Tropical Troposphere?“ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, Nr. 2 (01.02.2010): 468–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3184.1.
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Abstract Using a passive tracer, entrainment is studied in cloud-resolving simulations of deep convection in radiative–convective equilibrium. It is found that the convective flux of undiluted parcels decays with height exponentially, indicating a constant probability per vertical distance of mixing with environmental air. This probability per distance is sufficiently large that undiluted updrafts are negligible above a height of 4–5 km and virtually absent above 10 km. These results are shown to be independent of the horizontal grid size within the range of 3.2 km to 100 m. Plumes that do reach the tropopause are found to be highly diluted. An equivalent potential temperature is defined that is exactly conserved for all reversible adiabatic transformations, including those with ice. Using this conserved variable, it is shown that the latent heat of fusion (from both freezing and deposition) causes only a small increase in the level of neutral buoyancy near the tropopause. In fact, when taken to sufficiently low pressures, a parcel with an ice phase ends up colder than it would without an ice phase. Nevertheless, the contribution from fusion to a parcel’s kinetic energy is quite large. Using an ensemble of tracers, information is encoded in parcels at the cloud base and decoded where the parcel is observed in the free troposphere. Using this technique, clouds at the tropopause are diagnosed for their cloud-base temperature, specific humidity, and vertical velocity. Using these as the initial values for a Lagrangian parcel model, it is shown that fusion provides the kinetic energy required for diluted parcels to reach the tropopause.
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Nie, Ji, und Zhiming Kuang. „Responses of Shallow Cumulus Convection to Large-Scale Temperature and Moisture Perturbations: A Comparison of Large-Eddy Simulations and a Convective Parameterization Based on Stochastically Entraining Parcels“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, Nr. 6 (01.06.2012): 1936–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0279.1.
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Abstract Responses of shallow cumuli to large-scale temperature/moisture perturbations are examined through diagnostics of large-eddy simulations (LESs) of the undisturbed Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) case and a stochastic parcel model. The perturbations are added instantaneously and allowed to evolve freely afterward. The parcel model reproduces most of the changes in the LES-simulated cloudy updraft statistics in response to the perturbations. Analyses of parcel histories show that a positive temperature perturbation forms a buoyancy barrier, which preferentially eliminates parcels that start with lower equivalent potential temperature or have experienced heavy entrainment. Besides the amount of entrainment, the height at which parcels entrain is also important in determining their fate. Parcels entraining at higher altitudes are more likely to overcome the buoyancy barrier than those entraining at lower altitudes. Stochastic entrainment is key for the parcel model to reproduce the LES results. Responses to environmental moisture perturbations are quite small compared to those to temperature perturbations because changing environmental moisture is ineffective in modifying buoyancy in the BOMEX shallow cumulus case. The second part of the paper further explores the feasibility of a stochastic parcel–based cumulus parameterization. Air parcels are released from the surface layer and temperature/moisture fluxes effected by the parcels are used to calculate heating/moistening tendencies due to both cumulus convection and boundary layer turbulence. Initial results show that this conceptually simple parameterization produces realistic convective tendencies and also reproduces the LES-simulated mean and variance of cloudy updraft properties, as well as the response of convection to temperature/moisture perturbations.
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Hughes, Winifred, und Catherine Peters. „Thackeray's Parcels“. NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction 23, Nr. 1 (1989): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1345585.
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Murdzek, Shawn S., Paul M. Markowski, Yvette P. Richardson und Matthew R. Kumjian. „Should Reversible Convective Inhibition be Used when Determining the Inflow Layer of a Convective Storm?“ Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 78, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2021): 3047–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0069.1.
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AbstractConvective inhibition (CIN) is one of the parameters used by forecasters to determine the inflow layer of a convective storm, but little work has examined the best way to compute CIN. One decision that must be made is whether to lift parcels following a pseudoadiabat (removing hydrometeors as the parcel ascends) or reversible moist adiabat (retaining hydrometeors). To determine which option is best, idealized simulations of ordinary convection are examined using a variety of base states with different reversible CIN values for parcels originating in the lowest 500 m. Parcel trajectories suggest that ascent over the lowest few kilometers, where CIN is typically accumulated, is best conceptualized as a reversible moist adiabatic process instead of a pseudoadiabatic process. Most inflow layers do not contain parcels with substantial reversible CIN, despite these parcels possessing ample convective available potential energy and minimal pseudoadiabatic CIN. If a stronger initiation method is used, or hydrometeor loading is ignored, simulations can ingest more parcels with large amounts of reversible CIN. These results suggest that reversible CIN, not pseudoadiabatic CIN, is the physically relevant way to compute CIN and that forecasters may benefit from examining reversible CIN instead of pseudoadiabatic CIN when determining the inflow layer.
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Neter, Judith E., S. Coosje Dijkstra, Marjolein Visser und Ingeborg A. Brouwer. „Dutch food bank parcels do not meet nutritional guidelines for a healthy diet“. British Journal of Nutrition 116, Nr. 3 (27.05.2016): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002087.
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AbstractNutritional intakes of food bank recipients and consequently their health status largely rely on the availability and quality of donated food in provided food parcels. In this cross-sectional study, the nutritional quality of ninety-six individual food parcels was assessed and compared with the Dutch nutritional guidelines for a healthy diet. Furthermore, we assessed how food bank recipients use the contents of the food parcel. Therefore, 251 Dutch food bank recipients from eleven food banks throughout the Netherlands filled out a general questionnaire. The provided amounts of energy (19 849 (sd162 615) kJ (4744 (sd38 866) kcal)), protein (14·6 energy percentages (en%)) and SFA (12·9 en%) in a single-person food parcel for one single day were higher than the nutritional guidelines, whereas the provided amounts of fruits (97 (sd1441) g) and fish (23 (sd640) g) were lower. The number of days for which macronutrients, fruits, vegetables and fish were provided for a single-person food parcel ranged from 1·2 (fruits) to 11·3 (protein) d. Of the participants, only 9·5 % bought fruits and 4·6 % bought fish to supplement the food parcel, 39·4 % used all foods provided and 75·7 % were (very) satisfied with the contents of the food parcel. Our study shows that the nutritional content of food parcels provided by Dutch food banks is not in line with the nutritional guidelines. Improving the quality of the parcels is likely to positively impact the dietary intake of this vulnerable population subgroup.
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Abdellaoui alaoui, El Arbi, und Mustapha El Moudden. „A Game Theoretic Approach to Analyse Security between Smart Vehicles and Parcels in Smart Cities“. MATEC Web of Conferences 200 (2018): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820000002.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as a modern concept that will revolutionize the near future. Its interest is to create an environment of combined intelligent devices and systems, communicating with each other through wireless networks. Urban logistics are an applicative field of this new technology, especially for smart parcels and vehicles. Actually, in the context of economy development, the competitiveness between companies and territories necessarily involves an improvement of logistics services. Although these gains offered by IoT, there are significant obstacles to counter. One of the important obstacles to consider is the security. In this paper, we will analyze the interaction between selfish smart vehicles/parcels and malicious smart vehicles/parcels, that was formulated as a game model. As a result, we have calculated the Nash equilibrium and the utilities for the both selfish smart vehicles/parcels and malicious smart vehicles/parcels, evaluated the parameters that can maximize the selfish smart vehicles/parcels’s utility when the smart parcels are transported by vehicles between different centers (shops, supermarket, etc) was planned and identify the potential malicious smart vehicles/parcels.
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Yoshioka, Masuo. „Sorting of Various Parcels : Mechanism of Slat-type Parcel Sorting Machine“. Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 101, Nr. 952 (1998): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.101.952_152.
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Liu, Wei, Jian Wang, Jiancheng Luo, Zhifeng Wu, Jingdong Chen, Yanan Zhou, Yingwei Sun, Zhanfeng Shen, Nan Xu und Yingpin Yang. „Farmland Parcel Mapping in Mountain Areas Using Time-Series SAR Data and VHR Optical Images“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 22 (13.11.2020): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223733.
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Accurate, timely, and reliable farmland mapping is a prerequisite for agricultural management and environmental assessment in mountainous areas. However, in these areas, high spatial heterogeneity and diversified planting structures together generate various small farmland parcels with irregular shapes that are difficult to accurately delineate. In addition, the absence of optical data caused by the cloudy and rainy climate impedes the use of time-series optical data to distinguish farmland from other land use types. Automatic delineation of farmland parcels in mountain areas is still a very difficult task. This paper proposes an innovative precise farmland parcel extraction approach supported by very high resolution(VHR) optical image and time series synthetic aperture radar(SAR) data. Firstly, Google satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.55 m was used for delineating the boundaries of ground parcel objects in mountainous areas by a hierarchical extraction scheme. This scheme divides farmland into four types based on the morphological features presented in optical imagery, and designs different extraction models to produce each farmland type, respectively. The potential farmland parcel distribution map is then obtained by the layered recombination of these four farmland types. Subsequently, the time profile of each parcel in this map was constructed by five radar variables from the Sentinel-1A dataset, and the time-series classification method was used to distinguish farmland parcels from other types. An experiment was carried out in the north of Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The result shows that, the producer’s accuracy of farmland parcels obtained by the hierarchical scheme is increased by 7.39% to 96.38% compared with that without this scheme, and the time-series classification method produces an accuracy of 80.83% to further obtain the final overall accuracy of 96.05% for the farmland parcel maps, showing a good performance. In addition, through visual inspection, this method has a better suppression effect on background noise in mountainous areas, and the extracted farmland parcels are closer to the actual distribution of the ground farmland.
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Romps, David M., und Zhiming Kuang. „Nature versus Nurture in Shallow Convection“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, Nr. 5 (01.05.2010): 1655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3307.1.
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Abstract Tracers are used in a large-eddy simulation of shallow convection to show that stochastic entrainment (and not cloud-base properties) determines the fate of convecting parcels. The tracers are used to diagnose the correlations between a parcel’s state above the cloud base and both the parcel’s state at the cloud base and its entrainment history. The correlation with the cloud-base state goes to zero a few hundred meters above the cloud base. On the other hand, correlations between a parcel’s state and its net entrainment are large. Evidence is found that the entrainment events may be described as a stochastic Poisson process. A parcel model is constructed with stochastic entrainment that is able to replicate the mean and standard deviation of cloud properties. Turning off cloud-base variability has little effect on the results, which suggests that stochastic mass-flux models may be initialized with a single set of properties. The success of the stochastic parcel model suggests that it holds promise as the framework for a convective parameterization.
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Hasebe, F., M. Fujiwara, N. Nishi, M. Shiotani, H. Vömel, S. Oltmans, H. Takashima, S. Saraspriya und N. Komala. „In situ observations of “cold trap" dehydration in the western tropical Pacific“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, Nr. 4 (24.07.2006): 6903–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-6903-2006.
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Abstract. Water vapor sonde observations were conducted at Bandung, Indonesia (6.90 S, 107.60 E) and Tarawa, Kiribati (1.35 N, 172.91 E) in December 2003 to examine the efficiency of the "cold trap'' dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Trajectory analysis based on bundles of trajectories suggest that the modification of air parcels' identity due to irreversible mixing by the branching-out and merging-in of nearby trajectories is found to be an important factor, in addition to the routes air parcels are supposed to follow, for interpreting the water vapor concentrations observed by radiosondes in the TTL. Clear correspondence between the observed water vapor concentration and the estimated temperature history of air parcels is found showing that dry air parcels are exposed to low temperatures while humid air parcels do not experience cold conditions during advection, in support of the "cold trap'' hypothesis. It is suggested that the observed air parcel retained the water vapor by roughly twice as much as the minimum saturation mixing ratio after its passage through the "cold trap,'' although appreciable uncertainties remain.
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Schoeberl, M. R., A. E. Dessler und T. Wang. „Modeling upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, Nr. 4 (11.04.2013): 9653–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-9653-2013.
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Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is used to further investigate processes that produce upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies. We examine the pathways parcels take from the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere. Most parcels found in the lower stratosphere arise from East Asia, the Tropical West Pacific (TWP) and the Central/South America. The belt of TTL parcel origins is very wide compared to the final dehydration zones near the top of the TTL. This is due to the convergence of rising air as a result of the stronger diabatic heating near the tropopause relative to levels above and below. The observed water vapor anomalies – both wet and dry – correspond to regions where parcels have minimal displacement from their initialization. These minimum displacement regions include the winter TWP and the Asian and American monsoons. To better understand the stratospheric water vapor concentration we introduce the water vapor spectrum and investigate the source of the wettest and driest components of the spectrum. We find that the driest air parcels that originate below the TWP, moving upward to dehydrate in the TWP cold upper troposphere. The wettest air parcels originate at the edges of the TWP as well as the summer American and Asian monsoons. The wet air parcels are important since they skew the mean stratospheric water vapor distribution toward higher values. Both TWP cold temperatures that produce dry parcels as well as extra-TWP processes that control the wet parcels determine stratospheric water vapor.
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Schoeberl, M. R., A. E. Dessler und T. Wang. „Modeling upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, Nr. 15 (13.08.2013): 7783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7783-2013.
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Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is used to further investigate processes that produce upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies. We examine the pathways parcels take from the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere. Most parcels found in the lower stratosphere arise from East Asia, the Tropical West Pacific (TWP) and Central/South America. The belt of TTL parcel origins is very wide compared to the final dehydration zones near the top of the TTL. This is due to the convergence of rising air due to the stronger diabatic heating near the tropopause relative to levels above and below. The observed water vapor anomalies – both wet and dry – correspond to regions where parcels have minimal displacement from their initialization. These minimum displacement regions include the winter TWP and the Asian and American monsoons. To better understand the stratospheric water vapor concentration we introduce the water vapor spectrum and investigate the source of the wettest and driest components of the spectrum. We find that the driest air parcels originate below the TWP, moving upward to dehydrate in the TWP cold upper troposphere. The wettest air parcels originate at the edges of the TWP as well as in the summer American and Asian monsoons. The wet air parcels are important since they skew the mean stratospheric water vapor distribution toward higher values. Both TWP cold temperatures that produce dry parcels as well as extra-TWP processes that control the wet parcels determine stratospheric water vapor.
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Meier, Sophie, Gregory N. Taff, Jens B. Aune und Sebastian Eiter. „Regulation of the Invasive Plant Heracleum persicum by Private Landowners in Tromsø, Norway“. Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, Nr. 2 (Juni 2017): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.11.
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In the city of Tromsø in northern Norway, invasive Tromsø palm (Norwegian: Tromsøpalme; English: Persian hogweed) is widespread. Although Tromsø palm has negative impacts on biodiversity and contains a phototoxic sap that burns human skin, it is also considered to be a local symbol of Tromsø city and is appreciated by many inhabitants. This study examined private landowners’ characteristics, perceptions, and landowners’ regulation of invasive Tromsø palm on their parcels on Tromsø Island in 2012 (vegetation season: May–September) to provide information concerning which landowner groups could be assisted by official regulation. Eleven key informants and 17 landowners were interviewed. Afterward, Tromsø palm on Tromsø Island was mapped using aerial photos and street-level photos from Google Maps®/Google Street View® and fieldwork verification. This distribution map was superimposed on a property map in a geographic information system to produce a map showing private parcels that contained Tromsø palm and associated neighboring parcels that did not contain Tromsø palm. Questionnaires were mailed to the 441 owners of the selected parcels, and 199 of the returned questionnaires were analyzed. Tromsø palm was more likely to be fully regulated/absent on a parcel that was inhabited (particularly if the owner lived on-site) and less likely to be fully regulated/absent if the parcel was jointly managed by several households. These findings indicate that authorities could focus their management efforts on supporting regulation efforts of those private landowners who own currently uninhabited or rented-out parcels and landowners of parcels jointly managed by several households. Furthermore, those landowners who found regulation measures against the plant on Tromsø Island important tended to have partly or fully regulated Tromsø palm on their plots. This might imply that information campaigns from authorities might encourage more landowners to regulate Tromsø palm.
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Lucas, G., C. Lénárt und J. Solymosi. „DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF GEO-PROCESSING MODELS FOR THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF REMEDIATION PLAN AND NAVIGATION DATA TO USE IN INDUSTRIAL DISASTER REMEDIATION“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (19.08.2015): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-195-2015.
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This paper introduces research done on the automatic preparation of remediation plans and navigation data for the precise guidance of heavy machinery in clean-up work after an industrial disaster. The input test data consists of a pollution extent shapefile derived from the processing of hyperspectral aerial survey data from the Kolontár red mud disaster. Three algorithms were developed and the respective scripts were written in Python. The first model aims at drawing a parcel clean-up plan. The model tests four different parcel orientations (0, 90, 45 and 135 degree) and keeps the plan where clean-up parcels are less numerous considering it is an optimal spatial configuration. The second model drifts the clean-up parcel of a work plan both vertically and horizontally following a grid pattern with sampling distance of a fifth of a parcel width and keep the most optimal drifted version; here also with the belief to reduce the final number of parcel features. The last model aims at drawing a navigation line in the middle of each clean-up parcel. The models work efficiently and achieve automatic optimized plan generation (parcels and navigation lines). Applying the first model we demonstrated that depending on the size and geometry of the features of the contaminated area layer, the number of clean-up parcels generated by the model varies in a range of 4% to 38% from plan to plan. Such a significant variation with the resulting feature numbers shows that the optimal orientation identification can result in saving work, time and money in remediation. The various tests demonstrated that the model gains efficiency when 1/ the individual features of contaminated area present a significant orientation with their geometry (features are long), 2/ the size of pollution extent features becomes closer to the size of the parcels (scale effect). The second model shows only 1% difference with the variation of feature number; so this last is less interesting for planning optimization applications. Last model rather simply fulfils the task it was designed for by drawing navigation lines.
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Voštová, Věra, Karel Jerabek und Vladimír Němec. „Conveyor New Concept for Parcel Logistics in Air Transport“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 683 (Oktober 2014): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.683.114.
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Parcel logistics is characterized by transport performance steep increase and current performance reachs 20 000 parcels an hour. In the company DHL anticipates increase in 50 000 parcels an hour. It is one possibility how manage it. They are transport systems with new conception of functional structure. The contribution introduces groundbreaking concept of conveyor – peristaltical conveyor. It was produced in Frauenhofer-Institut IFF Magdeburg and Institute of Logistics and Material Handling Systems Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg.
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Howland, Marie. „The Impact of Contamination on the Industrial Land Market“. SCIENZE REGIONALI, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2011): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/scre2011-003003.
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This study examines the impact of contamination on land prices and sales in an industrial district in Baltimore, Maryland. We tracked the sales and selling price of land, known to be contaminated, known to be clean, and suspected of contamination because of its historical uses in one industrial area of about 5,580 acres in southwest Baltimore. The results indicate that after the mid-1990s, contaminated parcels have been selling, and the market has adjusted to contamination by lowering prices. Using an OLS model of land prices, we find parcels adjacent to a contaminated parcel - either known or suspected - sold at a 35% discount, and parcels known to be contaminated or had an historical reason-to-suspect of contamination sold at a 55% discount.
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Kogan, Yefim L. „Large-Eddy Simulation of Air Parcels in Stratocumulus Clouds: Time Scales and Spatial Variability“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, Nr. 3 (01.03.2006): 952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3665.1.
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Abstract Large ensembles of air parcel trajectories driven by the (large-eddy simulation) LES-generated velocity fields from simulations of stratocumulus clouds were analyzed, focusing on statistics of air parcel in-cloud time scales, as well as their spatial variability. In the case of a drizzling stratocumulus cloud the in-cloud residence time is 2–5 times longer than the characteristic cloud eddy turnover time. About 70% of all air parcels cycle in the cloud more than 2 times and about 50% more than 3 times, thus indicating that air cycling is an essential feature of drizzling stratocumulus cloud dynamics. The extent of cycling is different in the case of nondrizzling stratocumulus cloud, where mean in-cloud time scales are on the order of eddy turnover time. Evidently air cycling in cloud depends on boundary layer stability and flow circulation; the latter is affected by cooling of evaporating drizzle and heating by solar radiation. Results show significant inhomogeneity of in-cloud time scales, which leads to inhomogeneity in cloud microphysical parameters. The potential effects of in-cloud residence time spatial inhomogeneity on cloud microstructure are obvious and significant. Older parcels will contain larger droplets and previously processed cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Nonadiabatic mixing between old and new parcels provides new embryos for coagulation and accelerates drizzle formation. It is hypothesized that mixing of parcels with different histories, that is, with drop size distributions at different stages of their evolution, may contribute to the drop spectrum broadening. The results also suggest a possible positive feedback mechanism between drizzle and decoupling, namely, parcels with long time trajectories will favor enhanced drizzle growth, which, in turn, will lead to stronger evaporation below cloud base followed by a stronger increase in stability of the subcloud layer and stronger decoupling; all resulting in more air parcel cycling in cloud and more drizzle, which may eventually lead to stratocumulus cloud breakup.
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Ojeda-Zújar, José, Pablo Fraile-Jurado und José Álvarez-Francoso. „Sea level rise inundation risk assessment in residential cadastral parcels along the Mediterranean Andalusian coast“. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 47, Nr. 1 (17.05.2021): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.4744.
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The general objective of this article is to present the methodological approach for the assessment of the inundation risks associated with the rise in the mean sea level for different models and scenarios of climatic change (IPCC, 2013 and Jevrejeva et al., 2012). The approach focuses on the assessment of the hazard, exposure and physical vulnerability of the built areas, especially the residential areas along the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia (Spain). For hazards calculation a set of tide gauges’ data and climatic scenarios were analyzed to obtain future sea levels for all the spectrum of probabilities. Further, a method is proposed for mapping the probability associated with each scenario using a 5 m cell size DTM. For exposure and vulnerability assessment of built up areas, especially for residential ones, the National Cadastre, which is the most detailed set of data, have been used. Modeling the original cadastral data in a spatial database management system and their analysis through SQL sentences have made possible to identify the cadastral parcels with residential use and associated variables (area, number of residential real estate units, constructed area below ground, etc..), being therefore the cadastral parcel the spatial reference unit for mapping. The overlay of cadastral parcels and the inundation hazard maps has allowed identifying the residential cadastral parcels exposed to each climatic scenario. A method is proposed for better identification of the number of real estate units in each cadastral parcel, assuming this number as the base for residential parcel vulnerability. Finally, the risk assessment is calculated as the product of the previous variables. For the dissemination of the inundation risk assessment results, a web application (geoviewer) was developed. Results show that for the more pessimistic scenario more than 24,000 exposed cadastral parcels would be affected. Out of that, 13,000 exposed residential cadastral parcels were identified and their hazards, exposure and vulnerability calculated in order to map the final inundation risk associated with future sea levels.
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Khain, A., M. Pinsky, L. Magaritz, O. Krasnov und H. W. J. Russchenberg. „Combined Observational and Model Investigations of the Z–LWC Relationship in Stratocumulus Clouds“. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, Nr. 2 (01.02.2008): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1701.1.
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Abstract In situ measurements indicate the complexity and nonunique character of radar reflectivity–liquid water content (Z–LWC) relationships in stratocumulus and cumulus clouds. Parameters of empirical (statistical) Z–LWC dependences vary within a wide range. Respectively, the accuracy of retrieval algorithms remains low. This situation is partially related to the fact that empirical algorithms and parameters are often derived without a corresponding understanding of physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of the Z–LWC diagrams. In this study, the authors investigate the processes of formation of the Z–LWC relationships using a new trajectory ensemble model of the cloud-topped boundary layer (BL). In the model, the entire volume of the BL is covered by Lagrangian parcels advected by a turbulent-like velocity field. The time-dependent velocity field is generated by a turbulent model and obeys the correlation turbulent laws. Each Lagrangian parcel represents the “cloud parcel model” with an accurate description of processes of diffusion growth–evaporation of aerosols and droplets and droplet collisions. The fact that parcels are adjacent to each other allows one to calculate sedimentation of droplets and precipitation (drizzle) formation. The characteristic parcel size is 50 m; the number of parcels is 1840. The model calculates droplet size distributions (DSDs), as well as their moments (e.g., aerosol and drop concentration, mass content, radar reflectivity) in each parcel. In the course of the model integration, Z–LWC relationships are calculated for each parcel, as well as the scattering diagram including all parcels. The model reproduces in situ observed types of the Z–LWC relationships. It is shown that different regimes represent different stages of cloud evolution: diffusion growth, beginning of drizzle formation, and stage of heavy drizzle, respectively. The large scattering of the Z–LWC relationships is found to be an inherent property of any drizzling cloud. Different zones on the Z–LWC diagram are related to cloud volumes located at different levels within a cloud and having different DSD. This finding allows for improvement of retrieval algorithms.
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Magaritz-Ronen, L., M. Pinsky und A. Khain. „Effects of Turbulent Mixing on the Structure and Macroscopic Properties of Stratocumulus Clouds Demonstrated by a Lagrangian Trajectory Model“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, Nr. 5 (28.04.2014): 1843–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0339.1.
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Abstract The role of turbulent mixing in the formation of the structure of stratocumulus clouds is investigated using a Lagrangian–Eulerian parcel cloud model. The model contains approximately 2000–5000 adjacent parcels with the linear size of 25–40 m, moving with a turbulent-like velocity field with observed energetic and statistical properties. The process of turbulent mixing of Lagrangian parcels is parameterized using the k-epsilon theory extended to the case of mixing nonconservative values. The model includes the interaction of cloud and the overlying inversion layer. The stratocumulus clouds observed during flight RF01 of the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of the Marine Stratocumulus field study (DYCOMS II) are simulated. Effects of turbulent mixing are analyzed by comparing simulations with and without mixing. When mixing between parcels is included, the thermodynamical and microphysical structure of the measured stratocumulus clouds is properly reproduced. Mixing leads to a more uniform cloud structure with well-defined borders. Good agreement is found between Paluch diagrams calculated in the model and those reproduced from measurements. The radius of correlation of liquid water content and other variables calculated in the model is on the order of several hundred meters and agrees well with observations. When mixing is not included, the radius of correlation is on the scale of a single parcel and the cloud layer contains dry entrained parcels, making the microphysical structure unrealistic. It is also shown that turbulent mixing leads to an increase in the effective radius and facilitates and accelerates drizzle formation. The time in which a 40-m air parcel preserves its identification is estimated from the results and is found to be on the order of 25 min.
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González-Audícana, M., S. López, I. Sola und J. Álvarez-Mozos. „Estrategia para la verificación de declaraciones PAC a partir de imágenes Sentinel-2 en Navarra“. Revista de Teledetección, Nr. 56 (27.11.2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.14128.
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<p>In June 2018, the European Commission approved a modification of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that, among other measures, proposed the use of Copernicus data for the verification process of farmers’ declarations. In recent years, several research efforts have been conducted to develop operational tools to accomplish this aim, among this the Interreg-POCTEFA PyrenEOS project. This article describes the methodological strategy proposed in the PyrenEOS project, which is based on the identification of the most probable crop using the Random Forests algorithm. Originally, the strategy builds a training sample from the CAP declarations file based on their NDVI time series. In addition, a series of rules are proposed to establish the level of uncertainty in the classification, and the criteria used to represent each parcel in the verification map with a simple colour coding (traffic light), where green represents correctly declared parcels, red indicates that the declaration is dubious, and orange corresponds to parcels with a high classification uncertainty. This verification strategy has been applied to two Agricultural Regions of Navarre, during an agricultural campaign where valuable field inspections were available, with a sampling intensity of 7% of the declared parcels. The results obtained, report overall accuracies close to 80% when the most probable crop was considered, and 90% when the two most probable crops were considered. This proves it is possible to identify correctly declared parcels (green parcels) with an error below 1%. Orange and red parcels should be considered for further analysis and inspection by technicians from the paying agencies, though they represent a small percentage of declarations (~6% of parcels), and include most of the wrong declarations.</p>
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Grabenschweiger, Jasmin, Karl F. Doerner, Richard F. Hartl und Martin W. P. Savelsbergh. „The vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous locker boxes“. Central European Journal of Operations Research 29, Nr. 1 (15.01.2021): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10100-020-00725-2.
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AbstractTo achieve logistic efficiency and customer convenience in last-mile delivery processes, a system with alternative delivery points in the form of locker box stations can be used. In such a system, customers can be served either at their home address within a certain time window, or at a locker box station where parcels can be picked up at any time. Customers can get a compensation payment when being served at a locker box. They can have a request of more than one parcel and the parcels can be of different sizes. At a locker box station, a limited number of slots of different sizes is available; we assume that parcels of one customer can be stored together in a slot. We consider the vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous locker boxes, where the total cost—consisting of routing and compensation costs—has to be minimized while taking into account the packing of parcels into locker boxes. We provide a mathematical formulation of the problem and propose a metaheuristic solution method. Instances and results from the literature for the problem with a single parcel and a single slot size are used to benchmark our metaheuristic solution method. For the problem with different sizes, we compare a unit-size model to a multi-size model, packing being considered in the latter. Finally, we analyze how different configurations of locker box stations work for different demand scenarios.
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Stepman, Elif, Mieke Uyttendaele, Elien De Boeck und Liesbeth Jacxsens. „Needs of beneficiaries related to the format and content of food parcels in Ghent, Belgium“. British Food Journal 120, Nr. 3 (05.03.2018): 578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2017-0161.
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Purpose As food aid is still for a great part dependent upon the donation of food surplus and as the number of persons relying on food charities is increasing, it is important to further investigate which donation system responds best to the needs of the beneficiaries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the needs regarding the format and content of the food parcels in a selected social service in Ghent, Belgium. The “format” relates to how the food parcels are distributed, the “content” to the usability of the food products and whether additional products currently not offered are required by the beneficiaries. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on a qualitative study at a selected food charity in Ghent, using a semi-structured in-depth interview with 30 respondents who receive food parcels. Findings The food parcel beneficiaries report the need for freedom of choice regarding the offered food products (format). Fixed food parcels should be avoided. Also a need for more vegetables, milk, fresh (halal) meat and meat products was expressed (content), even though the charity purchased a great deal of additional “standard” food products to provide nutritious and varied food parcels. It should be further investigated whether other donation systems such as social groceries or restaurants meet the needs of the beneficiaries to a greater extent, or whether certain adjustments such as purchasing even more standard food products are possible to uphold. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge this research is one of the first scientific studies addressing the needs of food parcel receivers in Belgium. It forms a basis for investigating which type of food donation answers best to the needs of the beneficiaries in Belgium or in other countries.
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Novikova, Elena, Alena Palamar und Iryna Yeropunova. „THE CHANGE OF COORDINATE SYSTEM VERSUS THE AREA OF PARCELS“. Geodesy and cartography 46, Nr. 1 (06.04.2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2020.6979.
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The transition from one coordinate system to another creates many problems, one of which is the change in the area of land parcels. There are at least three reasons causing a change in the area of the parcels after transition from one coordinate system to another. 1. The change in area associated with the transition from one reference ellipsoid to another; 2. The change in area due to deformations caused by random and systematic errors of one of the coordinate systems; 3. The change in the area of the parcel associated with the properties of the projection of Gauss-Krüger. It is shown that the greatest change in the area of the parcel during the transition from CS-63 to UCS-2000 (the coordinate systems of Ukraine) is associated with the properties of the Gauss-Krüger projection. For the parcel of 1 hectare, extreme changes in the area at the borders between the zones of the coordinate systems, can reach the size of 1.95 sq. m. When using local coordinate systems based on UCS-2000, extreme area changes can reach 7.02 sq. m per 1 hectare. It is concluded that the difference in the areas of parcels caused by the properties of the Gauss-Krüger projection could have been avoided if the prime meridians of the zones in the UCS-2000 and CS-63 systems coincided.
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Garcia-Pedrero, Angel, Mario Lillo-Saavedra, Dionisio Rodriguez-Esparragon und Consuelo Gonzalo-Martin. „Deep Learning for Automatic Outlining Agricultural Parcels: Exploiting the Land Parcel Identification System“. IEEE Access 7 (2019): 158223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2950371.
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Davenport, Casey E., und Matthew D. Parker. „Impact of Environmental Heterogeneity on the Dynamics of a Dissipating Supercell Thunderstorm“. Monthly Weather Review 143, Nr. 10 (01.10.2015): 4244–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0072.1.
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Abstract On 9 June 2009, the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) sampled a supercell as it traversed through an increasingly stable environment with decreasing bulk shear and storm-relative helicity. To investigate the impacts of the observed environmental heterogeneity on storm morphology, a series of idealized simulations were conducted. Utilizing the base-state substitution modeling technique, the separate effects of the changing wind profile and the increasingly stable boundary layer were evaluated. The varying base-state environment in each experiment elevated the mean source region of updraft parcels. These elevated parcels were drier (with less instability), and more negatively impacted by entrainment. Thus, as the updraft ingested a larger fraction of elevated parcels, its buoyancy was depleted, leading to demise. Unsurprisingly, the increasingly stable low-level environment played a dominant role in this process; however, wind profile modifications also elevated the mean source region of updraft parcels, which independently impacted storm strength and morphology. Changes to the storm’s internal dynamical processes were assessed using the diagnostic pressure equation. The evolution in total vertical acceleration was primarily related to changes in accelerations that were connected to updraft rotation, as well as shifts in buoyancy. The dynamical accelerations weakened and became maximized at a different altitude, resulting in an increasingly elevated updraft parcel source region. Overall, this study finds that a shifting updraft parcel source region can significantly impact storm maintenance; importantly, such a shift can result from changes in environmental temperature, moisture, or wind profiles.
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Song, Ha Yoon, und Hyochang Han. „A Design of a Parcel Delivery Systemfor Point to Point Delivery with IoT Technology“. Future Internet 12, Nr. 4 (17.04.2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12040070.
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Recently, IoT technology, low power networking technology for IoT, and geopositioning systems are very useful tools for future applications. One of the applications is the logistics system, especially for the point to point delivery. The current parcel delivery system is delivered through the logistics hub despite latent economic disadvantages in terms of delivery time and delivery distance. The major disadvantage of current hub and spoke delivery system is that individual parcels must go to the logistics hub first even if the origin and destination are nearby or within a distance that can be delivered through the hub. These sorts of delivery are inefficient and increase total expense of delivery in terms of delivery time and delivery costs. We designed a new delivery system of point to point delivery using IoT technology and end-to-end IoT platform based on ThingPlug and LoRa technology for fast delivery and less cost of delivery. We designed an IoT device that can be part of parcels or attached to parcels, which have various functionalities including the capability to understand current delivery routes with the use of geopositioning systems. In addition, we addressed the difficulties with issues such as linking IoT device into IoT platforms and designing IoT device functionalities. We also showed methods to improve the efficiency of IoT based parcel delivery systems. The proposed system may improve economics of parcel delivery system by reducing travel distance for delivery and dissipation of delivery time.
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Neter, Judith E., S. Coosje Dijkstra, Mary Nicolaou, Marjolein Visser und Ingeborg A. Brouwer. „The role of food parcel use on dietary intake: perception of Dutch food bank recipients - a focus group study“. Public Health Nutrition 23, Nr. 9 (18.02.2020): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019003823.
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AbstractObjective:To gain insight in Dutch food bank recipients’ perception on the content of the food parcels, their dietary intake and how the parcels contribute to their overall dietary intake.Design:Eleven semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted. Focus group topics were based on Andersons food insecurity definition: the lack of availability of nutritionally adequate foods and the assured ability to acquire foods in socially acceptable ways. Data were coded and analysed with Atlas.ti 7.0 software, using the framework approach.Setting:Seven food banks throughout the Netherlands.Participants:A total of 44 Dutch food bank recipients.Results:Food bank recipients were not always satisfied with the amount, quality, variation and type of foods in the food parcel. For the participants who could afford to, supplementing the food parcel was reported as main reason for buying foods, and price was the most important aspect in selecting these foods. Participants were not satisfied with their dietary intake; they mainly reported not having enough to eat. The content of the food parcel importantly influenced participants’ overall dietary intake. Finally, participants reported struggling with their feelings of dissatisfaction, while also being grateful for the foods they receive.Conclusions:This study suggests that, despite their best efforts, food banks are not meeting food bank recipients’ needs. Our results provide valuable directions for improving the content of the food parcels by increasing the quantity, quality and variation in the foods supplied. Whether this also improves the dietary intake of recipients needs to be determined.
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Hong, Rokgi, Jinseok Park, Seongju Jang, Hyungjin Shin, Hakkwan Kim und Inhong Song. „Development of a Parcel-Level Land Boundary Extraction Algorithm for Aerial Imagery of Regularly Arranged Agricultural Areas“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 6 (18.03.2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061167.
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The boundary extraction of an object from remote sensing imagery has been an important issue in the field of research. The automation of farmland boundary extraction is particularly in demand for rapid updates of the digital farm maps in Korea. This study aimed to develop a boundary extraction algorithm by systematically reconstructing a series of computational and mathematical methods, including the Suzuki85 algorithm, Canny edge detection, and Hough transform. Since most irregular farmlands in Korea have been consolidated into large rectangular arrangements for agricultural productivity, the boundary between two adjacent land parcels was assumed to be a straight line. The developed algorithm was applied over six different study sites to evaluate its performance at the boundary level and sectional area level. The correctness, completeness, and quality of the extracted boundaries were approximately 80.7%, 79.7%, and 67.0%, at the boundary level, and 89.7%, 90.0%, and 81.6%, at the area-based level, respectively. These performances are comparable with the results of previous studies on similar subjects; thus, this algorithm can be used for land parcel boundary extraction. The developed algorithm tended to subdivide land parcels for distinctive features, such as greenhouse structures or isolated irregular land parcels within the land blocks. The developed algorithm is currently applicable only to regularly arranged land parcels, and further study coupled with a decision tree or artificial intelligence may allow for boundary extraction from irregularly shaped land parcels.
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Zaine, Isabela, David Mark Frohlich, Kamila Rios Da Hora Rodrigues, Bruna Carolina Rodrigues Cunha, Alex Fernando Orlando, Leonardo Fernandes Scalco und Maria Da Graça Campos Pimentel. „Promoting Social Connection and Deepening Relations Among Older Adults: Design and Qualitative Evaluation of Media Parcels“. Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, Nr. 10 (03.10.2019): e14112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14112.
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Background Being socially connected is related to well-being, and one way of avoiding social isolation is to deepen existing relationships. Even though existing relationships can be reinforced by regular and meaningful communication, state-of-the-art communication technologies alone do not increase the quality of social connections. Thus, there is a need for the involvement of a trained human facilitator in a network of older adults, preferably for a short period, to promote the deepening of their relationships. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that a human-facilitated, media-sharing social networking system can improve social connection in a small group of older people, who are more vulnerable to social isolation than most, and deepen their relationships over a period of a few weeks. Methods We conducted the design and evaluation of Media Parcels, a novel human-facilitated social networking system. Media Parcels is based on the metaphor of a facilitator collecting and delivering parcels in the physical mail. Extending the metaphor, the system supports a facilitator in designing time-based dialogue requesting parcels from participants that bring out their memories and feelings, in collecting the parcels, wrapping them in annotations that communicate the corresponding requests, and delivering the wrapped parcel to a target person. Qualitative evaluation was carried out in two trials with a group of three people each, one with family members (children and father; aged 55, 56, and 82 years old) and the other with a group of friends (aged 72, 72, and 74 years old), over two weeks. In each trial, data were collected in three interviews (pre-, mid-, and posttrial) and via system logging. Results Collected data indicate positive social effects for deepening and developing relationships. The parcel metaphor was easily understood and the computational system was readily adopted. Preferences with regard to media production or consumption varied among participants. In the family group, children preferred receiving media parcels (because of their sentimental value) to producing them, whereas the father enjoyed both. In the friendship group, preferences varied: one friend enjoyed both producing and receiving, while the other two preferred one over the other. In general, participants reported a preference for the production of items of a certain type depending on the associated content. Apart from having a strong engagement with the system, participants reported feeling closer to each other than usual. Conclusions For both groups, Media Parcels was effective in promoting media sharing and social connections, resulting in the deepening of existing relationships. Its design informs researchers who are attempting to promote social connection in older adults.
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Wichelns, Dennis, und Jeffrey D. Kline. „The Impact of Parcel Characteristics on the Cost of Development Rights to Farmland“. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 22, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1993): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500004731.
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This paper examines the economic impact of selected farmland characteristics on the appraised value of development rights. Price elasticities are estimated for the size and location of farmland parcels, the amount of road frontage, the existence of panoramic views, and the distance to urban centers. Estimated elasticities suggest that parcel characteristics have a substantial impact on the cost of preserving farmland. For example, the per-acre cost of development rights is estimated to be 53 percent higher on farmland parcels that have a panoramic view of water than on parcels that have no water view. Similarly, the per-acre cost of development rights on a typical 25-acre farm is estimated to be 90 percent higher than on a typical 150-acre farm. Results suggest that the net social benefits obtained through farmland preservation programs may be enhanced by considering the impact of farmland characteristics on the marginal costs of purchasing development rights, when selecting among a set of candidate farms.
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He, Chaoran, und SeyedSoroosh Azizi. „The impact of tax increment financing on property value“. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, Nr. 5 (05.09.2019): 689–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2019-0049.
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Purpose Tax increment financing (TIF) has been adopted widely by municipalities to promote local economic development. This study aims to examine the effect of TIF adoption on property values at the parcel level in Indiana from 2009 to 2016. Design/methodology/approach Concerns of TIF adoption endogeneity are addressed by a two-stage estimation process using urban population ratio and unemployment rates as instruments. Findings In addition to finding influential socioeconomic and demographic factors, the results suggest that parcels located within TIF districts were sold more than parcels outside of TIF districts by approximately $5,000. Such premium is mainly picked up by the positive effect on commercial and agricultural parcels, which outweighs the negative TIF impact on residential types. Originality/value Arm’s length transaction data on property value are used to eliminate the subjective assessment bias, potential calculation errors during the evaluation process and econometric issues caused by using the assessed value.
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Cook, Linda L., Neil J. Dorans und Daniel R. Eignor. „An Assessment of the Dimensionality of Three SAT-Verbal Test Editions“. Journal of Educational Statistics 13, Nr. 1 (März 1988): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986013001019.
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A strong assumption made by most commonly used item response theory (IRT) models is that the data are unidimensional, that is, statistical dependence among item scores can be explained by a single ability dimension. First-order and second-order factor analyses were conducted on correlation matrices among item parcels of SAT-Verbal items. The item parcels were constructed to yield correlation matrices that were amenable to linear factor analyses. The first-order analyses were employed to assess the effective dimensionality of the item parcel data. Second-order analyses were employed to test meaningful hypotheses about the structure of the data. Parcels were constructed for three SAT-Verbal editions. The dimensionality analyses revealed that one SAT-Verbal test edition was less parallel to the other two editions than these other editions were to each other. Refinements in the dimensionality methodology and a more systematic dimensionality assessment are logical extensions of the present research.
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Rdz-Navarro, Karina, und Rodrigo A. Asún. „The use of items and item parcels in nonlinear structural equation models“. Methodology 16, Nr. 1 (06.04.2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/meth.2305.
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Nonlinear structural equation models within the frequentist framework were developed to work with continuous items. Applied researchers who usually work with Likert-type items choose between two strategies to estimate such models: treat items as continuous variables or create item parcels. Two Monte Carlo studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of each strategy on estimates and Type I errors for models with interaction and quadratic effects estimated using LMS. The first study evaluated the effect of asymmetry type and item quantity. The second assessed the use of item parcels and parcel configuration under equivalent conditions. Results reveal that treating items as continuous variables is not problematic when item categories are symmetrical or have opposite-direction asymmetries; however, meaningful parameter bias and increased Type I errors are produced in the case of same-direction asymmetry. Use of parcels does not overcome these problems. The results are discussed to provide recommendations for applied researchers.
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Kittredge, David B., Michael J. Mauri und Edward J. McGuire. „Decreasing Woodlot Size and the Future of Timber Sales in Massachusetts: When Is an Operation Too Small?“ Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, Nr. 2 (01.06.1996): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/13.2.96.
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Abstract The heavily forested landscape of Massachusetts is dominated by nonindustrial private ownerships. Statistics indicate that parcel size has decreased to a most recent average of 10.6 ac. Professional loggers were queried to determine if there was a timber sale size (expressed in eithervolume or area) below which they would not bid. Respondents indicated that they had operated on a timber sale as small as an average of 7.8 ac and 20.4 mbf, and would purchase one as small as an average of 5.3 ac and 17.1 mbf. The single most important factor in deciding to bid on a smallsale was the quality and value of the timber. In the future, small parcels with a preponderance of low-quality timber resulting from high-grading may be deemed inoperable by loggers. The importance of high quality timber on small parcels emphasizes the need for stand improvement measures toensure small parcels are feasible to commercially operate in the future. North. J. Appl. For. 13(2):00-00.
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Yang, Guang, und Chao Zhou. „Land Parcels Automatic Numbering Method on the Basis of ArcGIS Engine“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.473.
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Land parcel numbering is an important part of the Land Administration. As the land parcels are not of uniform size, different in shape and not presenting simple geometric arrangement, using artificial code means heavy workload, low efficiency and error-prone. This paper develops a new program of land parcel automatic numbering, using C # and ArcGIS Engine components, which gets a good result in the practical projects.
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Magaritz, L., M. Pinsky, O. Krasnov und A. Khain. „Investigation of Droplet Size Distributions and Drizzle Formation Using A New Trajectory Ensemble Model. Part II: Lucky Parcels“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, Nr. 4 (01.04.2009): 781–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2789.1.
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Abstract A novel trajectory ensemble model of the cloud-topped boundary layer containing 1340 Lagrangian parcels moving with a turbulent-like flow with the observed statistical properties was applied to investigate the formation of the microphysical structure of stratocumulus clouds (Sc) in a nonmixing limit (when turbulent mixing between the parcels is not taken into account). The Sc observed in two research flights during the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of the Marine Stratocumulus field study (DYCOMS II)—RF01 (no drizzle) and RF07 (weak drizzle)—are simulated. The mechanisms leading to a high variability of droplet size distributions (DSDs) with different spectrum width and dispersion are discussed. Drizzle formation was investigated using the radar reflectivity–LWC and LWC–effective drop radius diagrams simulated by the model in the nondrizzle and drizzle cases. It is shown that in the RF07 case large cloud droplets that trigger drop collisions and drizzle formation form only in a small fraction (about 1%) of the parcels (which will be referred to as lucky parcels) in which LWC exceeds ∼1.5 g m−3. This value exceeds the horizontally averaged LWC maximum value of 0.9 g m−3 by two to three standard deviations, indicating a small amount of lucky parcels. In a nondrizzling cloud simulation this threshold is exceeded extremely rarely. The dependence of the threshold value of LWC on aerosol concentration is discussed. The lucky parcels (at least in the nonmixing limit) start their updraft in the vicinity of the surface, where the water vapor mixing ratio is maximum, and ascend to the highest levels close to the cloud top. It is shown that the lucky parcel tracks are related to the large eddies in the boundary layer, which indicates the substantial role of large eddies in drizzle formation.
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Zygmunt, Mariusz, Tadeusz Gargula und Przemysław Klapa. „Reduction of Circular Arcs in European Cadastral Systems—The Proposal of a Solution Referring to the Recommendations of the INSPIRE Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, Nr. 1 (02.01.2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9010027.
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Circular arcs are a graphical element present in the cadastral systems of many countries. Unfortunately, this type of record of the geometry of parcel borders is a problem described by the directives of Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels. Because of the difficulties of using such geometric objects, the solution to this problem, as recommended by the European Commission, should be monitored. The target effect should be a cadastral data model based solely on linear segments. Solutions based on a classic approach of converting such data (like arcs), unfortunately, always involves changes of one of the most important attributes of a parcel—its area. The paper presents a proposal for solving this important problem using an algorithm, ensuring the preservation of the area of the parcels after converting the arcs into linear segments. Moreover, attention was paid to the technical aspects of the proposed changes.
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Dong, L., B. Wang und L. Liu. „A Lagrangian advection scheme with shape matrix (LASM) for solving advection problems“. Geoscientific Model Development 7, Nr. 6 (12.12.2014): 2951–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2951-2014.
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Abstract. A new Lagrangian advection scheme with shape matrix (LASM) is proposed to take advantage of the extreme low numerical diffusion of the Lagrangian methods. The tracer is discretized into finite parcels, which move along the downstream trajectories. Different from other Lagrangian schemes, the parcel shape is simulated explicitly by a linear transformation matrix. By doing so, the aliasing error in the Lagrangian schemes is largely reduced without introducing substantial interparcel mixing in the pure advection stage, because the flow information will be respected when remapping tracer density onto the fixed model grids. An adaptive interparcel mixing algorithm is constructed to ensure the validity of the linear approximation of the parcel shape, where the mixing is only triggered when it is necessary and resembles the physical mixing. The total tracer mass on the parcels is conserved exactly. The new scheme is validated by using several test cases.
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Dong, L., B. Wang und L. Liu. „A Lagrangian Advection scheme with Shape Matrix (LASM) for solving advection problems“. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, Nr. 4 (29.07.2014): 4829–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-4829-2014.
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Abstract. A new Lagrangian advection scheme with shape matrix (LASM) is proposed to take advantage of extreme low numerical diffusion of Lagrangian methods. The tracer is discretized into finite parcels, which move along the downstream trajectories. Different from other Lagrangian schemes, the parcel shape is simulated explicitly by a linear transformation matrix. By doing so, the aliasing error in the Lagrangian schemes is largely reduced without introducing substantial interparcel mixing in the pure advection stage, because the flow information will be respected when remapping tracer density onto the fixed model grids. An adaptive interparcel mixing algorithm is constructed to ensure the validity of the linear approximation of the parcel shape, where the mixing is only triggered when it is necessary and resembles the physical mixing. The total tracer mass on the parcels is conserved exactly. The new scheme is validated by using several test cases.
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Lowell, Kim E., und William B. Kurtz. „Revising Techniques for Estimating Land Parcel Characteristics using Digital Spatial Data“. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, Nr. 3 (01.09.1994): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/11.3.80.
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Abstract Characteristics of individual land parcels were estimated for an area in Missouri using two methods: digital spatial data and an accepted system of landowner questionnaires. For the digital data, a geographically imprecise map of land ownership parcels was digitized for a 24210 ac study area. Using a GIS, this was overlaid on a classified digital satellite image in order to estimate parcel characteristics such as mean area, size distribution, and percent of a given ownership covered by forest and/or agriculture. At the same time, a currently used ground-based questionnaire survey which is used for the estimation of the same parameters as well as socioeconomic owner characteristics was conducted. Results from the two methods were comparable for estimating parcel characteristics. The digital approach is less costly and labor-intensive, but does not provide the same socioeconomic data provided by the questionnaire. North. J. Appl. For. 11(3):80-86.
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Guchte, Andrew Vande, und Johannes M. L. Dahl. „Sensitivities of Parcel Trajectories beneath the Lowest Scalar Model Level of a Lorenz Vertical Grid“. Monthly Weather Review 146, Nr. 5 (01.05.2018): 1427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0190.1.
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Abstract Parcel trajectory analysis has become commonplace in the study of simulated severe convection, particularly that which deals with the development and maintenance of near-ground vertical vorticity. However, there are a number of unsolved problems with analyzing simulated trajectories that exist near the ground. One of these unsolved problems is how to deal with parcels that pass beneath the lowest scalar model level. Using the CM1 model, which uses a Lorenz grid, the sensitivity of parcel characteristics such as location or potential temperature to the choice of common extrapolation methods is documented. Using potential temperature as an example, it is explained why unphysical tendencies of scalar variables along trajectories may arise once parcels descend beneath the lowest scalar model level. Given the poorly constrained flow (and scalar) fields beneath the lowest scalar model level, errors such as those documented here appear unavoidable when using free-slip boundary conditions.
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Yoshida, Shingo. „Effects of Urbanization on Farmland Size and Diversified Farm Activities in Japan: An Analysis Based on the Land Parcel Database“. Land 9, Nr. 9 (04.09.2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090315.
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Peri-urban agriculture (PUA) has been widely regarded as a sub-field of multifunctional agriculture for improving the sustainability of urban environments. However, urban sprawl has both negative and positive effects on peri-urban farming, and the research on this issue in Japan is insufficient. This study aims to demonstrate the spatial distribution of farmland parcels in Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas and explore the synergistic effect of distance from cities and urban sprawl on the size of farmland parcels and farm-diversified activities such as direct marketing, farming experience, and environmentally friendly practices. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Poisson regression analyses were used with a nationwide agricultural land parcel Geographic Information System (GIS) database (Tokyo metropolitan area = 1,939,162 and Osaka metropolitan area = 1,507,072 parcels), in Japan, to specify the farmland locations and calculate the extent of urban sprawl. The results revealed that more than 50% of farmlands in the targeted areas were located within 4 km from the boundaries of densely inhabited districts (DIDs). Furthermore, with a decreasing distance from a DID, the urban sprawl had more positive effects on farmland parcel sizes and farm-diversified activities. These findings imply that PUA has a wider presence in Japan, and the peri-urban farmers may be capable of utilizing the multifunctional nature of intensively sprawled urban environments.