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AS, Dr Maniyammai, Dr Amudha M, Dr Renuka Devi R, Dr Esther Nalini H, and Dr Arun Kumar Prasad. "Adaptive immune response: Molecular aspects of periodontal disease." International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/oral.2021.v7.i4b.1356.
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Tsuchida, Sachio. "Proteome Analysis of Molecular Events in Oral Pathogenesis and Virus: A Review with a Particular Focus on Periodontitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 5184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155184.
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Some systemic diseases are unquestionably related to periodontal health, as periodontal disease can be an extension or manifestation of the primary disease process. One example is spontaneous gingival bleeding, resulting from anticoagulant treatment for cardiac diseases. One important aspect of periodontal therapy is the care of patients with poorly controlled disease who require surgery, such as patients with uncontrolled diabetes. We reviewed research on biomarkers and molecular events for various diseases, as well as candidate markers of periodontal disease. Content of this review: (1) Introduction, (2) Periodontal disease, (3) Bacterial and viral pathogens associated with periodontal disease, (4) Stem cells in periodontal tissue, (5) Clinical applications of mass spectrometry using MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analyses, (6) Proteome analysis of molecular events in oral pathogenesis of virus in GCF, saliva, and other oral Components in periodontal disease, (7) Outlook for the future and (8) Conclusions. This review discusses proteome analysis of molecular events in the pathogenesis of oral diseases and viruses, and has a particular focus on periodontitis.
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Lin, Peiya, Hiromi Niimi, Yujin Ohsugi, Yosuke Tsuchiya, Tsuyoshi Shimohira, Keiji Komatsu, Anhao Liu, et al. "Application of Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Mice to Explore the Molecular Mechanism of Periodontal Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 8900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168900.
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Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of the periodontium. In the last decade, a new murine model of periodontitis has been widely used to simulate alveolar bone resorption and periodontal soft tissue destruction by ligation. Typically, 3-0 to 9-0 silks are selected for ligation around the molars in mice, and significant bone loss and inflammatory infiltration are observed within a week. The ligature-maintained period can vary according to specific aims. We reviewed the findings on the interaction of systemic diseases with periodontitis, periodontal tissue destruction, the immunological and bacteriological responses, and new treatments. In these studies, the activation of osteoclasts, upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors, and excessive immune response have been considered as major factors in periodontal disruption. Multiple genes identified in periodontal tissues partly reflect the complexity of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The effects of novel treatment methods on periodontitis have also been evaluated in a ligature-induced periodontitis model in mice. This model cannot completely represent all aspects of periodontitis in humans but is considered an effective method for the exploration of its mechanisms. Through this review, we aimed to provide evidence and enlightenment for future studies planning to use this model.
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Teng, Y. T. A. "Protective and Destructive Immunity in the Periodontium: Part 2—T-cell-mediated Immunity in the Periodontium." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 3 (March 2006): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500302.
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Based on the results of recent research in the field and Part 1 of this article (in this issue), the present paper will discuss the protective and destructive aspects of the T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity associated with the bacterial virulent factors or antigenic determinants during periodontal pathogenesis. Attention will be focused on: (i) osteoimmunology and periodontal disease; (ii) some molecular techniques developed and applied to identify critical microbial virulence factors or antigens associated with host immunity (with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis as the model species); and (iii) summarizing the identified virulence factors/antigens associated with periodontal immunity. Thus, further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the host’s T-cell-mediated immune responses and the critical microbial antigens related to disease pathogenesis will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics or protocols for future periodontal treatments. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows: A. actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Ab, antibody; DC, dendritic cells; mAb, monoclonal antibody; pAb, polyclonal antibody; OC, osteoclast; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; P. gingivalis ( Pg), Porphyromonas gingivalis; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; OPG, osteoprotegerin; TCR, T-cell-receptors; TLR, Toll-like receptors.
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Teng, Y. T. A. "Protective and Destructive Immunity in the Periodontium: Part 1—Innate and Humoral Immunity and the Periodontium." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 3 (March 2006): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500301.
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Based on the results of recent research in the field, the present paper will discuss the protective and destructive aspects of the innate vs. adaptive (humoral and cell-mediated) immunity associated with the bacterial virulent factors or antigenic determinants during periodontal pathogenesis. Attention will be focused on: (i) the Toll-like receptors (TLR), the innate immune repertoire for recognizing the unique molecular patterns of microbial components that trigger innate and adaptive immunity for effective host defenses, in some general non-oral vs. periodontal microbial infections; (ii) T-cell-mediated immunity, Th-cytokines, and osteoclastogenesis in periodontal disease progression; and (iii) some molecular techniques developed and used to identify critical microbial virulence factors or antigens associated with host immunity (using Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis as the model species). Therefore, further understanding of the molecular interactions and mechanisms associated with the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses will facilitate the development of new and innovative therapeutics for future periodontal treatments. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows: A. actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Ab, antibody; DC, dendritic cells; mAb, monoclonal antibody; pAb, polyclonal antibody; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; P. gingivalis ( Pg), Porphyromonas gingivalis; and TLR, Toll-like receptors.
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Divaris, K. "Searching Deep and Wide: Advances in the Molecular Understanding of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease." Advances in Dental Research 30, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519877387.
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During the past decades, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular basis of the 2 most common oral diseases, dental caries and periodontal disease. Improvements in our knowledge of the diseases’ underlying biology have illuminated previously unrecognized aspects of their pathogenesis. Importantly, the key role of the oral (supragingival and subgingival) microbiome is now well recognized, and both diseases are now best understood as dysbiotic. From a host susceptibility standpoint, some progress has been made in dissecting the “hyperinflammatory” trait and other pathways of susceptibility underlying periodontitis, and novel susceptibility loci have been reported for dental caries. Nevertheless, there is a long road to the translation of these findings and the realization of precision oral health. There is promise and hope that the rapidly increasing capacity of generating multiomics data layers and the aggregation of study samples and cohorts comprising thousands of participants will accelerate the discovery and translation processes. A first key element in this process has been the identification and interrogation of biologically informed disease traits—these “deep” or “precise” traits have the potential of revealing biologically homogeneous disease signatures and genetic susceptibility loci that might present with overlapping or heterogeneous clinical signs. A second key element has been the formation of international consortia with the goals of combining and harmonizing oral health data of thousands of individuals from diverse settings—these “wide” collaborative approaches leverage the power of large sample sizes and are aimed toward the discovery or validation of genetic influences that would otherwise be impossible to detect. Importantly, advancements via these directions require an unprecedented engagement of systems biology and team science models. The article highlights novel insights into the molecular basis of dental caries and chronic periodontitis that have been gained from recent and ongoing studies involving “deep” and “wide” analytical approaches.
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Elmallawany, Marwa A., Marwa Ahmed EL-Dardiry, Reham K. Nahnoush, Mohamed Akmal, Adam A. Afife, and Mohamed S. Badr. "Structural and Genetic Diversity of Entamoeba gingivalis Trophozoites Isolated from Diseased and Healthy Periodontal Sites." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (February 25, 2022): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8713.
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BACKGROUND: At present, there is little documented about the variability aspects of Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) in relation to periodontal diseases. This is perhaps due to several specialists rejecting the notion that E. gingivalis can cause periodontal disease. AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the morphological and genetic variability within trophozoites isolated from diseased (n = 26) and healthy periodontal sites (n = 14). METHODS: Detailed microscopic analyses were performed, in addition to post real-time polymerase chain reaction 18S-SSU rRNA gene scanning technology, using reference synthetic genes to analyze melting curve features from different isolates. RESULTS: All trophozoites isolated from diseased sites were significantly larger in size than those isolated from healthy sites. In addition, they were found in clusters, containing many leukophagocytosis and in a significantly higher number than those from healthy sites. Gene scanning revealed diversity within the isolates with a significantly higher number of mutant forms (18 out of 26) within the trophozoites isolated from diseased sites, 14 of them were of unknown origin. Four melting curves matched E. gingivalis H57 strain and the remaining eight were related to the wild strain (ATCC-30927). Isolates from healthy sites corresponded to the wild type (12 out of 14) with only two related to H57 strain. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed morphological and genetic variability between different isolates; We still recommend further in-depth molecular studies to investigate the role of this oral protozoan in the pathogenicity of periodontal affection. The study highlighted the importance of real engagement of multidisciplinary diagnostic strategies, involving experts from variable medical fields to reach truthful scientific outcomes concerning the association of certain microorganism to particular diseases or disorders.
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Elgezawi, Moataz, Rasha Haridy, Khalid Almas, Moamen A. Abdalla, Omar Omar, Hatem Abuohashish, Abeer Elembaby, Uta Christine Wölfle, Yasir Siddiqui, and Dalia Kaisarly. "Matrix Metalloproteinases in Dental and Periodontal Tissues and Their Current Inhibitors: Developmental, Degradational and Pathological Aspects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 8929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168929.
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Objectives: This review article aims to describe some of the roles of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in enamel, dentine, dental caries, hybrid layer degradation, pulp and periodontal tissues, throwing light on their current inhibitors. The article addresses the potential of MMPs to serve as biomarkers with diagnostic and therapeutic value. Design: The sections of this review discuss MMPs’ involvement in developmental, remodeling, degradational and turnover aspects of dental and periodontal tissues as well as their signals in the pathogenesis, progress of different lesions and wound healing of these tissues. The literature was searched for original research articles, review articles and theses. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and MEDLINE for articles published in the last 20 years. Results: 119 published papers, two textbooks and two doctoral theses were selected for preparing the current review. Conclusions: MMPs are significant proteases, of evident contribution in dental and periapical tissue development, health and disease processes, with promising potential for use as diagnostic and prognostic disease biomarkers. Continuing understanding of their role in pathogenesis and progress of different dental, periapical and periodontal lesions, as well as in dentine-pulp wound healing could be a keystone to future diagnostic and therapeutic regimens.
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Dieterle, Martin Philipp, Ayman Husari, Thorsten Steinberg, Xiaoling Wang, Imke Ramminger, and Pascal Tomakidi. "From the Matrix to the Nucleus and Back: Mechanobiology in the Light of Health, Pathologies, and Regeneration of Oral Periodontal Tissues." Biomolecules 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11060824.
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Among oral tissues, the periodontium is permanently subjected to mechanical forces resulting from chewing, mastication, or orthodontic appliances. Molecularly, these movements induce a series of subsequent signaling processes, which are embedded in the biological concept of cellular mechanotransduction (MT). Cell and tissue structures, ranging from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the plasma membrane, the cytosol and the nucleus, are involved in MT. Dysregulation of the diverse, fine-tuned interaction of molecular players responsible for transmitting biophysical environmental information into the cell’s inner milieu can lead to and promote serious diseases, such as periodontitis or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Therefore, periodontal integrity and regeneration is highly dependent on the proper integration and regulation of mechanobiological signals in the context of cell behavior. Recent experimental findings have increased the understanding of classical cellular mechanosensing mechanisms by both integrating exogenic factors such as bacterial gingipain proteases and newly discovered cell-inherent functions of mechanoresponsive co-transcriptional regulators such as the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) or the nuclear cytoskeleton. Regarding periodontal MT research, this review offers insights into the current trends and open aspects. Concerning oral regenerative medicine or weakening of periodontal tissue diseases, perspectives on future applications of mechanobiological principles are discussed.
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Srimaneepong, Viritpon, Artak Heboyan, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Zohaib Khurshid, Anand Marya, Gustavo V. O. Fernandes, and Dinesh Rokaya. "Fixed Prosthetic Restorations and Periodontal Health: A Narrative Review." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13010015.
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Periodontal health plays an important role in the longevity of prosthodontic restorations. The issues of comparative assessment of prosthetic constructions are complicated and not fully understood. The aim of this article is to review and present the current knowledge regarding the various technical, clinical, and molecular aspects of different prosthetic biomaterials and highlight the interactions between periodontal health and prosthetic restorations. Articles on periodontal health and fixed dental prostheses were searched using the keywords “zirconium”, “CAD/CAM”, “dental ceramics”, “metal–ceramics”, “margin fit”, “crown”, “fixed dental prostheses”, “periodontium”, and “margin gap” in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Further search criteria included being published in English, and between January 1981 and September 2021. Then, relevant articles were selected, included, and critically analyzed in this review. The margin of discrepancy results in the enhanced accumulation of dental biofilm, microleakage, hypersensitivity, margin discoloration, increased gingival crevicular fluid flow (GCF), recurrent caries, pulp infection and, lastly, periodontal lesion and bone loss, which can lead to the failure of prosthetic treatment. Before starting prosthetic treatment, the condition of the periodontal tissues should be assessed for their oral hygiene status, and gingival and periodontal conditions. Zirconium-based restorations made from computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology provide better results, in terms of marginal fit, inflammation reduction, maintenance, and the restoration of periodontal health and oral hygiene, compared to constructions made by conventional methods, and from other alloys. Compared to subgingival margins, supragingival margins offer better oral hygiene, which can be maintained and does not lead to secondary caries or periodontal disease.
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Obradović, Vesna. "The role of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence system in periodontitis." Medicinski casopis 54, no. 2 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mckg54-24883.
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The prevalence of periodontal disease is very high in the adult population. According to research results, as much as 46% of the total population was affected by periodontal disease in the period from 2010 to 2012, which would mean that 64.7 million people had periodontitis, of which 8% had a severe form of this disease. Having in mind the clinical and socioeconomic significance of periodontitis, this review aims to present in a comprehensive way the pathogenetic aspects of periodontitis with a special emphasis on oxidative stress and antioxidant protection mechanisms as possible molecular mechanisms for the development of periodontitis in adults. Oxidation stress is involved in the progression of periodontitis as a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontium, which occurs as a result of imbalance between host response and bacterial infection. At the same time there is a decreased antioxidant activity and salivary gland capacity, which contributes to the further development of this disease. MDA is the most common lipid peroxidation derivative that occurs in periodontitis. All of the mentioned literature data suggest that the elevated MDA values may be due to both local and systemic oxidative stress as a response to inflammatory periodontal disease alone or in combination with other systemic disorders and smoking. The harmful effects of ROS during oxidative stress occur through lipid peroxidation processes and irreversible protein modification to cell apoptosis and programmed cell death. In addition to the two most important signal pathways, caspase pathway and NADPH oxidase-4 pathway, several other signaling pathways mediate in oxidative cell damage: PERK/NRF2 signal path, JNK / mitogen-activating pathway (MAP). When a clinically visible inflammatory process occurs in periodontium, this usually presents a condition that is more or less irreversible. In parodontology, therefore, the idea of introducing biochemical analyzes to diagnose the inflammatory process in parodontium is still open before it can be seen at the clinical level. For this reason, the significance of the role of oxidative stress, the antioxidant protection of the organism and the molecular mechanisms by which damage occurs is an indisputable importance. Assessment and measurement of biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes can play a central role in monitoring biochemical indicators of parodontium state and even assist with various methods of treatment of periodontal disease.
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Guimarães, Morgana R., Sabrina Garcia de Aquino, Leila S. Coimbra, Luis C. Spolidorio, Keith L. Kirkwood, and Carlos Rossa. "Curcumin modulates the immune response associated with LPS-induced periodontal disease in rats." Innate Immunity 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2011): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425910392935.
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Curcumin is a plant-derived dietary spice ascribed various biological activities. Curcumin therapeutic applications have been studied in a variety of conditions, but not on periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition initiated by an immune response to micro-organisms of the dental biofilm. Experimental periodontal disease was induced in rats by injecting LPS in the gingival tissues on the palatal aspect of upper first molars (30 µg LPS, 3 times/week for 2 weeks). Curcumin was administered to rats daily via oral gavage at 30 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Reverse transcriptase-qPCR and ELISA were used to determine the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and prostaglandin E2 synthase on the gingival tissues. The inflammatory status was evaluated by stereometric and descriptive analysis on hematoxylin/eosin-stained sections, whereas modulation of p38 MAPK and NK-κB signaling was assessed by Western blot. Curcumin effectively inhibited cytokine gene expression at mRNA and protein levels, but NF-κB was inhibited only with the lower dose of curcumin, whereas p38 MAPK activation was not affected. Curcumin produced a significant reduction on the inflammatory infiltrate and increased collagen content and fibroblastic cell numbers. Curcumin potently inhibits innate immune responses associated with periodontal disease, suggesting a therapeutic potential in this chronic inflammatory condition.
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Nawrot-Hadzik, Izabela, Adam Matkowski, Paweł Kubasiewicz-Ross, and Jakub Hadzik. "Proanthocyanidins and Flavan-3-ols in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis—Immunomodulatory Effects, Animal and Clinical Studies." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010239.
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This paper continues the systematic review on proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease and covers the immunomodulatory effects, and animal- and clinical studies, while the other part discussed the direct antibacterial properties. Inflammation as a major response of the periodontal tissues attacked by pathogenic microbes can significantly exacerbate the condition. However, the bidirectional activity of phytochemicals that simultaneously inhibit bacterial proliferation and proinflammatory signaling can provide a substantial alleviation of both cause and symptoms. The modulatory effects on various aspects of inflammatory and overall immune response are covered, including confirmed and postulated mechanisms of action, structure activity relationships and molecular targets. Further, the clinical relevance of flavan-3-ols and available outcomes from clinical studies is analyzed and discussed. Among the numerous natural sources of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins the most promising are, similarly to antibacterial properties, constituents of various foods, such as fruits of Vaccinium species, tea leaves, grape seeds, and tannin-rich medicinal herbs. Despite a vast amount of in vitro and cell-based evidence of immunomodulatory there are still only a few animal and clinical studies. Most of the reports, regardless of the used model, indicated the efficiency of these phytochemicals from cranberries and other Vaccinium species and tea extracts (green or black). Other sources such as grape seeds and traditional medicinal plants, were seldom. In conclusion, the potential of flavan-3-ols and their derivatives in prevention and alleviation of periodontal disease is remarkable but clinical evidence is urgently needed for issuing credible dietary recommendation and complementary treatments.
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de Molon, Rafael Scaf, Carlos Rossa Jr., Rogier M. Thurlings, Joni Augusto Cirelli, and Marije I. Koenders. "Linkage of Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Evidence and Potential Biological Interactions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184541.
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The association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD) has been the focus of numerous investigations driven by their common pathological features. RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, the production of anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies (ACPA) leading to synovial joint inflammation and destruction. PD is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with a dysbiotic microbial biofilm affecting the supporting tissues around the teeth leading to the destruction of mineralized and non-mineralized connective tissues. Chronic inflammation associated with both RA and PD is similar in the predominant adaptive immune phenotype, in the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and in the role of smoking and genetic background as risk factors. Structural damage that occurs in consequence of chronic inflammation is the ultimate cause of loss of function and disability observed with the progression of RA and PD. Interestingly, the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated in the generation of ACPA in RA patients, suggesting a direct biological intersection between PD and RA. However, more studies are warranted to confirm this link, elucidate potential mechanisms involved, and ascertain temporal associations between RA and PD. This review is mainly focused on recent clinical and translational research intends to discuss and provide an overview of the relationship between RA and PD, exploring the similarities in the immune-pathological aspects and the possible mechanisms linking the development and progression of both diseases. In addition, the current available treatments targeting both RA and PD were revised.
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Patil, Shankargouda, Hassan A. Sumayli, Alnomari Sultan, Majed A. Hazazi, Majed H. Mashi, Ali YJ Mobarki, Maryam S. Ali Hadi, Huthyfah Mohammed Abulqasim, and Bandar Mohammed M. Thubab. "COVID-19 and Periodontitis: A Reality to Live with." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 21, no. 12 (2020): 1398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2961.
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ABSTRACT Background Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic that is advancing at a rapid rate. The future course of the disease includes severe respiratory infection and also leads to death if unattended. Meticulous measures are necessary before attending any patient. The dental operatories and the clinic surroundings must be well sanitized so as to prevent the spread of pandemic. Aim and objective This review discusses in brief about the pathophysiology and course of COVID-19. Further, we discussed in detail the management aspects of patients in periodontal perspective and the sanitization procedures required for the dental clinic. Review results The SARS coronavirus enters the human circulation via the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) receptors which are also found on the oral mucosal surfaces. Furin and Cathepsin L are the pro-inflammatory molecules released during pathogenesis of periodontitis and mediate the molecular pathways that help the virus invade into the host. The clinic set-up should be modified to best suit the pandemic conditions. This includes the three phases, i.e., phase I: preparatory phase; phase II: implementation phase; and phase III: follow-up. The patient management is explained based on the emergency needs of the patient based on the recent AAP classification of periodontal diseases and conditions 2017 as emergency, urgent, and elective treatment needs which have been explained in detail. Conclusion It can be strongly concluded that there is direct relationship between oral health and systemic health. The treatment procedures and sanitization protocols must be definitely modified. Further consensus and systematic reviews help us arriving at a more standardized protocol. Clinical significance This review would help clinicians modify the way they treat patients in the clinic and provide better services depending upon the emergency needs of the patient. How to cite this article Jafer MA, Hazazi MA, Mashi MH, et al. COVID-19 and Periodontitis: A Reality to Live with. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020;21(12):1398–1403.
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Tonoyan, Lilit, Séverine Vincent-Bugnas, Charles-Vivien Olivieri, and Alain Doglio. "New Viral Facets in Oral Diseases: The EBV Paradox." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 5861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235861.
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The oral cavity contributes to overall health, psychosocial well-being and quality of human life. Oral inflammatory diseases represent a major global health problem with significant social and economic impact. The development of effective therapies, therefore, requires deeper insights into the etiopathogenesis of oral diseases. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection results in a life-long persistence of the virus in the host and has been associated with numerous oral inflammatory diseases including oral lichen planus (OLP), periodontal disease and Sjogren’s syndrome (SS). There is considerable evidence that the EBV infection is a strong risk factor for the development and progression of these conditions, but is EBV a true pathogen? This long-standing EBV paradox yet needs to be solved. This review discusses novel viral aspects of the etiopathogenesis of non-tumorigenic diseases in the oral cavity, in particular, the contribution of EBV in OLP, periodontitis and SS, the tropism of EBV infection, the major players involved in the etiopathogenic mechanisms and emerging contribution of EBV-pathogenic bacteria bidirectional interaction. It also proposes the involvement of EBV-infected plasma cells in the development and progression of oral inflammatory diseases. A new direction for preventing and treating these conditions may focus on controlling pathogenic EBV with anti-herpetic drugs.
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Uitto, Veli-Jukka, and Hannu Larjava. "Extracellular Matrix Molecules and their Receptors: An Overview with Special Emphasis on Periodontal Tissues." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 2, no. 3 (July 1991): 323–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411910020030301.
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Knowledge of extracellular matrix molecules and their cell receptors has increased exponentially during the last 2 decades. It is now known that the structure and function of each tissue is based on specific combinations of matrix molecules. The major constituents of the extracellular matrix are collagens, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins. The rapid development of biochemical, molecular biological, and immunological research has revealed a lot of interesting details pertaining to these molecules. Several new collagen types have been discovered. In addition to being responsible for the strength and form of tissues, each collagen type has specific sequences providing them with special features such as flexibility and the ability to interact with other matrix molecules and cells. Proteoglycans are another large group of matrix molecules with a variety of functions. Proteoglycans play an important role in tissue resilience and filtering. Some proteoglycans have a capacity to specifically bind other matrix molecules and growth factors, while others act as matrix receptors on the cell surface. An important part of regulation of the cell behavior is played by adhesive glycoproteins belonging to the fibronectin and laminin families. Several isoforms of fibronectin and laminin that result from alternative RNA splicing serve specific functions such as controlling the attachment, migration, and synthetic activity of cells. A major group of cell receptors for cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions is termed integrins. The integrins are cell surface proteins composed of two polypeptides whose structure dictates the specificity of each receptor. The cytoplasmic domain of the integrins interacts with cytoskeletal elements within the cell, and thereby relays the information from the extracellular space into the protein synthesis machinery. The expression of the integrins is controlled by the extracellular matrix and growth factors, most notably TGFβ. During periodontal diseases several aspects of the cell-matrix interactions may be disturbed. Therefore, an understanding of the special features of the extracellular matrix and their receptors in periodontal tissues is a prerequisite for developing new approaches to the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.
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DeCarlo, Arthur A., Mayuri Paramaesvaran, Peter L. W. Yun, Charles Collyer, and Neil Hunter. "Porphyrin-Mediated Binding to Hemoglobin by the HA2 Domain of Cysteine Proteinases (Gingipains) and Hemagglutinins from the Periodontal Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 12 (June 15, 1999): 3784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.12.3784-3791.1999.
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ABSTRACT Heme binding and uptake are considered fundamental to the growth and virulence of the gram-negative periodontal pathogenPorphyromonas gingivalis. We therefore examined the potential role of the dominant P. gingivalis cysteine proteinases (gingipains) in the acquisition of heme from the environment. A recombinant hemoglobin-binding domain that is conserved between two predominant gingipains (domain HA2) demonstrated tight binding to hemin (Kd = 16 nM), and binding was inhibited by iron-free protoporphyrin IX (Ki = 2.5 μM). Hemoglobin binding to the gingipains and the recombinant HA2 (rHA2) domain (Kd = 2.1 nM) was also inhibited by protoporphyrin IX (Ki = 10 μM), demonstrating an essential interaction between the HA2 domain and the heme moiety in hemoglobin binding. Binding of rHA2 with either hemin, protoporphyrin IX, or hematoporphyrin was abolished by establishing covalent linkage of the protoporphyrin propionic acid side chains to fixed amines, demonstrating specific and directed binding of rHA2 to these protoporphyrins. A monoclonal antibody which recognizes a peptide epitope within the HA2 domain was employed to demonstrate that HA2-associated hemoglobin-binding activity was expressed and released by P. gingivalis cells in a batch culture, in parallel with proteinase activity. Cysteine proteinases from P. gingivalis appear to be multidomain proteins with functions for hemagglutination, erythrocyte lysis, proteolysis, and heme binding, as demonstrated here. Detailed understanding of the biochemical pathways for heme acquisition in P. gingivalis may allow precise targeting of this critical metabolic aspect for periodontal disease prevention.
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Niederman, Richard, Jie Zhang, and Shelby Kashket. "Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 8, no. 3 (July 1997): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411970080030301.
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This communication reviews the effects of short-chain carboxylic acids on human cells of importance to the periodontium. The central hypothesis is that these acids can alter both cell function and gene expression, and thus contribute to the initiation and prolongation of gingival inflammation. Short-chain carboxylic acids [CH3-(CH2)x-COOH, x < 3] are metabolic intermediates with a broad range of apparently paradoxical biological effects. For example, lactic acid (CH3-CHOH-COOH), a 3-carbon alpha-hydroxy-substituted acid, is widely recognized for its cariogenicity. Lactic acid, however, also occurs in tropical fruits, and is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-wrinkle creams developed by dermatologists. In marked contrast, the unsubstituted 3-carbon propionic acid (CH3-CH 2-COOH) is used as a food preservative and is the active principle for one class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Interestingly, the addition of one carbon to propionic acid dramatically changes the biological effects. The unsubstituted 4-carbon butyric acid (CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH) is used by hematologists as a de-differentiating agent for the treatment of sickle cell anemia, but by oncologists as a differentiating agent for cancer chemotherapy. Finally, acting either individually or in concert, these acids can increase vascular dilation. Clearly, these acids, while metabolically derived, have a number of very divergent activities which are cell-type-specific (Fig. 1). It may be telling that periodontal bacteria produce these acids in millimolar concentrations, and that these bacteria can be characterized by their acid production profiles. It is no less interesting that these acids occur in the gingival crevices of human subjects with severe periodontal disease at millimolar levels which are > 10-fold higher than those found in mildly diseased subjects, and are undetectable in healthy subjects. Further, when applied directly to healthy human gingiva, short-chain carboxylic acids stimulate a gingival inflammatory response and inflammatory cytokine release. At the cellular level, these acids inhibit proliferation of gingival epithelial and endothelial cells, and inhibit leukocyte apoptosis and function, but can stimulate leukocyte cytokine release. At the molecular level, these acids can stimulate neutrophil gene transcription, translation, and protein expression. Thus, the likelihood is high that these acids, in addition to their cariogenic activity, can promote and prolong gingival inflammation. Our challenge will be to identify the cell or cells of the periodontium which respond to short-chain carboxylic acids, to delineate their responses and the molecular mechanism(s) of these effects, and to categorize the aspects of the inflammatory components which damage and those which protect the host. With this information, it may be possible to begin to rationally identify and test pharmaceutical agents which diminish the harmful aspects, while enhancing the beneficial components, of the inflammatory response.
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., Vishal,, Rampershad ., Ali Raza, Ghulam Nabi Memon, Muhammad Waleed Vohra, and Suneel Kumar Punjabi. "Comparing the Difference on Inflow of Patients in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department before and During Covid-19." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168512.
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Objective: To Compare the difference on the inflow of patients before and during COVID-19 on the patients presented at oral & maxillofacial surgery at Advance Dental Care Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Materials &Methods: Medical statistics have been collected for the patients who visited the Advance dental care centre, Liaquat university of medical and health sciences between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2020. The data collected included age, gender, and extraction of teeth. SPSS version 20.0 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Of all the patients who visited, 3715 were females and 2571 were males, with a female to male ratio of 1.2:1. The youngest patient was 15 years old, and the oldest was 60 years old. The most common cause among patients in 2019 and 2020 was periodontal problems. Conclusion: The COVID-19 epidemic affected the population, pattern of oral diseases, its services, and the frequency of visits to advance dental care centre the proportions of patients who were adolescents and elderly people increased, meanwhile the percentage of the conservative treatments increased during the outbreak of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID -19, Tooth extraction; Periodontal disease, Prophylactic antibiotics.
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Martellacci, Leonardo, Gianluca Quaranta, Romeo Patini, Gaetano Isola, Patrizia Gallenzi, and Luca Masucci. "A Literature Review of Metagenomics and Culturomics of the Peri-implant Microbiome: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183010.
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Background and objectives: In recent years, many different culture-independent molecular techniques have been developed with the aim of investigating the not yet cultivated part of the resident flora of the oral cavity and of analyzing the peri-implant and periodontal flora both in healthy and diseased sites. The most used technologies are Roche 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina HiSeq/MiSeq, ABI SOLiD and Ion Torrent. Due to these methods, two different approaches are available: Metagenomics and the 16S gene analysis. A complementary strategy was also recently developed: Culturomics. Culturomics consists of different culture conditions that allow a very rapid bacterial identification. The focused question of this review was developed in PICO format in order to investigate the role of metagenomics, 16S gene analysis and culturomics (interventions) in the differential study (comparison) of the peri-implant and periodontal microbiome (outcome) in humans (participants). The secondary aim was the characterization of currents limits and future applications of the three techniques. Methods: The authors performed a literature search on three databases (Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed) from 01/01/2003 to 31/06/2019. Date of last search was: 25/08/19. Any type of article dealing with the analysis of periodontal and peri-implant flora with metagenomic, culturomic or 16S gene analysis was included. No language restrictions were applied. Risk of bias for RCT was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration’s tool whereas case-control and cohort studies were evaluated through the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Results: The initial search resulted in 330 titles in total. After careful evaluation of all results no studies were found to satisfy the primary outcome of the present review. Hence a narrative review dealing with the secondary aim was performed. Conclusions: Metagenomic and 16S gene analysis approaches contributed in clarifying some crucial aspects of the oral microbiome. Based on the reported evidence some bacteria could be found around teeth and implants even in the absence of signs of inflammation and other species are more frequently found in supragingival peri-implant biofilm. Teeth and implants (even if adjacent) seem not to share the same microbiome and healthy teeth have a more diversified one. The same analyses also highlighted that the oral biofilm of smokers is composed by more periodontopathogen bacteria compared to non-smokers and that geographical location and ethnicity seem to play a role in bacterial composition. Culturomics, which has not yet been applied to the study of oral microbiota, consists of the use of different culture conditions and of the identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) with the aim of increasing the bacterial repertoire and avoiding the limits of molecular methods. In order to better evaluate perspectives and limits of the all presented approaches further studies comparing the different molecular techniques are encouraged. This review received no funding.
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Zhang, Ping, Jianzhong Liu, Qingan Xu, Gregory Harber, Xu Feng, Suzanne M. Michalek та Jenny Katz. "TLR2-dependent Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis by Porphyromonas gingivalis through Differential Induction of NFATc1 and NF-κB". Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, № 27 (12 травня 2011): 24159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.198085.
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Osteolytic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, and periodontitis, are usually associated with bacterial infections. However, the precise mechanisms by which bacteria induce bone loss still remain unclear. Evidence exists that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling regulates both inflammation and bone metabolism and that the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK are the key regulators for bone remodeling and for the activation of osteoclasts. Here, we investigate the direct effects of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis on osteoclast differentiation and show that P. gingivalis differentially modulates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation contingent on the state of differentiation of osteoclast precursors. In addition, although an optimal induction of cytokines by P. gingivalis is dependent on TLR2 and TLR4, as well as myeloid differentiation factor 88 and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β, P. gingivalis utilizes TLR2/ myeloid differentiation factor 88 in modulating osteoclast differentiation. P. gingivalis modulates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by differential induction of NFATc1 and c-Fos. More importantly, RANKL-mediated lineage commitment also has an impact on P. gingivalis-induced cytokine production. RANKL inhibits P. gingivalis-induced cytokine production by down-regulation of TLR/NF-κB and up-regulation of NFATc1. Our findings reveal novel aspects of the interactions between TLR and RANK signaling and provide a new model for understanding the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of bacteria-mediated bone loss.
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Thomson, W. Murray, Aubrey Sheiham, and A. John Spencer. "Sociobehavioral aspects of periodontal disease." Periodontology 2000 60, no. 1 (August 22, 2012): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00405.x.
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Taubman, M. A., E. D. Stoufi, G. J. Seymour, D. J. Smith, and J. L. Ebersole. "Immunoregulatory Aspects of Periodontal Disease." Advances in Dental Research 2, no. 2 (November 1988): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374880020022201.
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This manuscript reviews our studies of the composition and functional capabilities of gingival tissue lymphocytes from patients with periodontal disease. The emphasis has been on phenotyping the local lymphoid infiltration in gingival and periodontal disease. The preparation and phenotypic analyses of cells recovered from diseased and healthy human periodontal tissues indicated that T-cell subset ratios from diseased tissue were significantly decreased compared with peripheral blood or normal tissue ratios. These reductions were verified in a second study we performed using two-color immunofluorescence analyzed by flow cytofluorometry. Local variations in the CD4 + cell population were also found in diseased tissue cells when these were compared with normal tissue cells. The relative percentage of CD4+ cells labeled with anti-helper inducer (4B4) or anti-suppressor inducer (2H4) monoclonal antibodies was increased above that of normal tissue cells. Functional studies of immunoglobulin production by gingival cells from adult periodontitis tissues showed two discrete patterns of synthesis and also suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis after addition of mitogen to the cultures. Removal of macrophages also drastically reduced immunoglobulin synthesis by gingival cells. These results indicate that there is an abundance of suppressor T-cells in diseased tissue and that functional suppression is demonstrated by lymphocytes from periodontal disease tissue. The findings of these investigations have suggested potentially important roles for immune regulation in periodontal disease.
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Adamička, M., A. Adamičková, L. Danišovič, A. Gažová, and J. Kyselovič. "Pharmacological Approaches and Regeneration of Bone Defects with Dental Pulp Stem Cells." Stem Cells International 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4593322.
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Bone defects in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton vary from small periodontal defects to extensive bone loss, which are difficult to restore and can lead to extensive damage of the surrounding structures, deformities, and limited functions. Plenty of surgical regenerative procedures have been developed to reconstruct or prevent alveolar defects, based on guided bone regeneration involving the use of autogenous bone grafts or bone substituents. However, these techniques have limitations in the restoration of morphological and functional reconstruction, thus stopping disease progression but not regenerating lost tissue. Most promising candidates for regenerative therapy of maxillofacial bone defects represent postnatal stem cells, because of their replication potential in the undifferentiated state and their ability to differentiate as well. There is an increased need for using various orofacial sources of stem cells with comparable properties to mesenchymal stem cells because they are more easily available with minimally invasive procedures. In addition to the source of MSCs, another aspect affects the regeneration outcomes. Thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli after surgical procedures have the ability to generate pain, usually managed with pharmacological agents, mostly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Some studies revealed that NSAIDs have no significant cytotoxic effect on bone marrow stem cells from mice, while other studies showed regulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic marker genes in MSC cells by NSAIDs and paracetamol, but no effect was observed in connection with diclofenac use. Therefore, there is a need to focus on such pharmacotherapy, capable of affecting the characteristics and properties of implanted MSCs.
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Evstropov, Vladimir, Galina Zelenkova, Sergei Tresnitskii, Anna Spirina, Pavel Bykadorov, Mikhael Yenin, Еkaterina Danileyko, and Alexey Ermakov. "Immunological aspects of inflammatory periodontal disease (analytical review)." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021006005.
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Clinical and immunological parallels in inflammatory periodontal diseases are considered taking into account some features of the functioning of general and local structures of the immune system in periodontitis of varying severity, chronic generalized periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis. In the analysis of immunopathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases, an essential role is given to an imbalance in the immune and cytokine system.
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Velea, Oana A., Dan Onisei, Doina Onisei, Andreea Pogan, Corrado Paganelli, and Iulian P. Velea. "Microbiological Aspects In Periodontal Disease And Diabetes Mellitus." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjdnmd-2014-0020.
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Abstract Background and Aims. Scientists are constantly showing a high interest for the relationship between Periodontal Disease (PD) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). PD, “the sixth complication” of DM is recognized to be a chronic gram-negative anaerobic infectious disease. This paper is aimed at reviewing and evaluating the correlations between PD and DM from a microbiological point of view. Treatment implications of PD’s management as an important component of DM care is reviewed in the light of microbiological current knowledge. Materials and Methods. Microbiological studies and clinical trials were selected from medical and dental journals, and studied thoroughly. Results. Plaque biofilm and prolonged hyperglycemia increase the risk of PD development in DM. These two features determine inflammatory reactions that end-up in tissue destruction and impaired healing responses. Few pathogens are considered highly prevalent periodontal pathogens, with destructive actions. Studies have shown that metabolic balance or lack of balance determines bacterial variations in diabetic patients with PD. Other results demonstrate the importance of microbial tests (especially PCR techniques) as indicators for healing or disease progression. Conclusions. There aren’t many studies assessing the relationship between PD and DM from microbiological points of view. In light of increasing evidence, larger interventional studies are needed
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Kinane, Denis F., and David F. Lappin. "Clinical, pathological and immunological aspects of periodontal disease." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 59, no. 3 (January 2001): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000163501750266747.
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Kajiya, Mikihito, and Hidemi Kurihara. "Molecular Mechanisms of Periodontal Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020930.
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Periodontal disease, one of the most prevalent human infectious diseases, is characterized by chronic inflammatory tissue destruction of the alveolar bone and the connective tissues supporting the tooth [...]
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Puri, Komal, Nikhil Puri, Vidya Dodwad, and Sujata Surendra Masamatti. "Restorative aspects of periodontal disease: an update part 1." Dental Update 41, no. 6 (July 2, 2014): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2014.41.6.545.
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Puri, Nikhil, Komal Puri, Sujata Surendra Masamatti, and Vidya Dodwad. "Restorative aspects of periodontal disease: an update part 2." Dental Update 41, no. 7 (September 2, 2014): 638–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2014.41.7.638.
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Kang, Yoon H., and Francois Berthiaume. "Periodontitis: Clinical Aspects, Pathophysiology, Experimental Approaches and Emerging Therapies." Nano LIFE 11, no. 03 (July 16, 2021): 2130006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984421300065.
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This review paper presents an overview of periodontal disease, beginning with clinical aspects including prevalence, etiology, disease progression mechanisms and implications for general health, followed by current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We then describe experimental models used for in vitro and in vivo investigations of periodontal disease, and emerging therapeutic approaches based on biomedical and tissue engineering concepts, nanotechnology, gene and stem cell therapies. We aim to provide bioengineers, tissue engineers and nanotechnology researchers an overall understanding of the state-of-the-art of periodontal disease to foster technological innovation based on interdisciplinary research and collaboration between physical and medical scientists.
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Degasperi, Giovanna R., Augusto Etchegaray, Larissa Marcelino, Ahron Sicard, Karina Villalpando, and Sérgio L. Pinheiro. "Periodontal Disease: General Aspects from Biofilm to the Immune Response Driven by Periodontal Pathogens." Advances in Microbiology 08, no. 01 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2018.81001.
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Bolstad, A. I., H. B. Jensen, and V. Bakken. "Taxonomy, biology, and periodontal aspects of Fusobacterium nucleatum." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 1996): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.1.55.
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The pathogenic potential of Fusobacterium nucleatum and its significance in the development of periodontal diseases, as well as in infections in other organs, have gained new interest for several reasons. First, this bacterium has the potential to be pathogenic because of its number and frequency in periodontal lesions, its production of tissue irritants, its synergism with other bacteria in mixed infections, and its ability to form aggregates with other suspected pathogens in periodontal disease and thus act as a bridge between early and late colonizers on the tooth surface. Second, of the microbial species that are statistically associated with periodontal disease, F. nucleatum is the most common in clinical infections of other body sites. Third, during the past few years, new techniques have made it possible to obtain more information about F. nucleatum on the genetic level, thereby also gaining better knowledge of the structure and functions of the outer membrane proteins (OMPs). OMPs are of great interest with respect to coaggregation, cell nutrition, and antibiotic susceptibility. This review covers what is known to date about F. nucleatum in general, such as taxonomy and biology, with special emphasis on its pathogenic potential. Its possible relationship to other periodontal bacteria in the development of periodontal diseases and the possible roles played by OMPs are considered.
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Voinescu, I., D. Ferechide, CM Cristache, L. Burlibasa, and M. Burlibasa. "Ethical and legal aspects in periodontal disease diagnosis and therapy." Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2019.57.
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Salmen, Teodor, Bianca Margareta Mihai, Ruxandra Andreea Iarca, Bianca Adriana Stan, Vlad Dima, and Roxana Elena Bohiltea. "Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease." Romanian Journal of Stomatology 67, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjs.2021.4.8.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-transmittable disease and, alongside periodontal disease, another chronic disease, but with infectious and inflammatory etiology, that have increasing prevalence. The link between the two comorbidities is bidirectional, with common aspects such the inflammatory state, altered immune response and healing process. This link is alimented, also, by oxidative stress, an element that can initiate proinflammatory pathways in both pathologies. Moreover, periodontal disease favors the development of DM complications by a multifactorial mechanism centered on hyperglycemia, that leads to damage of the endothelial vascular cells, characteristic for microvascular complications, while the periodontal bacteria and their waste products, and inflammatory cytokines lead to an increase in systemic inflammation and damage of the vascular walls that aggravates the atherogenic process. The increase of novel cases of type 2 DM or gestational DM in patients with periodontitis has no sufficient data. Dental caries is favored by DM and not by periodontal disease. So, DM is a well-known risk factor for periodontal disease and, on the other hand, periodontitis influences the metabolic control and favors the development of DM complications, but with a link between these conditions that is not fully understood. Other comorbidities, such as missing teeth, depression, osteoporosis are, also, positively associated to higher risk of development for periodontal disease. Patients with DM should be regularly screened for periodontal disease and referred to therapy if necessary, while the patients with periodontal disease should be screened for the presence of DM.
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Ulitovskiy, S. B., and E. S. Alexeeva. "Periodontal diseases: hygiene aspects of complex attitude in treatment." Medical alphabet 2, no. 11 (November 23, 2019): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-2-11(386)-22-26.
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The anti-inflammatory efficacy was found to be 60.93 %, the blood-stopping efficacy was 60.84 % in the group of periodontal disease patients, which was due to the use of Acept’s oral hygiene in preventing the onset and development of inflammation in the periodontal.
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Emrizal, Reeki, and Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad. "Phylogenetic comparison between Type IX Secretion System (T9SS) protein components suggests evidence of horizontal gene transfer." PeerJ 8 (June 26, 2020): e9019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9019.
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Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major bacteria that causes periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that ultimately leads to tooth loss. Virulence factors that contribute to periodontitis are secreted by Type IX Secretion System (T9SS). There are aspects of T9SS protein components that have yet to be characterised. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the phylogenetic relationship between members of 20 T9SS component protein families. The Bayesian Inference (BI) trees for 19 T9SS protein components exhibit monophyletic clades for all major classes under Bacteroidetes with strong support for the monophyletic clades or its subclades that is consistent with phylogeny exhibited by the constructed BI tree of 16S rRNA. The BI tree of PorR is different from the 19 BI trees of T9SS protein components as it does not exhibit monophyletic clades for all major classes under Bacteroidetes. There is strong support for the phylogeny exhibited by the BI tree of PorR which deviates from the phylogeny based on 16S rRNA. Hence, it is possible that the porR gene is subjected to horizontal transfer as it is known that virulence factor genes could be horizontally transferred. Seven genes (porR included) that are involved in the biosynthesis of A-LPS are found to be flanked by insertion sequences (IS5 family transposons). Therefore, the intervening DNA segment that contains the porR gene might be transposed and subjected to conjugative transfer. Thus, the seven genes can be co-transferred via horizontal gene transfer. The BI tree of UgdA does not exhibit monophyletic clades for all major classes under Bacteroidetes which is similar to the BI tree of PorR (both are a part of the seven genes). Both BI trees also exhibit similar topology as the four identified clusters with strong support and have similar relative positions to each other in both BI trees. This reinforces the possibility that porR and the other six genes might be horizontally transferred. Other than the BI tree of PorR, the 19 other BI trees of T9SS protein components also exhibit evidence of horizontal gene transfer. However, their genes might undergo horizontal gene transfer less frequently compared to porR because the intervening DNA segment that contains porR is easily exchanged between bacteria under Bacteroidetes due to the presence of insertion sequences (IS5 family transposons) that flank it. In conclusion, this study can provide a better understanding about the phylogeny of T9SS protein components.
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Marinho, Ricardo Romulo Batista, João Thiago Beltrão Nunes Damasceno, and Rômulo Savage Vanderlan do Nascimento. "Aspecto etiológico, imunológico e patogênico da doença periodontal / Etiological, immunological and pathogenic aspects of periodontal disease." Brazilian Journal of Health Review 5, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 10494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv5n3-213.
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MIGLIARI, Dante A., Norberto N. SUGAYA, Maria A. MIMURA, and Luiz Carlos CUCÉ. "Periodontal aspects of the juvenile form of paracoccidioidomycosis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 40, no. 1 (January 1998): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651998000100004.
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Three cases of the juvenile form of paracoccidioidomycosis are reported. Emphasis has been given to the oral manifestations, particularly the periodontal involvement. The main periodontal findings were: generalized and progressive alveolar bone destruction leading to gingival recession with exposure of the tooth roots, and spontaneous tooth losses. The gingival mucosa was predominantly smooth, erithematous and slightly swollen. These aspects, although rare, may be the earliest signs of the disease and sometimes its only manifestation.
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Horne, Poppy E., Lyndie A. Foster Page, Jonathan W. Leichter, Ellie T. Knight, and W. Murray Thomson. "Psychosocial aspects of periodontal disease diagnosis and treatment: A qualitative study." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 47, no. 8 (June 22, 2020): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13309.
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Islam, AKMM, MM Rahman, M. Ullah, and L. Yeasmin. "Link between Periodontal Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: Bangladesh Perspective." Cardiovascular Journal 7, no. 1 (November 2, 2014): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v7i1.20800.
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an increasingly important medical and public healthproblem, and is the leading cause of mortality in Bangladesh. Besides conventional risk factors and ethnicity, a number of emerging risk factors may explain the undue prevalence of CAD in this population. Periodontal disease (PD) is one of them, with prevalence of approximately 50%. As with many other diseases, PD is associated with CAD, and the association is independent of conventional risk factors. Low socioeconomic condition, illiteracy and ignorance, metabolic syndrome, nutritional deficiencies including hypovitaminosis D presumably contribute to the prevalence of PD in Bangladesh. In fact, PD and CAD share some cardiometabolic risk factors including diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Future research will hopefully explore different aspects of both public health problems, namely, PD and CAD in the country. The information gathered thereby, will help formulate policy to promote good oral health and tackle the deadly epidemic of CAD more efficiently. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v7i1.20800 Cardiovasc. j. 2014; 7(1): 44-54
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Oz, Helieh S., and David A. Puleo. "Animal Models for Periodontal Disease." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/754857.
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Animal models and cell cultures have contributed new knowledge in biological sciences, including periodontology. Although cultured cells can be used to study physiological processes that occur during the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the complex host response fundamentally responsible for this disease cannot be reproducedin vitro. Among the animal kingdom, rodents, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been used to model human periodontitis, each with advantages and disadvantages. Periodontitis commonly has been induced by placing a bacterial plaque retentive ligature in the gingival sulcus around the molar teeth. In addition, alveolar bone loss has been induced by inoculation or injection of human oral bacteria (e.g.,Porphyromonas gingivalis) in different animal models. While animal models have provided a wide range of important data, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether the findings are applicable to humans. In addition, variability in host responses to bacterial infection among individuals contributes significantly to the expression of periodontal diseases. A practical and highly reproducible model that truly mimics the natural pathogenesis of human periodontal disease has yet to be developed.
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Saveleva, N. N., I. I. Sokolova, S. I. German, and T. V. Tomilina. "SOME ASPECTS OF THE EATIOLOGY OF PARODONTUS DISEASES. (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2018.13.
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The review of the scientific literature is devoted to the topical issues of studying the etiology of periodontal diseases, which are one of the most common and complex pathologies of the maxillofacial region.
 Analysis of recent studies proves a stable relationship between the development of periodontal diseases and disorders in the immune system, the neurohumoral system, metabolic disorders, genetic predisposition, and so on. The article presents the data obtained in the course of studying the literature on the role of disorders in the functioning of individual organs (gastrointestinal tract, liver, lungs, heart, and urinary system) in the development of chronic periodontal diseases. The article notes that the anatomical and physiological proximity of the periodontal and digestive tract tissues, the generality of innervation and humoral regulation create prerequisites for the involvement of periodontal disease in the pathological process in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the main etiological factors in the development of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and periodontium is Helicobacter pylori, which is found in the loci of the oral cavity: in the oral and gingival fluid, on the mucous membrane of the tongue and cheeks, and in the periodontal pockets.
 It is pointed out that the liver also occupies a special place in the development of periodontal diseases, which is explained by the performance of its significant functions for the human body: regulatory, metabolic, antitoxic and other.
 There is evidence that the pathology of periodontal disease plays a leading role in the structure of dental diseases in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, which is clinically manifested by symptoms of generalized periodontitis of the І-ІІ degrees of development and its complications - partial or complete secondary adentia, and with tooth preservation - defects in dental series and violations of occlusion, function, aesthetics.
 Scientists suggest a general biological mechanism for the development of generalized periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases, linking the development of periodontal diseases in patients with cardiovascular pathology with microcirculatory disorders.
 The dependence of the severity of inflammatory changes in the periodontal tissues on the disturbances of salt metabolism in urolithiasis is proved.
 The data obtained indicate that diseases of the internal organs contribute to the structural damage of periodontal tissues and they are a risk factor for periodontal diseases, which necessitate the presence of not only theoretical knowledge and practical skills in dentistry, but also their awareness of the features and clinical manifestations of somatic pathology. An urgent and justified step in the treatment of periodontal diseases is also the involvement in the process of rendering complex dental care to internist doctors capable of quickly and qualitatively assessment the condition of the internal organs and the basic systems of the patient's body.
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Matos, Jefferson, Alessandra Dossi Pinto, Kalenna Soriano Lage, Pedro Jacy Santos Diamantino, Guilherme Da Rocha Scalzer Lopes, and Valdir Cabral Andrade. "Interrelation between Diabetes Mellitus and periodontal disease: an integrative review." Journal of Dentistry & Public Health 9, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2596-3368dentistry.v9i3.2006.
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Introduction: In cases where there is an association of two or more diseases, it’s complex to improve individual’s well-being and quality of life, especially when these diseases have a bidirectional relation, as observed between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. Aim: The present study aims to review the literature on the relation between Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease, identifying the main aspects and pathognomonic characteristics.Conclusion:Due to the exposed in the literature on the interrelation of diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the subject, knowing that the interdisciplinary approach is very important for the patient to have a better quality of life.
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Sordi, Mariane Beatriz, Ricardo de Souza Magini, Layla Panahipour, and Reinhard Gruber. "Pyroptosis-Mediated Periodontal Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010372.
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Pyroptosis is a caspase-dependent process relevant to the understanding of beneficial host responses and medical conditions for which inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of the disease. Pyroptosis has been recently suggested as one of the pathways of exacerbated inflammation of periodontal tissues. Hence, this focused review aims to discuss pyroptosis as a pathological mechanism in the cause of periodontitis. The included articles presented similarities regarding methods, type of cells applied, and cell stimulation, as the outcomes also point to the same direction considering the cellular events. The collected data indicate that virulence factors present in the diseased periodontal tissues initiate the inflammasome route of tissue destruction with caspase activation, cleavage of gasdermin D, and secretion of interleukins IL-1β and IL-18. Consequently, removing periopathogens’ virulence factors that trigger pyroptosis is a potential strategy to combat periodontal disease and regain tissue homeostasis.
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Puzin, S. N., I. V. Pryanikov, N. B. Vanchenko, K. G. Karakov, and M. A. Shurgaya. "MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHRONIC GENERAL PARODONTITIS." Medical and Social Expert Evaluation and Rehabilitation 21, no. 3-4 (December 15, 2018): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9537-2018-21-3-4-129-133.
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A healthy smile is one of the main components of a person’s attractiveness, which makes it possible to improve the quality of communication with others in a personal and social aspect. Dental health depends on the state of the periodontal complex. The vast majority of people of different ages suffer from periodontal disease and seek dental care. The significant prevalence, the adverse effect of foci of periodontal infection on the body, the large loss of teeth cause both medical and social significance of this problem. In this regard, the tasks for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues are determined before the dentist. The treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis is a complex and lengthy process that requires a comprehensive approach from the dentist, finding new remedies and methods of treatment. The article presents the results of the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity using the drug “Galavit”. After the course of treatment, the index indicators reflected the achievement of positive dynamics. The content of the total aerobic and anaerobic microflora of the periodontal pockets was eliminated 1.5 - 2 times. In the comparison group in the dynamics of treatment to the end of therapy, there was a decrease in the number of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms to etiologically significant indicators. The results of the study indicate the superiority of the use of complex therapeutic measures with the use of the drug “Galavit” over the traditional treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. It is proposed for practicing dentists to use the drug in question in a complex scheme for the treatment of periodontal tissue diseases, since this drug has shown its high clinical efficacy.
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Hefti, Arthur F. "Periodontal Probing." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 8, no. 3 (July 1997): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411970080030601.
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For decades, probing clinical pocket depth and attachment level have been recognized as the dentist's most important tools in diagnosing periodontal health and disease. They are physical methods to measure the distance from the bottom of a pocket to a reference line, usually the gingival margin or the cemento-enamel junction. Probing accuracy and precision are affected by factors like the design of the probe, probing force, probe position, pocket depth, or tissue inflammation. Recently, several new electronic periodontal probes have been developed. They feature high instrument precision, allowing for measurements to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. They control for probing force and permit data to be collected and stored electronically. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize various aspects of periodontal probing. First, the history of periodontal probes will be briefly recollected, and interesting and significant inventions of the past and the present emphasized. Then, the importance of the periodontal tissues relative to probe tip penetration will be reviewed, and the probing performance will be discussed. The paper will conclude with notes on selected statistical issues.
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Sobocki, Bartosz Kamil, Charbel A. Basset, Bożena Bruhn-Olszewska, Paweł Olszewski, Olga Szot, Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Mateusz Guziak, Luigi Nibali, and Angelo Leone. "Molecular Mechanisms Leading from Periodontal Disease to Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020970.
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Periodontitis is prevalent in half of the adult population and raises critical health concerns as it has been recently associated with an increased risk of cancer. While information about the topic remains somewhat scarce, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanistic pathways promoting neoplasia in periodontitis patients is of fundamental importance. This manuscript presents the literature as well as a panel of tables and figures on the molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, two main oral pathogens in periodontitis pathology, involved in instigating tumorigenesis. We also present evidence for potential links between the RANKL–RANK signaling axis as well as circulating cytokines/leukocytes and carcinogenesis. Due to the nonconclusive data associating periodontitis and cancer reported in the case and cohort studies, we examine clinical trials relevant to the topic and summarize their outcome.
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Roudebush, Philip, Ellen Logan, and Fraser A. Hale. "Evidence-Based Veterinary Dentistry: A Systematic Review of Homecare for Prevention of Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875640502200101.
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Successful treatment and prevention of periodontal disease in pet animals requires a multidimensional approach to identify and eliminate exacerbating factors, provide scheduled professional examinations and care, and plan and implement a dental homecare program. Over the years, many therapeutic and preventive interventions have been developed or advocated for periodontal disease, but evidence of efficacy or effectiveness is highly variable. Accordingly, the main objective of this systematic review is to identify and critically appraise the evidence supporting various aspects of homecare for prevention of canine and feline periodontal disease.