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Herkert, James R. "Organochlorine Pesticides are not Implicated in the Decline of the Loggerhead Shrike." Condor 106, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.702.
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Abstract I compared pesticide levels in the eggs of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) collected from Illinois in 1995–1996 with those reported for the state in 1971–1972. Pesticides were detected in 19 of 21 (90%) eggs from 1995–1996. DDE was the most frequently detected pesticide, occurring in 17 of 21 eggs. DDT was the second most frequent pesticide detected and was found in nine eggs. Mean DDE levels in shrike eggs from 1995–1996 were 79% lower than in eggs from 1971–1972. Unlike most bird species for which pesticide levels are known to have been reduced (whose populations have tended to increase), Loggerhead Shrike populations have declined during the period in which pesticide levels within their eggs has been reduced. These data suggest that organochlorine pesticides are likely not driving current Loggerhead Shrike declines in Illinois. Los Pesticidas Organoclorados no Están Implicados en la Disminución de Lanius ludovicianus Resumen. Comparé los niveles de pesticidas en huevos de Lanius ludovicianus colectados en Illinois entre 1995 y 1996 con los niveles de pesticidas reportados para el estado entre 1971 y 1972. Se detectaron pesticidas en 19 de 21 huevos (90%) entre 1995 y 1996. El pesticida detectado con mayor frecuencia fue DDE, el cual se detectó en 17 de 21 huevos. DDT fue el insecticida detectado con la segundo mayor frecuencia, y fue encontrado en nueve huevos. Los niveles medios de DDE encontrados en los huevos de 1994– 1996 fueron un 79% más bajos que en huevos de 1971–1972. A diferencia de la mayoría de las especies de aves para las cuales se sabe que los niveles de pesticidas se han reducido (cuyas poblaciones han tendido a aumentar), las poblaciones de L. ludovicianus han disminuido durante el período en que los niveles de pesticidas hallados dentro de sus huevos han sido reducidos. Estos datos sugieren que probablemente los pesticidas organoclorados no están causando la disminución actual de las poblaciones de L. ludovicianus.
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Shu, Zen-hong. "PESTICIDES TOXICITY ON POLLEN GERMINATION OF `HADEN' MANGO (Mangifera indica L.)." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 497f—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.497f.
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It has been speculated for many years that crop yield diminution may be due to the possible adverse effects of pesticidal sprays during the blooming period on pollen germination and fruit set. To realize the toxicity of pesticides on the reproductive physiology of mango, pollen germination, both in vitro and in vivo, under the constrain of pesticides were conducted. The results showed that among all the pesticide tested, Lannate and Tamaron were the least toxic ones to mango pollens germinated on agar medium incorporated with pesticides. Pesticides when sprayed on the surface of germination medium had strong adverse effect on pollen germination. Except for Tamaron, the fertilization of mango flowers were extremely sensitive to pesticidal sprays 2 hours before or 4 hours after hand pollination. Fertilization and initial fruit set were not or less influenced by pesticides for flowers sprayed 24 hours after pollination.
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Netragaonkar, Anjali, Isha Tambolkar, and Dr Varsha Munde. "The Grave Health Concerns of Using (Rather Overusing) Pesticides." VIMS Health Science Journal 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46858/vimshsj.10107.
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Considering agricultural hub Indian farmers used pesticides as plant protection agent for boosting yield. Use of pesticides causes a range of human health problems like cancers and many others. Compared to the general population, who is exposed to substantially lower amounts of pesticide residues through food and water, agricultural worker have a higher risk of developing health issues as a result of pesticides. This article will not only enable the provision of key data about the carcinogenic risk related to the duration,type & degree of pesticidal exposure in all age groups, but will also aid in determining the risk of pesticidal residues in food & water which demand timely assessments.
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Anirudhan, Athira, George Chandy Mattethra, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Hamsa Jameel Banjer, Fuad M. Alzahrani, Ibrahim F. Halawani, Shankargouda Patil, Ashutosh Sharma, Prabu Paramasivam, and Shiek S. S. J. Ahmed. "Eleven Crucial Pesticides Appear to Regulate Key Genes That Link MPTP Mechanism to Cause Parkinson’s Disease through the Selective Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons." Brain Sciences 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13071003.
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Pesticides kill neurons, but the mechanism leading to selective dopaminergic loss in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is unknown. Understanding the pesticide’s effect on dopaminergic neurons (DA) can help to screen and treat PD. The critical uptake of pesticides by the membrane receptors at DA is hypothesized to activate a signaling cascade and accelerate degeneration. Using MPTP as a reference, we demonstrate the mechanisms of eleven crucial pesticides through molecular docking, protein networks, regulatory pathways, and prioritization of key pesticide-regulating proteins. Participants were recruited and grouped into control and PD based on clinical characteristics as well as pesticide traces in their blood plasma. Then, qPCR was used to measure pesticide-associated gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between groups. As a result of molecular docking, all eleven pesticides and the MPTP showed high binding efficiency against 274 membrane receptor proteins of DA. Further, the protein interaction networks showed activation of multiple signaling cascades through these receptors. Subsequent analysis revealed 31 biological pathways shared by all 11pesticides and MPTP that were overrepresented by 46 crucial proteins. Among these, CTNNB1, NDUFS6, and CAV1 were prioritized to show a significant change in gene expression in pesticide-exposed PD which guides toward therapy.
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Vutrianingsih, Nur Eka, Ikrimatuz Zulfa, and Jojok Mukono. "RISK FACTORS RELATED TO KARBAMAT PESTICIDE POISONING AND ORGANOPHOSPHATE IN RICE FARMERS IN MASANGAN VILLAGE KULON KABUPATEN SIDOARJO." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 15, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v15i2.2020.190-200.
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In the efforts to increase product of rice plant crops, the use of pesticides to excerminate pest can not be avoided. However rice plant farmers incline carry out spray of pestisides which abused impact can increase poison inciden of farmers. The objective of this research was to know about risk factors related to pesticide poison incidence because use carbamates pesticides and organophosphates pesticides in Masangan Kulon Village Subdistrict Sukodono District Sidoarjo. The type of this research is analytic observational with cross sectional approach. Sample of this research is 28 farmers. The collected data were analyzed analytically using Fisher Exact Test. The variable in this research were age, sex, educational level, length of work,the using Personal Protection Equipment, length of exposure, knowledge, total of kind pesticides, and management practices of pesticides. Checking cholinesterase enzyme value in the blood with Kinetic Photometric DGKC by BBLK of Surabaya.The result of this research showed as 2 farmers (7,1%) has pesticides’s poisoning. The result of statistic test showed there was no significant relationship between sex (p = 0,091), educational level (p = 0,553),length of work (p = 0,288), the using Personal Protection Equipment (p = 0,622), total of kind pesticides (p = 1,000), knowledge (p = 0,549), and management practices of pesticides (p = 1,000) with pesticides poisoning. There was significant relationship between age (p = 0,001) and length of exposure (p = 0,001) with pesticides poisoning. Conclution of this research counseling from relevant agencies about pesticides, periodic checking cholinesterase enzyme of farmers and observe pesticide sale distribution in village.Keywords : Pesticides, Carbamate and Organophosphate, Cholinesterase
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Yahya, Nur Adriana Aqirah, and Asheila AK Meramat. "Association Between Occupational Toxicity Exposure to Pesticides and Parkinson’s Disease Among Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 4, 2022): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.521.
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Despite being acknowledged globally as one of the primary environmental pollutants, pesticides appear as one of the toxic compounds that are available purposefully to be used in controlling pests and vectors, especially in agricultural areas [1]. Nevertheless, pesticides have been discovered to be associated with a broad scope of pathologies, especially with Parkinson’s disease (PD) Most previous studies could not determine a significant positive relationship due to the discrepancies in their methodologies. Based on data published by the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the proportion of citizens with PD in Malaysia is anticipated to grow five-fold by 2040, from an estimated 20,000 to 120,000 cases [2].
 
 Hence, this study is employed to deliver an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis regarding pesticide exposure and PD which will be based on the highest quality of evidence along with a broader extent of study designs that encompass cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies to identify the significant link between them. The objective of this study was to find out whether there is an increased risk of PD among adults with occupational exposure to pesticides and to determine the pesticides that are associated with PD.
 
 
 In formulating the research question, the P (population) E (exposure) C (control) O (outcome) model was used. The search was done from databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Science Direct. The key points used were as followed: “occupational” OR “professional” OR “work-related” OR “job-related” OR/AND “pesticidal” OR “pesticide's” OR “pesticides” OR “pesticide” AND “Parkinson disease” OR “Parkinsons disease” OR “Parkinson's disease” OR “Parkinson” OR “Parkinsons” OR “Parkinson’s”. Meta-analysis was directed by utilizing the Review Manager 5 software to inspect the data regarding work-related pesticide acquaintance and the development of Parkinson’s disease based on all included studies of selected characteristics.
 
 The systematic review encompassed 26 studies where 23 of them displayed a significant association between occupational exposures to pesticides that increased the risk of developing PD. The meta-analysis also supported the hypothesis of this study where work-related pesticide acquaintance showed 89% higher odds to develop PD [OR = 1.89, 95% CI (1.63 to 2.20)]. For specific types of pesticides, organophosphorus contact revealed the strongest association with 89% higher odds [OR = 1.89, 95% CI (1.35 to 2.64)] followed by insecticides contact with 86% higher odds [OR = 1.57, 95% CI (1.58 to 1.92)], organochlorine exposure with 71% higher odds [OR = 1.71, 95% CI (1.21 to 2.41)], fungicides acquaintance at 42% higher odds [OR = 1.42, 95% CI (1.33 to 1.51)] and herbicides contact with 23% higher odds [OR = 1.23, 95% CI (1.03 to 1.46)] to establish PD (Table 1).
 Overall, occupational pesticide contact exhibited an increased risk of PD with organophosphorus displaying the strongest association among other specific types of pesticide. The theory concerning the specific kind of pesticides that can lead to PD is inconsistent where it is immensely dependent upon their mechanism of toxicity and chemical composition as well as its explicit biochemical passageways which up until this moment is not yet being fully understood. Hence, the result of this study can supplement advanced knowledge in the literature where it can be utilized to govern further studies and implementations in the future to improve the safety and health of the workers who are involved with pesticides’ application day to day as well as the health of the public. Therefore, a safer class of pesticides may also be invented consequently. On the other hand, it may also aid in future studies to find out the specific biomarkers or reliable tools which can measure the causal relationship between pesticides’ acquaintance and PD more accurately. Thus, the forthcoming studies that can count on more unbiased and quantifiable approaches regarding the evaluation of pesticides’ acquaintance and PD must be fostered.
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Kazantsev, S. A., and I. E. Pamirsky. "Application of bioinformatics methods in pesticide research and development." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 53, no. 9 (October 22, 2023): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2023-9-7.
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The use of pesticides is accompanied by a number of environmental and agrotechnological problems. Many pesticides do not degrade and stay in the soil for years and have low selectivity. Massive application of pesticides with non-selective nature of action caused a gradual increase of resistance in pests due to persistent inherited changes in their DNA. This affects the efficiency of growing agricultural plants and pollution of the environment and food. Computational biology methods, which are actively developing all over the world, can help to solve this problem. Despite the fact that in Russia bioinformatics methods are used to study plant genes of animals, metagenomes of microorganisms, there are no own databases and specialized computer applications for such research and pesticide modernization. Development of domestic similar bioinformatics tools is also an urgent task. The article highlights the problem of creating new effective and environmentally friendly pesticides. The methods of bioinformatics that can be used in the research and development of pesticides are given. The stages of creating new pesticides by bioinformatics methods (review of databases, modeling of molecules, modeling of the interaction of a pesticide with a target, prediction of biological activity) are considered. A description is given of the methods for optimizing the molecular framework of pesticides, which is a change in the carbon skeleton in order to search for new active compounds and screen out many similar compounds in the chemical space. Foreign web resources used to assess the presence of pesticidal properties in substances, such as toxicity, metabolism and physico-chemical properties, and their subsequent registration as pesticides are given.
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Kosamu, Ishmael, Chikumbusko Kaonga, and Wells Utembe. "A Critical Review of the Status of Pesticide Exposure Management in Malawi." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 6727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186727.
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Pesticides pose a significant risk to humans and the environment. This paper analyzes the measures used to manage pesticides in Malawi. Malawi’s regulatory authority of pesticides, the Pesticides Control Board (PCB), faces a number of challenges including lack of facilities for analyzing pesticides and inadequate personnel to conduct risk assessment of pesticides. The PCB needs to provide access to information and opportunities among the public to make contributions regarding requirements, processes and policies for assessing pesticide risk and efficacy. There is also a need to enhance the capacity of PCB to assess pesticide poisoning in workers, monitor pesticide residues in food and environmental contamination, as well as to control the illegal importation and sale of pesticides. Just like in other countries such as South Africa, India and Sri Lanka, Malawi urgently needs to implement measures that can restrict the importation, production, sale and use of very toxic pesticides. Malawi also needs to develop measures for the effective management of pesticide waste containers as well as obsolete pesticides, where potential solutions include reducing the purchase of (unneeded) pesticides, treatment of obsolete pesticides in high-temperature cement kilns, as well as requesting pesticide dealers to adopt life-cycle management of their products.
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Anuj, Thapar, Zalawadia Aman, V. Pokharkar Omkar, and S. Satam Sahil. "Classification of pesticides and its damaging effects: a review." Biolife 4, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7309647.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, as a group, are most widely used insecticides in India. OP pesticides are generally used on fruits, vegetables, grains, and pasture seed, cotton, on livestock and domestic animals as well as for building pest control. Pesticides compounds represent an important class of pollutants for food, soil and surface water resources. These pesticides remain in the fruits and vegetables and cannot be removed even after washing which is very harmful and affects the human health, so to remove or neutralize these harmful pesticides some alternative action has to be taken or be implemented. Four pesticides mainly organophosphate pesticides namely chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, Malathion and monocrotophos are the most widely used pesticides used in vegetables and fruits especially brinjals and grapes. This paper helps in reviewing the impact of pesticides, its extent of danger, its effect in day to day life, measures taken to use pesticides and the precautions one should undertake while dealing with harmful pesticides. <strong>KEYWORDS</strong>: Pesticides, chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Dimethoate, toxicity, carcinogen. <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Anuj Thapar et al. (2016). Elimination of organophosphate pesticides from vegetables using chemical neutralizer:pesticides denatured from Solanum melongena L. (Brinjal) using BTMAC. <em>Biolife, 4</em>(1), 25-36. doi:10.17812/blj.2016.413. HS Bawasker et al. (2005). Organophosphorus Poisoning in Agricultural India. Editorial letter, 423. H. Liu et al. (2009). Removal of persistent organic pollutants from micro-polluted drinking water by tirolein embedded absorbent. <em>Bioresource Technology</em>, 2995-3002. M C Bruzzoniti et al. (2006). Determination of herbicide by solid phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in drinking water. <em>Analytical Chemica Acta </em>, 241-249. James Roberts et al. (2013). <em>Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.</em> California, United States Of America: Enivormental protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/recognition-and-management-pesticide-poisonings. Smegal. (2015, 10). Revised Human Health Risk Assessment on Chlorpyrifos. United States Of America. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/revised-human-health-risk-assessment-chlorpyrifos. Chritensen K et al. (2009). <em>Chlorpyrifos Technical Fact Sheet.</em> National pesticide information Center. M A Gallo et al. (1991). <em>Organic phosphorus pesticides.</em> New York: Academic Press. N J Lawryk et al. (1991). <em>Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology.</em> New York. <em>Hazardous Substance Data Bank</em>. (1995). Retrieved from National Institute of Health website: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/hsdb.htm [Elanco. (1992). <em>Material Safety Data Sheet: Dursban Insecticidal Chemical.</em> Retrieved from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/legisl/msdss.html. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. (1986). <em>American Conference of Governmental Industiral Hygienists, Inc.</em>, (pp. 5-48). Cincinnati . <em>Registration Standard for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products Containing Chlorpyrifos</em>. (2014). Retrieved from environmental protection agency Website. C D Tomlin et al. (2006). <em>The Pesticide Manual, A world Compendium.</em> 642-643. D J Blodgett et al. (2006). Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. <em>Small Animal Toxicology</em>, 941-953. J A Gervais et al. (2009). <em>Malathion Technical Fact Sheet.</em> National Pesticide Information Center . <em>Toxicological Profile for Malathion (2003).</em> Agency for toxic subtances and disease registry. <em>MSDS for Dimethoate(1991).</em> Seacaucus: Occupational Health Services, Inc. A Medicinia et al. (1982). <em>Effets of dimethoate.</em> R T Meister et al. (1992). <em>Farm chemicals Handbook.</em> Willoughby: Meister Publishing Company. W J Hayes et al. (1990). <em>Classes of Pesticides, Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology.</em> New York: Academic Press, Inc. Chunyan Sun et al. (2011). Photodegradation of organic pollutants catalyzed by iron species under visible light irradiation. B Kumari et al. (2003). Magnitude of Pesticidal Contamination in Winter Vegetables from Hisar,Haryana. <em>Environment Monitoring and Assesment</em>, 311-318. Niaz Ahmed Akhtera et al. (2003). Determination of the Organophosphorus Pesticide in Vegetables. <em>American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental sciences.</em>, 513-519. Performance of Multi-location Research Trials of Bt Brinjal Hybrids <em>(2007).</em> Varanasi: Indian institute of vegetable research. Krishna V. V. et al. (2008). Potential socio-economic impacts of Bt eggplant on economic surplus and farmers’ health in India. 167-180. N P Agnihotri. (2000). Pesticides consumption in agriculture in India. <em>Pesticides researech journal</em>, 150-155. Aman Zalawadia et al. (2016). Elimination of organophosphate pesticides from fruits using chemical neutralizer: pesticides denatured from <em>Vitis vinifera</em> (Grapes) using BTEAC <em>Biolife, 4</em>(1), 37-47.
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Nayak, Pragati, and Hitesh Solanki. "PESTICIDES AND INDIAN AGRICULTURE- A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 5 (June 4, 2021): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i5.2021.3930.
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Globally more than half of the pesticides are utilized in Asia. India stands 12th in pesticide use globally and 3rd in Asia after China and Turkey. In present study, the data of different types of pesticides, pesticide use pattern and detailed pesticide consumption of the India and world were collected, organized and summarized. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy providing employment and livelihood to nearly 70% of the total population. And pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture. Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture. However, insecticides form the highest share in total pesticide use in India. India share only1% of the global pesticide use. India has utilized around 58160 tonnes of pesticide in 2018. Per hectare application rate of pesticide was 0.31 kg in 2017. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of residues in both biotic and abiotic sections of the environment. The advance research and development in the field of bio-pesticides applications greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by the chemical synthetic insecticides residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. In India numerous bio-pesticides presently being developed may be exceptional replacements to chemical pesticides. There are many eco-friendly plant based and microbial bio-pesticides available in the market. Bio-pesticides consumption is only 8% in India. For sustainable agricultural development and to protect environment from adverse effect of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilization of bio-pesticides should be prompted.
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N. Sharma, S. Gautam, J. Sharma, A. Kalirajan, B. Sharma, S. Bhambhani, I. Sangwan, et al. "Pesticide Infestation in Soil: Current Trends and Environmentally Benign Mitigation Approach." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 31, Suppl (2025): S1—S9. https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2025.v31i01s.001.
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Chemical pesticides are often employed in agricultural fields in modern agriculture to boost crop output. These pesticides influence the activity and abundance of beneficial soil microbial communities, in addition to controlling insect pests. Chemical pesticides disrupt soil microbial activities, which may alter the soil’s ability to raise a crop. This has led to detrimental effects on soil ecosystem. With unprecedented use of pesticides, challenges related to bio-accumulation and bio-magnification has increased manifolds, which has necessitated pesticide removal by bio-degradation pathways. Pesticide degradation is influenced by a number of variables, including soil moisture, temperature, pH, pesticide composition and concentration. Insect pests and weeds in crops are effectively controlled with pesticides. This review examines pesticide associated risks, the mechanism of microbial degradation of pesticides, the factors that affect the degradation of pesticidesand the new pesticides due to the substantial threat that pesticide residues pose to the environment and human health.
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Gyawali, Kalpana. "Pesticide Uses and its Effects on Public Health and Environment." Journal of Health Promotion 6 (November 25, 2018): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v6i0.21801.
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Pesticide’s manufacture, use, storage and disposal should be strictly regulated to reduce its negative effects on environment and public health. The reports show that the pesticide use increasing every year globally and currently its national use in average is 0.39 kg a. i/ha. It has been found that the quantity of consumption of pesticide in Nepal in agricultural field is very low in comparison to the other countries of the globe but due to its haphazard use in some commodity and ignorance of waiting period after its application has increased the risk of the exposure of farm families to pesticides and intake of pesticides by consumers, which are becoming major health threat.Journal of Health Promotion Vol.6 2008, p.28-36
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Adje, U. D., and T. O. Aremu. "Evaluating Safety Practices Associated With Use of Household Pesticides: An Interventional Study in Kurmin Mashi Rural Community, Kaduna, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i2.14.
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Many households in developing countries routinely use pesticides without any safety considerations. The objective of this study was to determine types of pesticides and pesticide-use practices of the residents, to determine self-reported adverse effects resulting from pesticide use and to assess the impact of educational intervention on pesticide use behavior in the study area. Commercially available pesticide samples were collected from pesticide vendors in the area. Pre -tested questionnaires were distributed to 375 family heads. Data was expressed as frequency and percentages.Educational intervention on safe pesticide use was carried out. Pre and post intervention behavior were compared using paired t test. Relationship between demographic variables and pesticide use practices were explored using Chi Square statistics. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Prevalent pests were mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats, bedbugs, ants, termites, houseflies, ticks and scorpion. The major constituent of pesticides in this environment was Dichlorvos (DDVP). Many commercially available pesticides were unlabeled. Nearly half, 48.8% had used pesticides in the home. More than three quarters, 78.7% indicated that they read instructions before using pesticides. More than one third, 36% had experienced health problems attributed to pesticide use. Many locally available pesticides were unlabeled. Majority of labelled pesticides contained mainly Diclorvos (DDPV). Unsafe pesticide handling practices were common. The most common self -reported adverse effect was respiratory symptoms. Educational intervention increased in the proportion of respondents that used of non-chemical methods and adopted safer pesticide use practices.
 Keywords: Pesticides, Diclorvos (DDPV), Educational Intervention, Pharmacist, Nigeria
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Petruk, Roman, Yulia Bilichenko та Halyna Petruk. "Економічні розрахунки вибору методу утилізації пестицидів". Personality and environmental issues 1 (13 січня 2022): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2786-6033-2022-1(1)-42-46.
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Goal: is a brief analysis of the main ways of dealing with unusable pesticides and pesticide-containing wastes and facilities and substantiation of technical and economic parameters of processes of neutralization of unusable pesticides and hazardous waste, as well as establishment of the most optimal methods and ways of their utilization. To establish the most optimal methods and ways of utilization of pesticides and pesticide-containing waste, a financial and economic assessment of pesticide exports from Ukraine to processing plants in Europe was made, the cost of burning pesticides at specialized plants in Ukraine was calculated, the total cost of reclamation works was calculated. on recycling of pesticide containers. Methodology: To solve the tasks in the work used modern methods of scientific research: analysis - to summarize modern scientific and technical advances in the prevention of environmental pollution due to pesticides entering the environment; indication methods - for assessment of soil, water and air pollution; methods of reclamation of contaminated areas and incineration of pesticides; methods of analysis of gas mixtures, etc. Scientific novelty: for the first time scientific and methodological calculations of environmental safety parameters and management of unusable pesticides and pesticide-containing wastes, the essence of which is to take into account the main components of the cost of pesticide disposal and restoration of contaminated areas, including management actions for all components of pesticide territories and largely solve the problem of pesticide pollution. Conclusions: calculations of the cost of recycling various facilities that contain unusable pesticide-containing drugs and waste and established the most optimal methods and ways of recycling pesticides in Ukraine. A brief analysis of the main methods of handling unusable pesticides and pesticide-containing waste and facilities and substantiated the technical and economic parameters of the disposal of unusable pesticides and hazardous waste, as well as the most optimal methods and methods of their disposal.
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Collier, Richard H. "Pesticide Formulations: Microbial Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.1.85a.
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Jackson, Edwin R. "Pesticide Formulations: Organothiophosphorus Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 2 (March 1, 1986): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.2.227.
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Jackson, Edwin R. "Pesticide Formulations: Organothiophosphorus Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.2.266a.
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Oridupa, O. A. "Knowledge, attitude and perception of related toxicity of pesticide exposure in humans and animals in Ibadan, Nigeria." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i3.2.
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This study reported knowledge, attitude and perception of pesticide use among farmers to determine the level of farmers’ education on use and handling of pesticides. Data on pesticide types purchased were collected from pet-shops and agro-allied stores in three states in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to 100 farmers within Ibadan (Oyo State) to determine specific pesticides used, handling procedures adopted by farmers, protective measures employed and perception of toxic potentials of pesticides to human handlers and exposed animal. Survey reports showed majority used DDVP, 34% of farmers were uneducated, while 42%, 18% and 6% had primary, secondary and tertiary education, respectively. About 63.5% had been farming for 11-20years, 75% kept poultry while others kept sheep/goat and cattle. About 75% sought information from extension agents on pesticide use. The farmers were aware pesticides pose health hazards to animals but only 75% knew it could affect humans, 40% knew of pesticide withdrawal period with diverse opinions on route of pesticide poisoning. The study concluded that farmers and pet-owners in Southwest Nigeria use pesticides unethically and majority are unaware of toxicity and hazards of misuse and handling of pesticides, consequently exposing themselves and animals to hazardous and toxic pesticide levels. Legislations on pesticides enacted to prevent pesticide abuse should be enforced and awareness campaigns intensified to enlighten farmers and pet-owners on potential hazard pesticides pose to themselves, animals and environment. This would eventually prevent unnecessary exposure through misuse/mishandling of pesticides and create a safer ecosystem at large.
 Keywords: Attitude, Knowledge, Perception, Pesticide, Toxicity
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Brice, Kenko Nkontcheu Daniel, Patricia Asanga Bi Fai, Ngameni Tchamadeu Norbert, and Mpoame Mbida. "Environmental and Human Health Assessment in Relation to Pesticide Use by Local Farmers and the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC), Fako Division, South-West Cameroon." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 21 (July 31, 2017): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n21p454.
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Pesticides are widely used to reduce crop losses due to pests. This study (an initial part of a project on risk assessment and biomonitoring) deals with pesticide use patterns in the South-West, Cameroon. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was done using questionnaires randomly administered to 137 respondents. Twenty-one crops were recorded in the area with a total of 107 pesticides (60 active ingredients) used. Three illegally used pesticides were recorded (lindane, dimethoate and malathion). Application of pesticides in combination was quite common (42.3%). Pesticide application was mainly manual using a sprayer (96.4%) with 54% of users experiencing health problems post-application. Because of the lack of funding and training, 19.7% sprayed pesticides without protection. For the Restricted Entry Interval (REI), 43.1% entered the field in less than 12h after pesticide application. The correlation between the REI and the number of symptoms was negative and non-significant (R=-0.07, p≥0.05). The main place to store pesticides was the house (57.7%) with the exception of CDC where pesticides were kept in a pesticide store. Some respondents (54.7%) said they hadn’t received any training on pesticide application while 20.4 % of respondents failed to follow recommended doses. Surface water around farms was used by 62.1% of pesticides users for domestic purposes. Some farmers (46.7%) have once heard about pesticide related accident while 14.6% suffered from pesticide intoxication, the prevalence being significantly higher in males (p<0.05). Therefore, there is a need to regulate the pesticides sector, assess ecological risk and the bioaccumulation potential of these pesticides as well as their ability to hindrance water quality and biota.
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Astaykina, Angelika, Rostislav Streletskii, Mikhail Maslov, Svetlana Kazantseva, Elizabeth Karavanova, and Victor Gorbatov. "Novel Pesticide Risk Indicators for Aquatic Organisms and Earthworms." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081070.
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There are many approaches of pesticide risk assessment. Despite their variation in difficulty and information complexity, all of them are intended to predict the actual pesticide risk as accurately as possible, i.e., to predict the behavior and hazard of a pesticide in the environment with high precision. The aim of this study was to develop a risk indicator of pesticide’s negative impact on soil and aquatic organisms. The developed pesticide risk indicator constitutes the sum of points of acute toxicity exposure ratio, long-term toxicity exposure ratio, and the bioconcentration factor. To develop the indicator, mathematical models were used; the input data included the soil and climate conditions of a specific region. Combining the data of pesticide toxicity in the environment allowed for a more accurate risk assessment in terms of using plant protection products. The toxicity and behavior in soil and water of 200 widespread pesticides were studied. It could be concluded that a mathematical model, PEARL 4.4.4, calibrated for region-specific soil-climate conditions, provides a relevant description of the natural translocation and decomposition of pesticides in soils. In addition, the output data of this model can be applied to calculate the risk indicators. The combination of these parameters with pesticide toxicity for non-target groups of organisms allows the risk indicator to be a universal tool for predicting the negative impact of pesticides on the environment at the regional level.
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Rhamadini, Dhea, Fayza Meutia, Yusfida Mariatul Husna, Nafka Shafira, Firdus Firdus, Muhammad Nasir, and Alia Rizki. "Literature Review: Pesticide Residues on Vegetables in Indonesia." International Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2024): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59585/ijhs.v2i2.393.
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Pesticides are often used to control pests and improve the quality of agricultural products such as vegetables. However, excessive use of pesticides can leave residues on vegetables, which can harm the environment and human health. In addition, the Indonesian government's ban on using harmful pesticides on vegetables and the health risks associated with eating pesticide-contaminated food. Then strategies to manage pesticide residues, such as the use of organic fertilizers as pesticide substitutes, standardization of maximum limits of pesticide residues, monitoring pesticide residues, encouraging the use of pesticides separately, and training farmers. The conclusion in pesticide residues on vegetables is how important it is to manage pesticide residues on vegetables to maintain public safety and health.
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Ding, Xiuling, Apurbo Sarkar, Lipeng Li, Hua Li, and Qian Lu. "Effects of Market Incentives and Livelihood Dependence on Farmers’ Multi-Stage Pesticide Application Behavior—A Case Study of Four Provinces in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159431.
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Improvement in pesticide application and efficiency structure has long been recognized as having great significance in reducing pollution, ensuring food safety, and promoting green agricultural development. Based on theoretical analysis, using the survey data of 766 farmers in key tea areas in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Anhui provinces in China, the study empirically analyzes the influence of market incentives and livelihood dependence on farmers’ multi-stage pesticide application behavior. More specifically, the study employed ordered probit analysis to craft its findings. The dependent variable of this study is the multi-stage pesticide application problem of farmers, and the core independent variables are market incentives and livelihood dependence, and the judgment is based on the core variable coefficients of the econometric model of farmers at each stage. The study found the following: (i) Market incentives significantly prompted some farmers to give up synthetic pesticide application and farmers tend to choose green pesticides in the type of pesticide application. (ii) Livelihood dependence meant that the proportion of tea income significantly prompts farmers to apply pesticides, and also creates a tendency for farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides in the type of pesticide application. The planting period tends to have a moderate impact on applying green and low-toxic pesticides. (iii) The interaction term of market incentives and the proportion of tea income has no significant impact on farmers’ multi-stage pesticide application behavior. The interaction term of market incentives and planting years has impacted negatively on whether farmers apply pesticides, and has no significant impact on farmers’ choice of pesticide application types, but makes farmers increase the amount of green and low-toxic pesticides. (iv) The education level of the household head significantly promotes farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. Seemingly, the brand effect of pesticides significantly encourages farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. In external support, technical training significantly encourages farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. Furthermore, better infrastructure and local market conditions significantly encourage farmers to reduce the use of conventional pesticides.
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Tudi, Muyesaier, Hairong Li, Hongying Li, Li Wang, Jia Lyu, Linsheng Yang, Shuangmei Tong, et al. "Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application." Toxics 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060335.
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Pesticides play an important role in agricultural development. However, pesticide application can result in both acute and chronic human toxicities, and the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health remain a serious problem. There is therefore a need to discuss the application methods for pesticides, the routes of pesticide exposure, and the health risks posed by pesticide application. The health problems related to pesticide application and exposure in developing countries are of particular concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide scientific information for policymakers in order to allow the development of proper pesticide application technics and methods to minimize pesticide exposure and the adverse health effects on both applicators and communities. Studies indicate that there are four main pesticide application methods, including hydraulic spraying, backpack spraying, basal trunk spraying, and aerial spraying. Pesticide application methods are mainly selected by considering the habits of target pests, the characteristics of target sites, and the properties of pesticides. Humans are directly exposed to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and household activities and are indirectly exposed to pesticides via environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. Human exposure to pesticides occurs mainly through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes. People who are directly and/or indirectly exposed to pesticides may contract acute toxicity effects and chronic diseases. Although no segment of the general population is completely protected against exposure to pesticides and their potentially serious health effects, a disproportionate burden is shouldered by people in developing countries. Both deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessments have their advantages and disadvantages and both types of methods should be comprehensively implemented in research on exposure and human health risk assessment. Equipment for appropriate pesticide application is important for application efficiency to minimize the loss of spray solution as well as reduce pesticide residuals in the environment and adverse human health effects due to over-spraying and residues. Policymakers should implement various useful measures, such as integrated pest management (IPM) laws that prohibit the use of pesticides with high risks and the development of a national implementation plan (NIP) to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and on human health.
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Purnamasari, Widia, Moch Irfan Hadi, and Eva Agustina. "Kontaminasi Residu Pestisida Organofosfat di Dalam Tanaman Holtikultura." Biotropic : The Journal of Tropical Biology 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2020): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/biotropic.2020.4.2.98-110.
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Excessive use of organophosphate pesticides is becoming more common these days. This can affect the level of pesticide residues in farmers' crops. Excessive spraying of pesticides can result in environmental pollution both small and large scale. If excessive exposure to these pesticides can cause damage to the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of organophosphate pesticide residues found in horticulture plants. This research method is a systematic review, by analyzing various studies regarding the contamination of organophosphate pesticide residues in horticultural crops. There are 20 studies from within the country. The results obtained in the form of levels of pesticide residues that are still below the threshold of the BMR (Maximum Residue Limit) of pesticides determined by SNI. Two other studies show that no pesticide residue content was detected. Conclusion: This shows that the sample tested is still safe for consumption. Socialization and education about the doses of pesticide use and how to reduce levels of pesticides in horticultural crops are needed to reduce the risk of exposure to pesticides
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Ngegba, Patrick Maada, Gaofeng Cui, Muhammad Zaryab Khalid, and Guohua Zhong. "Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600.
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Pest management is being confronted with immense economic and environmental issues worldwide because of massive utilization and over-reliance on pesticides. The non-target toxicity, residual consequence, and challenging biodegradability of these synthetic pesticides have become a serious concern, which urgently requires the alternative and prompt adoption of sustainable and cost-effective pest control measures. Increasing attention in environmental safety has triggered interest in pest control approaches through eco-friendly plant-based pesticides. Botanical pesticidal constituents are effective against myriads of destructive pests and diseases. More importantly, they are widely available, inexpensive, accessible, rapidly biodegradable, and have little toxicity to beneficiary agents. The phytochemical compositions in diverse plant species are responsible for their varying mechanisms of action against pests and diseases. However, difficulties in their formulation and insufficient appropriate chemical data have led to a low level of acceptance and adoption globally. Therefore, the review seeks to highlight the status, phytochemical compositions, insecticidal mechanisms, and challenges of plant-based pesticide usage in sustainable agricultural production.
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Inoue, T., S. Ebise, A. Numabe, O. Nagafuchi, and Y. Matsui. "Runoff characteristics of particulate pesticides in a river from paddy fields." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0220.
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Runoff characteristics of particulate pesticides from paddy fields have been intensively observed in the Koise River in Japan. The 8 pesticides that are applied to paddy fields were analyzed in both particulate and dissolved forms. The concentrations and the detection frequencies of particulate pesticides were lower than those of dissolved pesticides. The particulate pesticide concentrations in the river water were evaluated based on the soil sorption coefficient, particulate organic carbon concentration, and dissolved pesticide concentrations. The particulate pesticide concentrations in the river were higher than evaluated concentrations because the paddy soil contained more pesticides than did suspended solids in the river water discharged during rain events, and because the desorption rates of pesticides were slow. In observations made during rains, the particulate pesticide concentrations increased with the increases in both the discharge rate and the concentrations of suspended solids. The particulate loading was slight compared with dissolved loading, but particulate pesticides may be influenced by enclosed areas such as a lake or estuary because under such conditions particulate matter settles vertically and the pesticide decomposition rate in sediment is slow compared with that in water.
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Shrestha, P., P. Koirala, and A. S. Tamrakar. "Knowledge, Practice and Use of Pesticides among Commercial Vegetable Growers of Dhading District, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 11 (September 16, 2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v11i0.3656.
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A field study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, practice and use of pesticides among thirty commercial vegetable growers of Dhading district of Nepal. More than four in five were using pesticides and more than one third were using it for more than six years. Nearly half of them spray pesticides five to six times. More than one-sixth pesticides used were extremely hazardous, which were barred for general agriculture use. Waiting period is less than four days for nearly two-third growers. More than three-forth know the adverse effect of pesticides and nearly half experienced symptoms of health hazards. Majority did not receive any official training on pesticides and nearly one-third doesn't read information available in pesticide label. Nearly half were not using Personal Protective Equipment during pesticide application. Nearly two-third throw pesticide container anywhere after using it. The finding of this study is oriented to the following recommendation: the need for awareness, education and training on the uses of pesticides to the farmers and effective monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables.Key words: Awareness; Health effects; IPM; Pesticides; VegetablesThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 11, 2010Page: 95-100Uploaded date: 16 September, 2010
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Santosh P., Supanekar, and Muniv Yojana S. "Sustainable Management of Pesticides." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.100.
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Pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest (insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, rats, etc.), including insecticide, herbicide, fungicide etc. used to control pests and to safeguard public health. Use of pesticide has secured the food production and enhanced the amount of produce. Once the pesticide enters in contact with the environment, its fate is determined by several natural processes (adsorption, degradation, erosion and leaching to groundwater). Of the total pesticides applied in agriculture, about 1-10% reach to the target plant, about 30% is lost in atmosphere, nearly 1-5% is lost due to runoff/surface erosion and roughly 1% is lost by leaching. Pesticides applied in the soil leaches up to 50 -100 %. Pesticide management reduces contamination of water from pesticides and foster effective and safe use of pesticides without causing degradation to the environment. This study provides an overview of pesticides on recent developments in sustainable management on strategies, practices and their effectiveness, core elements, principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and bio-pesticides in crop protection. This study recommends that during application of pesticides, guidelines approved by FAO and WHO (2014), from production to disposal of pesticides in the 'International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management' (4th version) should be strictly followed by government regulators, the private sector, civil society as a best practice in managing pesticides throughout their lifecycle.
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Budiyono, Budiyono, Suhartono Suhartono, and Apoina Kartini. "Types and Toxicity Levels of Pesticides: A Study of an Agricultural Area in Brebes Regency." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 15, no. 2 (April 29, 2023): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v15i2.2023.109-119.
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Introduction: Previous studies found that young children, children, pregnant women, and farmers are at risk of pesticide exposure. Organophosphate pesticides are detected in children’s urine, but other types of pesticides, their toxicity classification, and their toxicity level have not been identified. Hence, this study aims to identify types and toxicity levels of pesticides that are possible causes of health problems in an agricultural area. Methods: The population of the study were 1,017 households in two villages of an agricultural area of Brebes Regency, Indonesia. The data were collected from 166 participants using a cross-sectional design involving questionnaires to identify the characteristics of the respondents and observations to identify the pesticide, pesticide packaging, and pesticide residue in their houses. The toxicity levels of the pesticides were identified based on the pesticide toxicity classification recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Potential health problems due to pesticides were subsequently identified based on literature reviews. Results and Discussion: According to the results, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides were found in 30.7% of the respondents’ houses. The toxicity levels of the pesticides ranged from highly hazardous (Ib) to unlikely presenting acute hazard (U). The potential health problems due to pesticides varied from poisoning symptoms to genetic disorders and polymorphisms. Conclusion: There were three types of pesticides with toxicity levels ranging from highly hazardous to unlikely presenting acute hazard in the agricultural area in Brebes Regency
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Skaarup, Carina, Kirstine Wodschow, Denitza D. Voutchkova, Jörg Schullehner, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Helle Raun Andersen, Birgitte Hansen, and Annette Kjær Ersbøll. "Geographical Distribution and Pattern of Pesticides in Danish Drinking Water 2002–2018: Reducing Data Complexity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020823.
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Pesticides are a large and heterogenous group of chemicals with a complex geographic distribution in the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the geographic distribution of pesticides in Danish drinking water and identify potential patterns in the grouping of pesticides. Our data included 899,169 analyses of 167 pesticides and metabolites, of which 55 were identified above the detection limit. Pesticide patterns were defined by (1) pesticide groups based on chemical structure and pesticide–metabolite relations and (2) an exploratory factor analysis identifying underlying patterns of related pesticides within waterworks. The geographic distribution was evaluated by mapping the pesticide categories for groups and factor components, namely those detected, quantified, above quality standards, and not analysed. We identified five and seven factor components for the periods 2002–2011 and 2012–2018, respectively. In total, 16 pesticide groups were identified, of which six were representative in space and time with regards to the number of waterworks and analyses, namely benzothiazinone, benzonitriles, organophosphates, phenoxy herbicides, triazines, and triazinones. Pesticide mapping identified areas where multiple pesticides were detected, indicating areas with a higher pesticide burden. The results contribute to a better understanding of the pesticide pattern in Danish drinking water and may contribute to exposure assessments for future epidemiological studies.
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Globila Nurika, Reny Indrayani, Ana Islamiyah Syamila, and Dhuha Itsnanisa Adi. "MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 14, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v14i4.2022.265-281.
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Introduction: The use of pesticides not only has benefits for product growth but also causes problems with the entry of pesticide residues in the food chain to pollution to the environment. This study aims to formulate ways to reduce pesticide contamination in the environment and agricultural products. Discussion: This literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method using 35 articles 14 of which were published in the ScienceDirect database, 12 in the Proquest database, and 9 in the Pubmed database. Environmental pollution due to pesticides is caused by the behavior of spraying pesticides and disposing of used pesticides by farmers. Ways to reduce it are by measuring how much pesticide is needed, training to increase knowledge about agricultural practices in preparing the required dose, and regularly monitoring environmental quality. Pesticide residues can increase due to the application of pesticides at harvest, and they can be reduced by washing, peeling, and cooking processes. In addition, another proven effective way to reduce pesticide residues is using an electrolyzed water treatment, sonolytic ozonation, and ozonated water. Conclusion: The use of unsafe pesticides will harm the environment and endanger health through the food chain. Training for farmers to use pesticides properly is considered effective in reducing pesticide pollution in the environment. In addition, the reduction of pesticides in agricultural products can be done by washing, peeling, cooking (boil, boil and fry), electrolyzed water treatment, sonolytic ozonation, and ozonated water.
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Mazlan, Norida, Mohammed Ahmed, Farrah Melissa Muharam, and Md Amirul Alam. "Status of persistent organic pesticide residues in water and food and their effects on environment and farmers: a comprehensive review in Nigeria." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p2221.
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Pesticide helps to enhance agricultural production, however, it significantly affect both socio and environmental entities of a country. In Nigeria, pesticide is widely used, thus its traces have been detected in water, soil and air. Several studies have already indicated that most of the environmental ecology (air, water, and soil) in Nigeria has been contaminated by persistent organic pesticides like organochlorine and organophosphate. Other reasons of high pesticide residues present in Nigeria environment is due to inappropriate dosage applied of pesticides that leaves behind excess. However, its residues are found above safety levels in the air, water, and soil across the nation. Based on previous analysis, it is indicated that 125,000-130,000 metric ton pesticides are being applied annually in Nigeria. Despite banned of some pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane- and -Hexachlorocyclohexane, they are still being used by farmers in their agricultural production. Many of the Class 1 (high extremely toxic) pesticides are still being used in developing countries like Nigeria. Hence, there is need to sensitize and educate the general public especially the end-users (farmers) particularly on management practices of pesticides. Considering these entire hazardous situations, in this article the history of pesticide used in Nigeria has been reviewed in detail. The article also discussed the effects of pesticide use in Nigerian waters, soil and on crops. The risk of residual pesticide on agricultural workers, pesticide residue risk preventive measures by the Federal Government of Nigeria, banned and restricted pesticides in Nigeria, Nigerian Government and its efforts to eliminate persistent organic pesticides in use are also reviewed in details.
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Sanchi ID, Alhassan YJ, Abubakar S, Musa SY, and Abubakar H. "Evaluation of the impact of effective management practices in mitigating the toxicity symptoms of pesticides preparation and storage in Kebbi State, Nigeria." Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2021.1.2.0035.
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The study Evaluated the Impact of Effective Management Practices in Mitigating the Toxicity Symptoms of Pesticides Preparation, Storage and Application in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Structured Questionnaires were used to obtained information from the respondents. Descriptive statistics comprising frequency distribution tables and percentages and were used for Data Analysis. Likert scale was used to determine farmer’s perception on the toxicity symptoms of pesticides of pesticides preparation, storage and application employed by farmers when handling pesticides. The result of the study showed that majority of the respondents (90%) were male while female formed the minority in pesticide usage with only (10%). The study also showed that all the respondents (100%) were married and engaged in agricultural activities. The study further revealed that all the respondents never had any formal training on the use of pesticide from either governmental or non -governmental organizations. The research study also found out that all (100%) of the respondents were not aware of the toxicity of pesticides during preparation, storage and application. Likert Scale Analysis showed a negative perception by farmers on awareness of pesticide toxicity during preparation, storage and application. On perception of the respondents on the toxicity of pesticides during preparation, storage and application, the study revealed that Nausea, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Respiratory Difficulty, Skin Irritation, Rashes, Fever, Peeling of the Skin, Vomiting, and Headache were the serious toxicity effects of pesticide. It is concluded that respondents had negative perception on pesticide management of toxicity of pesticides during preparation, storage and application. It is therefore recommended that appropriate authorities should enforce the use of protective clothing, appropriate equipment and correct handling practices when using pesticides. Existing pesticide regulations and monitoring policies should be enforced. Government should also intensify efforts at registering and controlling distribution of pesticides and banning hazardous ones. It should also enforce the making of less toxic pesticides available to farmers.
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Li, Qiang, Ruotong Si, Sen Guo, Muhammad Ahmed Waqas, and Baogui Zhang. "Externalities of Pesticides and Their Internalization in the Wheat–Maize Cropping System—A Case Study in China’s Northern Plains." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 14, 2023): 12365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612365.
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When the production or use of a product imposes a cost or benefit on a third party, this is referred to as an externality. Externalities of pesticides are associated with social and environmental costs. However, there is still a lack of a systematic method for evaluating and internalizing the externalities of pesticides. This study utilizes the pesticide’s environmental impact quotient and environmental accounting methods to assess the external costs associated with pesticide usage in the winter-wheat–summer-maize cropping system in China’s northern plains, with a specific focus on the pesticide use in Botou City during the year 2020 as a case study. Additionally, we introduce the concept of the net external value of pesticides and propose a methodology for its internalization, aiming to quantify the external costs induced by pesticide usage and explore the possibility of integrating them into market transactions. The results showed that the total external costs of pesticide use are 423.9 USD ha−1, with a positive external value of 171.9 USD ha−1 and a net external value of −252.0 USD ha−1. The negative external costs associated with pesticide use outweigh the positive external values. External costs varied significantly according to environmental receptors, after retaining two significant figures: applicators accounted for 45% of the total external costs, followed by pickers (32%), consumers (11%), groundwater (4.5%), fish (3.9%), beneficial insects (1.7%), birds (1.3%), and bees (1.1%). The external costs of maize cultivation were 33% higher than those of wheat cultivation. The application of herbicides resulted in the highest external costs compared with fungicides and insecticides. Based on the internalization of the results, imposing an ecological tax on pesticide users is recommended, with rates of 3.29% for wheat and 6.76% for maize. This research contributes to sustainable agricultural development by providing valuable insights for farmers in selecting environmentally friendly pesticides and informing the implementation of ecological taxes on pesticide usage.
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Khirwar, M. S., and Nisha Singh. "Study the Contamination Level of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fruits During Summer Season." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 7, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps07.02.04.
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Fruits have nutritional value, but they can also be sources of toxic contaminants, such as pesticide residues. Pesticides used for fruit production results in increased health risks and health costs, humiliation of the environment and productivity loss. This research aimed to conduct to estimate presence of pesticide residues in summer season fruit purchase from local market. Pesticides were precisely detected in fruit samples collected from the market and the technique (GC-ECD) was used for analyzing and studying organochlorine pesticides in three fruits of the summer season, i.e., (plum, kiwi fruit and pineapple). The maximum residual limits (MRLs) values were compared with pesticide concentrations. In fruit sample, mean values of pesticide concentration residues were found. All fruits were found to be contaminated with pesticides. The concentrations of monitoring pesticides were less than the (MRL) values. However, the severe health problems may be created by the regular eating of pesticide infected fruits. It can be concluded that the periodical monitoring of fruits for pesticide residues is essential to evaluating their contamination grade and producing awareness on the health hazards involved in pesticide misuse.
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Boniface Ezea, Ifeanyi. "Microbial Pesticides and Inoculants Production - A Promising Technology to Chemical Pesticides." Archives of Ecotoxicology 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2024): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2024.6.1.17-21.
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The conventional agrochemical pesticides tend to be broad-spectrum products that impact many different kinds of organisms. These products allow farmers to control numerous pests with one agrochemical, but can also negatively impact other non-harmful species in the environment. Conventional chemical pesticides can also cause environmental pollution because of the residual chemical. Therefore, Microbial pesticides use microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans and yeasts. Microbes use the toxic metabolites produced to destroy and prevent the growth of pests.They also tend to decompose quickly and leave fewer residues on food and in the environment. Microbial pesticides tend to be highly targeted to specific pests. Because they are so targeted, they are generally considered to be more environmentally friendly than synthetic agrochemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a bacteria that is frequently employed as a microbial pesticide comes in a variety of strains and subspecies, and each one is capable of killing a single insect or a small number of closely related insect species while remaining harmless to other creatures (including people and animals). Nevertheless, this review discusses the media for microbial pesticide production, use of organic and inorganic carriers for microbial pesticide production, inoculation of the substrate for microbial pesticide production, use of microorganisms as microbial pesticides, culture techniques for microbial pesticides, and inoculants production, as well as the benefits of microbial pesticides over chemical pesticides.
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Evoy, Richard, and Laurel Kincl. "Evaluation of Pesticides Found in Oregon Cannabis from 2016 to 2017." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 7 (October 17, 2019): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz075.
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Abstract Pesticide use and worker exposures to pesticides in the US cannabis industry have not been studied due to cannabis being illegal at the federal level. Without knowing the types of pesticides being used in this industry, it is difficult to assess whether workers are being exposed to potentially dangerous pesticides. When recreational cannabis became legal in the state of Oregon in 2014, the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) published a list of recommended pesticides for use in the cannabis industry and developed the state's pesticide testing regulations for all cannabis products, medicinal and recreational. Using the state's pesticide testing data, the aim of this study was to investigate the types of pesticides being used in the Oregon cannabis industry and if they present a hazard to cannabis workers. Both recreational and medicinal cannabis samples contained high levels of residual pesticides and pesticides not legally allowed to be used on cannabis products. Medicinal cannabis products were found to have mean levels of residual pesticides that were 3–12 times higher than recreational products. Nine of the 50 pesticides identified were classified highly or extremely hazardous by the World Health Organization.
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Liu, Zhaoguo, Riya Jin, Yina Qiao, Jiaoqin Liu, Zengdi He, Mengye Jia, and Yu Jiang. "Influencing Factors, Kinetics, and Pathways of Pesticide Degradation by Chlorine Dioxide and Ozone: A Comparative Review." Applied Sciences 15, no. 9 (May 6, 2025): 5154. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095154.
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In agricultural production, pesticides play an important role in increasing crop yields. However, pesticide residues are caused by improper handling by users during the production process. Chlorine dioxide and ozone, as strong oxidants with similarity in spatial structure, effectively degrade pesticide residues and are widely used in water treatment and the food industry. In order to better understand the mechanism of chlorine dioxide and ozone on pesticides, the properties of chlorine dioxide and ozone are introduced in this review. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides were selected for this study, and the influencing factors, kinetics, and degradation pathways of degraded pesticides are presented. The degradation of pesticides by chlorine dioxide follows the second-order kinetic model, reacting with functional groups with high electron density in pesticides by electron transfer. Ozone selectively undergoes electrophilic reactions with pesticides in solution. In addition, when the reaction system is alkaline, ozone accelerates the decomposition to form hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which react with pesticides. Ozone degradation of pesticides satisfies the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. By comparing the mechanism of pesticide degradation by chlorine dioxide and ozone, this paper provides a theoretical basis for solving the problem of pesticide residues in the food industry and water treatment in the future.
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Fitriadi, Bayu Refindra, та Ayutia Ciptaningtyas Putri. "Dampak Aplikasi Pestisida Sipermetrin, Deltametrin, Klorpirifos dan λ-Sihalotrin Terhadap Kandungan Residu Pestisida pada Biji Kakao". Jurnal AGROSAINS dan TEKNOLOGI 4, № 1 (2 липня 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/jat.4.1.10-18.
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The use of various types of active ingredients with high intensity pesticides in dealing with pest disturbances often makes farmers pay less attention to the negative impacts. Deltamethrin, sipermetrin, λ-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos are active ingredients of pesticides that are often used by cocoa farmers to control pests Helopeltis sp. spp. which is one of the main pests in cocoa plants. Field tests on pesticide application were carried out on cocoa plants with Helopeltis sp. spp. High. This test was carried out on 4 treatment blocks applied with different active ingredients. Pesticide residue testing was carried out on cocoa beans, before and after pesticide application using the QuEChERS method on GC-ECD. The results of pesticide residue testing showed that the use of λ-cyhalothrin pesticides did not leave pesticide residues, while sipermetrin pesticides left far fewer pesticide residues compared to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticides. The results of these pesticide residues are compared to the Pesticide Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) according to the European Commission Part A of Annex I to Reg. 396/2005, shows the results of λ-cyhalothrin and cipermethrin pesticide residues test under pesticide MRL, while the results of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticide residue test are above the specified pesticide MRL.
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Hartini H, Oktiani Putri, and Vianey Yuliana Sitorus. "Education on the Impact of Pesticide Exposure on the Health of Vegetable Farmers." Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Bestari 1, no. 8 (December 1, 2022): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/jpmb.v1i8.1712.
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Pesticides are chemicals used in agriculture to prevent and eradicate plant pests that have the potential to interfere with agricultural output. Excessive use of pesticides without regard to applicable safety standards will have the opportunity to be directly exposed to dangerous pesticide active ingredients. This behavior can have a negative impact on health, one of which is pesticide poisoning. Most of the vegetable farmers in Garuda Sakti do not understand the dangers of pesticides, so education is needed about the impact of pesticides on health and the environment. This effort is made to increase farmers' understanding of the proper use of pesticides so as to prevent the adverse effects of pesticides.
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Sharma, DR, RB Thapa, HK Manandhar, SM Shrestha, and SB Pradhan. "Use Of Pesticides In Nepal And Impacts On Human Health And Environment." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 13 (February 10, 2013): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7590.
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Majority of the farmers are unaware of pesticide types, level of poisoning, safety precautions and potential hazards on health and environment. According to the latest estimate, the annual import of pesticides in Nepal is about 211t a.i. with 29.19% insecticides, 61.38% fungicides, 7.43% herbicides and 2% others. The gross sale value accounts US $ 3.05 million per year. Average pesticides use in Nepal is 142 g a.i./ha, which is very low as compared to other Asian counties. The focus of this paper is to analyze the use and application status of pesticides in Nepal to aware the society about adverse effects of chemical pesticides in the environment . Pesticidal misuse is being a serious concern mainly in the commercial pocket areas of agricultural production, where farmers are suffering from environmental pollution. Incidence of poisoning is also increasing because of intentional, incidental and occupational exposure. Toxic and environmentally persistent chemicals are being used as pesticides. Many studies showed that the chemical pollution of the environment has long-term effects on human life. It is therefore essential that manufacture, use, storage, transport and disposal of chemical pesticides be strictly regulated. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012, Page 67-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7590
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McQueen, D. A. R., A. Farenhorst, S. Allaire, and A. J. Cessna. "Automation and evaluation of three pesticide fate models for a national analysis of leaching risk in Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, Special Issue (March 1, 2007): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-065.
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Under the National Agri-Environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program (NAHARP), pesticide fate models are being used to develop an indicator of risk of water contamination by pesticides (IROWC-Pest) in Canada. The large number of model runs needed for a national analysis of the risk of pesticide leaching to ground water required the development of a computer program, AutoPFM (Automate Pesticide Fate Model), to automate the running of pesticide fate models. Using Manitoba as a test province, and the selected pesticide fate models PRZM, LEACHP, and MACRO, AutoPFM permitted the estimation of the leaching potential of the fourteen most used agricultural pesticides in Manitoba. Assuming an application rate of 300 g ha-1 for each pesticide, only six pesticides demonstrated leaching across most soil series. For these six pesticides, there was significant correlation in how PRZM and LEACHP ranked the leaching potential of 337 Manitoba soil series. Because of its long running times, the estimation of leaching potential with MACRO was limited to two pesticides (2,4-D and MCPA). For these pesticides, MACRO showed significant correlation with the PRZM and LEACHP in ranking the soil series. Based on the results described in this paper, PRZM was chosen as the pesticide leaching model for use in IROWC-Pest. Key words: Risk indicators, pesticide, PRZM, LEACHM, LEACHD, MACRO, model automation, leaching, soil
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Askri, Dalel, Edward A. Straw, Karim Arafah, Sébastien N. Voisin, Michel Bocquet, Mark J. F. Brown, and Philippe Bulet. "Parasite and Pesticide Impacts on the Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) Haemolymph Proteome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 11, 2023): 5384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065384.
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Pesticides pose a potential threat to bee health, especially in combination with other stressors, such as parasites. However, pesticide risk assessment tests pesticides in isolation from other stresses, i.e., on otherwise healthy bees. Through molecular analysis, the specific impacts of a pesticide or its interaction with another stressor can be elucidated. Molecular mass profiling by MALDI BeeTyping® was used on bee haemolymph to explore the signature of pesticidal and parasitic stressor impacts. This approach was complemented by bottom-up proteomics to investigate the modulation of the haemoproteome. We tested acute oral doses of three pesticides—glyphosate, Amistar and sulfoxaflor—on the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, alongside the gut parasite Crithidia bombi. We found no impact of any pesticide on parasite intensity and no impact of sulfoxaflor or glyphosate on survival or weight change. Amistar caused weight loss and 19–41% mortality. Haemoproteome analysis showed various protein dysregulations. The major pathways dysregulated were those involved in insect defences and immune responses, with Amistar having the strongest impact on these dysregulated pathways. Our results show that even when no response can be seen at a whole organism level, MALDI BeeTyping® can detect effects. Mass spectrometry analysis of bee haemolymph provides a pertinent tool to evaluate stressor impacts on bee health, even at the level of individuals.
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Liu, Ke, Zhenhong Qi, Li Tan, Caiyan Yang, and Canwei Hu. "Mixed Use of Chemical Pesticides and Biopesticides among Rice–Crayfish Integrated System Farmers in China: A Multivariate Probit Approach." Agriculture 13, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13081590.
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Biopesticides are perceived as a feasible alternative to chemical pesticides, providing an effective approach to pest management while mitigating the undesirable effects of chemical pesticide overuse. Yet, due to the distinctive attributes of the two types of pesticides, farmers often adopt a combination of both. This study aimed to probe the interdependent relationship underlying the mixed use of chemical pesticides and biopesticides by farmers in the rice–crayfish integrated system (RCIS) in Hubei province, China. We also sought to identify influencing factors and associated consequences of this practice. Given that the adoption of chemical pesticides and biopesticides by farmers is not mutually exclusive, a multivariable probit model was utilized to estimate simultaneous pesticide applications. Survey data from 736 RCIS farmers revealed that 10.50% of the sample farmers employ a combination of chemical pesticides and biopesticides. A substitution relationship was observed between the adoption of chemical pesticides and biopesticides by farmers, whereas no significant complementary relationship was found in the application of the two types of pesticides. The primary motivation for the mixed use of pesticides by farmers is to achieve superior pest control efficacy. Notably, when integrating the use of pesticides, farmers pay less attention to factors such as resource endowments and multiple production objectives. Further analysis indicated that farmers display significant concern for pesticide attributes including insecticidal efficacy, toxicity, insecticidal spectrum, and validity period. The mixed use of pesticides has resulted in a decreased frequency of pesticide application but has escalated the cost. While the mixed use of pesticides elevated the selling price of rice, no significant improvement was observed in yield and output value. The insights garnered from this study offer strategic implications for policymakers on how to enhance the judicious adoption of pesticides by farmers.
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Колупаева, В. Н. "Методы изучения миграции пестицидов: анализ, сравнение, рекомендации по использованию при оценке риска воздействия на грунтовые воды". Biosfera 14, № 3 (26 листопада 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v14i3.692.
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Groundwater pollution with pesticides has affected every country on every continent. An important challenge for researchers and regulatorу bodies in all countries is to develop methods and tools for predicting the risks to groundwater that are associated with pesticide use. In this paper, the generally accepted methods for studying pesticides migration are reviewed and analyzed from the point of view of their applicability for assessing the risk of pesticides impact on groundwater. Using examples, it is shown that the available methods may be divided into two categories, direct and indirect ones. The indirect methods (mobility indices and field studies of pesticide migration) make it possible to compare the migration ability of a pesticide molecule and to determine the depth of penetration of the pesticide into the soil. The direct methods (modeling, lysimetric studies, and monitoring) provide for the determination of pesticide concentrations in groundwater or groundwater leachate, which makes such methods useful in assessing the risk of pesticide use. Thus, by comparing the measured pesticide concentrations in water with acceptable threshold values, it is possible to determine the risk level of a pesticide. Examples of calculating the mobility indices indicate that their estimates differ from each other. Disadvantages of migration field experiments are related to analytical problems and to the short duration of a study. Modeling the migration of pesticides is an effective tool that makes it possible to quickly determine pesticides concentration of in water runoff and to identify the pesticides that can pollute groundwater under specific soil and climatic conditions. Calculations show that for 40 pesticides out of 180 licensed for use in the Russian Federation, their predicted concentrations exceed 1 µg/l. The second method that allows to directly determine concentrations in leachate is lysimetric experiments. A long-term study of the migration of 4 pesticides showed that all toxicants migrate beyond the soil profile. A third useful tool is pesticides monitoring in groundwater. Further development and dissemination of this method for controlling pesticides in groundwater is an important task for the regulatory authorities and the scientific community of the Russian Federation in the near future.
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Noghrehchi, Firouzeh, Andrew H. Dawson, Jacques Raubenheimer, Fahim Mohamed, Indika B. Gawarammana, Michael Eddleston, and Nicholas A. Buckley. "Restrictions on Pesticides and Deliberate Self-Poisoning in Sri Lanka." JAMA Network Open 7, no. 8 (August 6, 2024): e2426209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.26209.
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ImportanceDeliberate self-poisoning using pesticides as a means of suicide is an important public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Three highly toxic pesticides—dimethoate, fenthion, and paraquat—were removed from the market in Sri Lanka between 2008 and 2011. In 2015, less toxic pesticides (chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, carbofuran, and carbaryl) were restricted. Subsequent outcomes have not been well described.ObjectiveTo explore the association of pesticide bans with pesticide self-poisonings and in-hospital deaths.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study with an interrupted time series design, data were prospectively collected on all patients with deliberate self-poisonings presenting to 10 Sri Lankan hospitals between March 31, 2002, and December 31, 2019, and analyzed by aggregated types of poisoning. The correlates of pesticide bans were estimated within the pesticide group and on self-poisonings within other substance groups. The data analysis was performed between April 1, 2002, and December 31, 2019.ExposuresImplementation of 2 sets of pesticide bans.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were changes in hospital presentations and in-hospital deaths related to pesticide self-poisoning as measured using segmented Poisson regression.ResultsA total of 79 780 patients (median [IQR] age, 24 [18-34] years; 50.1% male) with self-poisoning from all causes were admitted to the study hospitals, with 29 389 poisonings (36.8%) due to pesticides. A total of 2859 patients died, 2084 (72.9%) of whom had ingested a pesticide. The first restrictions that targeted acutely toxic, highly hazardous pesticides were associated with an abrupt and sustained decline of the proportion of poisonings with pesticides (rate ratio [RR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.92) over the study period and increases in poisonings with medications (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21) and household and industrial chemicals (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.36). The overall case fatality of pesticides significantly decreased (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.26-0.42) following the implementation of the 2008 to 2011 restrictions of highly hazardous pesticides. Following the 2015 restrictions of low-toxicity pesticides, hospitalizations were unchanged, and the number of deaths increased (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.39-2.83).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings support the restriction of acutely toxic pesticides in resource-poor countries to help reduce hospitalization for and deaths from deliberate self-poisonings and caution against arbitrary bans of less toxic pesticides while more toxic pesticides remain available.
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Sakinah, Sugiyarto, and Any Suryantini. "Demand For Pesticides On Shallot Farming In Sanden Sub- District Bantul Regency." Journal of Agribusiness Management and Development 3, no. 1 (September 18, 2023): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jamadev.v3i1.2212.
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Sanden Sub-district is one of the shallots producing centers in Bantul Regency. The research objectives are: (1) to identify the type of pesticides used by shallot farmers and to calculate the cost structure of shallot farming; (2) to measure the variation of pesticide usage based on the growing season; (3) to analyze determinants of the demand for pesticides (4) to calculate the own price and cross-price elasticities of the demand for pesticides. The location and respondents of the research are chosen purposively and the research involves 35 shallot farmers. The descriptive method is used to identify the type of pesticide usage. Paired Sample t-test is used to test the pesticide usage difference between seasons. The ordinary Least Square (OLS) method is employed to analyze the factors affecting the demand for pesticides. The own-price and cross-price elasticities are determined based on regression coefficients. The result of the analysis shows that the type of pesticides consists of insecticide and fungicide, and the pesticide cost contributes 8-10% of the total production cost. The pesticide usage between seasons is statistically different. The results also show that the determinant factors of the demand for pesticides are the price of pesticides, the price of shallot, land size, and the wage of labor. Both insecticide and fungicide demand are elastic to price change.
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Chmil, V. D. "Problems of developing methods of analysis of pesticide formulations containing numerous active substances and matrices." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 60, no. 1 (June 20, 2024): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2024-60-1-23-37-45.
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Abstract. Aim. An assessment of the necessity and expediency of developing and using methods of the analysis of pesticide formulations containing numerous active substances and matrices. Materials and Methods. A review of the methods of analysis of pesticide products by the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) and the methods of analysis of numerous pesticides developed under the joint FAO/IAEA Programme. Conclusions. Proposals on the continuation of the CIPAC analysis methods application in national body decision-making process regarding the registration of pesticide formulations for their use in agricultural practice have been formulated. The methods of analysis of numerous pesticides should be used by national laboratories that control the quality of pesticide products. Keywords: pesticides, pesticide formulation, technical substance, active substance, multiple residues in food products, multiple residues determination methods.
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Sarker, Aniruddha, Do Kim, and Won-Tae Jeong. "Environmental Fate and Sustainable Management of Pesticides in Soils: A Critical Review Focusing on Sustainable Agriculture." Sustainability 16, no. 23 (December 7, 2024): 10741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310741.
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Pesticides are inevitable agrochemicals employed as plant protection agents and their application follows good agricultural practice (GAP). Although pesticides are primarily used for plant protection purposes, the residual pesticides may pose a threat to the next crops and/or off-target biota. Another important aspect of applied pesticides is the transformation into toxic metabolites. As a result, misuse or overuse of pesticides can lead to raised residual uncertainty, hidden risk of transformed metabolites, and potential risk to off-target biota. As per pesticide safety guidelines, regulations for the maximum limit of residual pesticides, addressing toxic metabolites derived from parent pesticides, and managing the potential risk of pesticides for off-targets are considered vital components. Despite the countable number of studies that have already been published on pesticide fate, residual risk, and metabolism in soils and plants, several vital research gaps remain untouched. In this study, the vital research gap of pesticide fate and transport is explored through vital keyword searches, followed by sorting of relevant articles using scholarly search engines. According to the study outcomes, residual uncertainty, secondary pollution, diversified fate and transport, and toxic metabolites, including their persistence, were detected as key research pitfalls. Thus, this paper critically addresses the current trends and research gaps and suggests specific recommendations for pesticide fate and potential risk studies.
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Fuhrimann, Samuel, Chenjie Wan, Elodie Blouzard, Adriana Veludo, Zelda Holtman, Shala Chetty-Mhlanga, Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie, et al. "Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010259.
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On the African continent, ongoing agriculture intensification is accompanied by the increasing use of pesticides, associated with environmental and public health concerns. Using a systematic literature review, we aimed to map current geographical research hotspots and gaps around environmental and public health risks research of agriculture pesticides in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies were included that collected primary data on past and current-used agricultural pesticides and assessed their environmental occurrence, related knowledge, attitude and practice, human exposure, and environmental or public health risks between 2006 and 2021. We identified 391 articles covering 469 study sites in 37 countries in SSA. Five geographical research hotspots were identified: two in South Africa, two in East Africa, and one in West Africa. Despite its ban for agricultural use, organochlorine was the most studied pesticide group (60%; 86% of studies included DDT). Current-used pesticides in agriculture were studied in 54% of the study sites (including insecticides (92%), herbicides (44%), and fungicides (35%)). Environmental samples were collected in 67% of the studies (e.g., water, aquatic species, sediment, agricultural produce, and air). In 38% of the studies, human subjects were investigated. Only few studies had a longitudinal design or assessed pesticide’s environmental risks; human biomarkers; dose-response in human subjects, including children and women; and interventions to reduce pesticide exposure. We established a research database that can help stakeholders to address research gaps, foster research collaboration between environmental and health dimensions, and work towards sustainable and safe agriculture systems in SSA.