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Dulay, G., E. Choy, T. Barnes, D. Chagadama, Z. Cole, A. Malaviya, S. Robinson et al. „SAT0609-HPR DELPHI CONSENSUS FOR THE OPTIMAL TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) PATIENTS“. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (Juni 2020): 1264.1–1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3256.
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Background:A significant proportion of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have additional considerations that must be taken into account for managing their disease.1These include; co-morbidities, extra-articular manifestations and poor prognostic factors.2-5Tailored management could reduce the burden on patients, the health system and wider society.The ‘complex’ RA patient group is ill-defined and no specific recommendations exist for their optimal management and treatment.Objectives:A group of UK Rheumatology experts aimed to provide a set of recommendations to support consistent and high quality management, grounded in current evidence, expert opinion and best practice.Methods:A steering group meeting identified priority topics associated with complex RA.Table 1.Topics for consensusTopicNo. of statementsDefinition of ‘complex’ RA from a medical perspective19Definition of patient factors that may contribute to ‘complex’ RA3Outcomes for RA patients with co-morbidities and/or extra articular manifestations5Prescribing options for ‘complex’ RA8Evidence vs. best practice requirements4Burden of ‘complex’ RA4TOTAL NUMBER OF STATEMENTS43For each topic, the group defined statements they all agreed with. Delphi methodology was used to ratify these statements with rheumatology peers.High levels of agreement (over 70%) were achieved in the first round, the group proceeded to formulate the recommendations.Figure 1.Responses received (n=163)Figure 2.Consensus Plot (total responses n=163)Conclusion:These recommendations are offered:Healthcare professionals (HCPs) should consider a patient’s complexity (including clinical co-morbidities, extra-articular manifestations and poor prognostic factors) prior to making treatment decisions;HCPs should take into account a patient’s psychosocial factors and health literacy prior to making treatment decisions;Patient specific outcomes for complex RA should always be proactively agreed with the individual and/or their carers;The local healthcare system should consider the overall costs of complex RA, beyond drug acquisition costs to allow flexibility of prescribing choices, as necessary in this group of patients;Local treatment pathways should reflect that treatments with particular modes of action are more suitable for individual patients with complex RA.Management of complex RA patients should extend beyond guidelines and recognise additional sources of evidence including; clinical studies, Real World Experience (RWE) and post-marketing surveillance.References:[1]Uhlig T, Moe RH, Kvien TK. The burden of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacoeconomics 2014;32:841–51[2]Dougados M, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:62–68.[3]Parodi M et al,Rheumatism, 2005, 57(3): 154-60.[4]Young A & Koduri G. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Oct;21(5):907-27.[5]Holroyd CR, et al. Rheumatology 2019;58:e3-e42Acknowledgments:Support for medical writing/editorial assistance, provided by Tim Warren at Triducive was funded by Roche Products Ltd. & Chugai Pharma Ltd. in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www.ismpp.org/gpp3).Disclosure of Interests:Gurdeep Dulay Grant/research support from: Educational grants to attend congress meetings/conferences from Roche, Chugai, UCB, Internis, Pfizer, Lilly, Sandoz, Consultant of: Honoraria for advisory board services from Roche, Chugai, Novartis, Speakers bureau: Speaker fees from Roche, Chugai, Novartis, Amgen, Lilly, Sandoz, Ernest Choy Grant/research support from: Amgen, Bio-Cancer, Chugai Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Novimmune, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chelsea Therapeutics, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Hospita, Ionis, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merrimack Pharmaceutical, Napp, Novartis, Novimmune, ObsEva, Pfizer, R-Pharm, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, SynAct Pharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Tonix, UCB, Speakers bureau: Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Theresa Barnes Consultant of: Ad boards for Roche, Actelion and Abbvie, Speakers bureau: Speaker for MSD, UCB, Pfizer, Abbvie, Actelion, Roche and BMS, Debbie Chagadama Consultant of: Roche, Chugai, BI, Speakers bureau: Roche, Chugai, BI, Zoe Cole Consultant of: Consultancy work for Roche, Lilly, Gilead, Abbvie, Pfizer, UCB, Speakers bureau: Lilly, BMS, Abbvie, Pfizer, UCB, Janssen, Anshuman Malaviya Consultant of: Roche, Chugai, MSD, Pfizer, Novartis, Lily, BMS, Speakers bureau: Roche, BMS, Pfizer, MSD, Sandra Robinson Consultant of: Eli Lilly for Education Nurse Meeting, David Walker Grant/research support from: Gilead, Consultant of: Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, Speakers bureau: Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, Chris Daly Employee of: Roche, Nicola Savill Employee of: Roche, Tim Warren Consultant of: Roche, Employee of: AstraZeneca, Nick Williams Shareholder of: MSD, Consultant of: Roche, Employee of: MSD
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McDonough, Randy P., Elizabeth S. Pithan, William R. Doucette und Michael J. Brownlee. „Marketing Pharmaceutical Care Services“. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996) 38, Nr. 6 (November 1998): 667–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1086-5802(16)30401-6.
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Bien, Timothy. „Developing Innovative Pharmaceutical Services“. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 8, Nr. 4 (26.09.1994): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v08n04_08.
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Joyce, George. „Consumer Patronage for Pharmaceutical Services“. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 3, Nr. 1 (27.10.1988): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v03n01_02.
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Shepherd, Marvin D. „Defining and Marketing Value Added Services“. American Pharmacy 35, Nr. 1 (Januar 1995): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-3450(16)33865-x.
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Smith, Harry. „Patron Experience and Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services“. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 7, Nr. 3 (07.06.1993): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v07n03_06.
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Holdford, David. „The Relative Importance Consumers Place on Pharmaceutical Services“. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 11, Nr. 4 (08.05.1997): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v11n04_05.
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Tootelian, Dennis. „Computer Applications for Marketing Services, Monitoring Patients“. American Pharmacy 32, Nr. 11 (November 1992): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-3450(15)30947-8.
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Smolynets, I. B., B. V. Gutyj, І. І. Khariv, O. Y. Petryshak und R. I. Lytvyn. „PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING: OBJECTIVES AND TYPES“. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, Nr. 2 (05.08.2016): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6929.
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Pharmaceutical marketing objectives and types depending on demand state are overviewed in this article. Pharmaceutical enterprise has always a certain idea of the desired level of market demand. In practice demand is not always in accordance with level that has been predicted. One can strictly outline eight situations that characterise the state of demand. Every such situation is in accordance with certain marketing managerial task and its types. Conversional marketing is related tomedicines’ negative demand and medical services availability, e.g. such kind of situation, when they cannot find their own buyer at substantial part of potential market. Stimulating marketing is related to demand absence, e.g. state, when potential market does not reveal (or almost does not reveal) interest towards concrete proposal. Marketing that develops is related to medicines demand, that is at the stage of formation (hidden demand). Potential (hidden) demand occurs when certain consumers part need real problem solving, that cannot remain satisfied with the medicines and medical services that are available at the market. Remarketing is related to medicines or medical services decreasing demand situation for a particular period of time, as a result of moral degradation, not consideration sale stimulation tools, advertising updates, and competition factors. Sync marketing (irregular marketing) is related to uneven demand, its fluctuation: seasonality (medicines against a cold,stomach–intestinal diseases and etc.); daily (pharmacies are more often attended during the weekdays, less – at the weekend); hourly (pharmacies are most often attended in a period of time from eight to eleven in the morning and from five to seven in the evening accordingly to research data). Supportive marketing is related to satisfied demand availability. Demarketing is related to surplus of demand, so medicines demand is higher than its supply (producing opportunities). Counteractive marketingis related to irrational (non rational) demand, with harmfulness in terms of health, consumer and society welfare. Market research provisions medicines demand study and projection, price analysis and rivals medicines, market capacity determination and enterprise’s share on it. Such kind of analysis assists to estimate market opportunities and determine attractive marketing activity direction, where enterprise can acquire competitive advantages
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Gaedeke, Ralph M., Dennis H. Tootelian und Eric E. Sanders. „Value of Services Provided by Pharmaceutical Companies“. Health Marketing Quarterly 17, Nr. 1 (September 1999): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j026v17n01_03.
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Fujii, T., T. Atsumi, N. Okamoto, N. Takahashi, N. Tamura, A. Nakajima, A. Nakajima et al. „AB0249 SAFETY OF BARICITINIB IN JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA): THE 2020 INTERIM REPORT FROM ALL-CASE POST MARKETING SURVEILLANCE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE“. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19.05.2021): 1150.1–1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.433.
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Background:An all-case post marketing surveillance (PMS) of baricitinib (Bari), that started in Sep 2017, collects safety and effectiveness for the first 24 wks of treatment and continues to collect serious adverse events (SAEs) for 3 yrs.Objectives:To evaluate Bari safety in RA patients (pt) in clinical practice.Methods:We report pt baseline demographics and adverse events (AEs) up to 24 wks for pts whose case report files for 24-wk data were completed as of Jun 2020.Results:Data from 3445 pts were analyzed (females=80%, mean age=64yr, mean RA duration 12yr). Bari dose regimen was as follows: 4mg, 60%, 2mg, 27%, 4mg→2mg, 5%, 2mg→4mg, 5%, and others, 2%. Concomitant use of MTX and glucocorticoid was 65% and 48%, respectively. 74% continued treatment for 24 wks. AE and SAE were recognized in 887 (26%) and 122 pts (4%), respectively. 6 pts died of pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, cerebral infarction/ILD/aspiration pneumonia, adenocarcinoma, and colorectal cancer. Major AEs were as follows: herpes zoster=3%, liver dysfunction=3%, serious infection=1%, anemia=1%, hyperlipidemia=1%, malignancy=0.3%, interstitial pneumonia=0.2%, MACE=0.1%, and VTE=0.1%.Conclusion:Data do not show new safety concerns and encourage guideline-compliant use of Bari.Disclosure of Interests:Takao Fujii Speakers bureau: Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Eisai Co. Ltd; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Consultant of: Asahikasei Pharma Corp, Grant/research support from: Asahikasei Pharma Corp; AbbVie Japan GK; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Eisai Co. Ltd; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tatsuya Atsumi Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Ltd; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.; Eisai Co. Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., UCB Japan Co. Ltd., Consultant of: AbbVie Japan GK; AstraZeneca plc.; Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd.; Medical & Biological Laboratories Co. Ltd.; Novartis Pharma K.K.; Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Pfizer Japan Inc., Grant/research support from: Astellas Pharma Inc., Alexion Inc.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Pfizer Japan Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nami Okamoto Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; Asahikasei Pharma Co.; AYUMI Pharmaceutical Co.Eisai Co. Ltd; Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Pfizer Japan Inc.Sanofi K.K.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Novartis Pharma Co.; Teijin Pharma Ltd.; Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nobunori Takahashi Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; Eisai Co. Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; UCB Japan Co. Ltd.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Bristol Myers Squibb Co. Ltd., Grant/research support from: Bristol Myers Squibb Co. Ltd., Naoto Tamura Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; Bristol Myers Squibb Co. Ltd.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Eisai Co. Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Glaxo Smith Kline K.K.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Novartis Pharma Co., Atsuo Nakajima: None declared, Ayako Nakajima Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; Actelion Pharmaceuticals Japan Ltd., Asahi Kasei Pharma Co., Astellas Pharma Inc., Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co., Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Glaxo Smith Kline K.K., Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co. Inc., Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Teijin Pharma Ltd., Grant/research support from: Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Pfizer Japan Inc., Hiroaki Matsuno Speakers bureau: Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Consultant of: Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Grant/research support from: Astellas Pharma Inc., Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K, Naoto Tsujimoto Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Atsushi Nishikawa Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Taeko Ishii Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Tsutomu Takeuchi Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK, Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co., Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Eisai Co., Ltd. Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Gilead Sciences, Inc. Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Novartis Pharma Co.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Sanofi K.K.; UCB Japan Co., Ltd., Consultant of: AbbVie Japan GK, Astellas Pharma, Inc.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Gilead Sciences, Inc.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Corp., Pfizer Japan Inc., Grant/research support from: AbbVie Japan GK, Asahikasei Pharma Corp., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., DNA Chip Research Inc.; Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Corp., UCB Japan Co., Ltd., Masataka Kuwana Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK, Astellas Pharma Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Co., Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Medical &Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Pfizer Japan Inc., Consultant of: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Corbus Pharmaceuticals Holdings, Inc.; Medical &Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd.; Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Grant/research support from: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Medical &Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Michiaki Takagi Speakers bureau: Yes, but sponsored lectures without COI in the academic meetings, only.
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Gore, Prasanna, und Suresh Madhavan. „Book Review: Marketing Pharmaceutical Services: Patron Loyalty, Satisfaction, and Preferences“. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1993): 1288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701029.
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Borba, Helena Hiemisch Lobo, und Denise Maria Woranovicz Carvalho. „Consumer behavior towards pharmaceutical services: a scoping review“. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, Nr. 8 (01.08.2020): 326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2523.
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The present study aimed to map the evidence on consumer’s behavior towards pharmaceutical services. A scoping review based on the PCC (Population, Concept, and Context) mnemonic was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. Population included consumers of pharmaceutical services, the concept referred to marketing/consumer behavior and the context to pharmaceutical services. Electronic searches were held on December 2019. Studies published in non-roman characters were excluded. A qualitative synthesis of the data extracted from included studies (i.e. author, country, study design, aims, patient/consumer profile, pharmaceutical services, marketing strategy, data analysis, conclusion) was performed. Electronic searches retrieved 1,215 articles that were screened by titles and abstracts. Of these, 31 studies were fully appraised, of which five fulfilled the inclusion criteria. One record was identified through manual search, totaling six included articles. All studies occurred within the scope of community pharmacy. The studies show that most consumers seek pharmacist’s orientation regarding over-the-counter drugs. Also, despite the expectations concerning pharmaceutical services, consumers exhibit distrust in pharmacists’ competence, which may hamper the seeking for pharmaceutical services. Hence, a marketing plan involving the knowledge of consumer's value along with the recognition of the consumer needs should be considered. Through this scoping review the available evidence on consumer’s behavior towards pharmaceutical services was mapped, elucidating consumer’s perceptions that motivate or prevent the seek for such services in the context of community pharmacies.
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Szeinbach, Sheryl L., James H. Barnes und Dewey D. Garner. „Use of pharmaceutical manufacturers' value-added services to build customer loyalty“. Journal of Business Research 40, Nr. 3 (November 1997): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-2963(96)00239-1.
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Percival, Mary-Elizabeth M., Megan Othus, Sarah Mirahsani, Kelda M. Gardner, Carole M. Shaw, Anna B. Halpern, Paul C. Hendrie et al. „Frequency, and Effect on Survival, of Ineligibility for Clinical Trials in Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia and High-Grade Myeloid Neoplasms“. Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13.11.2019): 3824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-130834.
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Introduction: Although National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines state "the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial," few adults with cancer participate in clinical trials. Consequently, ASCO and similar organizations have suggested modifications to eligibility criteria with the goal of increasing participation in clinical trials without a major increase in toxicity. Here we examine the effect of standard exclusion criteria on the ability to enroll patients with newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-grade myeloid neoplasms (≥10% blasts) on clinical trials. We compare survival outcomes of patients according to eligibility defined based on standard exclusion criteria. Methods: We identified 442 consecutive patients diagnosed with AML or high-grade myeloid neoplasms at the University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016 after approval by our Institutional Review Board. Pre-treatment characteristics were collected from our institutional database and medical records. Patients were considered "eligible" if they were ≥ 75 years of age, had performance status (PS) 0-2, GFR ≤ 60 ml/min, ALT ≤ twice the upper limit of normal, bilirubin ≤1.5mg/dl, no solid tumor diagnosed within two years preceding the diagnosis of AML/MDS, LVEF ≥ 49%, and no history of congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. Patients were classified as "ineligible" if they failed to meet at least one of these criteria. Results: 272 of our 442 patients (62%) received induction with intermediate or high intensity regimens, 23% received low intensity therapy, and 10% palliative care alone; treatment status was unknown in 6%. 207 patients (52% of those not electing palliative care) received treatment on a clinical trial. The same proportion were considered eligible, as defined above. Characteristics commonly associated with ineligibility were increased age (17%), decreased GFR (15%), and solid tumor within prior two years (14%). Univariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between ineligibility and male sex (p=0.013), secondary disease (p<0.001), higher treatment-related mortality score (p<0.001), and intensity of treatment (p<0.001). Multivariate analyses accounting for baseline covariates such as cytogenetics and age indicated the presence of one or more ineligibility factors was associated with significantly decreased overall survival [HR 1.75 (95% CI 1.32, 2.32)]. Discussion: Like observations in solid tumor patients (Lichtman et al, JCO 2017), we observed a high percentage (approximately half) of patients with newly diagnosed AML and high-grade myeloid neoplasms who had at least one characteristic that would make them ineligible to participate in typical clinical trials. Ineligibility was associated with decreased overall survival. Although this finding may have reflected the inability to enroll on clinical trials, it is at least equally plausible shorter survival would have been seen on trials compared to patients who were eligible and enrolled. The effects of exclusion criteria should be borne in mind when analyzing the results of clinical trials. Further clinical trials are needed for ineligible patients. One mechanism to ensure that ineligible patients would be studied would be the requirement by the FDA for a post-marketing study that would enroll patients not represented in the trials leading to approval, since these patients typically have few good options. Disclosures Percival: Pfizer Inc.: Research Funding; Nohla Therapeutics: Research Funding; Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Othus:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Glycomimetics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Gardner:AbbVie: Speakers Bureau. Halpern:Pfizer Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Bayer Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Becker:The France Foundation: Honoraria; Accordant Health Services/Caremark: Consultancy; AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Glycomimetics, Invivoscribe, JW Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Trovagene: Research Funding. Sorror:Advisory board participation and honorarium from JAZZ pharmaceuticals: Other: Mohamed Sorror, MD MSc Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center University of Washington . Walter:Argenx BVBA: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; BioLineRx: Consultancy; BiVictriX: Consultancy; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy; Boston Biomedical: Consultancy; Covagen: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Kite Pharma: Consultancy; New Link Genetics: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Race Oncology: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Agios: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Amphivena Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership; Aptevo Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Becker, Pamela S., Sylvia Chien, Timothy J. Martins, Andrew Herstein, Cody Hammer, Taylor Sekizaki, Vivian Oehler et al. „A Precision Medicine Approach Incorporating Both Molecular and In Vitro Functional Data to Treat Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia“. Blood 128, Nr. 22 (02.12.2016): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4043.4043.
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Abstract Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disorder such that each patient exhibits a unique pattern of mutations. Nevertheless, standard treatment approaches are largely used for all patients with the exception of those with the PML-RARA translocation or FLT3 mutations. We are conducting a feasibility study, "Individualized Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Acute Leukemia Based on Chemosensitivity and Genomics/Gene Expression Data" (NCT02551718). This abstract summarizes the results in the AML patients. . Methods: The primary objective of this trial is to test the feasibility of rapidly assessing patient cells using a high throughput assay for in vitro drug sensitivity with individual drugs and drug combinations and mutation profiling by next generation sequencing (NGS) of 194 genes (MyAML) to enable prompt initiation of optimal therapy. The secondary objective is to evaluate the response to the chosen therapy. The eligibility criteria include diagnosis of acute leukemia, age ≥ 3, relapsed after or refractory to 2 prior lines of therapy, ECOG ≤ 3, and adequate organ function. The high throughput screen (HTS) is performed at a core facility under CLIA. The custom Oncopanel1 contains 160 drugs and drug combinations, including FDA approved and investigational agents, targeted agents including kinase, mTOR, proteasome, HDAC and other inhibitors, and chemotherapy drugs including alkylators, purine analogs, topoisomerase inhibitors and others. Patient blood or marrow samples enriched for leukemia cells are analyzed for survival after a 72-hour exposure to 8 customized drug concentrations spanning 4 logs in duplicate in 384 well plates adherent to matrix protein. DNA and RNA are isolated from the same enriched cell fractions for NGS (MyAML) and RNAseq. MyAML analyzes genes at high depth, including breakpoint hotspot loci with optimized detection of large insertion and deletions and other structural variants found in AML. Results: Fourteen patients signed consent, and 11 AML patients were enrolled in the study to date. Seven patients had unfavorable and 4 intermediate cytogenetic risk. Four were primary refractory, 5 had antecedent hematologic disorder. The average number of prior regimens was 4 (range 2 to 6). Six patients had relapsed within ≤3 months after allogeneic transplant, prior to enrollment on this study. HTS results were obtained within an average of 5.5 days; mutation testing was obtained within an average of 13 days (range 9-17), return time after receipt at MyAML was on average 8 (range 7-12) days. Drug regimens were chosen within 1-2 weeks from testing. For 2 patients, treatment start was delayed by about one month to allow recovery from toxicity from prior therapy. For the other patients, treatment was initiated on average 7.8, median 8 (range 4-11) days from start of testing. Of 7 patients treated so far, the median overall survival was 171 days, range 70 to >289 days. Regimens chosen based on HTS results, mutation analysis, and ability to obtain FDA approved drugs off label included: bortezomib (B)/daunorubicin/cytarabine, romidepsin, B/azacitidine (Aza), B/idarubicin (2 patients),cladribine, omacetaxine (HHT) then HHT/cytarabine, B/Aza/sorafenib, gemcitabine, bortezomib, sorafenib. Mutation analysis revealed previously unknown potential targets in those patients, including ABL kinase, FLT3 ITD in 2 patients, and FLT3 TKD mutations that led to choice of treatment with imatinib, sorafenib, and investigational Flt3 inhibitor for 4 patients, respectively. Other potentially targetable mutations identified included IDH1/2, NRAS, KRAS, KIT, TP53, WT1, and others (Table). None of these very heavily pre-treated patients obtained a complete remission, but 3 remain alive > 1 yr post early relapse after allogeneic transplant. One patient's marrow exhibited decline in blasts from 82% to 24%, and all patients exhibited a decline in circulating blasts with the chosen treatments. Conclusion: This trial has proven that application of rapid molecular and functional screening to choice of treatment for patients with advanced acute myeloid leukemia is feasible. Direct comparison of this precision medicine approach to results obtained with standard trials is planned. These data and the responses and correlation with gene expression data will contribute to a future algorithm to optimize precision medicine approaches to leukemia therapy. Table Table. Disclosures Becker: JW Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding; Glycomimetics: Research Funding; Pfizer: Other: Scientific Steering Committee for a post marketing study; Amgen: Research Funding; CVS Caremark: Other: Accordant Health Services Medical Advisory Board; Abbvie: Research Funding; Invivoscribe: Honoraria. Patay:Invivoscribe, Inc: Consultancy. Carson:Invivoscribe, Inc: Employment. Radich:Novartis: Consultancy, Other: laboratory contract; Bristol-MyersSquibb: Consultancy; TwinStrand: Consultancy; ARIAD: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy.
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Stratton, Timothy. „Consumer and Pharmacist Attitudes Toward a Pharmaceutical Services Benefit for State University System Employees“. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 13, Nr. 1 (01.09.1999): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v13n01_05.
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Nau, David. „A Perceived Value Model for Explaining Patients' Intentions to Continue Use of Pharmaceutical Care Services“. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 14, Nr. 1 (01.09.2001): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v14n01_03.
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Sharma, Sanjay. „No More Free Lunches: Health and Human Services Weighs in on Pharmaceutical Marketing“. Evidence-Based Eye Care 4, Nr. 2 (April 2003): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132578-200304000-00004.
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Doucette, William R., und Randal P. McDonough. „Beyond the 4Ps: Using Relationship Marketing to Build Value and Demand for Pharmacy Services“. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996) 42, Nr. 2 (März 2002): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/108658002763508470.
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DICKOV, Veselin. „The aspect of brands and marketing development in pharmaceutical industry“. Acta medica Lituanica 19, Nr. 2 (01.06.2012): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v19i2.2315.
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The product is something made in a factory; a brand is something that is bought by the customer. A product can be copied by a competitor; a brand is unique. A product can be quickly outdated; a successful brand is timeless. Developing a successful brand yields numerous consumer benefits and also leads to easier accomplishment of market goals: reduced marketing costs due to high levels of brand recognition and express brand loyalty. The basic function of any trademark or brand is to make the product unique, different from others. A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.
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Kaburakis, Anastasios. „C.B.C. Distribution and Marketing, Inc., v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P., 505 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 2007)“. International Journal of Sport Communication 1, Nr. 2 (Juni 2008): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.1.2.241.
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CBC Distribution and Marketing, Inc. (CBC), operator of CDMsports.com (CDM), offering fantasy-sports products and services, brought this action against Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P. (MLBAM), to establish its right to use without license the names and, inherently crucial for fantasy-sports operators, statistical records of Major League Baseball (MLB) players. MLBAM, the interactive media and Internet company of MLB, counterclaimed that CBC’s fantasy-baseball products violated MLB players’ rights of publicity, which were licensed through the MLB Players’ Association (MLBPA) to MLBAM. The MLBPA intervened in the suit, joining in MLBAM’s claims and further asserting a breach-of-contract claim against CBC. The district court granted summary judgment to CBC—see C.B.C. Distribution and Marketing, Inc. v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P., 443 F. Supp. 2d 1077 (E.D. Mo. 2006)—and MLBAM and the MLBPA appealed.
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Aagaard, Lise. „Marketing of healthcare services in Denmark: the concept of misleading advertising“. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 42, Nr. 6 (13.08.2020): 1524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-020-01111-3.
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Xiaodong Kong, Sheldon, und JoAnn Stubbings. „Assessing the Economic Value of Pharmaceutical Products and Services“. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, Nr. 4 (August 1995): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800402.
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The evaluation of drug therapy in the US has undergone major transformations in the 20th century. Since 1962, the primary indicators for a drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been safety and efficacy. Due to increased public demand for value for money, the economic outcome (efficiency) has become the third objective (in addition to safety and efficacy) in the evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacoeconomic analyses identify, measure, and compare the costs and consequences of two or more programs from one or several perspectives, which provide explicit sets of criteria that may be useful in deciding among different uses for scarce resources. This article introduces the basic concepts and techniques in pharmacoeconomics including types of costs and benefits, perspective of analysis, discounting, efficacy and effectiveness, decision analysis, and sensitivity analysis. Four types of pharmacoeconomic analyses are discussed: cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-minimization analysis, and cost-utility analysis. Estimating costs is basically similar among the four types of analyses; the major difference is the outcome measure. In addition, cost-of-illness analysis is also discussed. Because cost-of-illness analysis examines the economic burden of an illness on society, it provides the baseline information for the other types of pharmacoeconomic analyses and marketing decision-making. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company
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Berry, Jim, und Aimee Coker. „Plant Development Services, Inc., Collaborates with Plant Originators in the Evaluation and Introduction of New Ornamental Plants“. HortScience 35, Nr. 4 (Juli 2000): 566C—566b. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.566c.
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Plant Development Services, Inc. (PDSI), was organized in 1996 for the purpose of research, development and the marketing of new innovative landscape plants. PDSI focuses on discovery, evaluation and production of new clones that are superior in horticultural qualities to current ones in our industry. Some superior horticultural traits that PDSI looks for are disease and insect resistance, heat and cold tolerance, superior foliage, form, or flower, ease of propagation and cultivation, and marketability. All new ornamental plant introductions orginate from small producers, private breeders, or from our own research. PDSI offers new plant discoveries a place and method of evaluation, legal protection services, production and marketing. Our method of evaluation includes propagation and cultivation and can take varying lengths of time to complete. On an average, it can take 3 to 5 years of evaluation before final selections are made. Once we have a high confidence level on a particular variety we enter them into university trials. We also offer public gardens these new plants for public exposure and evaluation. This has given us valuable feedback on the performance of these new cultivars in different areas of the country. This exposure has also turned into promotion. As people notice these new plants established and performing well in landscapes, they become confident to try the plants on their own, often talking about them and sometimes writing about them. If a plant is patented, the patent belongs to the breeder and typically PDSI is the managing partner making decisions on royalties, promotion, production, and licensing. Royalties fund our program and are paid on a per plant basis, not per size.
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Rosenbaum, Mark S., und German Contreras Ramírez. „Viewpoint: the role of cancer resource center services on men's health“. Journal of Services Marketing 33, Nr. 6 (03.12.2019): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-06-2018-0185.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework that clarifies the social supportive role of cancer resource center services in the lives of men with cancer and its impact on their perceived quality of life. Design/methodology/approach Personal reflections. Findings The authors put forth a conceptual framework which shows that men with cancer may perceive the availability of four types of social support from others present in a cancer resource center. The perceived availability of social support is posited to enhance their perceptions of their quality of life. Research limitations/implications The study yields propositions that may be empirically tested by services and health researchers in future studies. In addition, the research findings may not extend to terminally ill male cancer patients. Practical implications Given the health benefits associated with social support, health-care professionals, social workers and cancer center directors should encourage their male cancer patients to participate in cancer resource programing and activities. Social implications Cancer resource centers offer male cancer patients opportunities to enhance their quality of life beyond the use of pharmaceutical drugs or professional medical treatment. The health benefits may lower costs associated with medical expenses. Originality/value This study contributes to an emerging paradigm in services marketing. It is one of the first papers to focus on the socially supportive role that cancer resource center services may assume in the lives of men with cancer and those surviving the disease.
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Goodrich, Jonathan N., Linda J. Beasley und Grace E. Goodrich. „Pharmaceutical Production in Space? The Case of the USA“. Medicine, Science and the Law 29, Nr. 3 (Juli 1989): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900308.
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Globally, over $100 billion are spent annually on space goods and services. These include space shuttles, space stations (‘factories’), transportation into space and materials processing in space (MPS). Many countries are involved, such as the USA, USSR, Japan and China. A current, fascinating area of space commerce — albeit in its infancy — is the production in space of vital pharmaceuticals such as urokinase, interferon and Factor VIII. This article discusses space-based pharmaceutical production, marketing-related obstacles and other concerns in the USA.
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Tsarakhova, L. N., und I. L. Levkova. „MARKETING STUDIES OF ADDITIONAL SERVICES RENDERED IN PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA – ALANIA“. Pharmacy & Pharmacology 3, Nr. 6(13) (28.12.2015): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2015-3-6(13)-72-75.
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Mukaddas, Alwiyah, M. Sulaiman Zubair und Yusriadi Yusriadi. „Penerapan Asuhan Kefarmasian dan Media Sosial dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Apotek“. Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 5, Nr. 1 (14.02.2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30653/002.202051.243.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE AND SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING IN IMPROVING THE PHARMACY OMZET. A pharmacy is a place for pharmaceutical practice of pharmacists. Apotek Pendidikan Tadulako has three functions, which are education, social and business/profit functions. The purpose of this activity is to improve the pharmaceutical care, inventory management aspects, and marketing that affect to the increasing of pharmacy omzet. The solutions offered include the adding of a variety of non-drug supplies in the form of vaccines and home care medical devices, strengthening of pharmacists role in providing plenary services in the form of CIE (Consultation, Information, Education), establishing the cooperation with other health institutions, and implementing the social media marketing (SMM) ) includes Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube. The results of these activities have an impact on increasing the omzet of pharmacy every month. The follow-up plan is the application of an integrated Management Information System (SIM) and the application of internet-based marketing techniques with a website that is an online pharmacy.
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IOSIF, Alina Natalia, und Elena GURGU. „PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE ORGANIZATION OF EVENTS FOR THE PROMOTION OF PRODUCTS ON PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET IN ROMANIA“. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series 19, Nr. 3 (21.09.2019): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1935.
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For the purpose of writing this paper, we were motivated to choose this subject as it is a core part of the pharmaceutical companies' business strategy of promoting medicines. Regarding the importance of the research theme and the business environment, it is crucial that anyone connected to this business should realize the importance of organization, details, good deployment and impact of each event. In this respect, marketing can be seen as a true system of economic activities related to the programming of products and services that have the role of satisfying the requirements of current and potential consumers considerably, but is also linked to prices, promotion and distribution products or services. Having knowledges about how important is the marketing part of pharmaceutical market, taking in consideration the huge budgets that medical and pharmaceutical companies spend on the events organized in this domain, we consider that a company which is able to have a new approach and a new vision for the organization of events and sharing medical education to doctors and medical information to patients will have a big success.
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GURGU, Elena, und Ioan Aurelian STANESCU. „The strategy of promoting and selling medicines on the Romanian market“. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series 19, Nr. 4 (08.12.2019): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1944.
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For the purpose of writing this paper, I was motivated to choose this subject as it is a core part of the pharmaceutical companies' business strategy of promoting medicines. Regarding the importance of the research theme and the business environment, it is crucial that anyone connected to this business should realize the importance of organization, details, good deployment and impact of each event. In this respect, marketing can be seen as a true system of economic activities related to the programming of products and services that have the role of satisfying the requirements of current and potential consumers considerably, but is also linked to prices, promotion and distribution products or services. Having knowledges about how important is the marketing part of pharmaceutical market, taking in consideration the huge budgets that medical and pharmaceutical companies spend on the events organized in this domain, I consider that a company which is able to have a new approach and a new vision for the organization of events and sharing medical education to doctors and medical information to patients will have a big success.
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Prudnikov, Yuriy, und Anastasiya Nazarenko. „The role of content marketing in the promotion of medical goods and services“. Health Economics and Management Review 2, Nr. 1 (2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2021.1-02.
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The main purpose of the research is highlighting the role of quality medical content marketing, the main problems that arise in the implementation of content strategies on the example of modern Sumy medical institutions, providing recommendations for its improvement. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem indicates that the search for new marketing tools to inform and stimulate the purchase of customers about medical goods and services (passive demand) in the online sphere remains a very relevant topic. This is evidenced by the search for modern trends in the use of marketing in medicine, a comprehensive study of marketing technologies for managing activities in the health care system. At the same time, content marketing is considered as a tool for indirectly persuading the audience to make the decision necessary for the distributor, to choose his service. Investigation of the topic research on the role of marketing content in the promotion of medical goods and services in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: description of the benefits of using content marketing, the importance of compliance with legal requirements when advertising and filling sites and pages on social networks, presenting the results of content analysis of selected clinics, development of proposals to improve their content strategies. Methodological tools of the research methods included systematization of information based on the content analysis of official sites, social networks of selected medical institutions. The object of research is the chosen medical companies (public and private medical centers, dental clinics and medical pharmaceutical institutions), because namely they they are the most visited in the city, have a high level of competition, which means they should be interested in online promotion of services (especially during a pandemic). The research theoretically proves that content marketing is today an integral part of the promotion of medical institutions in the network, reveals the problem of insufficient understanding in the correct use of this tool by Sumy clinics.
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Ngah, Abdul Hafaz, T. Ramayah, Mohd Helmi Ali und Mohd Imran Khan. „Halal transportation adoption among pharmaceuticals and comestics manufacturers“. Journal of Islamic Marketing 11, Nr. 6 (18.11.2019): 1619–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-10-2018-0193.
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Purpose This study aims to identify the factors influencing the decision to the Halal transportation adoption among pharmaceuticals and cosmetics manufacturers. Design/methodology/approach Base on the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework, applying the purposive sampling method, data were gathered from questionnaires distributed to the participants of Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS) and Halal festival (Halfest). Out of 110 questionnaires distributed, only 97 data from 102 respondents could be used for further analysis. SMART-PLS 3.2.7 was used to analyze the data for this study using a structural equation modeling approach. Findings Perceived benefits, competitive pressure (COMP) and customer pressure were found to have a significant relationship with the intention to adopt Halal warehousing services, the organizational readiness was found to be a not significant factor in the adoption of Halal transportation. Top management attitudes (TMAs) moderate the positive relationship between COMP and the intention to adopt Halal transportation services. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on the Halal manufacturers in the pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industry who attended MIHAS and Halfest, which still not adopting Halal transportation activities. Practical implications The findings provide useful information to a better understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of Halal transportation among Malaysian Halal cosmetics and pharmaceutical manufacturers. Related parties such as the government, the Halal transport service providers and the customers could use these findings to plan further action to enhance the adoption of Halal transport adoption. Originality/value The study revealed the capability of the TOE framework to identify the factors influencing the decision to adopt Halal transportation among Malaysian Halal cosmetics and pharmaceutical manufacturers. TMA was found to have a moderation effect on the relationship between COMP and the intention to adopt Halal transportation.
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Ruiz-Alba, José L., Anabela Soares, Miguel A. Rodríguez-Molina und Dolores M. Frías-Jamilena. „Servitization strategies from customers’ perspective: the moderating role of co-creation“. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, Nr. 3 (01.04.2019): 628–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2017-0028.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the moderating role of co-creation in the implementation of servitization strategies in the pharmaceutical industry in a business-to-business (B-to-B) context. More specifically, this investigation explores the impact of different levels of services (base, intermediate and advanced) on servitization and on performance by using co-creation as a moderating factor. Design/methodology/approach A research framework was developed and empirically tested in the pharmaceutical sector. Data collection was conducted through the online distribution of questionnaires. The final sample included 219 pharmacy stores, and the data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings Main findings suggest that when the level of co-creation of the design of services is high, there are significant effects of servitization on firm performance. The moderating effect of co-creation is illustrated in regard to intermediate and advanced services, but results referring to the impact of intermediate services on servitization appear non-significant with a low degree of co-creation. No significant effects could be found for the impact of base services on performance and servitization for both high and low degrees of co-creation. Findings show an impact of advanced services on performance through the mediating effect of servitization when the degree of co-creation is high. Originality/value Most research concerning servitization has been done from the perspective of manufacturers and service providers. This study adds value to the literature because it was designed from a customer’s perspective. Moreover, it contributes towards the conceptualization of the servitization research strategy and business models in a B2B context. This is accomplished through the investigation of the moderating effect of co-creation on the impact of the different levels of services on servitization and on performance.
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Parmata, Uma Maheswari Devi, Sankara Rao B. und Rajashekhar B. „Measuring service quality in pharmaceutical supply chain – distributor’s perspective“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 10, Nr. 3 (05.09.2016): 258–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-07-2015-0035.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to contribute to the services marketing literature by developing a scale based on Parasuraman’s SERVQUAL scale for the measurement of distributor perceived service quality at the distributor–manufacturer interface of the pharmaceutical supply chain. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review and discussions with experts, a questionnaire was designed basing on the widely used service quality measurement scale (SERVQUAL). Personal survey was conducted among selected distributors spread over three major cities of the Indian pharmaceutical market. The study used the exploratory factor analysis to identify the critical factors of service quality followed by the confirmatory factor analysis (AMOS 20). Findings A valid scale with four dimensions – (reliability, assurance, responsiveness and communication) and 13 items for measuring the distributor perceived service quality was developed which also satisfied all the reliability and validity tests. The findings of the present study indicate that distributor perceived service quality has an effect on satisfaction. Practical implications The proposed scale is an attempt to explore the less researched area. This study will give further insights to researchers to measure service quality at different phases of the pharmaceutical supply chain. The study is limited to three cities; it can be extended to other regions of the country. This study will be helpful to the practicing managers to measure the service quality and improve the performance in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Social implications Service quality in pharmaceutical supply chain is very important, as it directly effects the health of the people, so the proposed scale can be used to control the quality of service. Originality/value The scale developed in this study can also be used for measuring distributor perceived service quality in other manufacturing sectors. This research provides direction and scope for further research to develop new concepts and models in measuring service quality in the supply chain.
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KAPLAN, BONNIE. „Selling Health Data“. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24, Nr. 3 (10.06.2015): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180114000589.
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Abstract:Two court cases that involve selling prescription data for pharmaceutical marketing affect biomedical informatics, patient and clinician privacy, and regulation. Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. et al. in the United States and R v. Department of Health, Ex Parte Source Informatics Ltd. in the United Kingdom concern privacy and health data protection, data de-identification and reidentification, drug detailing (marketing), commercial benefit from the required disclosure of personal information, clinician privacy and the duty of confidentiality, beneficial and unsavory uses of health data, regulating health technologies, and considering data as speech. Individuals should, at the very least, be aware of how data about them are collected and used. Taking account of how those data are used is needed so societal norms and law evolve ethically as new technologies affect health data privacy and protection.
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Harrop, Chris, John Read, Jim Geekie und Julia Renton. „An Independent Audit of Pharma Influence in Public Mental Health Trusts in England“. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 20, Nr. 3 (01.12.2018): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.20.3.156.
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Without data, many people may think pharmaceutical companies' influence over mental health services is negligible. We audited the marketing activities of, and payments to, drug companies in relation to public mental health services in England. Forty-three of 53 Trusts responded to Freedom-of-Information-Act requests. Trusts' policies varied in covering seven activities: from 86% (gifts) to 37% (leaflets). In practice, industry-sponsored training events (51%) and direct talks (40%) were common (averaging 36 events or talks per Trust annually). Only 22% of Trusts produced legally required Conflicts-of-Interests registers; and 14% had none. All 22 Trusts that reported which company received the largest share of their drug expenditure named the same company. On average, Trusts spent 44% of their drugs budget on long-acting injectable antipsychotics (13% to 77%) and 32% on brand name drugs (5%–74%). Five Trusts ban the Pharma marketing activities investigated. Independent post-qualification medical education, and marketing-bans, are needed to avoid over-medicalized practice.
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Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan, Dr. Tariq Iqbal Khan und Mr. Sheraz Ahmed. „Halal Products: Not Restricted to Food and its Marketing Opportunity in the Muslim World“. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 1, Nr. 4 (26.12.2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss4-2020(101-112).
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Halal refers to methods of producing goods & services in the manner allowed by Shariah or Islamic law, which invest besides food preparation and food products but also encompasses the production of pharmaceutical, Cosmetics, Garments & fashion, Tourism Practices and also services like tourism, finance & banking and many more. Halal not only a religious observance and obligation for Muslims but also has emerged as a powerful market force alike both for Muslims and non-Muslims, so gained an increasing acceptance among Muslims along with non-Muslim consumers. Halal is becoming a global symbol of a lifestyle choice and quality assurance choice has promoted values as economic and social justice, earth stewardship, social responsibility, and animal welfare have gained interest which is beyond religious compliance. The global halal market is 1.7 billion consumers and worth almost US$ 2.3 trillion. This paper has focused on items Muslims are using other than food.
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Alkhateeb, Fadi, und Ephantus Gaitho. „Vault Career Guide to Pharmaceutical Sales and Marketing: Get the Inside Scoop on Pharma Sales and Marketing Careers20111Carole S. Moussalli. Vault Career Guide to Pharmaceutical Sales and Marketing: Get the Inside Scoop on Pharma Sales and Marketing Careers. 2006. 196 pp., ISBN: 978‐1581313864 Vault Inc. New York, NY“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 5, Nr. 3 (06.09.2011): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506121111172239.
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Pop-Nikolov, Goran, Aleksandra Kapedanovska Nestorovska, Zorica Naumovska, Ljubica Suturkova und Zoran Sterjev. „Social media marketing of pharmacies across the Republic of North Macedonia“. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 66, Nr. 2 (2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2020.66.02.009.
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Internet marketing or digital marketing, is the fastest growing type of promotion for brands and companies to connect with potential customers. There are as many specializations within digital marketing as there are ways of interacting using digital media. This study evaluates and describes the usage of social media marketing as most common type of digital marketing used for self-promotion of the pharmacy sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. Social media marketing is raising brand awareness by engaging people in discussion online. The most popular platforms for social media marketing are Facebook and Instagram. For the purpose of the analysis, data from social network profiles Facebook and Instagram and from the websites of the 1000 pharmacies is used. This data includes: profile content, frequency of posts of health related articles and products, presence of relevant information and links to sites from which the content is shared, frequency of posting offers and sales at the pharmacy. The conducted research shows that the use of Internet as a digital marketing tool in Republic of North Macedonia is not sufficiently developed, especially when websites are used as a marketing tool for promotion of the pharmacy business and their services. The results show that Facebook as social media is used most frequently for posting health advices, promotion of new products and answering customer’s questions. Promotion of the professional pharmaceutical services is lower than the promotion of products. This leads to insufficient data for the implementation of the principles of evidence-based medicine in daily practice. Keywords: Internet marketing, digital marketing, social media marketing, promotion, pharmacies, Facebook, Instagram, website
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Ledford, Christy J. W. „Content Analysis of Internet Marketing Strategies: How Pharmaceutical Companies Communicate about Contraceptives with Consumers Online“. Social Marketing Quarterly 15, Nr. 1_suppl (März 2009): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000903038308.
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As the Internet has grown as a powerful source for consumer health information seekers, it has also become a commercial tool for marketing health products and services. Along with direct-to-consumer television and print advertising, websites present consumers with prescription drug options outside the context of the clinic. While consumers who encounter health product commercials in television and print are likely to recognize their promotional nature, when they seek health information on the Internet, the distinctions between marketing and health education may be blurred. Recognizing women as a primary target of this marketing, the social amplification of risk framework and elaboration likelihood model guided a content analysis of ten promotional contraceptive websites, sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. Overall, the websites promoted physiological advantages other than the effectiveness of the contraceptive itself, convenience, and the drugs' relative lower risk as compared to other forms of contraception. Websites presented risk information in text smaller than the majority of text and at the end of the webpage, requiring the user to scroll down to view the information. The websites also presented content and design strategies that social marketers can employ in the design of public health websites, such as the expert and peer sources presented, ethnic diversity of women depicted, and the plain language, nonbranded website addresses used.
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Strumolo, Adaline R. „Prescription Privacy: Federal Court Strikes Down New Hampshire Law Limiting Use of Prescription Data in Pharmaceutical Marketing - IMS Health, Inc. v. Ayotte“. American Journal of Law & Medicine 33, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2007): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800001611.
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Armando, Pedro D., Sonia A. Uema und Elena M. Vega. „Integration of Community pharmacy and pharmacists in primary health care policies in Argentina“. Pharmacy Practice 18, Nr. 4 (22.10.2020): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2173.
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Argentina is a federal republic with approximately 44 million people, divided into 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The health system is segmented into public, social security and private subsystems. The social security and private sectors cover more than 60% of the population. Total health expenditure in 2017 was 9.4% of gross domestic product. Primary health care (PHC) was considered as the principal strategy for universal coverage policy for health system reform in Latin America at the end of 20th century. The most remarkable characteristics of the Argentinian health system are its fragmentation and disorganization. An increase of public sector demands, due to a socioeconomic crisis, led to the subsequent collapse of the system, caused primarily by a sustained lack of investment. First care level decentralization to the Integral Health Service Delivery Networks (IHSDN) becomes the cornerstone of a PHC-based system. Pharmacists and community pharmacies are not formally mentioned in PHC policies or IHSDN. However, pharmacies are recognized as healthcare establishments as part of the first care level. Community pharmacists are the only health care professional whose profit comes from the margin on product sales. Contracts with social security and private insurances provide small margins which reduce the viability of community pharmacies. There is a preference by community pharmacies to diversify product sales instead of providing professional services. This is driven by marketing and economic pressures rather than patient care and health policies. Dispensing is the main professional activity followed by management of minor illness and associated product recommendations. Currently, there are no national practice guidelines or standard operating procedures for the provision of pharmaceutical services and there is no nationally agreed portfolio of services. National pharmacy organizations appear to have no official strategic statements or plans which would guide community pharmacies. There are some isolated experiences in community pharmacies and in public first care level pharmacies that demonstrate the possibilities and opportunities for implementing pharmaceutical services under the PHC approach. There is a real lack of integration of community pharmacies and pharmacists in the healthcare system.
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Kittilaksanawong, Wiboon, und Margaux Afanyan. „Uber technologies Inc.: re-entering the South Korean Taxi hailing service after the eviction“. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, Nr. 1 (26.03.2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2017-0070.
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Subject Area Competing in Emerging Markets; Internationalization of Service Firms; Global Marketing. Study level/applicability Senior undergraduate or graduate students in business schools. Case overview Uber first entered the South Korean taxi hailing service in Seoul in September 2013. In March 2015, the company shut down its operations after being charged for operating an illegal service. However, in January 2016, Uber decided to re-launch Uber’s premium service, UberBLACK after working with the city government. Given the country’s unique characteristics, was the decision to re-enter the market justifiable? Would Uber’s new strategies including partnering with a local company be sufficient? How could Uber gain more market share against its local powerful competitors? Expected learning Outcomes This case allows students to understand the challenges of internationalizing services of a global company in an emerging market that has strong national cultures and domestic preferences. The students will learn how to analyze the country and industry external environment as well as internal resources and capabilities to formulate the appropriate market entry strategies and to effectively implement them. The students will also learn the critical role of host country government and how to manage its relationship, the first- and second-mover advantages/disadvantages and the sustainability of innovative business models. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy
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Newman, Adina M. „Drug Trials, Doctors, and Developing Countries: Toward a Legal Definition of Informed Consent“. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, Nr. 3 (1996): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007192.
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Assume this hypothetical situation: an American pharmaceutical company, Maxwell Fisch Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Maxwell), wishes to perform clinical trials involving a new antipsychotic medication, Klezac. Klezac is in its third phase of the clinical stage of the drug research process. Once the testing is complete, Maxwell plans to submit a New Drug Application, the official request to begin marketing Klezac, to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The new drug is expected to receive FDA approval in 2 or more years. The company decides to shift its research and development activities to Z, a small, developing country. In doing so, Maxwell is following the course taken by numerous other drug companies who wish to take advantage of faster governmental approval in foreign sites and ensuing cheaper research costs.
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Maziarz, Richard T., Annie Guerin, Genevieve Gauthier, Julie Heroux, Maryia Zhdanava, Eric Q. Wu, Simu K. Thomas und Lei Chen. „Five-Year Direct Cost of Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Undergoing Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT): An Analysis from US Payers' Perspective“. Blood 126, Nr. 23 (03.12.2015): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.872.872.
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Abstract Background: Between 54%-85% of pediatric patients (pts) with ALL can be cured by definitive chemotherapy protocols. HSCT may be considered for high-risk pts after induction therapy or for refractory/relapsed pts. However, HSCT is recognized as a highly specialized, costly and resource intensive procedure requiring ongoing care over months to years. HSCT is associated with significant life-threatening complications with transplant related mortality of 20-30% and acute/chronic graft vs. host disease and infections. The objective of this study was to assess the economic burden up to 5 years of pediatric pts with ALL who received HSCT from the US commercial payers' perspective. Method: Pediatric pts (<18 years old) with ALL (ICD-9 CM codes 204.0x) who underwent an allogeneic HSCT ([ICD-9 CM] procedure codes 41.02, 41.03, 41.05, 41.06, 41.08) in the US (2002-2013) were identified from two large administrative claims databases. Selected pts were continuously enrolled in their healthcare plan for ≥6 months before and ≥1 month after the index date (i.e., the date the first HSCT procedure was recorded). Age and gender as of the index date and total healthcare costs (direct medical costs and pharmacy costs) during the 6 months preceding the index date were reported. The economic burden associated with HSCT was described by assessing the healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs over the following study periods: between the index date and the HSCT hospitalization discharge date, during the first 100 days following the index date, and, during the first, second, third, fourth and fifth years following the index date. For each period, the analyses were conducted among pts with continuous healthcare plan enrollment for that entire period. Healthcare costs reported reflect the costs reimbursed by US private payers for a pediatric pt with ALL who underwent HSCT. Costs were adjusted for inflation (based on the consumer price index for medical components) and reported as 2014 US dollars (USD). Results: A total of 209 pediatric ALL pts were identified. Mean age was 10 years and 43.1% of pts were female. The median follow-up period after the index date was 1.3 years. During the 6 months prior to the index date, pts incurred average total healthcare costs of $287,001. The median duration of the initial hospitalization for the HSCT was 41 days (interquartile range 32-55). Over the five years following the index date, results showed substantial HRU and costs associated with the HSCT. The most intensive HRU and highest healthcare costs were observed within the first year following the index date; pts had an average of 49 days with outpatient (OP) visits, 29 days with OP laboratory services, and 68 inpatient (IP) days corresponding to 3.10 IP admissions (including the hospitalization for the first HSCT) and incurred mean total healthcare costs of $683,099 (median of $511,021) (Figure 1 and 2). Costs associated with the first HSCT hospitalization represented 62.4% of the total costs incurred during the first year. Although a decreasing trend was observed over time, HRU and costs remained high; 28.8% of pts had at least one IP admission at year 2, 19.6% at year 3, 20.0% at year 4, and 6.7% at year 5 (Figure 1). The number of days with OP visits and the number of days with laboratory services also remained high over time (Figure 1). The average total healthcare cost was $104,584 (median of $21,877) at year 2, $79,092 (median of $11,000) at year 3, $106,334 (median of $10,426) at year 4 and, and $38,291 (median of $10,082) at year 5 (Figure 2). Our results also showed high variation in healthcare costs across pediatric pts following the index date; 29.4% of the total costs (over the entire sample) in year 1 were incurred by the 10% pts with the highest costs. Starting from the second year, the 10% of pts with the highest costs accounted for 61.3 to 76.6% of the total costs for each year, suggesting that a small proportion of pts still incur very high costs several years after HSCT. Conclusions: Healthcare resource utilization and direct costs associated with allogeneic HSCT are substantial with the first year direct cost alone of $683,099 with substantial costs over the following years. Further studies are needed to understand the humanistic and financial burden of HSCT for pediatric pts and their caregivers. Figure 1. HRU after Index Date Figure 1. HRU after Index Date Figure 2. Total Healthcare Costs after Index Date Figure 2. Total Healthcare Costs after Index Date Disclosures Maziarz: Athersys: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy. Guerin:GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Scientific Affairs, Janssen-Ortho, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Frosst Canada, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk Inc., Ogilvy Renault, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc., Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.,: Consultancy, Other: Annie Guerin is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; Pfizer Canada, Inc., RX&D, Sanofi, Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Annie Guerin is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; AbbVie Inc., Alcon Laboratories, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Celgene Corporation, Cempra Inc., Centocor Ortho Biotech, Cooley LLP, Cyberonics, Inc., DLA Piper, Eli Lilly & Company,Forest Laboratories, Inc., Genentech, Inc.,: Consultancy, Other: Annie Guerin is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations. Gauthier:AbbVie Inc., Celgene Corporation, Eli Lilly & Company, Genentech, Inc. ,GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Pfizer Canada, Inc., Sanofi, Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc.,: Consultancy, Other: Genevieve Gauthier is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.,Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Genevieve Gauthier is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations. Heroux:AbbVie Inc., Alcon Laboratories, Celgene Corporation, Genentech, Inc., Merck Frosst Canada, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Julie Heroux is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations. Zhdanava:AbbVie Inc., Genentech, Inc., Merck Frosst Canada, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation,Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Maryia Zhdanava is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations. Wu:Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Ortho McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi, Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc.,: Consultancy, Other: Eric Q Wu is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc., Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated: Consultancy, Other: Eric Q Wu is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc., Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Lilly Research Laboratories, McNeil Consumer & Specialty Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, LLC, Melinta Therapeutics, Inc., Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,: Consultancy, Other: Eric Q Wu is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; Celgene Corporation, Centocor Ortho Biotech, Cephalon, Inc., ConvaTec Inc., Corus Pharma, Inc., Eli Lilly & Company, Eli Lilly & Company, Ethicon, Inc., Forest Laboratories, Inc., Genentech, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Global Services, LLC,: Consultancy, Other: Eric Q Wu is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations; AbbVie Inc., Alcon Laboratory, Astellas Pharma Inc., Astellas Pharma US, Inc., AstraZeneca, Barger & Wolen LLP, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Biosense Webster, Inc., Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb C: Consultancy, Other: Eric Q Wu is an employee of Analysis Group Inc, which has received consultancy fees from the listed organizations. Thomas:Novartis: Employment. Chen:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Lei Chen is an employee of and owns stocks/options of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, the sponsor of this study.
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E. Schramm, Mary, Jennifer L. Herbst und Angela Mattie. „The False Claims Act: a review and policy recommendations“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 8, Nr. 3 (26.08.2014): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-04-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of the study is to review The False Claims Act (FCA) settlements and challenges facing the industry to suggest the motivation behind firms’ alleged fraudulent activity. FCA has been applied against pharmaceutical companies by the US Government to combat marketing fraud including kickbacks, improper pricing and off-label promotion. The interests of the US Government and medical professionals are also considered. Changes to the law governing pharmaceutical marketing practices are recommended. Design/methodology/approach – Cases settled under the FCA between 2005 and 2012 were identified by accessing the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Corporate Integrity Agreements Web site and annual reports and the quitamhelp.com Web site. Case details were collected from US Department of Justice press releases, DHHS annual reports, and case documents in the Public Access to Court Electronic Records database. Findings – Of the settled cases in the final sample, improper pricing practices were evident in 33 per cent of the cases; off-label promotion in 52 per cent; and both in 15 per cent of the cases. Forty-eight per cent of the alleged fraudulent marketing activity occurred within the brands’ first year and 68 per cent within the first two years on the market. Reported settlements ranged from US$4 million to US$4.3 billion. Originality/value – This research simultaneously considers business issues facing the pharmaceutical industry and alleged fraudulent marketing activity to recommend changes to the law governing drug promotion. Changes have the potential to improve the balance between the respective interests of industry, medicine and government and to improve compliance and patient care in the future.
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Dwivedi, Prabhat K. „Improvised model for BoP healthcare in India: lessons from NRHM“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 9, Nr. 3 (07.09.2015): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-08-2014-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an improvised sustainable health-care model by integrating best practices, innovations and new dimensions to the present public health-care system – National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) – for improving the health status of the bottom of pyramid (BoP) in India. Design/methodology/approach – The contribution of NRHM in ensuring the availability of health-care services and improving health indicators has been assessed. Some unique proven models of excellent health-care services and innovations have also been considered in designing an improvised health-care model. The empirical context takes the use of case study research methodology. The data have been extracted from various relevant papers, reports and websites. Findings – Despite substantial augmentation in health infrastructure and human resources, increased local engagement and technology integration, the progress in health indicators during the NRHM has not been fairly better than that before. The present paper provides an improvised model that integrates all the potential stakeholders such as Government, Private health-care services providers, pharmaceutical and insurance companies and BoP community itself to ensuring 5As rather than 4As (Prahalad, 2004) in rural health care. Research limitations/implications – This study has relied mainly upon the secondary sources of data and some published case studies. The model is a hypothetical framework designed exclusively for rural setups of India. Practical implications – The study shows the ways and invites all the stakeholders to come forward and build hybrid partnerships not only to develop society but also to develop sustainable BoP markets and earn profits. Originality/value – The paper brings forth the aspects of achievements and limitations of NRHM in improving BoP health status, and it develops an improvised model to achieve the BoP-health objectives.
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Tanizawa, Nao, Hideo Koh, Hiroshi Okamura, Koh Shiro, Satoru Nanno, Mitsutaka Nishimoto, Asao Hirose et al. „Pretransplant Risk Factors for Calcineurin Inhibitor-Induced Encephalopathy and Limbic Encephalitis Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation“. Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13.11.2019): 4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124264.
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Background: Central nervous system (CNS) complications after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) can be fatal. Although numerous studies have reported risk factors for CNS complications after allo-HCT, most defined CNS complication events as a composite endpoint, for example, composed of cerebrovascular disease, infection, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), and metabolic encephalopathy. For a more precise and targeted approach, risk factor analyses for each individual CNS event are needed. Few studies have reported risk factor analyses for individual CNS complications. They have included analyses for cerebrovascular disease, viral encephalitis, HHV6 encephalitis, and noninfectious neurologic complications. To our knowledge, no pretransplant risk factor analysis for calcineurin inhibitor-induced encephalopathy (CNIE) and limbic encephalitis (LE) has yet been reported. Method: We retrospectively examined consecutive patients who underwent allo-HCT at our institute between January 2005 and November 2017. CNIE was defined as a patient who exhibited clinical symptoms of PRES or neurological manifestations of thrombotic microangiopathy during cyclosporin A (CSA) or tacrolimus (TAC) administration. LE was defined as a patient who displayed selective medial temporal lobe involvement in brain MRIs. As a rule, HHV-6 DNA polymerase chain reaction was performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for LE cases. Results: A total of 485 patients between 16- and 69-years-old (median, 46 years) were eligible for this study. They received myeloablative (n = 292) or reduced-intensity conditioning (n = 193) for allo-HCT. Diagnoses included AML/ALL (n = 292), MDS (n = 59), NHL (n = 93), and others (n = 41). HLA allele typing was performed at HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1. Donor sources consisted of HLA-matched or -one allele mismatched sibling peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) (n = 98)/HLA matched unrelated donors (n = 93) (hereafter referred to as HLA-matched donors), HLA-mismatched unrelated BM (uBM; n = 36), umbilical cord blood (uCB; n = 110), haploidentical PB (n = 118), and allele unknown uBM (n = 30). A total of 33 CNS events were identified: 11 CNIE (33 %), 14 LE (42 %), 3 transverse myelitis (9.0 %), 2 drug encephalopathy (6.0 %), 1 aseptic meningitis (3.0 %), 1 fungal brain abscess (3.0 %), and 1 acute epidural hematoma (3.0 %). The median follow-up time among the survivors was 1836 days (range, 45-4860 days) after allo-HCT. By landmark time analysis, the prognosis of those with any CNS complications within 30 days was significantly worse than those who did not (1-year OS, 37.5 % vs. 55.4 %, Log-rank p = 0.011). A multivariable time-dependent Cox model revealed that CNS complications were an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (Hazard ratio (HR) 4.49, 95 % CI, 2.30-8.76, p < 0.001), adjusted for age and disease risk index. CNIE cases included 6 CSA-induced and 3 TAC-induced cases, of which 4 patients (44 %) were alive. In the multivariable Cox models, MDS (HR 9.4 (vs. AML/ALL), 95 % CI, 2.2-40, p = 0.002) and HLA-mismatched uBM (HR 16 (vs. HLA-matched donors), 95 % CI, 3.0-81, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with CNIE development. LE included 7 HHV6-negative (2 alive), 5 HHV6-positve (1 alive), and 2 unknown cases (1 alive). Eleven of these patients were treated by methylprednisolone pulse therapy; all patients responded partially or effectively and four patients (36 %) achieved complete remission. In the multivariable Cox models, HLA-mismatched uBM (HR 7.5 (vs. HLA-matched donors), 95 % CI, 1.2-45, p = 0.028) was significantly associated with LE development. Conclusion: CNS complications were found to be an independent risk factor for OS after allo-HCT, as reported previously. MDS and HLA-mismatched uBM were risk factors for CNIE; the former may be partly explained by the fact that a subset of MDS may be predisposed to vascular endothelial damage (e.g. vasculitis), since CNIE may be triggered by endothelial dysfunction caused by CNI. Moreover, HLA-mismatched uBM was a risk factor for LE. Experimental data revealed that major histocompatibility complex class 1 protein was expressed in hippocampal neurons; thus, the limbic system may be targeted by alloimmune reactions more frequently in HLA-mismatched uBM settings, regardless of whether HHV-6 reactivation occurs. Disclosures Koh: Alexion: Honoraria; DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY: Honoraria; MSD K.K: Honoraria; Takeda Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL: Honoraria; Takeda Science Foundation: Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Amgen Astellas BioPharma: Research Funding; Asahi Kasei Corporation: Research Funding; IQVIA Services Japan: Research Funding. Okamura:Eisai Co., Ltd: Honoraria; MSD K.K: Honoraria. Shiro:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria. Nanno:Eisai Co., Ltd.: Honoraria; MSD K.K: Honoraria; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Honoraria. Nakamae:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer Japan Inc.: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Alexion: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Japan Blood Products Organization: Honoraria; Kyowa-Hakko Kirin Co.,Ltd: Honoraria; Nippon Shinyaku: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shire Japan KK.: Honoraria; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Honoraria. Nakashima:Novartis: Honoraria; Kyowa-Hakko Kirin Co.,Ltd: Honoraria; Eisai Co.,Ltd: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene Corporation: Research Funding; Amgen Astellas BioPharma K.K.: Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie Inc.: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria. Nakane:Kyowa-Hakko Kirin Co.,Ltd: Honoraria; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Honoraria; DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED.,: Honoraria; Mundipharma K.K.: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.: Research Funding; MSD K. K,: Research Funding; Pfizer Japan Inc.: Research Funding; Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd: Research Funding. Hino:MSD: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Honoraria; Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Research Funding; Sumitomo Dainippon Parma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Nippon Shinyaku: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Other: Consulting fee, Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer Japan Inc: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria; Shire Japan KK: Honoraria; Kyowa-Hakko Kirin Co.,Ltd: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Consulting fee, Research Funding; Mochica Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Honoraria; Eisai: Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria; Japan Blood Products Organization: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Honoraria, Research Funding; Daichi-Sankyo: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas Pharma Inc: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas Amgen BioPharma: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Taiho Pharama: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd: Honoraria, Research Funding; Teijin: Research Funding; Alexion: Honoraria; Abbott: Research Funding. Nakamae:Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Honoraria; Skire Japan KK.: Honoraria; Pfizer Japan Inc.: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Nippon Shinyaku: Honoraria; Kwowa-Hakko kirin Co., Ltd.: Honoraria; Japan blood Products Organization: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Alexion: Honoraria.
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Holdford, David A. „Perspectives on the pharmacist’s “product”: a narrative review“. Pharmacy Practice 19, Nr. 2 (31.05.2021): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2430.
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Clarity about the pharmacist’s “product” is fundamental to developing and communicating the value of pharmacy offerings. It is clear within the profession that pharmacists use their scope of knowledge and technical skills to address medication-related needs of individuals and populations. However, confusion still remains in the professional and public literature about what a pharmacist precisely produces for society. Is it a drug, service, program, solution, or something else? As the profession evolves from one that focuses on dispensing drugs to a profession that seeks to achieve positive patient health outcomes, pharmacists need to better conceptualize and articulate what they produce. This narrative review explores ideas from the marketing, business strategy, and entrepreneurship literature to discuss diverse perspectives on the pharmacist’s product. The four perspectives are the product as (1) a tangible product, (2) an intangible service, (3) a “smart, connected” good or service, and (4) a solution to a customer problem in whatever form provided. Based upon these perspectives, the pharmacist’s product can be any combination of tangible or intangible, face-to-face or virtual offering produced by pharmacists that seeks to satisfy medication-related needs and wants of pharmacy patients and customers. Ideas discussed in this review include the total product concept, classification schemes from the services marketing literature, the theory of service-dominant logic, the concepts of “smart, connected” products and industrialized intimacy, and the jobs-to-be-done framework. These various perspectives offer lessons for pharmacists on how to innovate when serving patients and customers and to communicate the pharmacist’s value proposition to the people they serve.