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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Phéophycinées – Teneur en substances radioactives“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Phéophycinées – Teneur en substances radioactives"
Zerbini, Micol. „Impact des métaux radioactifs sur les écosystèmes marins : spéciation in vivo et mécanismes moléculaires de leur accumulation par les algues brunes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ5013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLegacy radioactive waste, primarily from the early development of the nuclear industry and weapon test, has resulted in significant environmental contamination. Oceans, covering 70% of Earth's surface, serve as the primary reservoir for pollutants, including metallic radionuclides, which pose a threat for both marine organisms and human health. Studies on the biochemical mechanisms driving the accumulation of radioelements remain limited and underexplored, particularly in ecologically relevant organisms such as brown algae, which are widely used as biomonitoring species. This thesis investigates the accumulation of radionuclides in Ascophyllum nodosum, a brown macroalga selected for its ecological relevance and its ability to bioaccumulate metal ions. The study focuses on uranium, a naturally occurring actinide, americium, an anthropogenic derived element and europium, used as a chemical surrogate for americium. This work addresses three key questions: how radionuclides are bioaccumulated, where they are localized within the alga and which biomolecules are responsible for their uptake. A multi-scale mechanistic approach at the macroscopic, cellular and molecular levels was developed, combining biokinetic studies, imaging, and speciation analyses. A biokinetic study of radionuclide accumulation and release by the alga was conducted through contamination experiments with concentrations ranging from 10-4 M for U(VI), 10-7 M for Eu (III), to 10-12 M for Am (III). For uranium, contamination studies revealed active bioaccumulation in living algae, with compartmentalization across tissues. Receptacles (reproductive organs) exhibited the highest uranium accumulation (Concentration Factor - CF ~ 49), while branches and thallus retained minimal amounts. For americium and europium, the biokinetic study revealed consistent trends, confirming that europium can be used in this context as an analogue for americium. Unlike uranium, europium showed homogeneous accumulation across algal tissues (CF ~1100). At the microscopic scale, advanced imaging tools were used to map uranium distribution within algal tissues. Superficial absorption was observed in the thallus, branches and male receptacles, while localized areas of high uranium concentration were detected in the egg cells of female conceptacles.At the molecular scale, speciation studies using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) revealed that uranium forms uranyl-alginate complexes in the branches and uranyl-phosphate complexes (pseudo-autunite) in the male receptacles, likely influenced by surface bacteria. In female receptacles, uranium appears to be chelated by phosphorylated proteins, highlighting distinct gender-specific sequestration mechanisms. For europium and, by extension, americium, speciation analyses identified europium-carboxylate complexes, suggesting that polysaccharides may act as potential chelating agents in algal tissues.This thesis enhances our understanding of radionuclide behavior in marine ecosystems and provides insights into the bioaccumulation mechanisms employed by brown macroalgae. The findings highlight potential applications for monitoring and remediating pollution by radioactive metals
Besson, Benoit. „Sensibilité radioécologique des zones de prairies permanentes“. Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA2048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe project “SENSIB" of the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) aims at characterizing and classifying parameters with significant impact on the transfer of radioactive contaminants in the environment. This thesis is focused on permanent grassland areas. Its objectives are the analysis of the activity variations of two artificial radionuclides in the chain from soil to dairy products as well as the categorization of ecological and anthropogenic parameters, which determine the sensitivity of the studied area. For this study, in situ sampling is carried out in 15 farms in 3 different French regions (Charente, Puy-de-Dome and Jura). The sampling sites are chosen according to their natural variations (geology, attitude and climate) and the soil types. Additionally to the radiologic measurements, geographic, soil and vegetation data as well as data concerning cattle-rearing and cheese manufacturing processes are gathered. […] A nonlinear approach based on a discretization method of the transfer factor with multiple comparison tests admits a classification of the sensitivity factors from soil to grass vegetation. We can determine 20 factors interfering in the CS transfer into the vegetation, for instance, the clay rate of the soils or a marker for soil particles adhered on vegetation. Cs transfers into milk depend on the clay rate of the vegetation sample and on the cattle feed. […]
Dechery, Fabien. „Simulations optiques pour le projet S3 - Super Spectromètre Séparateur - et Première spectroscopie prompte gamma-électron en coïncidence d'un noyau transfermium : le Mendélévium-251“. Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077265.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn analogy with the atomic closed shells giving rise to the stability and high ionisation energies of noble gases, nuclear physics also has "magic" numbers of protons and neutrons which enhance nuclear structure stability. Knowledge of the structure of doubly-magic nuclei, both proton and neutron numbers, is crucial to parameterize theoretical models. The discovery of the next and ultimate magic numbers will provide a strong constraint on the many predictions. These two numbers are like the centre coordinates of an area of enhanced stability of the nuclear chart, well known as "island of stability". These "superheavy" nuclei only exist due to pure quantum shell effects. My thesis work deals with two distinct, but complementary, aspects of fundamental physics with the common goal of studying these extreme mass nuclei structure. The first part corresponds to the development of a next generation instrument for nuclear physics to allow synthesis and spectroscopy studies of superheavy nuclei: the Super Separator Spectrometer S3. This project will be installed at SPIRAL2 (GANIL) and has been approved by the French Research National Agency (ANR) within the EQUIPEX framework. It has been designed to take advantage of the high intensity heavy ion beam from the LINAC, giving access to a wide range of physical programs. The second part corresponds to the preparation, realisation and analysis of an experiment on 251-Mendelevium in which the very first prompt gamma-electron coincidence spectroscopy was performed for a transfermium nuclei
Guérin, Guillaume. „Modélisationet simulations numériques des effets dosimétriques dans les sédiments quaternaires : application aux méthodes de datation par luminescence“. Bordeaux 3, 2011. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2011BOR30051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhereas research on the determination of equivalent doses has made significant progress in the field of luminescence dating during the last decade, research on dose rates has severely lagged behind. The particle-matter simulation toolkit GEANT4 was here been used to study the effects of heterogeneities in sedimentary media. A series of virtual experiments was designed to refine a field gamma spectrometry technique, improving accuracy and precision while reducing counting times. These results were used for the experimental calibration of a gamma ray probe. A technique, which is non invasive and compatible with archaeological excavations, was proposed for mapping gamma dose rate in soils. On a grain scale, numerical simulations of dosimetric effects revealed the limited validity of the widely used concept of infinite matrix in palaeodosimetric dating. A new set of factors influencing dose rates to sedimentary grains were identified, and called geometry factors. Adequate tools for quantifying the corresponding microdosimetry effects were developed. Finally, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence were applied to the chronology of the Paleolithic site of the Roc de Marsal. The results were used to provide a chronological frame for the human occupations and their climatic and environmental contexts, in regard of past global climate variations
Duchemin, Charlotte. „Étude de voies alternatives pour la production de radionucléides innovants pour les applications médicales“. Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=235ec580-c5bc-4a65-ab94-22690cad4585.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNuclear medicine is a specialty that uses radioactive nuclei for therapy or diagnosis of diseases such as different types of cancer. These radionuclides are coupled to carrier molecules to target sick cells. Currently, only few isotopes are used in clinical practice. However, many others may be of medical interest due to their emitted radiation and/or their half-life that can be adapted to the carrier molecule transit time and to the pathology. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study the production of innovative radionuclides for therapy and diagnosis applications in collaboration with the GIP ARRONAX, which possesses a multi-particle high energy cyclotron. A fundamental physical parameter to access the production rate of a radionuclide is the production cross section. Experimental data were measured for a selection of radionuclides: photon emitter (Tc-99m) and positron emitter (Sc-44g) for diagnosis, as well as electron emitters (Re-186, Tb-155 and Sn-117m) and α particles emitters (Th-226, Ra-223 and Bi-213) for therapeutic applications. These acquired data are obtained using alternative production routes compared to the commonly used. Data related to the contaminants produced during the irradiations were also extracted. The experimental cross section values are compared with theoretical model predictions. The large set of data obtained contributes to the theoretical physicist studies allowing to constrain their models to improve and/or validate them
Charni, Halima. „Contribution à la connaissance de la radioactivité des sols tunisiens conséquences locales en matière de radioprotection : cas particuliers des phosphates“. Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePatryl, Luc. „La radioactivité naturelle des sédiments de la Loire (France) : relations avec la lithologie“. Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarion, Cédric. „Dynamique et bilans des transferts particulaires de radioéléments d’origine anthropique et naturelle dans le Golfe du Lion : cas particulier des apports rhodaniens“. Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to its 30. 2 year half-life and of its great affinity with silts and clays, 137Cs was used as a Rhône River inputs tracer. Rhône prodelta sediments recorded values of 137Cs activities originated by nuclear power plants releases, global fallout and Tchernobyl accident (600 Bq. Kg-1). A sharp decrease in liquid radioactive effluents releases and the dismantlement of the Marcoule fuel reprocessing plant in 1997 induced 137Cs fluxes decrease to the Mediterranean Sea. At present time, mean concentrations are around 10 Bq. Kg-1 in the prodelta sediments. Sedimentary records of oceanographic campaigns achieved between 2001 and 2008 enabled to map a 20 km² 137Cs accumulation area close to the Rhône River mouth and to estimate a store of 3. 35 TBq, i. E. The eighth of the Gulf of Lions store. The CARMA and EXTREMA projects (2006-2008) allowed to observe prodelta sedimentation. Short-live radionuclides like 7Be and 234Th were used to estimate sedimentary pluridecimetric thicknesses deposits generated by some Rhône River floods. Altimeter data showed 8 cm thick sediment total accretion during two mean floods recorded by a current profiler. They also showed an important erosion phase linked to a south-east swell episode with a bottom shear stress reaching 5 Pa. Results showed that the sediment remobilization was very important in this area but that the exports of suspended solid matters towards the Gulf of Lions were weak, or even deposited in fine on the prodelta
Maillant, Sophie. „Conséquences d'un refroidissement climatique sur le comportement de radionucléides dans les sols du Barrois“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_MAILLANT_S.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor the safety assessment of underground radioactive waste disposal conducted by Andra, it is required to estimate the behaviour of radionuclides in soils for the next ten thousand years. Within this time scale, soils would probably evolve from their actual status, according to climate changes. It is then necessary to assess these changes in order to predict the behaviour of the radiochemicals that would enter the soils. We present a pedological forecast method for the assessment of a specific case (i. E. Limestone plateau), undergoing periglacial conditions. Then we study the retention of mobile radionuclides, iodine (I) and technetium (Tc) on the forecast periglacial soils. The method relies on the study of analogous soils, sampled in regions with similar geochemical (calcareous) and topographical contexts but undergoing a cold climate which mimics future periglacial conditions of the reference region (steppe-tundra or boreal forest biomes). We have added to the cold and dry climatic series a cold and humid biome (montane strata). The organic matter compartment (OM), considered as an indicator of the effects of the climate on the soils, was thoroughly characterised and taken into account. The analogous soils sampled have developed under boreal forest, cold steppe and subalpine conditions from limestone or calcareous parent materials. The observed soils were eutric Leptosols under boreal forest, and Chernozems under cold steppe. In both biomes, under hydromorphic conditions, OM accumulated in the soil and was high in aromatic molecules in the humified fraction. In the montane strata, the leaching of carbonates was strong enough to allow a diversification of soil genesis: from humic Leptosols to dystric Luvisols. The OM of these soils was different from that of the soils from dry biomes. This study has confirmed that the main differences between soils were observed between the humid and cold climate (montane) on one side and the dry and cold (cold steppe and boreal) on the other. Evolution scenarios constructed from these results indicated that the periglacial conditions would probably favour the persistence of soils still similar to the present ones in the reference region, especially during the boreal stage. However these soils would display higher OM content. In this biome, soils would be mainly rendzic Leptosols and eutric (or calcaric) Cambisols as presently, but with a higher OM content in the surface horizon because of the forest cover. In the steppe-tundra biome, a pergelisol would favour hydromorphy in most soils (stagnic Cryosols). In both biomes, hydromorphic soils, developped on marly material could display very high OM content (fen). Maps summarising these scenarios have been edited for each biome. The consequences of these pedological changes on the behaviour of mobile radionuclides were studied through the retention of Tc and I in the analogous soils at field capacity in batch experiments. The experiment showed that the dehydration of soils could favour the retention of both elements under aerobic conditions, although the latter are not usually favourable to Tc and I retention (Kd > 1 l. Kg-1 in analogous soils of boreal forest after one year of contact time). These results were used to establish maps of the retention of each element for both periglacial biomes. It is suggested that Tc would be retained in the soils in the cold steppe soils whereas I would be more retained in soils of the boreal biome. In both biomes, soils with the highest retention towards I and Tc would be peaty soils located in the bottom of marly valleys. Special attention was paid therefore to peaty soils : we studied the behaviour of I in situ in a peat bog. I had accumulated at the bog surface (Kd was multiplied by 6 within 15 years) and was found to be associated to polyphenolic substances from the humified peat. Carex sp was identified as the species that accumulated the highest contents of I amongst the vegetation of the bog. The proposed method underlain by analogy and laboratory retention studies should help to understand and forecast the behaviour of the long-lived radionuclides. It should help in the determination of the site specific parameters for the dose computation of safety assessment in a cold biosphere scenario
Nasreddine, Lara. „Nouvelles données en sécurité sanitaire des aliments au Liban : Définition du panier de la ménagère Beyrouthin : Evaluation de la contamination des aliments en radionucléides : Evaluation de l'exposition aux métaux lourds par voie alimentaire“. Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES2010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present study is the first in Lebanon to evaluate, by the market basket approach, the contamination of foods by radionuclides and heavy metals and the dietary exposure of the Lebanese population to the heavy metals Pb, Cd and Hg. An individual dietary survey has been realized on 444 adult individuals living in Beirut. Food consumption data were collected using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The market basket was identified by selecting those foods with a mean daily intake exceeding 1g/day. The contamination levels of the selected foods with heavy metals and radionuclides were assessed. The results show that the level of radioactivity of the analyzed food does not present any concern for public health. The average dietary exposure of the average individual to Pb, Cd, and Hg corresponds to 7,17 and 6 % of the respective PTWIs. This permits to conclude that, for the average individual, there is no risk of exceeding the PTWIs