Thematische Bibliographien / Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 29. Juli 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses"

Muss, Alexander, Viktoriia Shilova (Ermilova), Andrei Borovikov, Anton Postovalov, and Marina Golovina. "The Emergence, Development, and Meaning of the Concept “Reflection” in Philosophy and Psychology." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 3 (March 2024): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2024-3-96-104.

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This study is an attempt to reconstruct the development of the term “reflection”, which was of great importance within the framework of historical and dialectical materialism and remains one of the central concepts of modern Russian psychology, especially in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) and Moscow schools of psychology. Also, an anthropological analysis of this term would contribute to modern cross-disciplinary studies delivering the psychological vision of the human nature to a broader professional community. To reach this aim, we highlight the specific characteristics of the development of th

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Xiong, Fanshu. "Discussion on the Core of Enterprise Management: Humanism." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 19, no. 3 (2025): 20–24. https://doi.org/10.54097/7asgaf41.

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The 21st century is regarded as the era of the knowledge economy, where the role of knowledge in socio-economic development has gradually strengthened, and its value has become increasingly evident. As consumer concepts and consumption structures change, the significance of sociocultural concepts in modern enterprise management has become increasingly prominent. Humanistic approaches, which prioritize human needs, inspire employee enthusiasm, and foster a harmonious and united corporate environment, are essential. The integration of humanistic care and management is a critical factor for enter

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VDOVYCHENKO, Heorhii. "KYIV PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL AND THE DESTRUCTION OF MARXISM-LENINISM AT T. G. SHEVCHENKO KYIV STATE UNIVERSITY (SECOND HALF OF THE 1960S – 1970S)." Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin 23, no. 1 (2024): 73–81. https://doi.org/10.17721/sophia.2024.23.15.

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B a c k g r o u n d . Kyiv philosophical school of the second half of the 20th century was presented, first of all, by its creators in the 1960s, namely graduates of the Faculty of Philosophy of the said university and employees of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, headed by its director in 1962–1968, Academician of this Academy of Sciences P. Kopnin. It was under his leadership this school began and made a major contribution to the professional but censored revaluation and destruction of Marxism-Leninism in the Ukrainian SSR. Throughout the 1940s – 1

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Templing, V. Ia. "Consolidation of the rural medical community in the Tobolsk Governorate in the early 20th century." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(48) (March 2, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-48-1-12.

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The present article is aimed at studying district congresses of rural doctors from the Tobolsk Governorate, a unique phenomenon in the history of the Siberian medical community. Congresses are considered to be an inte-gral part and development indicator of the corporate social initiative, as well as the professional interaction of medical specialists. On the basis of documents being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the author analysed the activity of rural doctors within the paradigm of the general theory of modernisation, as well as characterised the materials of mee

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Mioduszewska, Zofia. "Historia bloku mieszkalnego jako koncepcji antropologicznej." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 53, no. 2 (2009): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2009.53.2.1.

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This analysis is a chronological presentation of the proposals for architecture that would solve the problem of housing for the masses as well as concepts that influenced the designs of post-war housing estates — from patronage housing estate and the 19th century utopian ideas (phalanstery) through 20th century concepts of a neighbourhood unit (social housing estate), up to a modern block of flats. The prototypes of blocks of flats were on the one hand the first workers’ housing estates and the spatial concepts created by utopian socialism, and on the other the social housing realized in the 1

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Guerrero, Salvador. "Team 10’s discourse and Madrid architecture of the second phase of modernity." Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, no. 10 (December 24, 2019): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_10_7.

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Madrid architects of the 20th century had little inclination, if any, to be gregarious. Remember their token presence in the first International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM), a presence which had altogether vanished by the time of the fourth CIAM conference, which took place aboard the S.S. Patris. The only Spaniards we find in Athens in the summer of 1933 are Raimon Torres Clavé, Josep Lluís Sert, Antonio Bonet Castellana, Josep Torres Clavé, and Cristófol Alzamora. There is no sign of architects from Madrid. So who explained Madrid as a functional city?

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Tereshchenkova, Victoria Viktorovna, and Irina Nikolaevna Glazunova. "Humane education as a basis for correction: About congresses on the problem of child delinquency in the Russian Empire (the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century)." Pedagogy. Issues of Theory and Practice 9, no. 2 (2024): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/ped20240009.

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By analysing historical sources, the study aims to shed light on the role of congresses of Russian correctional institutions’ representatives in the formation of humane education as the basis for the correction of juvenile offenders in Russian penal colonies in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century. The paper analyzes the problem of juvenile delinquency in pre-revolutionary Russia, which is relevant to the history of pedagogy. The study is novel in that it is the first to present a detailed analysis of the activities of congresses of Russian correctional institutions’ represen

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Lvova, Irina. "On the history of the creation of accounting textbooks: Late 19th — early 20th century." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 38, no. 3 (2022): 436–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2022.305.

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The article deals with issues related to creating accounting textbooks the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when mass business education began to develop in Russia. The evolution of ideas about the textbook, the requirements for textbooks, the evaluation of textbooks by reviews, the role of competitions in stimulating authors, the problem of selecting the qualitative textbook and attempts to solve it by administrative and market means, and, finally, the image of a modern accounting textbook as seen more than a century ago are examined. The article is based on a critical analysis of sources

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Ali, Forkan. "Connecting East and West through Modern Confucian Thought." Asian Studies 8, no. 3 (2020): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2020.8.3.63-87.

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This study is an attempt to establish that 20th century’s canonized Taiwanese philosopher Mou Zongsan (1909–1995) has contributed significantly to the innovative burgeoning of modern Confucianism (or New Confucianism) with the revision of Western philosophy. This is based on the hypothesis that if ideas travel through the past to the present, and vice versa, and if intellectual thinking never knows any national, cultural and social boundaries, then there is an obvious intersection and communication of philosophical thoughts of East and West. This article also contemplates the fact that Western

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Kholodynska, Svitlana. "THE CREATIVE WORK OF BORIS VIAN WITHIN FRENCH HUMANITIES OF THE 1940s–1960s." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 1(12) (2023): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2023.1(12).07.

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In the second half of the 20th century, discussions around the understanding of crisis phenomena that permeated all spheres of human life became more frequent, in particular, the spheres of art and aesthetics were also touched upon. The crisis in the artistic sphere was connected with the general cultural crisis of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the decline of spirituality, and the relativization of values, primarily moral and aesthetic. Analysis of the crisis in the sphere of artistic practice and aesthetics of the 20th century was the subject of scientific research by several repres

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses"

Costello, Paul. "The goals of the world historians : paradigms in world history in twentieth century." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74629.

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Following Nietzsche, Oswald Spengler posed the central problems of the cyclical history of civilization in the twentieth century. Subsequent world historical theorists have attempted to answer Spengler's nihilistic perspective on the destined rise and fall of all cultures by rescuing a progressive movement which transcended the downfall of civilizations. World history since Spengler has been written in pursuit of an answer to the crises of modernism: to the 'Death of God,' the problem of progress, the emergent technological order with its bureaucratic management of society, and the need sensed

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Terakawa, Toru. "History and tradition in modern Japan : translation and commentary upon the texts of Sei'ichi Shirai." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32822.

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This thesis examines the concepts of history and tradition in modern Japan, with an emphasis on the writings of Sei'ichi Shirai (1905--1983). Although Shirai has been considered as one of the most important architects of 20th century Japan, he has also been treated as an obscure figure, no doubt partly because of the enigmatic quality of his writings. A major element that contributed to his obscure status and set him apart from his contemporaries was his understanding of history and tradition.<br>The introductory essay examines the concept of tradition prevalent around Shirai's time: how it wa

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Tavel, Jose Enrique. "A theory of architecture based on the synthesis of bricolage and linguistic devices." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21742.

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Boetzkes, Amanda. "Beyond perception : the ethics of contemporary earth art." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102788.

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This dissertation considers the aesthetic strategies and ethical implications of contemporary earth art. Drawing from feminist and ecological critiques of phenomenology, it posits that an ethical preoccupation with the earth is identifiable in works that stage the artist's inability to condense natural phenomena into an intelligible art object thereby evidencing the earth's excess beyond the field of perception. Contemporary earth art has the paradoxical goal of evoking the sensorial plenitude of the earth without representing it as such. The first chapter analyzes Robert Smithson's monumental

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Thorpe, Josh. "Here hear my recent compositions in a context of philosophy and western 20th century experimental art /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ59209.pdf.

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Pinkoski, Nathan. "Postmodern Aristotles : Arendt, Strauss, and MacIntyre, and the recovery of political philosophy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4d728b9-8bb4-47e6-ac01-16dcc9f6f314.

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What is political philosophy? Aristotle pursues that question by asking what the good is. If Nietzsche's postmodern diagnosis that modern philosophical rationalism has exhausted itself is true, it is unclear if an answer to that question is possible. Yet given the prevalence of extremist ideologies in 20th century politics, and the politically irresponsible support of philosophers for these ideologies, there is an urgent need for an answer. This thesis examines how, in these philosophical circumstances, Hannah Arendt, Leo Strauss, and Alasdair MacIntyre conclude that a key resource in the reco

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Botha, Estelle. "Where dance and drama meet again : aspects of the expressive body in the 20th century." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1704.

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Thesis (MDram (Drama))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>Acknowledging theatrical styles such as physical theatre, Tanztheater and poor theatre as forms of ‘total theatre’, and recognizing that there has been a prolonged process of development to reach such a point, the first chapter investigates the historical divide between dramatic dance and drama as starting point. Subsequently, in considering the body as expressive medium, the impact of content and form on the training of the performers’ body for the theatrical context is also evaluated.

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Symons, Suellen, University of Western Sydney, of Performance Fine Arts and Design Faculty, and School of Design. "Rememories/imagetexts." THESIS_FPFAD_SD_Symons_S.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/731.

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This research paper places the three Research Projects 2 DIVINE, CARNIVAL, and HER STORIES: THE WENTWORTH WOMEN against the background of memory, remaking history, play, as well as hermeneutics. It is argued that the understanding of a work of art involves participation in its meaning by the audience which is not so much a mere receiver of information as a catalyst of the work's content. This Research Paper also attempts to place the three Research Projects, which when combined are entitled REMEMORIES/IMAGETEXTS, into a feminist remaking of history (in Barbara Kruger's sense), realigning the m

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Horton, Mary Therese. "The cultural status of objects." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35867/1/35867_Horton_1996.pdf.

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This paper addresses the cultural status of objects. The discussion focuses on domestic objects. It is proposed that functional domestic objects are cultural artefacts which have significance beyond that of useful commodity. Their cultural status is explored by considering the nature and influence of the Marxist critique; examining the 'aesthetic dimension' of useful objects; and by experimenting with a range of written forms which draw upon three sources: i) concepts investigated through the first two chapters; ii) ideas being cultivated through my studio practice; and iii) issues raised th

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McFeat, Lin Gillian. "The architecture of colonisation : the concept of depiction : Colon : the colonisation of a(a)rchitecture : the depiction of the concept." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1432.pdf.

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Includes bibliography. This thesis examines deconstructive writings, employing those strategies as a basis for re-forming approaches to architecture. A theory is posited that a distinction must be made between architecture as idiom and architecture as medium, expressed as a separation between architecture as a built form, Architecture the Idea and A(a)rchitecture as a new direction for framing an approach to its discourse.

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Bücher zum Thema "Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses"

1943-, Geras Norman, and Wokler Robert 1942-, eds. The Enlightenment and modernity. St. Martin's Press, 1999.

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1929-, Hintikka Jaakko, and Puhl Klaus 1954-, eds. The British tradition in 20th century philosophy: Proceedings of the 17th International Wittgenstein Symposium, 14th to 21th [sic] August 1994, Kirchberg am Wechsel (Austria). Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1995.

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International Wittgenstein Symposium (14th 1989 Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria). Wittgenstein--eine Neubewertung: Akten des 14. Internationalen Wittgenstein-Symposiums, Feier des 100. Geburtstages, 13. bis 20. August 1989, Kirchberg am Wechsel (Österreich). Edited by Haller Rudolf 1929- and Brandl Johannes. Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1990.

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1969-, Bedorf Thomas, ed. Undarstellbares im Dialog: Facetten einer deutsch-französischen Auseinandersetzung. Rodopi, 1997.

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1934-, Graevenitz Gerhard von, and Germanistisches Symposion (20th : 1997 : Universität Ulm), eds. Konzepte der Moderne. Metzler, 1999.

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Wilhelm, Lütterfelds, Salehi Djavid 1971-, and Universität Passau, eds. "Wir können uns nicht in sie finden": Probleme interkultureller Verständigung und Kooperation. Peter Lang, 2001.

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C, Alexander Jeffrey, and Sztompka Piotr, eds. Rethinking progress: Movements, forces, and ideas at the end of the 20th century. Unwin Hyman, 1990.

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Elspeth, Hrsg :. Attwooll, ed. Archiv f ur Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie ARSP. Beiheft 80: Applied ethics at the turn of the millenium. Proceedings, New York, June 24-30, 1999. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH, 2001.

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Jacques, Derrida, and Vattimo Gianni 1936-, eds. La religione. Laterza, 1995.

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Jacques, Derrida, and Vattimo Gianni 1936-, eds. Religion. Polity Press, 1998.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses"

Clack, Bev. "Women and the philosophy of religion in the 20th century." In Women in Christianity in the Modern Age. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429324772-6.

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Lavine, Thelma Z. "Philosophy and the Dialectic of Modernity." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199842779.

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Habermas' social philosophy can now be perceived in its oppositional structures and their symbolic meaning. His repetition of structural opposition finds its expression in the symbolism which pervades The Philosophic Discourse of Modernity in the opposition between the dreaded myth of the Dialectic of Enlightenment and the redemptive fantasy of the path yet to be taken. More significant for the intellectual culture of modernity is the neglect, by erasure on the part of this esteemed philosopher, of the great drama of philosophy in our time. This is the drama occasioned by the dialectical strug

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Becker, Carl. "Philosophy Educating Humanity." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia19985107.

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The 20th century may be considered the ultimate expression of Western ideals and philosophy: "civilized" humanity's attempt to dominate "uncivilized" peoples and nature. The 21st century soberingly proclaims the shortsightedness and ultimate unsustainability of this philosophy. This paper shows the limitations of a modern Western world-view, and the practical applicability of ideas to be found in Asian philosophies. In outline, the contrast may be portrayed by the following overgeneralizations: (1) From a linear to a cyclical world view; (2) from divine salvation to karmic necessity; (3) from

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"9 Communicating with/via Modern Chinese Philosophy during the 20th Century." In Contact Zones in China. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110663426-010.

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Russell, Paul. "Hume’s Optimism and Williams’s Pessimism." In Recasting Hume and Early Modern Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577264.003.0010.

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Bernard Williams is widely recognized as belonging among the greatest and most influential moral philosophers of the 20th century. There are, nevertheless, a number of respects in which the interpretation of his work is neither easy nor straightforward. One reason for this is that both his views and his methods evolved and shifted in significant ways over time. In order to gauge and assess these changes in Williams’s views and outlook we need to consider his relationship and attitude to other philosophers during this period. Of particular interest in this regard is his changing attitude to the

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Nesterov, V. I. "IRRATIONAL IN RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY OF THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY AS THE BASIS OF SPIRITUAL SEARCH FOR MODERN THOUGHT". У ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ, СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. ФГБОУ ВО «АлтГПУ», 2024. https://doi.org/10.37386/2687-0576-2024-6-45-47.

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The article examines various points of view on the reasons for the originality of Russian philosophy at the beginning of the 20th century. Common features and differences between Western and Russian philosophical traditions are compared. As a result, a characteristic of the irrational component of Russian thought at the time is given. It is proposed that the exploration of the irrational in Russian philosophical thought could provide a source of inspiration for contemporary thinkers.

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Okasha, Samir. "2. Evolution and natural selection." In Philosophy of Biology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806998.003.0002.

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In 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, in which he set out his theory of evolution. The book marked a turning point in our understanding of the natural world and revolutionized biology. ‘Evolution and natural selection’ outlines the theory of evolution by natural selection, explaining its unique status in biology and its philosophical significance. It considers how Darwin’s theory undermined the ‘argument from design’, a traditional philosophical argument for the existence of God; how the integration of Darwin’s theory with genetics, in the early 20th century, gave rise to

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Elstein, David. "Knowledge of Human Nature and Morality in Contemporary Confucianism." In The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199945498.013.0032.

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Abstract As everyone who’s taken a course on Chinese philosophy probably knows, Mengzi (Mencius) claimed human nature is good. However, what that means and how one knows that it’s true are not very clear from the text of the Mengzi, giving rise to numerous different interpretations over the history of Confucianism. This chapter compares modern interpretations of Mengzi, both in East Asia and in the United States. It highlights the differences in philosophical methodology—the experiential or introspective method of the 20th-century New Confucians Mou Zongsan and Xu Fuguan, and the empirical and

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Svynarenko, N. O. "Realization of personal rights of educators in the Kharkiv region in the 30s of the 20th century: theory and practice." In THE STUDY OF TOPICAL ISSUES OF MODERN SOCIETY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, SOCIOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-236-4-6.

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Gigante, Lorenzo. "Incontri, scontri, confronti Appunti sulla ricezione della xilografia nordica in Italia tra XV e XX secolo." In Taking and Denying Challenging Canons in Arts and Philosophy. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-462-2/007.

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Germany, France, Italy: the attribution of the first woodcut images has long been debated between several countries, to gain the technological primacy of the invention of reproductive printmaking, before Gutenberg’s movable type printing. Today we know how difficult it is, if not impossible, to establish a place and a date of origin of image printing in Europe. Impossible and probably unimportant. Printing was a European phenomenon in the 15th century, and we may ask ourselves whether a northern woodcut beyond the Italian borders was intended as something different than an Italian one. The con

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Philosophy, Modern – 20th century – Congresses"

Kovaleva, M. V. "The Theme of Cultural Crisis by Representatives of Russian Religious Thought of the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries (on the Example of the Works of S.N. Bulgakov and N.A. Berdyaev)." In General question of world science. General question of world science, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gqws-15-10-2022-05.

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Dynamic changes in Russian social life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the elimination of its rigid ideological framework influenced the development of our society. The turning points were not limited to economic and political changes. There was a radical change in the worldview paradigm, which, accordingly, influenced the content of ideals, values, life-sense attitudes, and rules of social interaction. The rearrangement of the components of the spiritual and semantic core of culture at the end of the 1990s testified to a crisis in this area. It was the crisis processes in culture t

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LIAO, QINSI, and RONG HU. "ON THE TEACHING DESIGN AND TEACHING PRACTICE OF IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL EDUCATION IN COLLEGE ENGLISH COURSE BASED ON “STUDENT-CENTERED”." In 2021 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED EDUCATION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (AEIM 2021). Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/aeim2021/35962.

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Abstract. Education is a human activity and a social activity with human as its object. This “People-oriented” educational philosophy is a trend of thought that has influenced the world since modern times, especially since the middle and late 20th century. Students are the foundation of university, but also the object of university education and the center of university development. The paper, adhering to the “Student-centered learning” approach, designs and practices the ideological and political education in College English curriculum from a multi-dimensional perspective, and discusses how t

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Ding, Liyang. "Jean Gebser’s Aperspectival Consciousness and Modern Architecture." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.45.

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Jean Gebser, a prominent German-Swiss philosopher, introduces a transformative framework that aims to elucidatehuman consciousness and cultural structure, laying the foundation for a new approach to interpreting the developmentof architecture. This paper delves into the intersection of Gebser’s theory and modern architecture, with a particularfocus on the emergence and advancement of the “aperspectival” spatial concept in the work of German architect HansScharoun as an illustrative example.Challenging the prevailing linear understanding of time and space, Gebser’s The Ever-present Origin offer

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Petrović, Slobodan. "ON THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE STATE IN LEGAL THEORY AND DOCTRINE OF THE MODERN AGE." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.401.

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There is a large number of teachings about the state in legal philosophy and theory; however, even today in the 21st century, the idealistic and realistic view (teaching) about the state stands out. In the first, the essence of the state is contained in a surreal environment, and in this regard, this direction emphasizes what the state should be like. Three views of this direction still dominate today: utopian, natural, legal, and ethical-cultural. In realistic theories, the state is seen as a phenomenon of the real world in which the essence is contained in the experiential world, determined

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