Bücher: „Physical biases“

1

Elmessiri, Abdelwahab M. Bias: Epistemological bias in the physical and social sciences. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2006.

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2

Rich, Emma, Lee F. Monaghan und Lucy Aphramor. Debating obesity: Critical perspectives. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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3

Bridges, Dwan M. Cultural bias in sport play. Reston, VA: Ethnic Minorities Council of the American Association for Active Life Styles and Fitness, 1999.

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4

Berry, Bonnie. Beauty bias: Discrimination and social power. Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers, 2007.

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5

Berry, Bonnie. Beauty bias: Discrimination and social power. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008.

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6

Coe, Mandy. Red shoes. Liverpool: Good Stuff, 1997.

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7

Āparāda, Āsā. Darda jo sahā mainne... Nayī Dillī: Rājakamala Prakāśana, 2013.

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8

Rogers, Amy Keating. Guide to being a hero. New York: Golden Books Pub. Co, 2001.

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9

Delagrave, Anne-Marie. Le contrôle de l'apparence physique du salarié. Cowansville, Québec: Éditions Y. Blais, 2010.

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10

Kim, Chi-yang. Mom kwa ot: 2017-2020, 89-myŏng yŏsŏng ŭi mom kwa ot e taehan kirok. Sŏul-si: 66100 Press, 2021.

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11

Kyŏng, Chin-ju. Modŭn mom ŭl wihan chonjung oemo wae mwŏ. Sŏul-si: Puk Sensŭ, 2008.

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12

Hakim, Catherine. Honey money: The power of erotic capital. London: Allen Lane, 2011.

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13

Eugene, Borgida, und Fiske Susan T, Hrsg. Beyond common sense: Psychological science in the courtroom. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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14

Baggiani, Francesco. P(r)eso di mira: Pregiudizio e discriminazione dell'obesità. Firenze: Edizioni Clichy, 2014.

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15

Fidan, Fatma Zehra. Kadın bedeni ve istismarı. İstanbul: Opsiyon Kitap, 2015.

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16

Mauzy, Barbara E. Don't be a Schwoe: Embracing differences. Atglen, Penn: Schiffer Pub., 2010.

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17

Fukuda, Trant Inori, und Miyaki Tetsuichiro translator, Hrsg. Idol dreams. San Francisco, CA: Viz Media, 2017.

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18

Pak, Su-mi. Oemo chungsimjŏk injae chʻaeyong kaesŏn ŭl wihan yŏnʼgu. Sŏul: Yŏsŏng Kajokpu, 2007.

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19

Na, Yun-gyŏng. Yongmo chungsimjŏk sago kaesŏn mit yangsŏng pʻyŏngdŭng ŭisik kanghwa rŭl wihan kyoyuk pʻŭrogŭraem kaebal chʻoejong pogosŏ. Sŏul-si: Yŏsŏng Kajokpu, 2007.

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20

Papademetriou, Lisa. How to Be a Girly Girl in Just Ten Days (Candy Apple #4). New York: Scholastic, Inc., 2007.

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21

Jeffes, Steve. Appearance is everything: The hidden truth regarding your appearance & appearance discrimination. Pittsburgh, PA: Sterling House Publisher, 1998.

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22

Wilde, Oscar. Il compleano dell'Infanta. Pordenone: Edizioni C'era una volta--, 1994.

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23

Rice, Carla. Embodying equity: Body image as an equity issue : a manual for educators & service providers. Toronto: Green Dragon Press, 2002.

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24

The Influences of Physical Attractiveness and Sex-Based Biases on Midshipman Performance Evaluations at the United States Naval Academy. Storming Media, 2004.

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25

Buhlmann, Ulrike, und Andrea S. Hartmann. Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Herausgegeben von Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0022.

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According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype, and high importance of attractiveness). The chapter also reviews face recognition abnormalities and emotion recognition deficits and biases (e.g., misinterpreting neutral faces as angry) as well as facial discrimination ability. These studies suggest that BDD is associated with dysfunctional beliefs about one’s own appearance, information-processing biases, emotion recognition deficits and biases, and selective processing of appearance-related information. Future steps to stimulate more research and clinical implications are discussed.

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26

Freilich, Charles D. Primary Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0012.

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Chapter 11 presents the primary conclusions derived from the proceeding chapters, as a basis for the national security strategy proposed in chapter 12. The conclusions are divided into four categories, general, politico-military, military, and domestic policy. The chapter also discusses the pitfalls involved in recommending a national security strategy, such as physical and political feasibility; limitations stemming from the absence of classified information; and possible normative biases. The chapter begins by setting out Israel’s vital national security objectives, that is, a core set of fundamental, essentially immutable interests, and then a variety of lesser, though still highly important, ones, some relatively permanent, others that change with circumstances. It further presents a number of “policy instruments” of such importance, for example, preserving the strategic relationship with the United States, that they can be considered vital objectives in their own right and are thus part of the basis for the proposed strategy.

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27

Muentener, Paul, und Elizabeth Bonawitz. The Development of Causal Reasoning. Herausgegeben von Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.40.

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Research on the development of causal reasoning has broadly focused on accomplishing two goals: understanding the origins of causal reasoning, and examining how causal reasoning changes with development. This chapter reviews evidence and theory that aim to fulfill both of these objectives. In the first section, it focuses on the research that explores the possible precedents for recognizing causal events in the world, reviewing evidence for three distinct mechanisms in early causal reasoning: physical launching events, agents and their actions, and covariation information. The second portion of the chapter examines the question of how older children learn about specific causal relationships. It focuses on the role of patterns of statistical evidence in guiding learning about causal structure, suggesting that even very young children leverage strong inductive biases with patterns of data to inform their inferences about causal events, and discussing ways in which children’s spontaneous play supports causal learning.

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28

VanCour, Shawn. Making Radio Talk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497118.003.0006.

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This chapter considers emerging forms of radio speech developed for formats ranging from scheduled talks to professional announcing. Disrupting established styles of public speaking, radio offered rich subject matter for the new discipline of speech communication, which helped to formalize new rules favoring a well-modulated delivery with restrained, natural speech and careful control over rate, pitch, and enunciation. Three larger sets of cultural tensions impacted these emerging announcing practices: (1) tensions surrounding a standardized national speech movement and its implicit regional, gender, and class biases; (2) concerns over an emergent culture of personality that informed debates on desired degrees of formality and informality in radio speech; and (3) long-standing concerns over disembodied communication-at-a-distance exacerbated by radio’s severing of voices from speakers' physical bodies. Resulting efforts to discipline the radio voice spurred important shifts in period voice culture that resonated across fields from rhetoric and theater to film and phonograph entertainment.

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29

9780192674067. Somatization Across Cultures. Herausgegeben von Santosh K. Chaturvedi, Sandeep Grover, Sachin Nagendrappa, Bhavika Vajawat und Dinesh Bhugra. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192858290.001.0001.

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Abstract Somatization is the presentation of physical and somatic symptoms arising out of psychological, emotional, social, and importantly, cultural factors. The presentation of bodily symptoms in most cultures, regardless of source, constitutes an idiom of distress. In many cultures, the presentation of personal or social distress in the form of somatic complaints is the norm. In an effort to explain such cultural differences, models that incorporate mind/body schemas prevalent in various cultures have been studied. The types of symptoms presented in different cultural settings are diverse. Understanding about the aetiology of somatoform disorders is intriguing from a cultural perspective. Emotional deficits, cognitive biases and abnormal perception of body signals have been considered to form somatic cognitions. Culture and cultural factors play an important part in the presentation and maintenance of such a phenomenon. This book describes presentation of somatization disorders in different cultures, including in special populations, understanding of the processes underlying somatization across cultures and nations, and management of such presentations.

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30

Sullivan, Maria A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0012.

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Addiction in older adults very often goes unrecognized, for several reasons: social biases about the elderly, age-related metabolic changes, and the inappropriate use of prescription benzodiazepines and opioids to address untreated anxiety and mood conditions. Alcohol or substance-use disorders (SUDs) in older individuals may present in subtle and atypical ways. Strategies to overcome such difficulties include systematic screening using validated instruments, patient education regarding the impact of psychoactive substances on health, and cautious prescribing practices. Relying on standard DSM criteria may result in a failure to detect an SUD that presents with cognitive symptoms or physical injury, as well as the absence of work or social consequences. Older individuals can benefit from the application of risk-stratification measures, and they can be referred, e.g., to age-appropriate group therapy and non-confrontational individual therapy focusing on late-life issues of loss and sources of social support, as well as be offered medication management for alcohol or substance use disorder. Although research has been limited in this population, treatment outcomes have been found to be superior in older adults than younger adults.

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31

Rosser, Sue V., Hrsg. Women, Science, and Myth. ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216037736.

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This encyclopedia surveys the scientific research on gender throughout the ages the people, experiments, and impact of both legitimate and illegitimate findings on the scientific community, women scientists, and society at large. Women, Science, and Myth: Gender Beliefs from Antiquity to the Present examines the ways scientists have researched gender throughout history, the ways those results have affected society, and the impact they have had on the scientific community and on women, women scientists, and women's rights movements. In chronologically organized entries, Women, Science, and Myth explores the people and experiments that exemplify the problematic relationship between science and gender throughout the centuries, with particular emphasis on the 20th century. The encyclopedia offers a section on focused cross-period themes such as myths of gender in different scientific disciplines and the influence of cultural norms on specific eras of gender research. It is a timely and revealing resource that celebrates science's legitimate accomplishments in understanding gender while unmasking the sources of a number of debilitating biases concerning women's intelligence and physical attributes.

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32

Szucs, Jason Alan. Temperature variation of magnetoresistance in exchange-biased spin-value structures. 1996.

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33

O'Brien, Thomas K. Temperature driven mechanisms in exchange-biased spin valve structures. 1997.

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34

Gender bias in human physical performance research design. 1988.

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35

Gender bias in human physical performance research design. 1990.

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36

Epistemological Bias in the Physical and Social Sciences. International Institute of Islamic Thought, The, 2006.

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37

Bonner, Thomas Neville. Becoming a Physician. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062984.001.0001.

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Written by eminent education scholar Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming A Physician is a groundbreaking, comprehensive history of Western medical education. The only work of its kind, it covers the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. Comparative in focus, the narrative unfolds within the context of social, political, and intellectual transformations that occurred in Europe and North America between the Enlightenment and Nazi Germany. Viewing the late eighteenth century as a watershed in the development of medical education, Bonner begins by describing how earlier practices evolved in the 1800s with the introduction of clinical practices. He then traces the growth of laboratory teaching in the nineteenth century and the twentieth-century preoccupation with establishing a university standard of medical education. Throughout, Bonner pays particular attention to the students, chronicling their daily lives and discussing changes in the medical school population and the various biases-- class, gender, racial, and religious--students and prospective students faced.

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38

Berry, Bonnie. Beauty Bias. Praeger, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400617171.

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Society has always been fixated on looks and celebrities, but how we look has deep ramifications for ordinary people too. In this book, Bonnie Berry explains how social inequality pertains to prejudice and discrimination against people based on their physical appearance. This form of inequality overlaps with other, better-known forms of inequality such as those that result from sexism, racism, ageism, and classism. Social inequality regarding looks is notable in a number of settings: work, medical treatment, romance, and marriage, to mention a few. It is experienced as limitations on access to social power. Berry discusses the pressures to be attractive and the methods by which we strive to alter our appearance through plastic surgery, cosmetics, and the like. Berry also discusses cultural factors, such as the manner in which globalization of media, advertisements, and movies have trended toward homogenization, whereby we are all encouraged to appear tall, thin, white, and with Northern European features even if we are none of those things. She also analyzes the underlying social forces such as economic incentives that, on the one hand, channel us to be as physically acceptable as possible via the sale of diet pills and skin lighteners, and on the other hand, encourage us to accept ourselves as we are by selling us plus-size clothing. The book concludes with suggestions for equal rights extended to all regardless of appearance. Here, Berry describes budding social movements and grassroots endeavors toward an acceptance of looks diversity.

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39

Book-In-Brief: Epistemological Bias in the Physical & Social Sciences. International Institute of Islamic Thought, The, 2022.

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40

Kazakh : Book-In-Brief: Epistemological Bias in the Physical & Social Sciences. International Institute of Islamic Thought, The, 2023.

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41

Elmessiri, Abdelwahab M. Books-In-Brief: Epistemological Bias in the Physical and Social Sciences. International Institute of Islamic Thought, The, 2021.

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42

Bengali: Book-In-Brief - Epistemological Bias in the Physical & Social Sciences. International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2023.

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43

Albanian : Books-In-Brief: Epistemological Bias in the Physical & Social Sciences ? International Institute of Islamic Thought, The, 2018.

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44

Sanderson, Benjamin Mark. Uncertainty Quantification in Multi-Model Ensembles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.707.

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Long-term planning for many sectors of society—including infrastructure, human health, agriculture, food security, water supply, insurance, conflict, and migration—requires an assessment of the range of possible futures which the planet might experience. Unlike short-term forecasts for which validation data exists for comparing forecast to observation, long-term forecasts have almost no validation data. As a result, researchers must rely on supporting evidence to make their projections. A review of methods for quantifying the uncertainty of climate predictions is given. The primary tool for quantifying these uncertainties are climate models, which attempt to model all the relevant processes that are important in climate change. However, neither the construction nor calibration of climate models is perfect, and therefore the uncertainties due to model errors must also be taken into account in the uncertainty quantification.Typically, prediction uncertainty is quantified by generating ensembles of solutions from climate models to span possible futures. For instance, initial condition uncertainty is quantified by generating an ensemble of initial states that are consistent with available observations and then integrating the climate model starting from each initial condition. A climate model is itself subject to uncertain choices in modeling certain physical processes. Some of these choices can be sampled using so-called perturbed physics ensembles, whereby uncertain parameters or structural switches are perturbed within a single climate model framework. For a variety of reasons, there is a strong reliance on so-called ensembles of opportunity, which are multi-model ensembles (MMEs) formed by collecting predictions from different climate modeling centers, each using a potentially different framework to represent relevant processes for climate change. The most extensive collection of these MMEs is associated with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). However, the component models have biases, simplifications, and interdependencies that must be taken into account when making formal risk assessments. Techniques and concepts for integrating model projections in MMEs are reviewed, including differing paradigms of ensembles and how they relate to observations and reality. Aspects of these conceptual issues then inform the more practical matters of how to combine and weight model projections to best represent the uncertainties associated with projected climate change.

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45

Ungemah, Joe. Punching the Clock. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.001.0001.

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Punching the Clock takes the best of psychological science to explore whether humans will effectively adapt to the gig economy and the Future of Work. Although the world of work is changing at unprecedented speed, the drives and needs of workers have not. Technology in the form of artificial intelligence and robotic process automation continues to transform jobs, taking away routine tasks from workers, both cognitive and physical alike. Work is broken down into smaller and smaller packets that can be seamlessly reintegrated into broader work products. Workers no longer need to be full-time employees or even reside on the same continent. Rather, tenuous relationships with contractors, freelancers, volunteers, or other third parties have become the norm, using talent platforms to find and complete work. Yet, inside the minds of workers, the needs and biases that govern behavior continue as if nothing has happened. Like any other social environment, workplaces key into deep psychological processes that have developed over millennia and dictate with whom and how workers interact. Psychologists working across disciplines have amassed a great deal of insight about the human psyche but have not always been adept at articulating the practical implications of this insight, let alone how the human psyche will likely react to the gig economy. This book fills this void in knowledge by explaining what is really going on in the minds of coworkers, bringing this to life with a few surprising stories from the real world. Unlike the external world, the human psyche is a relative constant, which raises questions about just how much of the Future of Work can be realized without breaking down the social fabric of the workplace.

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46

The Muscular Ideal: Psychological, Social, and Medical Perspectives. American Psychological Association (APA), 2007.

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47

The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2005.

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48

Ballantyne, Nathan, und David Dunning, Hrsg. Reason, Bias, and Inquiry. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197636916.001.0001.

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Philosophers and psychologists routinely explore questions about reasoning, inquiry, and bias, though typically in disciplinary isolation. This volume brings together researchers from across the two disciplines to present ideas and insights for addressing the challenges of knowing well in a complicated world. The volume is divided into four parts: how best to describe the conceptual and empirical terrain of reason and bias; how reasoning and bias influence basic perception of the physical world; how to assess knowledge and expertise in ourselves and others; and how people approach reasoning and knowledge among and about groups. Together, the chapters show what philosophers and psychologists can do together when they shine light on the challenges of reaching the truth and avoiding errors. Reason, Bias, and Inquiry is a multi-disciplinary meditation for readers who are awash in information but are uncertain how to manage it to make informed decisions.

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49

Federal Employees' Compensation Act: No evidence that Labor's physician selection processes biased claims decisions : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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50

Federal Employees' Compensation Act: No evidence that Labor's physician selection processes biased claims decisions : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Bücher zum Thema „Physical biases“

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