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1
MIRAMONTI, LINO, und VITO ANTONELLI. „ADVANCEMENTS IN SOLAR NEUTRINO PHYSICS“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 22, Nr. 05 (Mai 2013): 1330009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301313300099.
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We review the results of solar neutrino physics, with particular attention to the data obtained and the analyses performed in the last decades, which were determinant to solve the solar neutrino problem (SNP), proving that neutrinos are massive and oscillating particles and contributing to refine the solar models. We also discuss the perspectives of the presently running experiments in this sector and of the ones planned for the near future and the impact they can have on elementary particle physics and astrophysics.
2
GURALNIK, GERALD S. „GAUGE INVARIANCE AND THE GOLDSTONE THEOREM“. Modern Physics Letters A 26, Nr. 19 (21.06.2011): 1381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311036188.
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This paper was originally created for and printed in the "Proceedings of seminar on unified theories of elementary particles" held in Feldafing, Germany from July 5 to 16, 1965 under the auspices of the Max-Planck-Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich. It details and expands upon the 1964 Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble paper demonstrating that the Goldstone theorem does not require physical zero mass particles in gauge theories.
3
VISSER, MATT. „HAWKING RADIATION: A PARTICLE PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE“. Modern Physics Letters A 08, Nr. 18 (14.06.1993): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393001409.
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It has recently become fashionable to regard black holes as elementary particles. By taking this suggestion reasonably seriously it is possible to cobble together an elementary particle physics based on estimate for the decay rate (black hole) i → (black hole) f+ (massless quantum) . This estimate of the spontaneous emission rate contains two free parameters which may be fixed by demanding that the high energy end of the spectrum of emitted quanta match a black body spectrum at the Hawking temperature. The calculation, though technically trivial, has important conceptual implications: (1) The existence of Hawking radiation from black holes seems ultimately dependent only on the fact that massless quanta (and all other forms of matter) couple to gravity. (2) The essentially thermal nature of the Hawking spectrum seems to depend only on the fact that the number of internal states of a large mass black hole is enormous. (3) Remarkably, the resulting formula for the decay rate gives meaningful answers even when extrapolated to low mass black holes. The analysis seems to support the scenario of complete evaporation as the end point of the Hawking radiation process (no naked singularity, no stable massive remnant).
4
Jenni, Peter. „Early physics results“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, Nr. 1961 (28.02.2012): 933–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0463.
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For the past year, experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have started exploring physics at the high-energy frontier. Thanks to the superb turn-on of the LHC, a rich harvest of initial physics results have already been obtained by the two general-purpose experiments A Toroidal LHC Apparatus (ATLAS) and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), which are the subject of this report. The initial data have allowed a test, at the highest collision energies ever reached in a laboratory, of the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles, and to make early searches Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Significant results have already been obtained in the search for the Higgs boson, which would establish the postulated electro-weak symmetry breaking mechanism in the SM, as well as for BSM physics such as Supersymmetry (SUSY), heavy new particles, quark compositeness and others. The important, and successful, SM physics measurements are giving confidence that the experiments are in good shape for their journey into the uncharted territory of new physics anticipated at the LHC.
5
SIKLÉR, FERENC. „LOW pT HADRONIC PHYSICS WITH CMS“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, Nr. 07n08 (August 2007): 1819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007052.
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The pixel detector of CMS can be used to reconstruct very low pT charged particles down to about 0.1 GeV /c. This can be achieved with high efficiency, good resolution and a negligible fake rate for elementary collisions. In the case of central PbPb collisions the fake rate can be kept low for pT > 0.4 GeV /c. In addition, the detector can be employed for identification of neutral hadrons (V0s) and converted photons.
6
WARD, B. F. L. „MASSIVE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND BLACK HOLE PHYSICS IN RESUMMED QUANTUM GRAVITY“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, Nr. 14 (10.06.2005): 3128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05025930.
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Ejiri, H. „Nuclear Spin Responses for Neutrinos in Astroparticle Physics“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 06, Nr. 01 (März 1997): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301397000020.
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Nuclear spin responses are of vital importance for studies of neutrinos, weakly interacting particles and of weak interactions in nuclei. The physics objectives are concerned with lepton nuclear physics within and beyond the standard theory. Here nuclei, which consist of elementary particles in good quantum (eigen) states, are used as excellent micro-laboratories for studying fundamental particles and interactions. Subjects discussed include neutrinos(ν) and weak interactions, weakly interacting massive particles as candidates for dark matters (DM), and other related problems. Experimental studies of them are made by investigating ultra rare nuclear processes at low background underground laboratories. Nuclear responses relevant to electroweak processes, neutrinos, and weakly interacting massive particles are discussed. Nuclear spin isospin responses associated with axial charged weak currents are investigated by using charge-exchange spin flip nuclear reactions at the RCNP ring cyclotron laboratory.
8
El Naschie, M. S. „The Cantorian interpretation of high energy physics and the mass spectrum of elementary particles“. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 17, Nr. 5 (August 2003): 989–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0779(03)00006-7.
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WU, TA-YOU. „PHYSICS: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PHILOSOPHY“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, Nr. 18 (10.11.1989): 4643–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001990.
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We attempt to review the development of physics in its historical order: classical dynamics; optics and electromagnetic theory followed naturally by the special theory of relativity; the general theory of relativity; from another direction, the kinetic theory of gases, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics which led to the discovery of the quantum theory; atomic physics that led to quantum mechanics; the theoretical and experimental studies of elementary particle physics. Some efforts were made to bring out the basic concepts in these theories and their changes, namely, the abandoning of the absolute time and simultaneity, simultaneous exact knowledge of position and momentum of a particle and determinism of Newtonian physics in the relativity theory and quantum mechanics; the concept of quantized field and unified fields. The interplay between experiments and theories in the development of physics was summarized by a table at the end of the article.
10
Galanti, Giorgio, Fabrizio Tavecchio und Marco Landoni. „Fundamental physics with blazar spectra: a critical appraisal“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, Nr. 4 (23.12.2019): 5268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3411.
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ABSTRACT Very-high-energy (VHE) BL Lacertae (BL Lac) spectra extending above $10 \, \rm TeV$ provide a unique opportunity for testing physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle and alternative blazar emission models. We consider the hadron beam scenario, the conversion of photons to axion-like particles (ALPs) and the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) by analysing their consequences and induced modifications to BL Lac spectra. In particular, we consider how different processes can provide similar spectral features (e.g. hard tails) and we discuss the ways they can be disentangled. We use data from High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) of a high state of Markarian 501 and the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) spectrum of the extreme BL Lac (EHBL) 1ES 0229+200. In addition, we consider two hypothetical EHBLs similar to 1ES 0229+200 located at redshifts z = 0.3 and z = 0.5. We observe that both the hadron beam and the photon–ALP oscillations predict a hard tail extending to energies larger than those possible in the standard scenario. Photon–ALP interaction predicts a peak in the spectra of distant BL Lacs at about $20\rm {-}30 \, \rm TeV$, while LIV produces a strong peak in all BL Lac spectra around $\sim 100 \, \rm TeV$. The peculiar feature of the photon–ALP conversion model is the production of oscillations in the spectral energy distribution, so that its detection/absence can be exploited to distinguish between the considered models. The above-mentioned features of the three models might be detected by the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array. Thus, future observations of BL Lac spectra could eventually shed light on new physics and alternative blazar emission models, driving fundamental research towards a specific direction.
11
PERL, MARTIN L., ERIC R. LEE und DINESH LOOMBA. „A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SEARCH FOR ISOLATABLE FRACTIONAL CHARGE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES“. Modern Physics Letters A 19, Nr. 35 (20.11.2004): 2595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304016019.
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Since the initial measurements of the electron charge a century ago, experimenters have faced the persistent question as to whether elementary particles exist that have charges that are fractional multiples of the electron charge. In the standard model of particle physics the quarks are such particles, but it is assumed that quarks cannot be individually isolated, the quarks always being confined inside hadrons. This paper is a brief review of the present status of searches for isolatable fractional charge particles such as a lepton-like particle with fractional charge or an unconfined quark. There have been a very large number of searches but there is no confirmed evidence for existence of isolatable fractional charge particles. It may be that they do not exist, but it is also possible that they are very massive or that their production mechanisms are very small so that they have been missed by existing searches. Therefore the aim of this review is to urge (a) the invention of ways to substantially increase the range of known search methods and (b) to urge the invention of new search methods for isolatable fractional charge particles.
12
HA, YUAN K. „ARE BLACK HOLES ELEMENTARY PARTICLES?“ International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, Nr. 18n19 (30.07.2009): 3577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047223.
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Quantum black holes are the smallest and heaviest conceivable elementary particles. They have a microscopic size but a macroscopic mass. Several fundamental types have been constructed with some remarkable properties. Quantum black holes in the neighborhood of the Galaxy could resolve the paradox of ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected in Earth's atmosphere. They may also play a role as dark matter in cosmology.
13
MARANER, PAOLO. „ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND SPIN REPRESENTATIONS“. Modern Physics Letters A 19, Nr. 05 (20.02.2004): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304013258.
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We emphasize that the group-theoretical considerations leading to SO (10) unification of electroweak and strong matter field components naturally extend to spacetime components, providing a truly unified description of all generation degrees of freedoms in terms of a single chiral spin representation of one of the groups SO (13,1), SO (9,5), SO (7,7) or SO (3,11). The realization of these groups as higher-dimensional spacetime symmetries produces unification of all fundamental fermions is a single spacetime spinor.
14
SHAH, G. N., und T. A. MIR. „PION AND MUON MASS DIFFERENCE: A DETERMINING FACTOR IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE MASS DISTRIBUTION“. Modern Physics Letters A 23, Nr. 01 (10.01.2008): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308023797.
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The most fundamental to the elementary particles is the mass they possess and it would be of importance to explore a possible relationship amongst their masses. Here, an attempt is made to investigate this important aspect irrespective of their nature or scheme of classification. We show that there exists a striking tendency for successive mass differences between elementary particles to be close integral/half integral multiple of the mass difference between a neutral pion and a muon. Thus indicating discreteness in the nature of the mass occurring at the elementary particle level. Furthermore, this mass difference of 29.318 MeV is found to be common to the mass spectra of leptons and baryons, implying thereby existence of a basic mechanism linking elementary particles responding to different interactions.
15
Horváth, Dezső. „Twenty years of searching for the Higgs boson: Exclusion at LEP, discovery at LHC“. Modern Physics Letters A 29, Nr. 04 (10.02.2014): 1430004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300043.
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The 40 years old Standard Model, the theory of particle physics, seems to describe all experimental data very well. All of its elementary particles were identified and studied apart from the Higgs boson until 2012. For decades, many experiments were built and operated searching for it, and finally, the two main experiments of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, CMS and ATLAS, in 2012 observed a new particle with properties close to those predicted for the Higgs boson. In this paper, we outline the search story: the exclusion of the Higgs boson at the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, and its observation at LHC.
16
Demir, Durmuş. „Symmergent Gravity, Seesawic New Physics, and Their Experimental Signatures“. Advances in High Energy Physics 2019 (22.08.2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4652048.
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The standard model of elementary particles (SM) suffers from various problems, such as power-law ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity, exclusion of general relativity (GR), and absence of a dark matter candidate. The LHC experiments, according to which the TeV domain appears to be empty of new particles, started sidelining TeV-scale SUSY and other known cures of the UV sensitivity. In search for a remedy, in this work, it is revealed that affine curvature can emerge in a way restoring gauge symmetries explicitly broken by the UV cutoff. This emergent curvature cures the UV sensitivity and incorporates GR as symmetry-restoring emergent gravity (symmergent gravity, in brief) if a new physics sector (NP) exists to generate the Planck scale and if SM+NP is Fermi-Bose balanced. This setup, carrying fingerprints of trans-Planckian SUSY, predicts that gravity is Einstein (no higher-curvature terms), cosmic/gamma rays can originate from heavy NP scalars, and the UV cutoff might take right value to suppress the cosmological constant (alleviating fine-tuning with SUSY). The NP does not have to couple to the SM. In fact, NP-SM coupling can take any value from zero to ΛSM2/ΛNP2 if the SM is not to jump from ΛSM≈500 GeV to the NP scale ΛNP. The zero coupling, certifying an undetectable NP, agrees with all the collider and dark matter bounds at present. The seesawic bound ΛSM2/ΛNP2, directly verifiable at colliders, implies that (i) dark matter must have a mass ≲ΛSM, (ii) Higgs-curvature coupling must be ≈1.3%, (iii) the SM RGEs must remain nearly as in the SM, and (iv) right-handed neutrinos must have a mass ≲1000 TeV. These signatures serve as a concise testbed for symmergence.
17
WARD, B. F. L. „ARE MASSIVE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES BLACK HOLES?“ Modern Physics Letters A 19, Nr. 02 (20.01.2004): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304012885.
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We use exact results in a new approach to quantum gravity to study the effect of quantum loop corrections on the behavior of the metric of spacetime near the Schwarzschild radius of a massive point particle in the standard model. We show that the classical conclusion that such a system is a black hole is obviated. Phenomenological implications are discussed.
18
CASADIO, ROBERTO. „CHARGED SHELLS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, Nr. 18 (20.07.2013): 1350088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13500887.
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We review the General Relativistic model of a (quasi-)pointlike particle represented by a massive shell of electrically charged matter, which displays an ADM mass M equal to the electric charge |Q| in the small-volume limit. We employ the Israel–Darboux's junction equations to explicitly derive this result, and then study the modifications introduced by the existence of a minimum length scale λ. For λ of the order of the Planck length (or larger), we find that the ADM mass becomes equal to the bare mass m0 of the shell, like it occurs for the neutral case.
19
FINKELSTEIN, ROBERT J. „THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AS QUANTUM KNOTS IN ELECTROWEAK THEORY“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, Nr. 24 (30.09.2007): 4467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0703707x.
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We explore a knot model of the elementary particles that is compatible with electroweak physics. The knots are quantized and their kinematic states are labeled by [Formula: see text], irreducible representations of SU q(2), where j = N/2, m = w/2, m′ = (r+1)/2 and (N, w, r) designate respectively the number of crossings, the writhe, and the rotation of the knot. The knot quantum numbers (N, w, r) are related to the standard isotopic spin quantum numbers (t, t3, t0) by (t = N/6, t3 = -w/6, t0 = -(r+1)/6), where t0 is the hypercharge. In this model the elementary fermions are low lying states of the quantum trefoil (N = 3) and the gauge bosons are ditrefoils (N = 6). The fermionic knots interact by the emission and absorption of bosonic knots.
20
BHATTACHARYA, KAUSHIK. „GAUGE INVARIANCE OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PROCESSES IN THE PRESENCE OF A BACKGROUND MAGNETIC FIELD“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, Nr. 15 (20.06.2006): 3151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031594.
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Elementary particle scatterings and decays in the presence of a background magnetic field are very common in physics, especially after the observation that the core of the neutron stars can sustain a magnetic field of the order of 1013 G. The important point about these calculations is that they are done in a background of a gauge field and as a result the calculations are prone to gauge arbitrariness. In this work we will investigate how this gauge arbitrariness is eradicated in processes where the initial and final particles taking part in the interactions are electrically neutral. Some comments on those processes where the initial or final state consists of electrically charged particles is presented at the end of the paper.
21
Teruel, Ginés R. Pérez. „Implications of nonsymmetric metric theories for particle physics: New interpretation of the Pauli coupling“. Modern Physics Letters A 29, Nr. 18 (04.06.2014): 1450098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314500989.
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In this work, we provide a possible geometrical interpretation of the spin of elementary particles. In particular, it is investigated how the wave equations of matter are altered by the addition of an antisymmetric contribution to the metric tensor. In this scenario, the explicit form of the matter wave equations is investigated in a general curved spacetime, and then the equations are particularized to the flat case. Unlike traditional approaches of Nonsymmetric Gravitational Theories (NGT), in which the gravitational field is responsible for breaking the symmetry of the flat Minkowski metric, we find more natural to consider that, in general, the metric of the spacetime could be nonsymmetric even in the flat case. The physical consequences of this assumption are explored in detail. Interestingly enough, it is found that the metric tensor splits into a bosonic and a fermionic; the antisymmetric part of the metric is very sensitive to the spin and turns out to be undetectable for spinless scalar particles. However, fermions couple to it in a nontrivial way (only when there are interactions). In addition, the Pauli coupling is derived automatically as a consequence of the nonsymmetric nature of the metric.
22
SHIMA, KAZUNARI, MOTOMU TSUDA und MANABU SAWAGUCHI. „A NEW EINSTEIN–HILBERT-TYPE ACTION AND A SUPERON-GRAVITON MODEL (SGM) OF NATURE“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 13, Nr. 03 (Juni 2004): 539–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301304002326.
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A nonlinear supersymmetric (NLSUSY) Einstein–Hilbert (EH)-type new action for the unity of nature is obtained by performing Einstein gravity analogue geometrical arguments in high symmetry spacetime inspired by NLSUSY. The new action is unstable and breaks down spontaneously into the EH action with matter in ordinary Riemann spacetime. All elementary particles except the graviton are composed of the fundamental fermion "superon" (the Nambu–Goldstone (NG) fermion of NLSUSY) and regarded as the eigenstates of SO(10) super-Poincaré (SP) algebra, called the superon-graviton model (SGM) of nature. Some phenomenological implications for low energy particle physics and cosmology are discussed. The linearization of NLSUSY including N=1 SGM action is attempted explicitly to obtain the linear SUSY local field theory, which is equivalent and renormalizable.
23
PERL, MARTIN L. „WHAT EINSTEIN DID NOT KNOW“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, Nr. 05 (Mai 2008): 735–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010143.
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This public lecture is about 100 years of research on elementary particles and fundamental forces, beginning with the identification of the electron about 1900 and extending to the astonishing discovery of Dark Matter in the late 1900s. I talk about the elementary particle concept; the discoveries of leptons, quarks and force carrying particles; and some of the experimental technology used. I tell of my own research, our discovery of the tau lepton, our long, inconclusive search for fractional charged particles, and my new involvement in astronomical research on Dark Matter. I conclude by looking ahead to old unsolved puzzles and new questions on the fundamental nature of matter and force that face us in the 21st Century.
24
Li, Ziyuan, und Jie Feng. „Fresh insights on properties of particle fluxes in cosmic rays measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the international space station“. Modern Physics Letters A 36, Nr. 12 (03.03.2021): 2130011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732321300111.
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The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is a particle physics detector focusing on the search for dark matter, the existence of antimatter, the origin and composition of cosmic rays from primordial sources in the universe and the exploration of new physics in space. Important features of the elementary particle (proton, antiproton, positron and election) fluxes in cosmic rays are presented: (1) The proton spectrum has a smooth hardening from 200 GeV; (2) antiproton and positron spectra show excess from traditional physics background; (3) in particular, the positron flux shows a source term with a cutoff energy of 810 GeV, which raises the question of its source; (4) the origin of the energetic electrons is different from that of positrons and (5) the identical momentum dependence of primary and secondary cosmic ray nuclei fluxes are also reviewed.
25
Grib, A. A., und Yu V. Pavlov. „On the limiting energy of the collision of elementary particles close to horizon of the rotating black hole“. Modern Physics Letters A 35, Nr. 31 (17.08.2020): 2050262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320502624.
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Arguments are given for the conclusion that the energy of collision of two ultrarelativistic elementary particles due to gravitational radiation cannot exceed the Planck value. Comparison of the gravitational and electromagnetic radiation for charged particles close to the horizon of Kerr black hole is made. If for trans-Planckian energy the black hole can arise it is shown that the energy growth used in scattering for interaction of particles is still limited.
26
Besprosvany, J. „Standard-Model Coupling Constants from Compositeness“. Modern Physics Letters A 18, Nr. 27 (07.09.2003): 1877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303011642.
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A coupling-constant definition is given based on the compositeness property of some particle states with respect to the elementary states of other particles. It is applied in the context of the vector-spin-1/2-particle interaction vertices of a field theory, and the standard model. The definition reproduces Weinberg's angle in a grand-unified theory. One obtains coupling values close to the experimental ones for appropriate configurations of the standard-model vector particles, at the unification scale within grand-unified models, and at the electroweak breaking scale.
27
Dai, L. Y., M. Shi, G. Y. Tang und H. Q. Zheng. „How to distinguish a molecule from an 'elementary' particle?“ International Journal of Modern Physics E 23, Nr. 07 (Juli 2014): 1461002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301314610023.
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We discuss how to use Morgan's pole counting rule to distinguish a molecular state from an 'elementary' particle. As two examples we focus on X(3872) and f0(980) particles. A molecule may be generated from a meson loop bubble chain, and an 'elementary' particle is related to an explicit interaction field in the effective lagrangian and propagates with a Breit–Wigner propagator. For X(3872) it is found that the data favor the 'elementary' particle explanation. For f0(980) the study becomes much more difficult, since highly nonperturbative dynamics is involved. A unitarization model analysis suggests that f0(980)'s property is quite exotic. Unlike other light scalars, it does not behave like a [Formula: see text] state, and could be interpreted as a molecule.
28
Belotsky, K., S. Rubin und I. Svadkovsky. „Extended micro objects as dark matter particles“. Modern Physics Letters A 32, Nr. 15 (25.04.2017): 1740008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317400089.
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Models of various forms of composite dark matter (DM) predicted by particle theory and the DM constituents formed by gravity that are not reduced to new elementary particle candidates are discussed. Main attention is paid to a gravitational origin of the DM. The influence of extended mass spectrum of primordial black holes on observational limits is considered. It is shown that non-uniformly deformed extra space can be considered as point-like masses which possess only gravitational interaction with each other and with the ordinary particles. The recently discussed six-dimensional stable wormholes could contribute to the DM. The contribution of dark atoms is also considered.
29
SEN, ASHOKE. „MAGNETIC MONOPOLES, BOGOMOL’NYI BOUND AND SL(2, ℤ) INVARIANCE IN STRING THEORY“. Modern Physics Letters A 08, Nr. 21 (10.07.1993): 2023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393001732.
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We show that in heterotic string theory compactified on a six-dimensional torus, the lower bound (Bogomol’nyi bound) on the dyon mass is invariant under the SL (2, ℤ) transformation that interchanges strong and weak coupling limits of the theory. Elementary string excitations are also shown to satisfy this lower bound. Finally, we identify specific monopole solutions that are related via the strong-weak coupling duality transformation to some of the elementary particles saturating the Bogomol’nyi bound, and these monopoles are shown to have the same mass and degeneracy of states as the corresponding elementary particles.
30
PERL, MARTIN L., PETER C. KIM, VALERIE HALYO, ERIC R. LEE, IRWIN T. LEE, DINESH LOOMBA und KLAUS S. LACKNER. „THE SEARCH FOR STABLE, MASSIVE, ELEMENTARY PARTICLES“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, Nr. 12 (10.05.2001): 2137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01003548.
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In this paper we review the experimental and observational searches for stable, massive, elementary particles other than the electron and proton. The particles may be neutral, may have unit charge or may have fractional charge. They may interact through the strong, electromagnetic, weak or gravitational forces or through some unknown force. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for future searches — what is known, what is not known, and what appear to be the most fruitful areas for new searches. A variety of experimental and observational methods such as accelerator experiments, cosmic ray studies, searches for exotic particles in bulk matter and searches using astrophysical observations is included in this review.
31
THUAN, VO VAN. „REVEALING EXTRADIMENSIONS“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, Nr. 18n19 (30.07.2009): 3545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0904717x.
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In the framework of a proposed space-time symmetric model of elementary particles, a simplified semi-classical geometrical dynamics leads to the quantum mechanical equations, which may shed light on the physical reality of an individual micro-particle. As a result, the precise P -odd effects would be made explicit in those equations.
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SIDHARTH, B. G. „THE PION MODEL“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, Nr. 06 (Juni 2011): 1527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311018514.
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We revisit the problem of a mechanism that generates the mass spectrum of elementary particles. This has vexed physicists for several decades now. In this connection, we deduce a formula that gives the masses of all known elementary particles, even though other quantum numbers are suppressed. These considerations become important in view of the Large Hadron Collider which is expected to attain 14 TeV by 2013.
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MATSUKI, TAKAYUKI, und MASASHI SHIOTANI. „EFFECTIVE COUPLINGS OF DYNAMICAL NAMBU–GOLDSTONE BOSONS WITH ELEMENTARY FERMIONS“. Modern Physics Letters A 15, Nr. 10 (28.03.2000): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000694.
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Assuming dynamical spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry for massless gauge theory without scalar fields, we find a method to construct an effective action of the dynamical Nambu–Goldstone bosons and elementary fermions by using auxiliary fields. Here dynamical particles are assumed to be composed of elementary fermions. Various quantities including decay constants are calculated from this effective action.
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HEMKER, ANDREAS, und KARL-HEINZ BECKS. „EVOLUTION ENGINES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE“. International Journal of Modern Physics C 05, Nr. 01 (Februar 1994): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183194000039.
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In the last years artificial intelligence has achieved great successes, mainly in the field of expert systems and neural networks. Nevertheless the road to truly intelligent systems is still obscured. Artificial intelligence systems with a broad range of cognitive abilities are not within sight. The limited competence of such systems (brittleness) is identified as a consequence of the top-down design process. The evolution principle of nature on the other hand shows an alternative and elegant way to build intelligent systems. We propose to take an evolution engine as the driving force for the bottom-up development of knowledge bases and for the optimization of the problem-solving process. A novel data analysis system for the high energy physics experiment DELPHI at CERN shows the practical relevance of this idea. The system is able to reconstruct the physical processes after the collision of particles by making use of the underlying standard model of elementary particle physics. The evolution engine acts as a global controller of a population of inference engines working on the reconstruction task. By implementing the system on the Connection Machine (Model CM-2) we use the full advantage of the inherent parallelization potential of the evolutionary approach.
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DOUARI, J. „EXOTIC PARTICLES AND w∞-ALGEBRAS IN TWO- AND HIGH-DIMENSIONAL SPACES“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, Nr. 22 (10.09.2006): 4511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0603134x.
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We construct a set of noncommuting translation operators in two- and high-dimensional lattices. The algebras they close are w∞-algebras. The construction is based on the introduction of noncommuting elementary link operators which link two neighborhood sites in the lattice. This type of operators preserve the braiding nature of exotic particles living basically in two-dimensional space.
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Marek-Crnjac, L. „Exceptional and semi simple Lie groups hierarchies and the maximum number of elementary particles beyond the standard model of high energy physics“. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 37, Nr. 1 (Juli 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.08.083.
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NAMBU, Y. „A 'SUPERCONDUCTOR' MODEL OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND ITS CONSEQUENCES“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, Nr. 25 (10.10.2008): 4063–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08042717.
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Enatsu, H. „Quantization of masses of elementary particles with micrononcausal structures“. Il Nuovo Cimento A 95, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1986): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02905819.
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Enatsu, H. „Quantization of masses of elementary particles with micrononcausal structures“. Il Nuovo Cimento A 97, Nr. 4 (April 1987): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02735158.
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Stumpf, H. „Formfactors of Relativistic Composite Particle Interactions in Unified Nonlinear Spinorfield Models“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, Nr. 7 (01.07.1985): 752–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0717.
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Unified nonlinear spinorfield models are self-regularizing quantum field theories in which all observable (elementary and non-elementary) particles are assumed to be bound states of fermionic preon fields. Due to their large masses the preons themselves are confined and below the threshold of preon production the effective dynamics of the model is only concerned with bound state reactions. In preceding papers a functional energy representation, the statistical interpretation and the dynamical equations were derived and the effective dynamics for preon-antipreon boson states and three preon-fermion states (with corresponding anti-fermions) was studied in the low energy limit. The transformation of the functional energy representation of the spinorfield into composite particle functional operators produced a hierarchy of effective interactions at the composite particle level, the leading terms of which are identical with the functional energy representation of a phenomenological boson-fermion coupling theory. In this paper these calculations are extended into the high energy range. This leads to formfactors for the composite particle interaction terms which are calculated in a rough approximation and which in principle are observable. In addition, the mathematical and physical interpretation of nonlocal quantum field theories and the meaning of the mapping procedure, its relativistic invariance etc. are discussed.
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IBARRA, ALEJANDRO, DAVID TRAN und CHRISTOPH WENIGER. „INDIRECT SEARCHES FOR DECAYING DARK MATTER“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, Nr. 27 (30.10.2013): 1330040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13300408.
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Numerous observations point towards the existence of an unknown elementary particle with no electromagnetic interactions, a large population of which was presumably produced in the early stages of the history of the Universe. This so-called dark matter has survived until the present day, accounting for the 26% of the present energy budget of the Universe. It remains an open question whether the particles comprising the dark matter are absolutely stable or whether they have a finite but very long lifetime, which is a possibility since there is no known general principle guaranteeing perfect stability. In this paper, we review the observational limits on the lifetime of dark matter particles with mass in the GeV–TeV range using observations of the cosmic fluxes of antimatter, gamma-rays and neutrinos. We also examine some theoretically motivated scenarios that provide decaying dark matter candidates.
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Hwang, Jae-Kwang. „New fermionic dark matters, extended Standard Model and cosmic rays“. Modern Physics Letters A 32, Nr. 26 (11.08.2017): 1730023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317300233.
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Three generations of leptons and quarks correspond to the lepton charges (LCs) in this work. Then, the leptons have the electric charges (ECs) and LCs. The quarks have the ECs, LCs and color charges (CCs). Three heavy leptons and three heavy quarks are introduced to make the missing third flavor of EC. Then the three new particles which have the ECs are proposed as the bastons (dark matters) with the rest masses of 26.121 eV/c2, 42.7 GeV/c2 and 1.9 × 10[Formula: see text] eV/c2. These new particles are applied to explain the origins of the astrophysical observations like the ultra-high energy cosmic rays and supernova 1987A anti-neutrino data. It is concluded that the 3.5 keV X-ray peak observed from the cosmic X-ray background spectra is originated not from the pair annihilations of the dark matters but from the X-ray emission of the Q1 baryon atoms which are similar in the atomic structure to the hydrogen atom. The presence of the 3.5 keV cosmic X-ray supports the presence of the Q1 quark with the EC of −4/3. New particles can be indirectly seen from the astrophysical observations like the cosmic ray and cosmic gamma ray. In this work, the systematic quantized charges of EC, LC and CC for the elementary particles are used to consistently explain the decay and reaction schemes of the elementary particles. Also, the strong, weak and dark matter forces are consistently explained.
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DE BERREDO-PEIXOTO, GUILHERME, ILYA L. SHAPIRO und FLÁVIA SOBREIRA. „SIMPLE COSMOLOGICAL MODEL WITH RELATIVISTIC GAS“. Modern Physics Letters A 20, Nr. 35 (20.11.2005): 2723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305018104.
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We construct simple and useful approximation for the relativistic gas of massive particles. The equation of state is given by an elementary function and admits analytic solution of the Friedmann equation, including more complex cases when the relativistic gas of massive particles is considered together with radiation or with dominating cosmological constant. The model of relativistic gas may be interesting for the description of primordial Universe, especially as a candidate for the role of a Dark Matter.
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Antony, M. S., und J. Britz. „Systematics of experimental charge radii of elements and elementary particles“. Il Nuovo Cimento A 97, Nr. 2 (Februar 1987): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02734935.
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TARKOWSKI, WOJCIECH. „A TOY MODEL OF THE FIVE-DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE WITH THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, Nr. 29 (20.11.2004): 5051–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04019366.
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A value of the cosmological constant in a toy model of the five-dimensional universe is calculated in such a manner that it remains in agreement with both astronomical observations and the quantum field theory concerning the zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum. The (negative) cosmological constant is equal to the inverse of the Planck length squared, which means that in the toy model the vanishing of the observed value of the cosmological constant is a consequence of the existence of an energy cutoff exactly at the Planck level. In turn, a model for both a virtual and a real particle–antiparticle pair is proposed which describes properly some energetic properties of both the vacuum fluctuations and created particles, as well as it allows one to calculate the discrete "bare" values of an elementary particle's mass, electric charge and intrinsic angular momentum (spin) at the energy cutoff. The relationships between the discussed model and some phenomena such as the Zitterbewegung and the Unruh–Davies effect are briefly analyzed, too. The proposed model also allows one to derive the Lorentz transformation and the Maxwell equations while considering the properties of the vacuum filled with the sea of virtual particles and their antiparticles. Finally, the existence of a finite value of the vacuum-energy density resulting from the toy model leads us to the formulation of dimensionless Einstein equations which may be derived from the Lagrangian with a dimensionless (naively renormalized) coupling constant.
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JÁUREGUI, R. „RADIATION FROM A RINDLER-DIRAC ELECTRON“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 10, Nr. 10 (20.04.1995): 1483–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x95000711.
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We evaluate the elementary quantum electrodynamics vertex involving Rindler particles and the elementary vertex involving Rindler electrons and a Minkowski photon. Also, we study the general features of the radiation emitted and the possible changes in the electron quantum numbers arising from the corresponding processes. A particularly interesting result is a spin depolarization effect arising even in the absence of external magnetic fields. Similarities to other classical and semiclassical results are briefly discussed.
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CIANFRANI, FRANCESCO, und GIOVANNI MONTANI. „ELEMENTARY PARTICLE INTERACTION FROM A KALUZA-KLEIN SCHEME“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, Nr. 08 (30.03.2008): 1182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08040044.
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We discuss properties of particles and fields in a multi-dimensional space-time, where the geometrization of gauge interactions can be performed. As far as spinors are concerned, we outline how the gauge coupling can be recognized by a proper dependence on extra-coordinates and by the dimensional reduction procedure. Finally applications to the Electro-Weak model are presented.
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NESBET, ROBERT K. „COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY“. Modern Physics Letters A 26, Nr. 12 (20.04.2011): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311035389.
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Requiring all massless elementary fields to have conformal scaling symmetry removes the conflict between gravitational theory and the quantum theory of elementary particles and fields. Extending this postulate to the scalar field of the Higgs model, dynamical breaking of both gauge and conformal symmetries determines parameters for the interacting fields. In uniform isotropic geometry a modified Friedmann cosmic evolution equation is derived with nonvanishing cosmological constant. Parameters determined by numerical solution are consistent with empirical data for redshifts z ≤ z* = 1090, including luminosity distances for observed type Ia supernovae and peak structure ratios in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The theory does not require dark matter.
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SANCHEZ, NORMA G. „CONCEPTUAL UNIFICATION OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES, BLACK HOLES, QUANTUM DE SITTER AND ANTI-DE SITTER STRING STATES“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, Nr. 25 (10.10.2004): 4173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04020026.
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We provide a conceptual unified description of the quantum properties of black holes (BH), elementary particles, de Sitter (dS) and Anti-de Sitter (AdS) string states.The conducting line of argument is the classical–quantum (de Broglie, Compton) duality here extended to the quantum gravity (string) regime (wave–particle–string duality). The semiclassical (QFT) and quantum (string) gravity regimes are respectively characterized and related: sizes, masses, accelerations and temperatures. The Hawking temperature, elementary particle and string temperatures are shown to be the same concept in different energy regimes and turn out the precise classical–quantum duals of each other; similarly, this result holds for the BH decay rate, heavy particle and string decay rates; BH evaporation ends as quantum string decay into pure (nonmixed) radiation. Microscopic density of states and entropies in the two (semiclassical and quantum) gravity regimes are derived and related, an unifying formula for BH, dS and AdS states is provided in the two regimes. A string phase transition towards the dS string temperature (which is shown to be the precise quantum dual of the semiclassical (Hawking–Gibbons) dS temperature) is found and characterized; such phase transition does not occurs in AdS alone. High string masses (temperatures) show a further (square root temperature behavior) sector in AdS. From the string mass spectrum and string density of states in curved backgrounds, quantum properties of the backgrounds themselves are extracted and the quantum mass spectrum of BH, dS and AdS radii obtained.
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Staszel, Paweł, I. Arsene, I. G. Bearden, D. Beavis, C. Besliu, B. Budick, H. Bøggild et al. „RECENT RESULTS FROM THE BRAHMS EXPERIMENT AT RHIC“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, Nr. 19 (30.07.2005): 4369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05027941.
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We present the results obtained by the BRAHMS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) for three colliding systems, namely: Au + Au , d + Au and p + p at [Formula: see text]. The main focus here is to give an overview of the main results on the reaction dynamics and on the properties of hot and high energy density matter produced in utra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. Measurement of particle production, particle spectra over a large rapidity interval as well as high pt measurements related to nuclear modification in Au + Au and d + Au collision are discussed. The observed number of charged particles produced per unit of rapidity at the central rapidity region indicates that a high energy density (> 5 GeV/fm3) system is created at the initial stage of the Au + Au reaction. From the particle spectra we deduced significant radial expansion (β ≈ 0.75) which is consistent with the large initial energy density. For Au + Au at η = 0 we observe the suppression of the high p T particles as compared to the elementary collisions, whereas for the d + Au reaction the Cronin type enhancement is observed. We also discuss to what extent these results can be taken as evidence for the quark gluon plasma (QGP). Finally, we present the nuclear modification effects in d + Au reaction as a function of rapidity and consider whether the observed suppression at forward rapidities constitutes sufficient evidence for a possible precursor state to the QGP, i.e. the Color Glass Condensate (CGC).
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