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1
Gori, R., und C. Lubello. „Pilot plant for reclaimed wastewater reuse in nurseries“. Water Science and Technology 42, Nr. 1-2 (01.07.2000): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0317.
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In this paper, after a brief introduction on irrigation wastewater reuse, we take a closer look at Pistoia, the most important nursery area in Italy, which specializes in production of woody ornamental plants. Groundwater resources are used for irrigation in competition with urban use, causing serious shortage problems in summer. Treated municipal wastewater can be a good alternative source of water and fertilizer nutrients for ornamental plant production. During 1998, we carried out an experiment along with local corporate bodies to evaluate the effects of Pistoia's wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent irrigation of the (Pistoia) area – compared with traditional well water irrigation – on three container-grown species, each of them characterized by different growth habits. Plants irrigated with the effluent, treated with UV irradiation in a disinfection pilot plant, showed better physiological and growth parameters than those irrigated with traditional well water.
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Segoni, Samuele, Veronica Tofani, Daniela Lagomarsino und Sandro Moretti. „Landslide susceptibility of the Prato–Pistoia–Lucca provinces, Tuscany, Italy“. Journal of Maps 12, sup1 (26.09.2016): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1233463.
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Del Soldato, Matteo, Gregorio Farolfi, Ascanio Rosi, Federico Raspini und Nicola Casagli. „Subsidence Evolution of the Firenze–Prato–Pistoia Plain (Central Italy) Combining PSI and GNSS Data“. Remote Sensing 10, Nr. 7 (20.07.2018): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10071146.
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Subsidence phenomena, as well as landslides and floods, are one of the main geohazards affecting the Tuscany region (central Italy). The monitoring of related ground deformations plays a key role in their management to avoid problems for buildings and infrastructure. In this scenario, Earth observation offers a better solution in terms of costs and benefits than traditional techniques (e.g., GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) or levelling networks), especially for wide area applications. In this work, the subsidence-related ground motions in the Firenze–Prato–Pistoia plain were back-investigated to track the evolution of displacement from 2003 to 2017 by means of multi-interferometric analysis of ENVISAT and Sentinel-1 imagery combined with GNSS data. The resulting vertical deformation velocities are aligned to the European Terrestrial Reference System 89 (ETRS89) datum and can be considered real velocity of displacement. The vertical ground deformation maps derived by ENVISAT and Sentinel-1 data, corrected with the GNSS, show how the area affected by subsidence for the period 2003–2010 and the period 2014–2017 evolved. The differences between the two datasets in terms of the extension and velocity values were analysed and then associated with the geological setting of the basin and external factors, e.g., new greenhouses and nurseries. This analysis allowed for reconstructing the evolution of the subsidence for the area of interest showing an increment of ground deformation in the historic centre of Pistoia Town, a decrement of subsidence in the nursery area between Pistoia and Prato cities, and changes in the industrial sector close to Prato.
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Loppi, Stefano, Fabrizio Chiti, Adelmo Corsini und Luca Bernardi. „Lichen biomonitoring of trace metals in the Pistoia area (central northern Italy)“. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 29, Nr. 1 (Januar 1994): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00546775.
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Agresti, Andrea, Federica Berrilli, Michela Maestrini, Isabel Guadano Procesi, Enrico Loretti, Niccolò Vonci und Stefania Perrucci. „Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy)“. Pathogens 11, Nr. 1 (23.12.2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010012.
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In sheltered dogs, the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis is frequently high and may include potential zoonotic genotypes. The prevalence, genotypes and potential risk factors of G. duodenalis were assessed in 168 dogs from four kennels (Pistoia, Prato, Florence, Valdarno) in Tuscany, central Italy and compared with data from previous Italian studies. The prevalence of other intestinal parasites was also investigated. Individual dog faecal samples collected from each kennel were examined by parasitological techniques and a rapid immunoassay for the detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium faecal antigens. On Giardia-positive samples, molecular analysis was performed for genotype identification. Overall, 69 dogs scored positive for G. duodenalis (41%), but significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the four kennels and sampling seasons. The potentially zoonotic assemblages A and B and the canine-specific assemblage C (Pistoia: A-AII, B, C; Prato: A-AII, B; Florence: A-AII; Valdarno: A and C) were identified. Toxocara canis (8.9%), Trichuris vulpis (3.6%), hookworms (1.19%) and Cryptosporidium sp. (0.6%) were also identified. The high prevalence of G. duodenalis and the identification of potentially zoonotic genotypes in all examined kennels underline the need to improve routine parasite monitoring and control measures and to provide insights into the zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis.
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Andreini, Marco, Anna de Falco, Linda Giresini und Mauro Sassu. „Collapse of the Historic City Walls of Pistoia (Italy): Causes and Possible Interventions“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1389.
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In the paper are discussed the likely causes of the collapse and the temporary safety features adopted to secure a collapsed portion of the Historic Walls of the city of Pistoia (Italy). The walls of medieval origin, affected by various subsequent modifications and alterations, have been subjected to a sudden collapse, after a period of heavy rain, for a length of about 25 meters. Hereby are described the probable causes of the collapse, due to a poor quality of the walls (external façades with external layer made up of river pebbles and inner filling material in-coherent), height of building is not modest (approximately eleven meters), a significant differential in height between the two faces (about four meters) and a not unlikely rotation of the base. It is proposed a technique of temporary reinforcement with a system of steel tie-beams and braces with a view to the work of reconstruction of the partially collapsed and consolidation of the lateral parts of wall.
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Agostini, Vincenzo. „DNA analysis of the last Brazilian unknown soldier’s remains buried in Pistoia (Italy)“. Forensic Sciences Research 5, Nr. 4 (18.02.2020): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2020.1713453.
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Rossi, Alessia, Vittorio Boscaro, Daniela Carducci, Valentina Serra, Letizia Modeo, Franco Verni, Sergei I. Fokin und Giulio Petroni. „Ciliate communities and hidden biodiversity in freshwater biotopes of the Pistoia province (Tuscany, Italy)“. European Journal of Protistology 53 (April 2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2015.12.005.
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Lusini, Gianfrancesco. „I Codici Etiopici del Fondo Martini nella Biblioteca Forteguerriana di Pistoia“. Aethiopica 5 (08.05.2013): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.5.1.452.
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In the Biblioteca Forteguerriana of Pistoia (Italy), a small collection of Ethiopian manuscripts is kept, entrusted to the Library by the heirs of Ferdinando Martini (1841-1928), “governatore civile” of the Colonia Eritrea from 1897 to 1907. These five manuscripts are catalogued here. Of great philological and artistic relevance is the illustrated Octateuch dated 1438 (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 2 = Zanutto n. 5), probably written in Tigrāy, namely in the monastery of Dabra Seqwert, district of Saḥart. In the XIXth-cent. chronological codex Martini etiop. n. 1 (= Zanutto n. 1), the materials transmitted by the traditional Liber Axumae are considerably enlarged and updated. The homiletic volume Martini etiop. n. 5 (= Zanutto n. 2), previously owned by Eǧǧegāyyahu, the mother of Menilek II (1844–1913), Emperor from 1889 to 1913, dates back to the XIXth cent. and contains various texts, still unpublished. The collection includes also an XVIIIth-cent. Hāymānota ’abaw (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 4 = Zanutto n. 4), closing with the apocryphal Book of the Letter, and a XVII–XVIIIth-cent. History of the Galla (Ms. Martini etiop. n. 3 = Zanutto n. 3), possibly the oldest manuscript of one of the first works of Amharic literature.
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Rizzo, D., L. Stefani, M. Paoli, S. Lazzereschi, B. Nesi, S. Pecchioli, M. Della Bartola, A. Materazzi und A. Grassotti. „Occurrence of Lily mottle virus on Lilium in Italy“. Plant Disease 96, Nr. 5 (Mai 2012): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-11-1019-pdn.
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Lily mottle virus (LMoV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, is one of the main viruses infecting lily. Symptoms on lily differ according to the susceptibility and sensitivity of different cultivars and hybrids. They range from leaf mottle or mosaic, vein clearing, chlorotic and yellow streaking, leaf curling, and necrotic spots, to milder forms of leaf symptoms. Plants may even be symptomless at some stages of growth. A varietal collection of Lilium from the early 1990s is held in Pistoia Province (Tuscany, Italy) and is composed of Asian hybrids obtained from intraspecific breeding of commercial cultivars. During a survey conducted from May to June 2010, several plants showing vein clearing, leaf mottle, leaf mosaic, and reddish brownish necrotic spots were observed. Leaf samples from 60 symptomatic or symptomless lily plants, belonging to 20 cultivars, were collected and tested for the presence of LMoV. Samples were assayed by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and eight of them, belonging to four different cultivars, tested positive. Total RNA was extracted from 2 g of leaf tissue of every collected sample according to the protocol described earlier (3) and cDNA synthesis was performed with an iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and real-time PCR assays using primers LMoV1 (5′-GCAAATGAGACACTCAATGCTG-3′) and LMoV2 (5′-CGTGCGTGAAGTAACTTCATAG-3′) designed to amplify 651 bp of the coat protein (CP) gene of LMoV (1). Results obtained with RT-PCR and real-time PCR exactly matched those achieved with ELISA assay, and the eight positive samples showed amplicons of the expected size. PCR products from five infected samples were directly sequenced from both directions and submitted in GenBank (Accessions Nos. JQ655106 to JQ655110). Our isolates share more than 99% nucleotide identity among each other. Comparison with other LMoV-CP gene sequences present in GenBank showed nucleotide identities ranging from 93 to 94% with LMoV isolates from South Korea (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ150683 to GQ150686), China (GenBank Accession Nos. EU348826, AJ748256, AJ564636, and AJ564637), Australia (GenBank Accession No. JN127341), and Japan (GenBank Accession No. AB570195). To our knowledge, this is the first report of LMoV on Lilium in Italy where this virus was already reported to infect escarole (2). Considering the economic importance of Lilium production as a flowering plant in Pistoia Province, and in several other areas of Italy, the report of LMoV present on lilies suggests the use of healthy propagation material and the adoption of preventive measures to avoid its diffusion. References: (1) J.-H. Lim et al. Korean J. Microbiol. 45:251, 2009. (2) V. Lisa et al. Plant Dis. 86:329, 2002. (3) D. J. MacKenzie et al. Plant Dis. 81:222, 1997.
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Lazzerini, Giulio, Paolo Merante, Stefano Lucchetti und Francesco Paolo Nicese. „Assessing environmental sustainability of ornamental plant production: a nursery level approach in Pistoia District, Italy“. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 42, Nr. 8 (08.05.2018): 911–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1466755.
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Lazarević Di Giacomo, Persida. „Considerations On Dositej Obradović's Stay And Travels In Italy“. Slavica Lodziensia 1 (14.11.2017): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2544-1795.01.05.
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This paper presents new data related to Dositej Obradović’s stay in Italy and the travels he undertook while he was there. In the period between 1769 and 1780 Obradović visited Trieste, Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Bologna, Florence, Pistoia, Lucca, Pisa, Livorno and Messina and later described these travels in his autobiography The Life and Adventures (1783). Although he is rather sketchy in his descriptions, we nonetheless discover that he became acquainted with a number of interesting fi gures of the day and was witness to contemporary events and phenomena: he tells us, for example, about the provveditore with whom he sailed to Venice and about the Rules of Health promulgated by the Venetian Republic in connection with the plague which was then raging. He also testifi es to the diet of the Venetian navy and the order issued by Catholic authorities prohibiting Orthodox priests from other countries from performing services in Dalmatia. The canale navile, in Bologna was also the object of Obradović’s attention. This artifi cial hydraulic system was a navigable channel making it possible to sail from Venice to Bologna(!) in the past. His descriptions of the heavily travelled road between Bologna and Florence and of the earthquake in Messina which took place after his departure for Chios are also interesting historical accounts of the period.
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ROMA-MARZIO, FRANCESCO, GIANNI BEDINI, JONAS V. MÜLLER und Lorenzo Peruzzi. „A critical checklist of the woody flora of Tuscany (Italy)“. Phytotaxa 287, Nr. 1 (08.12.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.287.1.1.
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A comprehensive checklist of the Tuscan woody flora providing sub-regional details is presented. This checklist comprises 412 taxa, of which 264 are native and 148 are non-native. Nine taxa new for the region were found, and eleven taxa were excluded from the regional flora. The native taxa belong to 109 genera and 53 families. Rosaceae is the family richest in taxa, with Rosa being the genus with the highest number of species. On the provincial level, the province of Grosseto is the province with the highest number of native taxa, followed by the provinces of Lucca and Florence. The lowest number of taxa was documented in the provinces of Pistoia and Prato. With regard to the non-native woody flora, the highest number of non-native taxa can be found in the province of Livorno, whereas the lowest number occurs in the provinces of Arezzo and Siena. At regional level, 9% of non-native taxa are invasive, 45% naturalized and 46% casual. Asia and North America are the most common native ranges of those taxa. After an extensive herbarium study, the taxonomy and distribution of Acer opalus, Cornus sanguinea, Juniperus deltoides, Oreoherzogia alpina, Pyrus communis, Quercus crenata, Salix elaeagnos, and Sorbus aria are discussed in more detail.
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Bandoli, Francesca, und Paolo Cavicchio. „The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Fragile Balance of a Small Zoo: the Case of Pistoia Zoo in Italy“. Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 3, Nr. 1 (12.04.2021): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10014.
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Abstract Zoos and aquaria have progressively evolved into conservation centres aimed at conserving biodiversity through educational, recreational, research and integrated conservation activities. Their work is based on a strong cooperation at national and international level, that enables the collaborative management of hundreds of thousands of animals and the protection of endangered species through integrated conservation programmes. The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated health, social and economic crisis have greatly impacted the zoological community, leading to multifaceted consequences especially for small private institutions. Here, we present the operational and ethical challenges, as well as the opportunities, arisen from the on-going crisis, focusing on Pistoia Zoo (Italy) as a case study. We finally discuss ethical and operational constraints and perspectives which could characterize the upcoming future of zoological facilities.
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Fratini, Fabio, Emma Cantisani, Elena Pecchioni, Enrico Pandeli und Silvia Vettori. „Pietra Alberese: Building Material and Stone for Lime in the Florentine Territory (Tuscany, Italy)“. Heritage 3, Nr. 4 (15.12.2020): 1520–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040084.
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The PietraAlberese is a marly limestone belonging to the Ligurian series (Monte Morello Formation of Eocene age). It is a material rarely mentioned in the historical Florentine architecture because the Pietraforte, the stone of the Medieval Florence and the Pietra Serena, the stone of the Renaissance, were the main lithotypes commonly used in those periods. Nevertheless, the Pietra Alberese has been widely utilized to build the town, because it is the only limestone cropping out in this part of Tuscany allowing the production of lime. In Prato and Pistoia, the Pietra Alberese was also used as stone (e.g., ashlars) in the structures and façades of many public and religious buildings. In this work, the geological setting and a mineralogical, petrographic and physical characterization of Pietra Alberese used as building stone are proposed together with a discussion about its durability. Moreover, the different compositional and macroscopic characteristics of two lithotypes (namely the sasso alberese and sasso porcino) utilized to produce the two types of lime used in the local traditional architecture (calcina dolce and calcina forte) are highlighted.
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Bonora, Valentina, Grazia Tucci, Adele Meucci und Bernardo Pagnini. „Photogrammetry and 3D Printing for Marble Statues Replicas: Critical Issues and Assessment“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 2 (12.01.2021): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020680.
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A project for realizing replicas of a couple of marble statues starting from reality-based 3D models is being presented in this paper. On the crowning element of the baptistry, consecrated to San Giovanni in Corte in Pistoia (Italy), there were originally a couple of marble statues that, in the 1980s, were removed to preserve them better and to avoid security issues. Recently, the Superintendence started a project aimed to reproduce both statues with additive manufacturing techniques. High-resolution 3D models are required for supporting the replica process. This project takes advantage of the structure from motion (SfM) technique to produce reality-based models and fused deposition modeling (FDM) to 3D print the replicas. This paper presents an overview of the potential of additive manufacturing systems in the field of cultural heritage conservation and describes all the phases of the project, up to the evaluation of the correspondence between the original and the copy.
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Tucci, G., V. Bonora, A. Conti und L. Fiorini. „HIGH-QUALITY 3D MODELS AND THEIR USE IN A CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROJECT“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (21.08.2017): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-687-2017.
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Cultural heritage digitization and 3D modelling processes are mainly based on laser scanning and digital photogrammetry techniques to produce complete, detailed and photorealistic three-dimensional surveys: geometric as well as chromatic aspects, in turn testimony of materials, work techniques, state of preservation, etc., are documented using digitization processes.<br><br> The paper explores the topic of 3D documentation for conservation purposes; it analyses how geomatics contributes in different steps of a restoration process and it presents an overview of different uses of 3D models for the conservation and enhancement of the cultural heritage. The paper reports on the project to digitize the earthenware frieze of the Ospedale del Ceppo in Pistoia (Italy) for 3D documentation, restoration work support, and digital and physical reconstruction and integration purposes. The intent to design an exhibition area suggests new ways to take advantage of 3D data originally acquired for documentation and scientific purposes.
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Meoli, R., C. Eleni, P. Cavicchio, MC Tonnicchia, B. Biancani, L. Galosi und G. Rossi. „B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in an African lion (Panthera leo)“. Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 9 (18.09.2018): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/144/2017-vetmed.
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A 15-year-old female African lion (Panthera leo) maintained at the Zoological Garden of Pistoia, Tuscany (Italy), showed signs of malaise, dyspnoea, tremors, pale mucous membranes and ataxia for two days prior to death. Complete blood count showed anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and severe lymphocytosis. At autopsy, the most relevant finding was severe, generalised splenomegaly. Histologically, high numbers of neoplastic lymphocytes diffusely infiltrated the spleen, liver, heart, pancreas, kidney and lungs. The lymphoid cells were positive for CD79a and negative for CD3 on immunohistochemistry. The histologic features of the neoplastic cells and their immunophenotype are consistent with B-cell lymphocytes. Based on surface membrane co-expression of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin D in most neoplastic cells, which indicated that they were naïve, antigen-inexperienced and mature circulating resting B-cells, and consistent with their appearance as small lymphocytes with high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, a diagnosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was made.
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Conti, A., L. Fiorini und G. Tucci. „THE AMBON OF SANT’ANDREA IN PISTOIA: A COMPARISON BETWEEN LASER SCANNER AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DIGITIZATION OF MARBLE SURFACES“. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (25.02.2022): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-159-2022.
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Abstract. The ambon by Giovanni Pisano in the church of Sant'Andrea in Pistoia (Italy) consists of a hexagonal platform raised on slender columns standing on bases and sculptures with different heights. In the 17th century, it was disassembled and placed in a different location and, also for this reason, is currently in an endangered condition. As part of a multi-disciplinary programme of investigations and monitoring, a 3D survey was requested. The challenging aspect of the survey is related with the material of the work of art, as it is completely made of different kinds of white and red marbles. These materials are translucent and light diffuses through them, so the laser beam scatters beyond the surface and biases measurements in an unpredictable way. Tests were carried out, comparing two scanners with different characteristics and digital photogrammetry. The results show significant differences between the three technologies, identify the best solution in relation to the desired objectives, and highlight how different acquisition techniques affect the suitability of models for subsequent applications.
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Ezquerro, Pablo, Matteo Del Soldato, Lorenzo Solari, Roberto Tomás, Federico Raspini, Mattia Ceccatelli, José Fernández-Merodo, Nicola Casagli und Gerardo Herrera. „Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings due to Land Subsidence Using InSAR Data in the Ancient Historical City of Pistoia (Italy)“. Sensors 20, Nr. 10 (12.05.2020): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102749.
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The launch of the medium resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 constellation in 2014 has allowed public and private organizations to introduce SAR interferometry (InSAR) products as a valuable option in their monitoring systems. The massive stacks of displacement data resulting from the processing of large C-B and radar images can be used to highlight temporal and spatial deformation anomalies, and their detailed analysis and postprocessing to generate operative products for final users. In this work, the wide-area mapping capability of Sentinel-1 was used in synergy with the COSMO-SkyMed high resolution SAR data to characterize ground subsidence affecting the urban fabric of the city of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, central Italy). Line of sight velocities were decomposed on vertical and E–W components, observing slight horizontal movements towards the center of the subsidence area. Vertical displacements and damage field surveys allowed for the calculation of the probability of damage depending on the displacement velocity by means of fragility curves. Finally, these data were translated to damage probability and potential loss maps. These products are useful for urban planning and geohazard management, focusing on the identification of the most hazardous areas on which to concentrate efforts and resources.
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Ginetti, B., S. Carmignani, A. Ragazzi, S. Werres und S. Moricca. „Foliar Blight and Shoot Dieback Caused by Phytophthora ramorum on Viburnum tinus in the Pistoia Area, Tuscany, Central Italy“. Plant Disease 98, Nr. 3 (März 2014): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0767-pdn.
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In spring 2013, pot-grown Viburnum tinus plants shipped to an ornamental nursery in Pescia (Pistoia, central Italy, 287 m a.s.l., 43°54′0″ N, 10°41′0″ E) from another local nursery were found to bear disease symptoms. Symptoms included brown to black foliar lesions, later expanding into larger blotches; necrosis of the petioles; shoot wilting and folding; browning of the stems; and necrosis of the cambium. Infected leaves, shoots, and entire plants eventually died. Tissue samples (2 mm2) were cut at the edge of active lesions from tissue of the phloem, the xylem, and the leaves and plated on selective PARPNH V8 agar (V8A) (1). Rose-shaped and finely lobed cottony colonies arose in 2 to 3 days. Mono-hyphal colonies were isolated and transferred to V8A. Square colony pieces (1 cm2) from isolates SB05a and SB05b were placed in filtered pond water after 5 to 7 days. Semipapillate, caducous sporangia with a rounded or conical base were produced within 24 h, individually or in pairs, on each sporangiophore. Sporangia (n = 30 per isolate) were examined: they were 56.2 ± 9.5 × 29.3 ± 4.3 μm (l:b ratio 1.9 ± 0.3). Exit pores averaged 7.0 ± 1.0 μm. Sporangia were ellipsoid (30%), lemon-shaped (28.3%), ovoid (20%), obovoid (16.7%), ampulliform (3.3%), or “peanut-like” (1.7%). Globose chlamydospores, borne intercalarly or terminally, were abundant on both V8A and carrot agar (CA), and were on average 54.7 ± 8.5 μm. Mono-hyphal isolates incubated for 7 days at 23°C were also transferred to CA, corn meal agar (CMA), malt extract agar (MEA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), and V8A. Colonies on these media were identical in shape and appearance to those described in previous reports (2,4). Isolates were identified as Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in't Veld (4) on the basis of colony type; size, the average l:b ratio and shape of sporangia; and the type and size of the chlamydospores. Isolates were found to be the A1 mating type by pairing them with P. cryptogea BBA 63651 (mating type A2). PCR-amplification of the rDNA ITS region with specific primers Ph1/Ph4 (3) gave fragments of the expected size (GenBank Accession Nos. KF181162 and KF181163). A BLAST search of these ITS sequences in the database found that isolates of P. ramorum were the closest phylogenetically with 100% homology (YQ653034 and HM004221). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 16 detached V. tinus leaves. A small cut was made aseptically on each of the leaf surfaces and a V8A disc (0.5 cm Ø) with mycelium was placed over the wounds. Control leaves received only sterile V8A discs. Inoculated and control leaves were incubated at 23°C in the dark. Necrotic areas (average 3.5 ± 1.3 cm2) arose on inoculated leaves after 6 days. Control leaves had no symptoms. Re-isolations on PARPNH V8A confirmed P. ramorum as the causal agent. P. ramorum was reported in Italy in 2003 on the exotic Rhododendron yakushimanum (2). This is the first report of the pathogen on a native species (V. tinus) in this country. The Pistoia area is important for nursery gardens and flowers. P. ramorum, which probably arrived on infected plant material, could compromise the export/import trade in stock plants. For this reason, the plant protection services were promptly alerted and the infected plants were destroyed. References: (1) Y. Balci et al. Plant Dis. 91:705, 2007. (2) C. Gullino et al. Inf. Agrar. 19:87, 2003. (3) K. J. Hayden et al. Phytopathology 94:1075, 2004. (4) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.
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Marchi, G., T. Cinelli und G. Surico. „Bacterial Leaf Spot Caused by the Quarantine Pathogen Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Cherry Laurel in Central Italy“. Plant Disease 95, Nr. 1 (Januar 2011): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-10-0529.
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In June 2010, 1-year-old potted plants of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) cv. Novita showing leaf spot symptoms were collected in a commercial nursery in the district of Pistoia (Tuscany, central Italy). Red-purple necrotic lesions (measuring a few millimeters up to 1 cm) surrounded by a brilliant light green halo were observed on the abaxial surface of symptomatic leaves. With age, the necrotic areas drop out, leaving a “shot-hole” appearance. Microscopic observation revealed the absence of fungal structures, whereas bacteria were isolated from symptomatic tissue on nutrient sucrose agar medium. Purified single colonies appeared mucoid, convex, and yellow on yeast extract-dextrose-CaCO3 agar (YDCA) medium, were positive to the KOH test, and induced hypersensitive responses on tobacco (cv. Virginia Bright). Three isolates were selected arbitrarily for further analysis. A fragment of approximately 500 bp of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via PCR with the universal primer pair 27f/519r and sequenced. Subsequent database searches in the INSD (GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ) indicated that the resulting sequences had 100% identity over 490 bp with the corresponding gene of a Xanthomonas sp. The isolates were further identified as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on the basis of quinate metabolism and starch hydrolysis tests and by sequencing the PCR products obtained with the gyrB (4) and X. arboricola pv. pruni-specific (3) primer sets. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on cvs. Novita and Caucasica following the detached leaf bioassay procedure (1) and by injecting with a hypodermic needle a bacterial suspension (1 × 107 CFU/ml) in the leaf mesophyll of 1-year-old potted plants (three plants per cultivar and three leaves per isolate on each plant). Incubation was carried out at 25°C under fluorescent lights with a 16-h photoperiod. After seven (detached leaves) and four (potted plants) days, all leaves inoculated with X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates showed brown necrotic spots delimited by a chlorotic margin. Reisolated bacteria on YDCA showed the same colony morphology as described above and tested positive to the X. arboricola pv. pruni-specific primer set, confirming the causal agent of the disease. Leaf tissue inoculated with sterile distilled water remained symptomless. Bacterial leaf spot on cherry laurel was reported in Lombardy (northern Italy) by the local plant protection service in 2005 but without a confirmatory diagnosis of the causal agent (2). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report on the occurrence of X. arboricola pv. pruni on cherry laurel in Italy. The pathogen could have a significant impact on the commercial cherry laurel production in the district of Pistoia, which is the most important area for ornamental plants nurseries (4,536 ha of cultivated surface in 2005) in Italy. X. arboricola pv. pruni is included in the EPPO A2 list of pests recommended for regulation to the member countries. References: (1) Anonymous. EPPO Bull. 36:129, 2006. (2) EPPO Reporting Service. Online publication. Retrieved from archives.eppo.org/EPPOReporting/2006/Rse-0606.pdf , 2006. (3) M. C. Pagani. Ph.D. diss. North Carolina State University. Online publication. http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/4540/1/etd.pdf , 2004. (4) N. Parkinson et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:264, 2009.
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Pecchia, Susanna, Benedetta Caggiano, Daniele Da Lio und Emilio Resta. „Morphological and Molecular Identification of Dactylonectria macrodidyma as Causal Agent of a Severe Prunus lusitanica Dieback in Italy“. Horticulturae 9, Nr. 2 (21.01.2023): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020145.
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During the summer of 2016, severe dieback was observed on young potted Prunus lusitanica (Portugal laurel) plants in a nursery in the Pistoia province (Tuscany, Italy). Cylindrocarpon-like isolates were consistently recovered from diseased plant tissues. The combination of morphological and molecular traits, including sequence data of histone 3 and β-tubulin genes (HIS3, TUB2) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS), allowed the identification of Dactylonectria macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) L. Lombard & Crous (asexual form Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum) as the causal agent of the disease. Pathogenicity tests reproduced disease symptoms observed in the nursery after six months fulfilling Koch’s postulates. D. macrodidyma is a soilborne plant pathogen and is to be considered of great economic importance on P. lusitanica, especially under favorable conditions such as stress and/or reduction of plant vitality. The increasingly frequent reports of the disease caused by the pathogen in various nurseries suggest that pot cultivation, together with prolonged drought periods, may play a role in favoring infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report worldwide of the occurrence of dieback on Prunus lusitanica caused by D. macrodidyma.
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Caselli, Marta, Patrizia Messeri, Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri und Francesca Bandoli. „Enriching Zoo-Housed Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta): Assessing the Influence of Three Types of Environmental Enrichment on Behavior“. Animals 12, Nr. 20 (19.10.2022): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202836.
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Environmental enrichment is a management tool used to promote positive animal welfare by stimulating species-specific behaviors and providing animals with opportunities to exert choice and control over the environment. Our study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of three enrichment types and environmental/individual factors (i.e., individual age and rank position) on the behavior of six adult Lemur catta hosted at Pistoia Zoo (Italy). We collected data from June to September 2013 using a within-subject experimental design consisting of five conditions: Baseline, Food-based enrichment, Physical enrichment, Auditory enrichment and No enrichment provided. We conducted six 30-minute observation sessions per sampling day (total = 107 h). We recorded the animals’ behavior via 2-minute focal animal sampling per individual per observation period and analyzed data with Generalized Linear Models. The study group only performed normal species-specific behaviors. Enrichments decreased stress-related behavioral patterns, whreas environmental and individual factors influenced the other recorded behaviors. Our study confirmed the usefulness of employing an integrated methodological approach to enrichment assessment for enhancing captive lemur care.
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Bracci, S., A. Cagnini, M. P. Colombini, O. A. Cuzman, F. Fratini, M. Galeotti, D. Magrini et al. „A multi-analytical approach to monitor three outdoor contemporary artworks at the Gori Collection (Fattoria di Celle, Santomato, Pistoia, Italy)“. Microchemical Journal 124 (Januar 2016): 878–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.008.
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Fiorentini, N., M. Maboudi, M. Losa und M. Gerke. „ASSESSING RESILIENCE OF INFRASTRUCTURES TOWARDS EXOGENOUS EVENTS BY USING PS-INSAR-BASED SURFACE MOTION ESTIMATES AND MACHINE LEARNING REGRESSION TECHNIQUES“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2020 (03.08.2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2020-19-2020.
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Abstract. Technologically advanced strategies in infrastructural maintenance are increasingly required in countries such as Italy, where recovery and rehabilitation interventions are preferred to new works. For this purpose, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques have been employed in recent years, achieving reliable outcomes in the identification of infrastructural instabilities. Nevertheless, using the InSAR survey exclusively, it is not feasible to recognize the reasons for such vulnerabilities, and further in-depth investigations are essential.The primary purpose of this paper is to predict infrastructural displacements connected to surface motion and the related causes by combining InSAR techniques and Machine Learning algorithms. The development and application of a Regression Tree-based algorithm have been carried out for estimating the displacement of road pavement structures detected by the Persistent Scatterer InSAR technique.The study area is located in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy. Sentinel-1 images from 2014 to 2019 were used for the interferometric process, and a set of 29 environmental parameters was collected in a GIS platform. The database is randomly split into a Training (70%) and Test sets (30%). With the Training set, through a 10-Fold Cross-Validation, the model is trained, validated, and the Goodness-of-Fit is evaluated. Also, with the Test set, the Predictive Performance of the model is assessed. Lastly, we applied the model onto a stretch of a two-lane rural road that crosses the area. Results show that the suggested procedure can be used for supporting decision-making processes on planning road maintenance by National Road Authorities.
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Tofani, V., S. Dapporto, P. Vannocci und N. Casagli. „Infiltration, seepage and slope instability mechanisms during the 20–21 November 2000 rainstorm in Tuscany, central Italy“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, Nr. 6 (12.12.2006): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-1025-2006.
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Abstract. On 20–21 November 2000, a storm of high intensity, with a estimated return period of more than 100 years, triggered over 50 landslides within the province of Pistoia in Tuscany (Italy). These failures can be defined as complex earth slides- earth flows. One of the documented landslides has been investigated by modelling the ground water infiltration process, the positive and negative pore water pressure variations and the effects of these variations on slope stability during the rainfall event. Morphometric and geotechnical analyses were carried out through a series of in-situ and laboratory tests, the results of which were used as input for the modelling process. The surface infiltration rate was initially simulated using the rainfall recorded at the nearest raingauge station. Finite element seepage analysis for transient conditions were then employed to model the changes in pore water pressure during the storm event, using the computed infiltration rate as the ground surface boundary condition. Finally, the limit equilibrium slope stability method was applied to calculate the variations in the factor of safety during the event and thereby determine the critical time of instability. For the investigated site the trend of the factor of safety indicates that the critical time for failure occurs about 18 h after the storm commences, and highlights the key role played by the soil permeability and thickness in controlling the response in terms of slope instability.
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Edwards, Carolyn Pope, Keely Cline, Lella Gandini, Alga Giacomelli, Donatella Giovannini und Annalia Galardini. „Books, Stories, and the Imagination at “The Nursery Rhyme”: A Qualitative Case Study of a Preschool Learning Environment in Pistoia, Italy“. Journal of Research in Childhood Education 28, Nr. 1 (20.12.2013): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2013.850131.
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Bini, Lorenzo, Massimo Gori, Stefania Nin, Roberto Natale, Elisabetta Meacci, Edgardo Giordani und Stefano Biricolti. „Assessing the Genetic Variability of Sweet Chestnut Varieties from the Tuscan Apennine Mountains (Italy)“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 7 (23.07.2023): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071947.
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Castanea sativa Mill. is a valuable species with historical and economic importance in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean area. In Italy, chestnut cultivation has been developed for centuries, leading to the recognition of more than 300 varieties. Nevertheless, a profusion of local names has been assigned by growers, causing the occurrence of synonyms and homonyms across the country. This research focused on genetic characterization and identification using 21 single sequence repeats (SSRs) for four chestnut varieties (i.e., Pastinese, Nerattino, Carpinese, and Rossola) commonly used for flour production in the Tuscan Apennine Mountains (Pistoia Province). A comprehensive number of 55 accessions identified by local growers as belonging to the four varieties were analyzed, in addition to a few “Marrone” accessions as outgroups. The 21 microsatellites were highly informative, detecting 98 alleles and displaying an average polymorphism information content (PIC) equal to 0.582. In addition, a considerable amount of genetic diversity was revealed, as shown by the heterozygosity levels (He = 0.634 and Ho = 0.475). The STRUCTURE analysis provided clear distinctions among the different varieties, splitting them into four separate groups. This result was also confirmed by UPGMA dendrogram and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA). However, one accession (Carp_5), previously identified as Carpinese, showed an allelic profile attributable to Pastinese, suggesting that farmers might have performed mislabeling or grafting propagation errors. Thus, our results confirm the use of SSRs to allocate the accessions of different varieties, uncovering possible synonyms and homonyms. Specifically, in the context of the Pistoiese mountain region, this tool can favor the traceability of processed products, such as flour, enhancing the quality and economic value of the local market. Lastly, our findings have revealed a considerable genetic variability within the Tuscan chestnut varieties whose preservation is mandatory to face climate change challenges through sustainable forest management practices.
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Gori, R., und C. Caretti. „Experimental study on municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewater refinement for agricultural reuse“. Water Science and Technology 58, Nr. 1 (01.07.2008): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.651.
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The present study is aimed at verifying the possibility of reusing municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewaters for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs, paying attention to the refinery treatment. The research has been carried out in the district of Pistoia (Central Italy), which represents one of the main nursery areas in Europe. Two experimental sites, each consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic area, were set-up. In this paper the attention is focused on the selection of the refinery treatment. The combined process of peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) chosen for the disinfection treatment proved to be very effective for the inactivation of microorganisms for both municipal and industrial wastewaters. The high efficiency is recognised as being brought about by the formation of free radicals due to the photolysis of the PAA when in the presence of the UV rays. A preliminary cost analysis has been carried out in order to highlight the most economically advantageous solution which guarantees the compliance to the Italian limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture (Escherichia Coli 10 CFU/100 mL).
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Bandoli, Francesca, Jenny Mace und Andrew Knight. „The Integrated Effect of Environmental Conditions and Human Presence on the Behaviour of a Pair of Zoo-Housed Asian Small-Clawed Otters“. Animals 13, Nr. 13 (06.07.2023): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13132228.
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Zoos and aquaria have the ethical responsibility to provide animals under their care with conditions that promote good welfare. This study evaluated the combined influence of human presence and environmental factors on the behaviour of zoo-housed Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus). Data collection was conducted on a pair hosted at Pistoia Zoo (Italy). Data were collected from July to September 2020 (over 14 days). We video-recorded the otters’ behaviours, using the continuous focal animal sampling, obtaining 42 h of observation per subject. The otters displayed a wide array of species-specific behaviours. Compared to previous captive studies, the subjects engaged less in locomotion, food-related and affiliative behaviours, and more in vigilance. Human–animal interactions were limited, and mostly elicited neutral or positive responses, except for begging behaviours performed towards caregivers. Time of day and animal identity were the main significant predictors for behaviours. No effects of visitor presence or background noise were detected. Nonetheless, increasing enrichment use could stimulate food-related behaviours, and reduce vigilance and begging. This study confirms the importance of applying an integrated approach to analyse the complexity of otters’ experiences, and provides insights to guide husbandry improvements.
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Pellis, E., A. Masiero, I. Cortesi, G. Tucci, M. Betti und P. Grussenmeyer. „A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN SEGNET AND DEEPLABV3+ ON THE SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS“. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W1-2023 (25.05.2023): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w1-2023-379-2023.
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Abstract. During the last decade, the use of machine and deep learning tools to support 3D semantic segmentation of point clouds remarkably increased and their impressive results have led to the application of such methods to the semantic modeling of heritage buildings. Nevertheless, a standard procedure to deal with such problem is still missing, and several significant challenges, caused by the complexity of heritage building scenario, have still to be faced. This paper aims at comparing the overall performance of two convolutional neural network architectures, named SegNet and Deeplabv3+, for the semantic segmentation of heritage point clouds throughout a multiview approach. More specifically, the two architectures have been tested to obtain 2D segmentation maps of the related photogrammetric images of the buildings, and then the output maps have been projected to the photogrammetric point cloud by means of the interior and exterior camera parameters. Experiments to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach have been conducted on the case study of Spedale del Ceppo in Pistoia, Italy. Despite the results shown a remarkable performance of both the architectures, Deeplabv3+ outperformed SegNet in terms of accuracy, memory consumption and training time.
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Bartoli, Gianni, Michele Betti, Valentina Bonora, Alessandro Conti, Lidia Fiorini, Vladimir Cerisano Kovacevic, Valerio Tesi und Grazia Tucci. „From TLS data to FE model: a workflow for studying the dynamic behavior of the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Pistoia (Italy)“. Procedia Structural Integrity 29 (2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2020.11.139.
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Guarnieri, F., F. Calastrini, C. Busillo, G. Messeri und B. Gozzini. „A Model Chain Application to Estimate Mixing Layer Height Related to PM10 Dispersion Processes“. Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/298492.
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The mixing layer height (MLH) is a crucial parameter in order to investigate the near surface concentrations of air pollutants. The MLH can be estimated by measurements of some atmospheric variables, by indirect estimates based on trace gases concentration or aerosol, or by numerical models. Here, a modelling approach is proposed. The developed modelling system is based on the models WRF-ARW and CALMET. This system is applied on Firenze-Prato-Pistoia area (Central Italy), during 2010, and it is compared with in situ measurements. The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of MLH model estimates to characterize the critical episodes for PM10 in a limited area. In order to find out the meteorological conditions predisposing accumulation of PM10 in the atmosphere’s lower level, some indicators are used: daily mean wind speed, cumulated rainfall, and mean MLH estimates from CALMET model. This indicator is linked to orography, which has important consequences on local weather dynamics. However, during critical events the local emission sources are crucial to the determination of threshold exceeding of PM10. Results show that the modelled MLH, together with cumulative rainfall and wind speed, can identify the meteorological conditions predisposing accumulation of air pollutant at ground level.
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Foggi, Bruno, Lorenzo Lastrucci, Matilde Gennai und Daniele Viciani. „The Festuco-Brometea Grasslands on Sandstone and Marl-Clay-Sandstone Substrata in Tuscany (Northern-Central Italy)“. Hacquetia 13, Nr. 1 (01.06.2014): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2013-0011.
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Abstract The grasslands dominated by Bromus erectus and/or Brachypodium rupestre cover large areas on sandstone and marl-clay-sandstone substrata (limestone is excluded), of the Apennines and pre-Apennines between Pistoia and Arezzo provinces (Tuscany, Central Italy). Our investigation was focused on to 71 unpublished releves and 45 literature releves from Tuscany and surrounding areas, reporting the original releves of Astragalo monspessulani-Brometum erecti, Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti and Ononido masquillerii-Brometum erecti. The releves were submitted to exploratory multivariate analysis, allowing to detect nine distinct groups. Their consistence was verified by mean of NMDS against Ellenberg/Pignatti indicator values, and CCA constrained against chorotypes and growth forms. Diagnostic species of the definitive groups resulting from the analysis were chosen according to species fidelity, based on the φ coefficient of association. The analysis splits the data set in two main subclusters; the first one (A) includes few releves of low altitude, thermophilous conenoses, interpreted as a transition between the submediterranean aspects of Festuco-Brometea class and other Mediterranean herbaceous and shrubby classes; the second subcluster (B) includes most of the data set and can be clearly subdivided in pioneering, mesoxerophilous communities (B1 and B2a groups) and mesophilous communities (B2b group). The releves of clusters B1 and B2a are referred to Coronillo minimae-Astragaletum monspessulanii association and to three other groups: Plantago argentea-Carex caryophyllea communities, Tragopogon samaritani-Bromus erectus communities, Festuco trachyphyllae-Brometum erecti ass. nova. The mesophilous group (B2b) includes the original Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti and Ononido masquillerii-Brometum erecti releves, together with a slightly differentiated community; due to the non-relevant differences between these grassland types from floristic, ecological and chorological perspectives, we propose herewith to treat them as three subassociations of Centaureo bracteatae-Brometum erecti (typicum, ononidetosum masquillerii and linetosum cathartici). Post-cultural grasslands in human-disturbed areas were also detected. All these communities can be attributed to Polygalo mediterraneae-Bromenion erecti suballiance (Bromion alliance), even if a clear subdivision between the mesoxerophilous pioneer aspects and the more mesophilous and evolved ones can be noted.
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Landi, Silvia, Beatrice Carletti, Francesco Binazzi, Sonia Cacini, Beatrice Nesi, Emilio Resta, Pio Federico Roversi und Sauro Simoni. „Impact of Pot Farming on Plant-Parasitic Nematode Control“. Soil Systems 8, Nr. 2 (30.05.2024): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020060.
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In the Pistoia Nursery-Ornamental Rural District (Italy), a leader in Europe in ornamental nurseries covering over 5200 hectares with over 2500 different species of plant, plant-parasitic nematodes represent a serious concern. The potential efficacy of a pot cultivation system using commercial substrates to control plant-parasitic nematodes was assessed. On two different plant species, two different pot cultivation managements, potted plants, and potted plants previously cultivated in natural soil were compared to plants only cultivated in natural soil. The entire soil nematode structure with and without plants was evaluated. The relationship between soil properties and soil nematode community was investigated. All the studied substrates were free from plant-parasitic nematodes. Regarding free-living nematodes, Peat–Pumice showed nematode assemblage established by colonizer and extreme colonizer bacterial feeders, whereas Peat–Perlite included both bacterial and fungal feeders, and, finally, coconut fiber also included omnivores and predators. In farming, the substrates rich in organic matter such as coconut fiber could still play an important role in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes because of the abundance of free-living nematodes. In fact, they are of crucial importance in both the mineralization of organic matter and the antagonistic control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Potting systems equally reduce virus-vector nematodes and improve the prey/predator ratio favoring natural control.
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Lucci, Cosimo, Marco Pierini und Giovanni Savino. „Retrofitting pedestrian and cyclist collision warning for improved safety of heavy trucks employed in urban areas: a case study in Florence and Pistoia, Italy“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1306, Nr. 1 (01.05.2024): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1306/1/012030.
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Abstract The increasing use of heavy vehicles for services such as public transport, waste collection and logistics in densely populated urban areas causes numerous collisions with serious consequences every year, particularly for pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have proven to be a solution because they can significantly reduce the occurrence and consequences of road crashes. Although many ADAS technologies will be mandatory on new trucks in 2024, it will take more than a decade before the benefits are realised due to the average fleet renewal time. To accelerate this process, the most promising solution is therefore the introduction of aftermarket ADAS (also referred to as ‘retrofit’ ADAS) on the circulating fleet. This study aims to identify a tailored solution for retrofitting ADAS capable of providing pedestrian collision warnings on heavy vehicle fleets currently circulating in urban areas. The study involves a sample of vehicles and drivers operating in the metropolitan areas of Florence and Pistoia for waste collection services. The company owner of the vehicles integrated a commercial camera-based ADAS system with three additional cameras installed on the frontal bumper and edges of the vehicle, linked with three screens positioned in the vehicle cabin. In this study, a field test campaign was performed integrating trials in a proving ground closed to traffic with testing and monitoring in urban areas. This allowed to define a set of recommended parameters depending on vehicle speed that represent a good balance between alert frequency, minimizing false positives and ensuring that the alerts indicate real potential hazards to the driver. The recommendations provided in this study can also be extended to other vehicle fleets so that rapid and substantial improvements in the safety of heavy vehicles operating in cities can be achieved.
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Tofani, V., S. Dapporto, P. Vannocci und N. Casagli. „Analysis of infiltration, seepage processes and slope instability mechanisms during the November 2000 storm event in Tuscany“. Advances in Geosciences 2 (15.09.2005): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-2-301-2005.
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Abstract. On the days 20-21 November 2000, a storm of exceptional intensity triggered over 50 landslides within the province of Pistoia in Tuscany (Italy). These failures are mostly of complex type, originating as rotational or translational landslides, and transforming into flows. Two of these landslides were investigated in this paper by modelling the ground water infiltration process, the pore water pressure variations, both positive and negative, and the effects of these variations on slope stability during the rainfall event. Morphometric and geotechnical analyses were carried out for both sites through a series of in-situ and laboratory tests, the results of which were used as input for the modelling process. In a first step the surface infiltration rate was simulated using a modified Chu (1978) approach for the Green and Ampt (1911) equations in case of unsteady rainfall together with a surficial water balance. A finite element seepage analysis for transient conditions was then employed to model the changes in pore water pressure during the event, using the computed infiltration rate as the ground surface boundary condition. Finally, once again using the data from the previous step as input, the limit equilibrium Morgenstern-Price (1965) slope stability method was applied to calculate the variations in the factor of safety during the event and thereby determine the most critical time of instability. In both sites this method produced a curve for the factor of safety that indicated that the most critical time for failure occurred a few hours after the peak of rainfall.
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Cinelli, T., D. Rizzo, G. Marchi und G. Surico. „First Report of Knot Disease Caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi on Sweet Olive in Central Italy“. Plant Disease 97, Nr. 3 (März 2013): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-12-0818-pdn.
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In April 2012 the presence of hyperplastic outgrowths on trunks, branches, and twigs of sweet olive plants, Osmanthus fragrans Lour (Fam. Oleaceae), was recorded in two ornamental hedges made up of five and four plants, respectively, in the city center of Montecatini (Pistoia-Italy). All sweet olive plants were seriously affected by the disease with outgrowths appearing either singly or close together, often forming a single mass that could extend up to 20 cm along the stems, occasionally surrounding the entire circumference. The symptoms observed on O. fragrans closely resembled those induced by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi on Olea europea (common olive) and other plant species. Suspecting a bacterial origin of the disorder, young knots were collected from four diseased plants and used for bacterial isolation with standard techniques on nutrient sucrose agar medium (1). After 3 days of incubation at 26°C, non-levan forming colonies about 3 mm in diameter that were circular, convex, smooth, and cream colored with entire margins appeared on the surface of the agar medium. Purified isolates were gram negative, levan negative, oxidase negative, potato rot negative, arginine dihydrolase negative, showed a tobacco hypersensitive reaction, and tested positive to PCR screening for the presence of the iaaM (tryptophan-2-monooxygenase), iaaH (indoleacetamide hydrolase), ptz (isopentenyl transferase) (1) and iaaL (IAA-lysine synthethase) (3) genes. Three isolates were selected arbitrarily and further characterized by sequencing a fragment of the housekeeping genes rpoD (sigma factor 70) and pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase) (2). All sequenced gene fragments, of 620 bp and 552 bp for the rpoD and pgi genes, respectively, were identical to those of P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi strain NCPPB3335. The pathogenicity of the three isolates was verified on three O. fragrans plants and three Olea europea (cv. Frantoio) plants. Per each isolate, three 1-cm wounds were made on the branches of each plant using a sterile scalpel dipped in a bacterial suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml). P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi PVFi-t2b isolated from olive was also inoculated as reference strain. After 30 days, all isolates including the reference strain induced typical knots on both plant species while no symptoms were observed on wounds inoculated with sterile water. Bacteria were reisolated from induced knots and Koch's postulates were confirmed. On the basis of biochemical tests, PCR screening, pathogenicity testing, and sequence analyses, the causal agent of knot disease on O. fragrans was identified as P. savastanoi. The potential susceptibility of O. aquifolium Sieb. to the causal agent of olive knot disease has been demonstrated in the past by means of artificial inoculations but interestingly, in the same trials, O. fragrans had tested negative (4). To the best of our knowledge, this is the world's first report of O. fragrans as natural host of P. savastanoi, which extends the growing list of cultivated and ornamental plant species affected by this phytopathogenic bacterium. References: (1) G. Marchi et al. Eur J. Plant Pathol. 112:101, 2005. (2) N. Parkinson et al. Plant Pathol. 60:338, 2011. (3) R. Penyalver et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2673, 2000. (4) C. O. Smith. Phytopathology 12:271, 1922.
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Fiorentini, Nicholas, Mehdi Maboudi, Pietro Leandri, Massimo Losa und Markus Gerke. „Surface Motion Prediction and Mapping for Road Infrastructures Management by PS-InSAR Measurements and Machine Learning Algorithms“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 23 (04.12.2020): 3976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233976.
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This paper introduces a methodology for predicting and mapping surface motion beneath road pavement structures caused by environmental factors. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) measurements, geospatial analyses, and Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) are employed for achieving the purpose. Two single learners, i.e., Regression Tree (RT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and two ensemble learners, i.e., Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) and Random Forest (RF) are utilized for estimating the surface motion ratio in terms of mm/year over the Province of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, central Italy, 964 km2), in which strong subsidence phenomena have occurred. The interferometric process of 210 Sentinel-1 images from 2014 to 2019 allows exploiting the average displacements of 52,257 Persistent Scatterers as output targets to predict. A set of 29 environmental-related factors are preprocessed by SAGA-GIS, version 2.3.2, and ESRI ArcGIS, version 10.5, and employed as input features. Once the dataset has been prepared, three wrapper feature selection approaches (backward, forward, and bi-directional) are used for recognizing the set of most relevant features to be used in the modeling. A random splitting of the dataset in 70% and 30% is implemented to identify the training and test set. Through a Bayesian Optimization Algorithm (BOA) and a 10-Fold Cross-Validation (CV), the algorithms are trained and validated. Therefore, the Predictive Performance of MLAs is evaluated and compared by plotting the Taylor Diagram. Outcomes show that SVM and BRT are the most suitable algorithms; in the test phase, BRT has the highest Correlation Coefficient (0.96) and the lowest Root Mean Square Error (0.44 mm/year), while the SVM has the lowest difference between the standard deviation of its predictions (2.05 mm/year) and that of the reference samples (2.09 mm/year). Finally, algorithms are used for mapping surface motion over the study area. We propose three case studies on critical stretches of two-lane rural roads for evaluating the reliability of the procedure. Road authorities could consider the proposed methodology for their monitoring, management, and planning activities.
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Ginetti, B., S. Carmignani, A. Ragazzi und S. Moricca. „Phytophthora Taxon Pgchlamydo is a Cause of Shoot Blight and Root and Collar Rot of Viburnum tinus in Italy“. Plant Disease 98, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2014): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-14-0282-pdn.
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The quarantine pathogen Phytophthora ramorum has recently been found on dying Viburnum tinus in the nursery area of Pistoia, central Italy (43°56′0″ N, 11°1′0″ E) (3). As part of a surveillance program aimed at detecting P. ramorum in this area, the Phytophthora taxon Pgchlamydo was consistently found associated with symptomatic V. tinus. The crowns of these plants were wilted, and some plants also showed root and collar rot and underbark necrosis. Water courses adjacent to the nursery with the infected V. tinus were tested for the pathogen. Samples from seven symptomatic plants were placed on a selective V8A-PARPNH medium within 24 h from sampling. Tissue pieces (2 mm2) of 12 baits (apple fruits) exposed for a week in water bodies were plated on the same medium. Cottony colonies arose after 2 to 3 days of incubation at 23°C in the dark and were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in purity. Mycelial DNA was extracted with a commercial kit (Sigma-Aldrich). The rDNA ITS region and a portion of the mtDNA cox1 gene were PCR-amplified and the amplicons digested with the restriction enzymes MspI and AluI (for the ITS region) and RsaI (for the cox1 gene region). Isolates R7 from V. tinus, and ES2M5, ES2M11, and ES1M12 from the water bodies belonged to the same taxon based on restriction analysis of both DNA regions coupled with ITS-rDNA sequence homology (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ396773 to 76). A BLAST search in GenBank found that all isolates had a 99% identity in the ITS-rDNA with the Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 member P. taxon Pgchlamydo. Sporangia produced after incubation in filtered pond water for 24 h were mostly ovoid (sometimes obpyriform), non-papillate, non-caducous. Some sporangia were emptied with external proliferation and had hyphal swellings. Thirty sporangia were measured and averaged 42.4 ± 6.2 × 29.9 ± 3.5 μm (range 30.0 to 56.1 × 22.5 to 38.0), with a length/width ratio of 1.4 ± 0.2 (1.2 to 2.0), and exit pores of 11.7 ± 1.5 μm (9.0 to 14.6). Optimum colony growth on V8A at 30°C was 4.4 ± 0.4 mm day–1, and the maximum temperature for growth was 32°C. Inoculation on twigs of Fagus sylvatica and V. tinus produced necrotic lesions of 2.6 ± 0.5 cm (2.1 to 3.5) and 4.7± 0.5 cm (3.8 to 5.6) respectively after 3 weeks of incubation at 23°C in the dark. Inoculation on V. tinus leaves resulted in lesions averaging 3.3 ± 1.1 × 2.1 ± 0.6 cm (range 2 to 5 × 1.5 to 3) after 2 weeks of incubation at 23°C in the dark. Control plant material showed no symptoms.The Phytophthora taxon Pgchlamydo has been reported on several ornamental and woody species, including Arctostaphylos sp., Camellia spp., Laurus nobilis, Buxus sempervirens, Rhododendron sp., Arbutus unedo, Prunus sp., Pseudotsuga sp., and Sequoia sempervirens, in North America and Europe (1,2). This is the first report, to our knowledge, of this taxon on V. tinus in Italy. V. tinus is widely sold in European nurseries, and it is also one of the most common hosts of P. ramorum (4). The fact that V. tinus is a host for both oomycetes, and the two microorganisms induce a similar symptomology (wilt), might complicate the control efforts of the phytosanitary inspection services aimed at restricting P. ramorum foci in Europe. References: (1) C. L. Blomquist et al. Plant. Dis. 96:1691, 2012. (2) C. M. Brasier et al. Mycol. Res. 107:277, 2003. (3) B. Ginetti et al. Plant. Dis. 98:423, 2104. (4) S. Prospero et al. Plant Pathol. 62:1063, 2013.
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Nin, Stefania, Maurizio Antonetti, Gianluca Burchi, Massimo Gori und Lorenzo Bini. „Validation by SSRs of Morphometric Markers for Genetic Variability in Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch“. Forests 14, Nr. 3 (24.02.2023): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030466.
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Araucaria araucana is an important seed and timber-yielding tree that grows naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Andes in Argentina and Chile, and has also been introduced as an ornamental species in Europe. Genetic diversity has been observed in A. araucana native populations, but there have been no prior studies on the genetic diversity estimates of this species introduced in Europe. On the other hand, assessment of the genetic variation in Araucaria populations occurring in Europe might be an important tool in the selection of appropriate germplasms for ornamental nursery production and breeding strategies. In this study, morphological and genetic diversity was analysed using a previously defined descriptor list and SSR molecular markers in four putative populations of A. araucana, individuated in the Pistoia Nursery District (Tuscany, Italy). In total, 26 morphological descriptors and 28 SSR primer pairs were used for a diversity assessment of specimens. Results provide evidence for genetic and morphological correspondence among the four putative Araucaria populations. PCA and cluster analyses based on morphological traits clearly revealed three distinct clusters of specimens. SSR primers yielded 68% polymorphic loci among the considered populations, and 18 of them displayed informativeness for population genetics, according to a Polymorphic Information Content value larger than 0.25. This marker set revealed significant genetic differentiation, and UPGMA analysis enabled separation of these populations on the basis of their genetic distances into three main groups, which largely overlapped with clusters in the dendrogram obtained from the morphological data. In particular, in both cluster diagrams, all accessions belonging to a specific population were well separated from all the others due to matrix distances and differences in the canopy density that are more similar to conifers such as spruce, pine, or fir. ANOVA analysis and the FST value indicated a large between-population genetic variation. The Mantel test suggested that genetic differentiation between the four studied populations was positively correlated with morphological distance (r = 0.141, p < 0.05). Thus, both morphological and genetic markers showed applicability across populations of different seed origins and proved suitable for the identification and characterization of A. araucana accessions.
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Clifford, Frederick. „The First Sub-machine Gun: The Officine di Villar Perosa Machine Gun of 1915 (Part I)“. Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms IX, Nr. 1 (31.07.2023): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax06589.
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This article aims to present a detailed and more nuanced examination of the development, production, and military application of the Pistola Mitragliatrice OVP (‘OVP Machine Pistol’), a unique and unusual twin-barrelled, pistol-calibre machine gun introduced in Italy during the First World War. The design process which led to the OVP machine gun is first described, followed by an assessment of its rapid adoption by the Italian Army and subsequent deployment as both an infantry support weapon and an aerial weapon fitted to military aircraft. Its efficacy in combat and impact on infantry tactics of the period are reviewed, in addition to its influence on the design of similar Austro-Hungarian small arms, and finally, its evolution into both a single-barrelled automatic carbine and a rifle-calibre light machine gun are described, along with its post-war legacy.
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Clifford, Frederick. „The First Sub-machine Gun: The Officine di Villar Perosa Machine Gun of 1915 (Part II)“. Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms IX, Nr. 2 (31.12.2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax97407.
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This article aims to present a detailed and more nuanced examination of the development, production, and military application of the Pistola Mitragliatrice OVP (‘OVP Machine Pistol’), a unique and unusual twin-barrelled, pistol-calibre machine gun introduced in Italy during the First World War. The design process which led to the OVP machine gun is first described, followed by an assessment of its rapid adoption by the Italian Army and subsequent deployment as both an infantry support weapon and an aerial weapon fitted to military aircraft. Its efficacy in combat and impact on infantry tactics of the period are reviewed, in addition to its influence on the design of similar Austro-Hungarian small arms, and finally, its evolution into both a single-barrelled automatic carbine and a rifle-calibre light machine gun are described, along with its post-war legacy.
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Galasso, Gabriele, Gianniantonio Domina, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Davide Barberis, Fabrizio Bartolucci, Laura Cancellieri, Simona Ceschin et al. „Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 17“. Italian Botanist 17 (05.06.2024): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.17.126768.
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In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records and status changes from casual to naturalized for Italy or for Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Callianthe, Chamaecyparis, Chamaeiris, Cotoneaster, Erigeron, Freesia, Hemerocallis, Juglans, Kalanchoë, Ludwigia, Nassella, Paulownia, Physocarpus, Pistia, Saccharum, Setaria, and Vachellia. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrections are provided as supplementary material.
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Paoletti, Maurizio G., A. L. Dreon und G. G. Lorenzoni. „Pistic, traditional food from Western Friuli, N.E. Italy“. Economic Botany 49, Nr. 1 (Januar 1995): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02862273.
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Brullo, Salvatore, Valeria Tomaselli und Robert Philipp Wagensommer. „A new species of Odontites (Orobanchaceae) from southern Italy“. Phytotaxa 213, Nr. 3 (17.06.2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.213.3.7.
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Odontites sillettii, a new species from central Apulia (Southern Italy), is described and illustrated. This species is morphologically closely related to O. rigidifolius, endemic to Sicily, from which it differs in several features regarding leaves, calyx, corolla, anthers and pistil. The seed testa and pollen micromorphology, ecology, conservation status and its relationships with the hitherto known species of Odontites are examined, as well as an analytical key of the annual species of Odontites characterized by glabrous corolla on the abaxial face is provided.
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Scanu, B., B. T. Linaldeddu und A. Franceschini. „A New Phytophthora sp. Causing Root and Collar Rot on Pistacia lentiscus in Italy“. Plant Disease 95, Nr. 5 (Mai 2011): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-11-0015.
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Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus L., Anacardiaceae) is an evergreen shrub that is widespread over the Mediterranean Region. The species is also cultivated as an ornamental plant in Italy. In August 2008, a survey carried out in a forest nursery in Sardinia (39°57′N, 9°13′E) revealed the presence of symptoms such as wilting and desiccation of foliage associated with root and collar rot on 1- to 3-year-old potted seedlings of lentisk. Approximately 30% of 1,500 potted plants were affected. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from infected roots on synthetic mucor agar medium. Colonies on carrot agar (CA) were stellate to slightly radiate with low aerial mycelium. Growth occurred from 6 to 38°C, with an optimum around 30°C (mean radial growth rate was 11.8 mm per day). Sporangia were produced abundantly in unsterile pond water; they were nonpapillate, persistent, ellipsoid to obpyriform, (57.8–) 80.5 (–100.5) × (30.2–) 39.3 (–51.5) μm, with a length/breadth ratio of 2.0:1, proliferating internally or externally. Hyphal swellings were spherical to irregular and frequently produced in chains. Chlamydospores were not observed. Isolates were heterothallic and produced oogonia with amphigynous antheridia when paired with A2 mating type of Phytophthora drechsleri and P. cryptogea. Cultural and morphological features were in close agreement with those recently published for Phytophthora sp. “niederhauserii” (4). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of a representative isolate (LEN1) was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. GU119914) and BLAST searches showed 100% similarity with sequences of P. sp. “niederhauserii” deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. GQ848201 and EU244850). The strain LEN1 was stored in the culture collection of the Department of Plant Protection at the University of Sassari. Its pathogenicity was verified by inoculating 10 1-year-old lentisk seedlings grown in pots. A mycelial plug (3 to 4 mm2) taken from the margin of a 4-day-old culture grown on CA was put in a shallow wound (~3 mm) made by a sterile scalpel at the root collar of each seedling. All plants were kept in a greenhouse at 25°C in natural daylight. After 20 days, inoculated plants began to show symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected plants. Five control plants inoculated with sterile CA plugs did not develop any disease symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from infected tissues, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. P. sp. “niederhauserii” has not been formally described, however, so far there have been several reports of this species in Europe (1,3). Previously, other Phytophthora spp. were reported associated with lentisk root rot in Italy (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. sp. “niederhauserii” on Pistacia lentiscus and it emphasizes the susceptibility of the Mediterranean species to this new pathogen. References: (1) A. Józsa et al. Plant Pathol. 59:1166, 2010. (2) G. Magnano Di San Lio et al. Micol. Ital. 21:3, 1992. (3) E. Moralejo et al. Plant Pathol. 58:100, 2009. (4) A. Pérez-Sierra et al. Plant Dis. 94:534, 2010.
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Brundu, G., A. Stinca, L. Angius, G. Bonanomi, L. Celesti-Grapow, G. D'Auria, R. Griffo, A. Migliozzi, R. Motti und P. Spigno. „Pistia stratiotesL. andEichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms.: emerging invasive alien hydrophytes in Campania and Sardinia (Italy)“. EPPO Bulletin 42, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2012): 568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epp.12004.
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Gusella, Giorgio, Daniel P. Lawrence, Dalia Aiello, Yong Luo, Giancarlo Polizzi und Themis J. Michailides. „Etiology of Botryosphaeria Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio (Pistacia vera) Caused by Botryosphaeriaceae in Italy“. Plant Disease 106, Nr. 4 (01.04.2022): 1192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-21-1672-re.
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Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is an important crop in Italy, traditionally cultivated in Sicily (southern Italy) for several decades now. In recent years, new orchards have been planted in new areas of the island. Field surveys conducted in 2019 revealed the presence of symptomatic trees showing shoot dieback, cankers, fruit spots, and leaf lesions. Isolations from symptomatic samples consistently yielded fungal species in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Identification of collected isolates was conducted using morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological characterization was based on conidia measurements of representative isolates and also effects of temperatures on mycelial growth was evaluated. DNA data derived from sequencing the ITS, tef1-α, and tub2 gene regions were analyzed via phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood). Results of the analyses confirmed the identity of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum hellenicum, and N. mediterraneum. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached twigs and in the fields both on shoots as well as on fruit clusters using the mycelial plug technique. The inoculation experiments revealed that among the Botryosphaeriaceae species identified in this study N. hellenicum (occasionally detected) and N. mediterraneum were the most aggressive based on lesion length on shoots and fruits. N. mediterraneum was the most widespread among the orchards while B. dothidea can be considered a minor pathogen involved in this complex disease of pistachio. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first report of N. hellenicum in Italy.