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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Planck units“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 30. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 29. Juli 2025

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1

Flowers, Jeff L., and Brian W. Petley. "Planck, units, and modern metrology." Annalen der Physik 17, no. 2-3 (2008): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.200710277.

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2

Min, Brian B. K. "The photon element units and their relativistic properties." Physics Essays 33, no. 1 (2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-33.1.38.

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A set of natural units is determined from the “photon element” model of light, the outcome of an extended Compton analysis. In terms of these units, the speed of light and the electrical and Boltzmann constants are, respectively, on the order of unity, but the Planck constant is ∼1027 or greater and gravitational constant ∼10−59 or greater. This makes the photon element units less convenient than the Planck units. With the mass unit that is only ∼10−43 of the Planck mass, however, the photon element units can correspond better to physical realities than the Planck units. For the spacetime, a p

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Sharupov, Oleg. "PLANCK UNITS AND EXTENDED SPECIAL RELATIVITY." Respublica literaria, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/s.2020.1.18.

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The Planck length is an object of the relativistic quantum-gravitational theory, therefore, a more general and consistent direction of the special relativity extension, seems to be the use of the postulate of the relativistically invariant and limiting nature of all Planck units, that was introduced by V.V. Korukhov at the end of the 90s. One of the examples of the implementation of this postulate in its methodological meaning is the model of a vacuum-like medium, the physical properties of which are characterized by relativistically invariant values, which qualita-tively distinguishes it from

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Kirakosyan, Khachatur A. "To the Content of Planck Units." Theoretical Physics 3, no. 2 (2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22606/tp.2018.32002.

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5

Bunker, P. R., Ian M. Mills, and Per Jensen. "The Planck constant and its units." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 237 (November 2019): 106594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.106594.

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6

Humpherys, David. "Measuring Planck’s Constant With Compton Scattering." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p24.

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Measured values of the electron mass and Compton wavelength yield a value of Planck&rsquo;s constant with a relative standard uncertainty of 3 &times; 10&minus;10. This is only slightly larger than the 1.3 &times; 10&minus;10 relative standard uncertainty in measurements performed using the Kibble balance. Compton scattering presents an alternative pathway for improving the value of Planck&rsquo;s constant. Natural units of length, mass, and time offer viable solutions for improving the values of physical constants. While extensive values o

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Flowers, Jeff L., and Brian W. Petley. "Planck, units, and modern metrology ^*." Annalen der Physik 520, no. 2-3 (2008): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.200852002-307.

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8

Nikonenko, K. L. "On some conclusions from the relations of Planck quantities." Bulletin of State University of Education. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 4 (February 26, 2025): 54–85. https://doi.org/10.18384/2949-5067-2024-4-54-85.

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Aim. Search for a variant of the LT system of units that is maximally consistent with the international SI and the subsystems of the CGS system of units.Methodology. The analysis of the ratios of physical quantities in the international SI, CGS subsystems and Planck LT systems of units is carried out. A method is proposed for determining the values of physical quantities according to the criterion of the maximum degree of consistency between the recommended CODATE values of constants for defining coupling equations.Results. Conditionally accurate values of the Planck length are obtained ℓp = 1

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Stock, M. "The watt balance: determination of the Planck constant and redefinition of the kilogram." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1953 (2011): 3936–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0184.

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Since 1889, the international prototype of the kilogram has served as the definition of the unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). It is the last material artefact to define a base unit of the SI, and it influences several other base units. This situation is no longer acceptable in a time of ever-increasing measurement precision. It is therefore planned to redefine the unit of mass by fixing the numerical value of the Planck constant. At the same time three other base units, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole, will be redefined. As a first step, the kilogram redefinition requ

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Abdukadyrov, Askar. "Fundamental Units of Measurement and Extra Dimensions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2022 (November 2, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2655733.

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The space available to our perception is three-dimensional with full evidence. The development of physics led to the hypothesis of extra dimensions. It is believed that an important role in the unification of physics should play by the Planck units of mass, length and time, built on the universal constants c (the speed of light in a vacuum), G (the gravitational constant), and ħ (the reduced Planck constant). In August 2021, published work in which it is shown that the fundamental role in the unification of physics, in fact, was played by the Stoney units, built on the universal constants c −

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Christodoulou, Dimitris M., and Demosthenes Kazanas. "The Upgraded Planck System of Units That Reaches from the Known Planck Scale All the Way Down to Subatomic Scales." Astronomy 2, no. 4 (2023): 235–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/astronomy2040017.

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Natural systems of units {Ui} need to be overhauled to include the dimensionless coupling constants {αUi} of the natural forces. Otherwise, they cannot quantify all the forces of nature in a unified manner. Thus, each force must furnish a system of units with at least one dimensional and one dimensionless constant. We revisit three natural systems of units (atomic, cosmological, and Planck). The Planck system is easier to rectify, and we do so in this work. The atomic system discounts {G,αG}, thus it cannot account for gravitation. The cosmological system discounts {h,αh}, thus it cannot accou

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Iorio, Lorenzo. "Perspectives on Constraining a Cosmological Constant-Type Parameter with Pulsar Timing in the Galactic Center." Universe 4, no. 4 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe4040059.

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Independent tests aiming to constrain the value of the cosmological constant Λ are usually difficult because of its extreme smallness ( Λ ≃ 1 × 10 - 52 m - 2 , or 2 . 89 × 10 - 122 in Planck units ) . Bounds on it from Solar System orbital motions determined with spacecraft tracking are currently at the ≃ 10 - 43 – 10 - 44 m - 2 ( 5 – 1 × 10 - 113 in Planck units ) level, but they may turn out to be optimistic since Λ has not yet been explicitly modeled in the planetary data reductions. Accurate ( σ τ p ≃ 1 – 10 μ s ) timing of expected pulsars orbiting the Black Hole at the Galactic Center, p

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Haug, Espen Gaarder. "Progress in the Composite View of the Newton Gravitational Constant and Its Link to the Planck Scale." Universe 8, no. 9 (2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8090454.

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The Newtonian gravity constant G plays a central role in gravitational theory. Researchers have, since at least the 1980s, tried to see if the Newton gravitational constant can be expressed or replaced with more fundamental units, such as the Planck units. However, it was already pointed out in 1987 that this led to a circular problem; namely, that one must know G to find the Planck units, and that it is therefore of little or no use to express G through the Planck units. This is a view repeated in the literature in recent years, and is held by the physics’ community. However, we will claim th

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SINGH, T. P. "NONCOMMUTATIVE GRAVITY, A "NO STRINGS ATTACHED" QUANTUM–CLASSICAL DUALITY, AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT PUZZLE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 13n14 (2008): 2593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808014126.

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There ought to exist a reformulation of quantum mechanics which does not refer to an external classical space–time manifold. Such a reformulation can be achieved using the language of noncommutative differential geometry. A consequence which follows is that the "weakly quantum, strongly gravitational" dynamics of a relativistic particle whose mass is much greater than the Planck mass is dual to the "strongly quantum, weakly gravitational" dynamics of another particle whose mass is much less than the Planck mass. The masses of the two particles are inversely related to each other, and the produ

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Humpherys, David. "The Implicit Structure of Planck’s Constant." European Journal of Applied Physics 4, no. 6 (2022): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2022.4.6.227.

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Max Planck derived natural units of length, mass, and time on the assumption that each of the universal constants embodies natural units in its unit dimensions. The four natural units and dimensions comprising Planck’s constant infuse more granular elements into the formulas enriching our understanding of the physical constants and the phenomena they represent. The natural units offer a consistent language for comparing classical and quantum mechanical formulas.

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Haug, Espen Gaarder. "Gravity Without Newton’s Gravitational Constant and No Knowledge of the Mass Size." European Journal of Applied Physics 4, no. 6 (2022): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2022.4.6.223.

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In this paper, we show that the Schwarzschild radius can be extracted easily from any gravitationally-linked phenomena without having knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant or the mass size of the gravitational object. Further, the Schwarzschild radius can be used to predict a long series of gravity phenomena accurately, again without knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant and also without knowledge of the size of the mass, although this may seem surprising at first. Hidden within the Schwarzschild radius are the more fundamental mass of the gravitational object, the Planck length,

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Massa, Enrico. "Avogadro and Planck Constants, Two Pillars of the International System of Units." Physics 6, no. 2 (2024): 845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics6020052.

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The International System of Units (SI), the current form of the metric system and the world’s most used system of units, has been continuously updated and refined since the Metre Convention of 1875 to ensure that it remains up to date with the latest scientific and technological advances. The General Conference on Weights and Measures, at its 26th meeting in 2018, decided to adopt stipulated values of seven physical constants linked to seven measurement units (the second, meter, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela). This paper reviews the technologies developed, in intense and long-sta

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Carron, Julien, Mark Mirmelstein, and Antony Lewis. "CMB lensing from Planck PR4 maps." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 09 (2022): 039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/09/039.

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Abstract We reconstruct the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) lensing potential on the latest Planck CMB PR4 (NPIPE) maps, which include slightly more data than the 2018 PR3 release, and implement quadratic estimators using more optimal filtering. We increase the reconstruction signal to noise by almost 20%, constraining the amplitude of the CMB-marginalized lensing power spectrum in units of the Planck 2018 best-fit to 1.004 ± 0.024 (68% limits), which is the tightest constraint on the CMB lensing power spectrum to date. For a base ΛCDM cosmology we find σ 8 Ωm 0.25 = 0.599 ± 0.016 from CMB l

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KISELEV, V. V., and S. A. TIMOFEEV. "THE SURFACE DENSITY OF HOLOGRAPHIC ENTROPY." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 26 (2010): 2223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310033608.

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On the basis of postulates for the holographic description of gravity and the introduction of entropic force, for static sources we derive the universal law: the entropy of a holographic screen is equal to quarter of its area in the Planck system of units.

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VALEV, Dimitar. "Cosmological model free of singularity and inflation based on the large numbers hypothesis." Proceedings of the Romanian Academy, Series A: Mathematics, Physics, Technical Sciences, Information Science 24, no. 4 (2023): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/pra-ser.a.24.4.05.

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It is shown that the new precise formulation of the Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), relating by means of the large number N_0 = 5.73×10^60 the modern cosmological parameters (age, size, mass, average density, and minimum temperature of the universe) with the corresponding Planck units, allows to determine the time course of these cosmological parameters during the expansion. It was found that the dimensions and mass of the universe increase linearly with time from Planck time t = t_P to the present day, starting from Planck values and increasing N_0 = 5.73×10^60 times to now. The amazing result

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Gueorguiev, Vesselin, and Andre Maeder. "Revisiting the Cosmological Constant Problem within Quantum Cosmology." Universe 6, no. 8 (2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6080108.

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A new perspective on the Cosmological Constant Problem (CCP) is proposed and discussed within the multiverse approach of Quantum Cosmology. It is assumed that each member of the ensemble of universes has a characteristic scale a that can be used as integration variable in the partition function. An averaged characteristic scale of the ensemble is estimated by using only members that satisfy the Einstein field equations. The averaged characteristic scale is compatible with the Planck length when considering an ensemble of solutions to the Einstein field equations with an effective cosmological

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Wang, Xijia. "New Discovery on Planck Units and Physical Dimension in Cosmic Continuum Theory." Journal of Modern Physics 09, no. 14 (2018): 2391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.914153.

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23

Aghanim, N., Y. Akrami, M. Ashdown, et al. "Planck intermediate results." Astronomy & Astrophysics 607 (November 2017): A95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629504.

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The six parameters of the standard ΛCDM model have best-fit values derived from the Planck temperature power spectrum that are shifted somewhat from the best-fit values derived from WMAP data. These shifts are driven by features in the Planck temperature power spectrum at angular scales that had never before been measured to cosmic-variance level precision. We have investigated these shifts to determine whether they are within the range of expectation and to understand their origin in the data. Taking our parameter set to be the optical depth of the reionized intergalactic medium τ, the baryon

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Berbente, Corneliu, Sorin Berbente, and Marius Brebenel. "A possible new definition of the fundamental measure units." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 6, no. 1 (2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2021.6.1.8.

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A new definition of the measure units in Physics by using the concept of cardinal number and by considering universal physical constants is proposed. Another idea is to start from the moment of the creation of the Universe (BIG BANG or better said BIG FLASH). n this way, along with the speed of light in vacuum CV, the Planck constant h and the total energy of the Universe, EU are introduced. As regards the measure unit for temperature, the Boltzmann constant kB is considered. For the electrical charge, the electron charge is taken as a constant. In this way the sustenability of evaluation of t

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KIM, Mun-Seog, Dong-Hun CHAE, and Kwang-Cheol LEE. "Quantum Metrology of Electrical Quantities and Mass." Physics and High Technology 30, no. 3 (2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.008.

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The new International System of Units (SI) became effective on 20 May 2019. In the new SI, the complete system of units can be traced to seven fixed values of the fundamental constants, not to seven base units as in the old system. Electrical metrology has two important quantum mechanical foundations. Here, we introduce the basics and the metrological applications of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect, which play key roles in linking electrical quantities to the fundamental constants, including the Planck constant h, the elementary charge e, and the transition frequency of cesium

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Gaarder Haug, Espen. "The gravitational constant and the Planck units. A simplification of the quantum realm." Physics Essays 29, no. 4 (2016): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-29.4.558.

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Bordé, Christian J. "Base units of the SI, fundamental constants and modern quantum physics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1834 (2005): 2177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1635.

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Over the past 40 years, a number of discoveries in quantum physics have completely transformed our vision of fundamental metrology. This revolution starts with the frequency stabilization of lasers using saturation spectroscopy and the redefinition of the metre by fixing the velocity of light c . Today, the trend is to redefine all SI base units from fundamental constants and we discuss strategies to achieve this goal. We first consider a kinematical frame, in which fundamental constants with a dimension, such as the speed of light c , the Planck constant h , the Boltzmann constant k B or the

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CARNEIRO, SAULO. "FROM DE SITTER TO DE SITTER: A NON-SINGULAR INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE DRIVEN BY VACUUM." International Journal of Modern Physics D 15, no. 12 (2006): 2241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271806009510.

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A semi-classical analysis of vacuum energy in the expanding space–time suggests that the cosmological term decays with time, with a concomitant matter production. For early times we find, in Planck units, Λ ≈ H4, where H is the Hubble parameter. The corresponding cosmological solution has no initial singularity, existing since an infinite past. During an infinitely long period we have a quasi-de Sitter, inflationary universe, with H ≈ 1. However, at a given time, the expansion undertakes a phase transition, with H and Λ decreasing to nearly zero in a few Planck times, producing a huge amount o

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Żenczykowski, Piotr. "MOND and natural scales of distance and mass." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 37 (2019): 1950306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319503061.

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We describe a MOND-related approach to natural scales of distance and mass, viewing it as a logical step following Planck’s modification of the Stoney system of units. The MOND-induced scales are not based on the strength of any physical interaction (electromagnetic, gravitational, or otherwise). Instead, they are specified by three physical constants of a general nature that define the scales of action, speed, and acceleration, i.e. [Formula: see text] — the Planck constant, [Formula: see text] — the speed of light and [Formula: see text] — the MOND acceleration constant. When the gravitation

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Rovelli, Carlo. "Black Holes Have More States than Those Defined by the Bekenstein–Hawking Entropy: A Simple Argument." Universe 11, no. 1 (2024): 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11010006.

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It is often assumed that the maximum number of independent states a black hole may contain is NBH=eSBH, where SBH=A/4 is the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy and A is the horizon area in Planck units. I present a simple and straightforward argument showing that the number of states that can be distinguished by local observers inside the hole must be greater than this number.

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CARNEIRO, SAULO. "ON THE VACUUM ENTROPY AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT." International Journal of Modern Physics D 12, no. 09 (2003): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271803004158.

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It is generally accepted that the entropy of an asymptotically de Sitter universe is bounded by the area, in Planck units, of the de Sitter horizon. Based on an analysis of the entropy associated to the vacuum quantum fluctuations, we suggest that the existence of such a holographic bound constitutes a possible explanation for the observed value of the cosmological constant, theoretically justifying a relation proposed 35 years ago by Zel'dovich.

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Valdés, Joaquín. "Explaining to different audiences the new definition and experimental realizations of the kilogram." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-1-2021.

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Abstract. Different options were discussed before reaching the final agreement on the new definitions of the SI units, effective from 20 May 2019, especially with regard to the kilogram, now defined in terms of the numerical value of the Planck constant (h). Replacing the artefact definition of the kilogram with a new one based on the mass of a particle, or the atomic mass constant (mu), would have been preferable for ease of understanding, among other reasons. In this paper we discuss some limitations of teaching to different audiences what a kilogram is in the redefined International System

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Sanchez, Carlos. "Realizing the Kilogram from the Planck Constant: The Kibble Balance and the Electrical Units." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 24, no. 3 (2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2021.9436095.

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Wright, Jason T. "Planck frequencies as Schelling points in SETI." International Journal of Astrobiology 19, no. 6 (2020): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550420000221.

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AbstractIn SETI, when searching for ‘beacons’ – transmissions intended for us and meant to get our attention – one must guess the appropriate frequency to search by considering what frequencies would be universally obvious to other species. This is a well-known concept in game theory, where such solutions to a non-communicative cooperative game (such as a mutual search) are called ‘Schelling points’. It is noteworthy, therefore, that when developing his eponymous units, Planck called them ‘natural’ because they ‘remain meaningful for all times and also for extraterrestrial and non-human cultur

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Walker, Martin. "SU(2) × SU(2) Algebras and the Lorentz Group O(3,3)." Symmetry 12, no. 5 (2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12050817.

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The Lie algebra of the Lorentz group O(3,3) admits two types of SU(2) × SU(2) subalgebras: a standard form based on spatial rotation generators and a second form based on temporal rotation generators. The units of measurement for the conserved quantity due to invariance under temporal rotations are investigated and found to be the same units of measure as the Planck constant. The breaking of time reversal symmetry is considered and found to affect the chiral properties of a temporal SU(2) × SU(2) algebra. Finally, the symmetry between algebras is explored and pairs of algebras are found to be

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Timkov, Valery F. "A METHOD FOR EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF PLANCK’S LENGTH, MASS, AND TIME THROUGH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELECTRON. IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF SOME PHYSICAL CONSTANTS." Key title: Zbìrnik naukovih pracʹ Odesʹkoï deržavnoï akademìï tehnìčnogo regulûvannâ ta âkostì, no. 1(24) (2024): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32684/2412-5288-2024-1-24-19-28.

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A method for empirical estimation of Planck's length, mass, and time is proposed, which is based on the characteristics of the electron, Avogadro, and Euler numbers, and the fine structure constant. Basic physical constants can be expressed in terms of Planck's length, mass, and time. The disadvantage of this method is that Planck's elementary particle does not exist in nature. Planck's particle is presented in a hypothetical, virtual form, its characteristics are theoretically calculated through the reduced Planck's constant, Newton's gravitation constant, and the constant speed of light in a

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Nikolayevich Sukhanov, Vladimir. "Equivalence of electric charge and energy." International Journal of Physical Research 12, no. 2 (2024): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/bhmxn335.

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The equivalence of electric charge and energy is the principle that everything that has an electric charge has an equivalent amount of energy and vice versa. Main methods used: conversion of natural units, algebra, analogy. The equivalence of electric charge and energy, despite the wide use in describing the principles of physics and astrophysics, has not yet been formulated. In this work, the formula for the equivalence of electric charge and energy is presented. This is done on the basis of known measurement systems, parameters and principles of physics. Five examples (Stoney units, Planck u

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Prabhu, K., S. Raghunathan, M. Millea та ін. "Testing the ΛCDM Cosmological Model with Forthcoming Measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background with SPT-3G". Astrophysical Journal 973, № 1 (2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5ff1.

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Abstract We forecast constraints on cosmological parameters enabled by three surveys conducted with SPT-3G, the third-generation camera on the South Pole Telescope. The surveys cover separate regions of 1500, 2650, and 6000 deg2 to different depths, in total observing 25% of the sky. These regions will be measured to white noise levels of roughly 2.5, 9, and 12 μ K -armin, respectively, in cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature units at 150 GHz by the end of 2024. The survey also includes measurements at 95 and 220 GHz, which have noise levels a factor of ∼1.2 and 3.5 times higher than

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Zak, Michail. "From Collective Mind to Communication." Complex Systems 14, no. 4 (2024): 335–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25088/complexsystems.14.4.335.

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"Collective mind" is introduced as a set of simple intelligent units (say, neurons, or interacting agents) that can communicate by exchanging information without explicit global control. Incomplete information is compensated for by a sequence of random guesses symmetrically distributed around expectations with prescribed variances. Both the expectations and variances are the invariants characterizing the whole class of agents. These invariants are stored as parameters of the collective mind, while they contribute to dynamical formalism of the agents' evolution, and in particular, to the reflec

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Mykhailenko, Viacheslav, and Pavol Bobik. "Statistical Error for Cosmic Rays Modulation Evaluated by SDE Backward in Time Method for 1D Model." Fluids 7, no. 2 (2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020046.

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The propagation of cosmic rays through the heliosphere has been solved for more than half a century by stochastic methods based on Ito’s lemma. This work presents the estimation of statistical error of solution of Fokker–Planck equation by the 1D backward in time stochastic differential equations method. The error dependence on simulation statistics and energy is presented for different combinations of input parameters. The 1% precision criterion in mean value units of intensity standard deviation is defined as a function of solar wind velocity and diffusion coefficient value.

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Davis, R. S. "The role of the international prototype of the kilogram after redefinition of the International System of Units." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1953 (2011): 3975–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0181.

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Since 1889, the international prototype of the kilogram has served to define the unit of mass in what is now known as the International System of Units (SI). This definition, which continues to serve mass metrology well, is an anachronism for twenty-first century physics. Indeed, the kilogram will no doubt be redefined in terms of a physical constant, such as the Planck constant. As a practical matter, linking the quantum world to the macroscopic world of mass metrology has, and remains, challenging although great progress has been made. The international prototype or, more likely, a modern en

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THOMAS, MATTHIEU. "Kilogram and new SI definitions." High Temperatures-High Pressures 48, no. 3 (2020): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/hthp.v48.789.

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The seven base units of the SI will be defined on May 20, 2019 by reference to fixed and exact values of defining constants. In particular, the kilogram will be defined from the Planck constant h, allowing weaknesses of the previous artefact definition to be lift up. The Kibble balance is one of the methods to realize a macroscopic mass from h: LNE has developed such a balance which is described. This balance has allowed LNE to contribute to the latest adjustment of the h value, and will be used to realize the mass unit in France.

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Wang, Jin. "New SI and precision measurements: an interview with Tianchu Li." National Science Review 7, no. 12 (2020): 1837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz211.

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Abstract On 13–16 November 2018, the 26th General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was held in Paris. The conference adopted Resolution A on ‘Revision of the International System of Units (SI).’ According to Resolution A: four of the SI basic units, namely kilograms, amps, kelvin and mole, are defined by the Planck constant h, the basic charge constant e, the Boltzmann constant k and the Avogadro constant NA, respectively. This establishes the basic quantities and units in SI on a series of constants. The new SI was officially launched on 20 May 2019. This is the most significant chan

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Nikolayevich Sukhanov, Vladimir. "Space time energy equivalence." International Journal of Physical Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/n7tgaw97.

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Space–time–energy equivalence is the principle that everything that has space and time (in the presence of a constant force with an impact point) has an equivalent amount of energy, and vice versa. This equivalence is widespread in physics and astrophysics. Five examples (Stoney units, Planck units, Newton's law and Interaction of light rays, standard gravitational parameter and Coulomb's law) of the algebraic notation of this principle show its universality. Five examples (repetitions) of the same principle should justify the universality of the new principle and its use in physics and astrop

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Gupta, Rajendra P. "Varying Physical Constants, Astrometric Anomalies, Redshift and Hubble Units." Galaxies 7, no. 2 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7020055.

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We have developed a cosmological model by allowing the speed of light c, gravitational constant G and cosmological constant Λ in the Einstein filed equation to vary in time, and solved them for Robertson-Walker metric. Assuming the universe is flat and matter dominant at present, we obtain a simple model that can fit the supernovae 1a data with a single parameter almost as well as the standard ΛCDM model with two parameters, and which has the predictive capability superior to the latter. The model, together with the null results for the variation of G from the analysis of lunar laser ranging d

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Nikolayevich Sukhanov, Vladimir. "Equivalence of magnetic flux and energy." International Journal of Physical Research 12, no. 2 (2024): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/cz021356.

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Magnetic flux and energy equivalence is the principle that everything that has magnetic flux has an equivalent amount of energy, and vice versa. The main methods used: transformation of natural units, algebra, analogy. The equivalence of magnetic flux and energy, despite its widespread use in describing the principles of physics, has not yet been formulated. This paper presents the formula for this equivalence. This is done based on known measurement systems, parameters and principles of physics. Five examples (Stoney units, Planck units, standard gravitational parameter, Lorentz force, and Am

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Ballantine, Kyle E., John F. Donegan, and Paul R. Eastham. "There are many ways to spin a photon: Half-quantization of a total optical angular momentum." Science Advances 2, no. 4 (2016): e1501748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501748.

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The angular momentum of light plays an important role in many areas, from optical trapping to quantum information. In the usual three-dimensional setting, the angular momentum quantum numbers of the photon are integers, in units of the Planck constantħ. We show that, in reduced dimensions, photons can have a half-integer total angular momentum. We identify a new form of total angular momentum, carried by beams of light, comprising an unequal mixture of spin and orbital contributions. We demonstrate the half-integer quantization of this total angular momentum using noise measurements. We conclu

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Mills, Ian M., Peter J. Mohr, Terry J. Quinn, Barry N. Taylor, and Edwin R. Williams. "Adapting the International System of Units to the twenty-first century." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1953 (2011): 3907–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0180.

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We review the proposal of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité International des Poids et Mesures, CIPM), currently being considered by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférences Générales des Poids et Mesures, CGPM), to revise the International System of Units (Le Système International d'Unitès, SI). The proposal includes new definitions for four of the seven base units of the SI, and a new form of words to present the definitions of all the units. The objective of the proposed changes is to adopt definitions referenced to constants of nature, taken in

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Hart, Luke, and Jens Chluba. "Updated fundamental constant constraints from Planck 2018 data and possible relations to the Hubble tension." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493, no. 3 (2020): 3255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa412.

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ABSTRACT We present updated constraints on the variation of the fine structure constant, αEM, and effective electron rest mass, me, during the cosmological recombination era. These two fundamental constants directly affect the ionization history at redshift z ≃ 1100 and, thus, modify the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) measured precisely with Planck . The constraints on αEM tighten slightly due to improved Planck 2018 polarization data but otherwise remain similar to previous CMB analysis. However, a comparison with the 2015 constraints reveal

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Kaptay, G. "On the five base quantities of nature and SI (The International System of Units)." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 47, no. 2 (2011): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb110620015k.

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It is shown here that five base quantities (and the corresponding five base units) of nature are sufficient to define all derived quantities (and their units) and to describe all natural phenomena. The base quantities (and their base units) are: length (m), mass (kg), time (s), temperature (K) and electric charge (C). The amount of substance (mole) is not taken as a base quantity of nature and the Avogadro constant is not considered as a fundamental constant of nature, as they are both based on an arbitrary definition (due to the arbitrary value of 0.012 kg for the mass of 1 mole of C-12 isoto

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