Thematische Bibliographien / Plastic-Derived Fuels

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Plastic-Derived Fuels“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 20. Mai 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Plastic-Derived Fuels"

Sheikh, Alif, Mohd Faizal Ali Akhbar, Nur Zhahirah Mat Zaib, Shahrizan Jamaludin, Wan Nurdiyana Wan Mansor, Che Wan Mohd Noor Che Wan Othman und Anuar Abu Bakar. „Optimizing Combustion Pressure in Single-cylinder Diesel Engine with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Blended Plastic Oil and Palm Oil Biodiesel“. Semarak International Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 1, Nr. 1 (29.04.2025): 36–48. https://doi.org/10.37934/sijaset.1.1.3648a.

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Fossil fuels are both non-renewable and unsustainable. With decreasing diesel resources and increasing plastic waste concerns, exploring environmentally friendly alternative fuels—plastic fuel—is crucial. This study investigates the influences of blended fuel derived from polypropylene plastic waste and palm oil biodiesel (B100, PO10, and PO25 blends) on the peak pressure in single-cylinder diesel engines. The engine load (10, 55, and 100%), engine speed (2000, 2500, and 3000 rev/min), and fuel mixtures of biodiesel: plastic oil (100%: 0%, 90%: 10%, and 75%: 25%) were selected as the independent variables in a Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental plan. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to explore the influences of independent variables, and desirability analysis was used to determine the optimal setup for maximum peak pressure. Results revealed that the peak pressure increases with engine speed for B100. However, for P010 and P025, the peak pressure peaked at 2500 rev/ min and then bottomed out at 3000 rev/ min. Furthermore, peak pressure increases with engine load for all fuel mixtures. Based on desirability analysis, maximum peak pressure (80.5 bar) can be achieved with an engine speed of 2500 rev/ min, engine load of 100%, and fuel type of P010. Moreover, PO10 could perform better than D100 while using less diesel. It is envisaged that blended plastic oil and palm oil biodiesel could be viable alternative fuels that reduce not only diesel usage but also plastic waste.

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Rivera Sasso, Ofelia, Caleb Carreño Gallardo, David Martin Soto Castillo, Omar Farid Ojeda Farias, Martin Bojorquez Carrillo, Carolina Prieto Gomez und Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez. „Valorization of Biomass and Industrial Wastes as Alternative Fuels for Sustainable Cement Production“. Clean Technologies 6, Nr. 2 (14.06.2024): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020042.

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The cement industry contributes around 7% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, mainly from the combustion of fuels and limestone decomposition during clinker production. Using alternative fuels derived from wastes is a key strategy to reduce these emissions. However, alternative fuels vary in composition and heating value, so selecting appropriate ones is crucial to maintain clinker quality and manufacturing processes while minimizing environmental impact. This study evaluated various biomass and industrial wastes as potential alternative fuels, characterizing them based on proximate analysis, elemental and oxide composition, lower heating value, and bulk density. Sawdust, pecan nutshell, industrial hose waste, and plastic waste emerged as viable options as they met the suggested thresholds for heating value, chloride, moisture, and ash content. Industrial hose waste and plastic waste were most favorable with the highest heating values while meeting all the criteria. Conversely, wind blade waste, tire-derived fuel, and automotive shredder residue did not meet all the recommended criteria. Therefore, blending them with alternative and fossil fuels is necessary to preserve clinker quality and facilitate combustion. The findings of this research will serve as the basis for developing a computational model to optimize the blending of alternative fuels with fossil fuels for cement production.

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Hamzah, Mohd Herzwan, Abdul Adam Abdullah, Agung Sudrajat, Nur Atiqah Ramlan und Nur Fauziah Jaharudin. „Analysis of Combustion Characteristics of Waste Plastic Disposal Fuel (WPDF) and Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (Juli 2015): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.600.

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The increase of industrial activities and motor vehicles globally causes rise demands in fossil fuel as energy sources. Since fossil fuel is non-renewable energy, many researches have been conducted to reduce the reliance to this fossil fuel. In conjunction, the number of waste plastic and tires around the world is increasing as a result of modern application and increasing number of motor vehicle. This type of waste is hard to decays and commonly dumped onto open landfills. Utilization of waste tires and plastics can produce alternative fuel that potentially can be used in diesel engine. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of two waste source fuels known as waste plastic disposal fuel (WPDF) and tire disposal fuel (TDF) are discussed. The combustion characteristics of both fuels are compared to diesel fuel. WPDF and TDF used in this experiment are pure concentrated and not blended with diesel fuel. The experiment is conducted using single cylinder YANMAR TF120M diesel engine. The engine is operated at constant load at 20 Nm and variable speed ranged from 1200 rpm to 2400 rpm. The combustion characteristics that discussed in this paper are ignition delay and peak pressure. Both characteristic are measured at two engine speed region which is low speed (1200 rpm) and high speed (2100 rpm). From the results obtained, it can be observed that WPDF has comparable ignition delay compared to diesel fuel while TDF has longest ignition delay compared to WPDF and diesel fuel. TDF also produce highest peak pressure compared to other tested fuels. Moreover, TDF is not suitable for high speed application since it cause backfire when engine speed reach 2200 rpm.

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Suchocki, Tomasz, Paweł Kazimierski, Katarzyna Januszewicz, Piotr Lampart, Bartosz Gawron und Tomasz Białecki. „Exploring Performance of Pyrolysis-Derived Plastic Oils in Gas Turbine Engines“. Energies 17, Nr. 16 (07.08.2024): 3903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17163903.

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This study explores the intersection of waste management and sustainable fuel production, focusing on the pyrolysis of plastic waste, specifically polystyrene. We examine the physicochemical parameters of the resulting waste plastic pyrolytic oils (WPPOs), blended with kerosene to form a potential alternative fuel for gas turbines. Our findings reveal that all WPPO blends lead to increased emissions, with NOX rising by an average of 61% and CO by 25%. Increasing the proportion of WPPO also resulted in a higher exhaust gas temperature, with an average rise of 12.2%. However, the thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) decreased by an average of 13.8%, impacting the overall efficiency of waste-derived fuels. This study underscores the need for integrated waste-to-energy systems, bridging the gap between waste management and resource utilization.

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Susilo, Sugeng Hadi, Imam Mashudi, Santoso Santoso, Agus Hardjito und Dwi Pebrianti. „Power and emission estimation of plastic waste pyrolysis-derived fuel blends in internal combustion engines“. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, Nr. 10 (132) (27.12.2024): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.318593.

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Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is essential for everyday life, while plastic waste is an increasing environmental threat. Plastic waste disposal methods such as landfilling and burning cause pollution. Therefore, a process is needed that converts plastic waste into fuel. The object of the study is the engine performance. The problem to be solved is the relationship between the use of a mixture of fossil fuels and pyrolysis fuel on the performance of internal combustion engines. This research uses a systematic data collection process to obtain accurate and reliable results. The necessary equipment, including a dynamometer and gas analyzer, was prepared, and the engine was warmed up to a stable operating temperature of 80 °C. The motorbike is then positioned on the dynamometer with the rear tires aligned and the front tires secured to prevent movement. Data collection was carried out at engine speeds of 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 rpm, using three fuel mixtures: 10 % plastic pyrolysis fuel with 90 % RON 90, 20 % plastic pyrolysis fuel with 80 % 90 RON, and 30 % plastic pyrolysis fuel with 70 % RON 90. Each test was repeated three times, with the output power measured using a dynamometer and exhaust emissions (CO and HC levels) recorded using a gas analyzer. The test results show that the optimal fuel mixture to produce maximum engine power is a PE-RON 90 mixture with a ratio of 20:80, providing the best performance at medium to high engine speeds (3000–6000 rpm) with low CO emissions. The highest power output (1.05) occurs at 4000 rpm, while the PE-RON 90 30:70 alloy produces the best power performance at 6000 rpm (0.78 % CO). Additionally, the pyrolysis fuel blend significantly reduces CO and HC emissions, with the PE-RON 90 30:70 blend showing the lowest CO (0.78 % at 6000 rpm) and consistently reducing HC emissions across the rpm range

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Dharmarapu, Laxmi Prasanna. „Experimental Investigation on Multi Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled With Waste Plastic Oil with Oxygenated Fuels“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 7 (31.07.2022): 3839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45902.

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Abstract: In the current day situation, emissions associated with the exhaust of automobiles resulting in global warming are a major threat to the entire world and also harmful to health. In this perspective, waste plastic solid is presently getting renewed interest. Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continuously increasing. As substitute, non-biodegradable, and renewable fuel, waste plastic oil is getting rising attention. An experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the emission and performance characteristics of a multi-cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with Plastic Petrol derived from waste plastic by the process of pyrolysis. Petrol is blended with waste plastic pyrolysis oil as 10%WPPO and 85% petrol as blend-I and 20%WPPO and 75% petrol as blend-II. The performance and emission characteristics are found for both the blends and compared with the characteristics of petrol. Some amounts of oxygenated fuels viz., ethanol and methanol are added in the concentration of 5% each to the both the blends and their characteristics are compared to the blends without oxygenate fuels and sole petrol. The tests are conducted using each of the Gasoline and Plastic Petrol with oxygenated fuel additives with the engine working at variable load of 0 to 7 kg for constant speed at 1500 rpm. The differences in the measured performance from the baseline operation of the engine with petrol, blends with addition of oxygenated fuels and without addition of oxygenated fuels are compared. It resulted that, by adding additives the brake thermal efficiency of the engine improved. The CO and HC emissions are reduced but NOX and CO2 emissions are increased for all the blends when compared to petrol.

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Rahmadhani Banurea, Nelly L. Ompusunggu, Delima Lailan Sari Nasution und Tua Raja Simbolon. „Viscosity Characteristics of Renewable Energy Fuels from PP and HDPE Plastic Waste Conversion“. Journal of Technomaterial Physics 6, Nr. 2 (30.08.2024): 099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jotp.v6i2.14028.

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This study investigates the viscosity characteristics of Renewable Energy Fuel derived from plastic waste, specifically Polypropylene (PP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). The plastics were subjected to pyrolysis using a plastic waste conversion technology machine at temperatures of 250°C to 400°C. Compared to diesel, the average viscosity of pyrolyzed PP oil is approximately 4.25 cSt, while for pyrolyzed HDPE oil, it is about 3.3725 cSt. Compared to gasoline, the average viscosity values for the oils are 0.603 cSt for PP and 0.5965 cSt for HDPE. These results indicate that both oils have viscosities similar to petrol, suggesting that PP and HDPE plastics can produce fuels with comparable fluid properties. However, further evaluation of other factors like yield, chemical composition, and combustion performance is necessary to determine which plastic provides the overall best characteristics for renewable energy fuel.

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Maithomklang, Somkiat, Ekarong Sukjit, Jiraphon Srisertpol, Niti Klinkaew und Khatha Wathakit. „Pyrolysis Oil Derived from Plastic Bottle Caps: Characterization of Combustion and Emissions in a Diesel Engine“. Energies 16, Nr. 5 (06.03.2023): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052492.

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Recycling used plastic can help reduce the amount of plastic waste generated. Existing methods, namely the process of pyrolysis, are chemical heating processes that decompose plastics in the absence of oxygen. This decomposes the plastics in a controlled environment in order to produce fuel from waste. The present study consequently investigated the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil derived from plastic bottle caps (WPBCO) and the effects on the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on WPBCO. The experiments were conducted with a single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a constant 1500 rpm under various engine loading conditions. The experimental results of the chemical properties of test fuels indicated that WPBCO and diesel fuels have similar functional groups and chemical components. In comparison, WPBCO has a lower kinematic viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cetane index, and distillation behavior than diesel fuel. However, WPBCO has a high gross calorific value, which makes it a suitable replacement for fossil fuel. In comparison to diesel fuel, the use of WPBCO in diesel engines results in increased brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) under all load conditions. The combustion characteristics of the engine indicate that the use of WPBCO resulted in decreased in-cylinder pressure (ICP), rate of heat release (RoHR), and combustion stability compared to diesel fuel. In addition, the combustion of WPBCO advances the start of combustion more strongly than diesel fuel. The use of WPBCO increased emissions of NOX, CO, HC, and smoke. In addition, the particulate matter (PM) analysis showed that the combustion of WPBCO generated a higher PM concentration than diesel fuel. When WPBCO was combusted, the maximum rate of soot oxidation required a lower temperature, meaning that oxidizing the soot took less energy and that it was easier to break down the soot.

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Kaewbuddee, Chalita, Ekarong Sukjit, Jiraphon Srisertpol, Somkiat Maithomklang, Khatha Wathakit, Niti Klinkaew, Pansa Liplap und Weerachai Arjharn. „Evaluation of Waste Plastic Oil-Biodiesel Blends as Alternative Fuels for Diesel Engines“. Energies 13, Nr. 11 (02.06.2020): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112823.

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This study examined the use of waste plastic oil (WPO) combined with biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, also commonly known as compression ignition engines, and focused on comparison of the basic physical and chemical properties of fuels, engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions. A preliminary study was conducted to determine the suitable ratio for the fuel blends in consideration of fuel lubricity and viscosity, and these results indicated that 10% biodiesel—derived from either palm oil or castor oil—in waste plastic oil was optimal. In addition, characterization of the basic properties of these fuel blends revealed that they had higher density and specific gravity and a lower flash point than diesel fuel, while the fuel heating value, viscosity, and cetane index were similar. The fuel blends, comprised of waste plastic oil with either 10% palm oil biodiesel (WPOP10) or 10% castor oil biodiesel (WPOC10), were selected for further investigation in engine tests in which diesel fuel and waste plastic oil were also included as baseline fuels. The experimental results of the performance of the engine showed that the combustion of WPO was similar to diesel fuel for all the tested engine loads and the addition of castor oil as compared to palm oil biodiesel caused a delay in the start of the combustion. Both biodiesel blends slightly improved brake thermal efficiency and smoke emissions with respect to diesel fuel. The addition of biodiesel to WPO tended to reduce the levels of hydrocarbon- and oxide-containing nitrogen emissions. One drawback of adding biodiesel to WPO was increased carbon monoxide and smoke. Comparing the two biodiesels used in the study, the presence of castor oil in waste plastic oil showed lower carbon monoxide and smoke emissions without penalty in terms of increased levels of hydrocarbon- and oxide-containing nitrogen emissions when the engine was operated at high load.

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Saravanan, P., M. Ettappan, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar und N. Elangkeeran. „Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Nano-Coated Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 3 (20.01.2022): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031148.

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Managing waste plastic is becoming a severe challenge. The industry and researchers have been looking at various opportunities in line with circular economy principles for effective plastic waste management. In that context, plastic waste valorization to oil as a substitute to fossil fuel has gained recent attention. In the literature, there exist few studies showing the use of oil derived from waste plastics in blends with other conventional fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines; however, studies on CI engines that use 100% waste-derived fuels are limited. Additionally, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) concepts and the use of nano-coated chambers (like pistons, valves and cylinders heads) have been gaining interest purely from the engine performance enhancement perspective in recent years. Therefore, this study investigates engine performance by combining exhaust gas from the EGR technique and waste plastic oil (WPO) as inputs, followed by thermal coatings in the CI engine chambers for performance enhancement. The experimental setup of the engine is developed, and the engine’s piston, valve and cylinder heads are coated with Al2O3-SiO4 material. The CI engine’s energy, emission, and combustion characteristics are tested, followed by a scenario analysis compared with diesel-only fuel. The tested scenarios include a WPO + Al2O3-SiO4, WPO + Al2O3-SiO4 + 10% EGR, and WPO + Al2O3-SiO4 + 20% EGR. The results show that the piston crown’s thermal coating increased the combustion performance. Significant impacts on the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke characteristics are observed for different %EGR rates. The results also showed that the cooled EGR engine has decreased nitric oxide emissions. Overall, the results show that WPO combined with exhaust gas could be a potential fuel for future CI engines.

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Mehr Quellen

Dissertationen zum Thema "Plastic-Derived Fuels"

(11391629), Farjana Faisal. „Investigation and Assessment of Pyrolysed and Post-treated Waste Plastic-Derived Fuels on Diesel Engine Performance, Emissions and Combustion Characteristics“. Thesis, 2024. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Investigation_and_Assessment_of_Pyrolysed_and_Post-treated_Waste_Plastic-Derived_Fuels_on_Diesel_Engine_Performance_Emissions_and_Combustion_Characteristics/29105498.

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Plastic waste is a growing problem. Only 9% of the approximately 370 million tonnes of plastic waste generated each year is recycled, while 80% ends up in landfills and 11% is converted into energy. This harms the environment, as plastics take a long time to biodegrade. Pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting waste plastics into energy products such as liquid oil, gas, and char. It is a process which utilises heat to decompose materials at higher temperature and in absence of oxygen. The research aimed to use mixed waste plastics as a feedstock for pyrolysis to produce standard automobile diesel.

Detail literature review on analysing different types of pyrolytic reactors, parameters affecting the yield of plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO), and challenges to overcoming waste plastic problems was conducted in this thesis. It identified key parameters affecting PPO yield and found that not all parameters have a significant impact. This thesis has presented a review of performance, combustion characteristics and emission analysis of diesel engines fuelled with various PPO compositions and found that diesel engines can operate with PPO without modifications. However, using blends of PPO and commercial diesel can reduce brake thermal efficiency and increase NOx emissions. The literature review also noted that most engine testing used crude PPO without additional processing to improve its properties. This thesis also presented literature review of various post-treatment methods, with particular emphasis on distillation and hydrotreatment, aimed at enhancing the characteristics of pyrolysis crude oil. It was observed that crude oil derived from the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) (waste plastics and scrap tires) has some drawbacks such as elevated viscosity and density, lower flash point, calorific value, cetane index, unpleasant odour, and increased sulphur content. These factors currently hinder their suitability as direct fuel for automobiles. This research highlighted that significant enhancements of the vital fuel properties of crude pyrolysis oil can be achieved through distillation and/or hydrotreatment, bringing them in line with the standards of regular diesel.

This study conducted an optimisation of the key parameters of the pyrolysis process to maximise the yield of liquid oil using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD). The highest liquid oil yield of 75.14 wt % was obtained by optimising the key experimental operating parameters, which were a reaction temperature of 535.96 °C, reaction time of 150 minutes and feedstock particle size of 23.99 mm. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that among the three parameters under investigation, temperature ii and residence time exerted the most substantial impact on the liquid oil yield but slightly less influence on the overall yield by feedstock particle size.

The analysis of the vital fuel properties of PPO, distilled plastic diesel (DPD), and hydrotreated plastic diesel (HPD) was conducted in this thesis and compared against the standards set by Australian, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and European standard (EN) regulations for commercial diesel to evaluate their suitability which is a novel and contemporary study. The results indicated that crude PPO is not suitable for direct use as an automotive fuel. Therefore, crude PPO was refined through vacuum distillation and hydrotreatment to align its properties more closely with standard commercial diesel.

The engine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics were investigated using DPD and HPD fuels blended with commercial diesel at 10, 15, and 20 volume percentages in this research. The results indicated that there was an increase in engine brake power (BP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) when the blends were used in the engine, with the highest increases of 4.73% and 4.99%, respectively, for HPD10 at 1500 rpm compared to commercial diesel. The blends of DPD and HPD also exhibited similar or slightly reduced values of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) compared to commercial diesel. The blends also showed reduced emissions of CO, CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), and NOx compared to commercial diesel. The highest reduction of 18.18% was found for HPD20 at 1200 rpm.

Moreover, HPD blends have shown a higher exhaust gas temperature (EGT) than DPD blends, particularly at lower blend ratios. Interestingly, both DPD10 and HPD10 blends showed higher peak cylinder pressures compared to their respective 20 volume percentage counterparts (DPD20 and HPD20). The Heat Release Rate (HRR) analysis confirmed that commercial diesel had higher values than DPD blends but lower values than HPD blends. The HPD10 blend exhibited the highest HRR of 120.41 J/°CA. Higher Cumulative Heat Release Rate (CHRR) was evident for the HPD10 and HPD20 blends than for commercial diesel.

The study concluded that both the DPD and HPD blends at 10 and 20 volume percentages demonstrated comparable or even superior results than commercial diesel in terms of reducing emissions and enhancing engine performance and combustion.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Plastic-Derived Fuels"

Ali Shah, Tawaf, Li Zhihe, Li Zhiyu und Zhang Andong. „Composition and Role of Lignin in Biochemicals“. In Lignin - Chemistry, Structure, and Application [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106527.

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The term lignin is derived from lignum, which means plant wood. Plant wood are mainly composed of extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The lignin is a cross-linked polymer, made of three phenylpropanoid precursors, p-coumaryl, synapyl, and conniferyl alcohols. It is the most abundant polymer in plant world and act mechanically as a natural glue to bind hemicellulose and cellulose. Lignin is amorphous, soluble in alkali, condenses with phenol and has high melting temperature. The function of lignin is to protect the carbohydrates of the biomass from degradation, thus provide stability. The chapter includes information on types of lignin, structure, isolation, degradation, and transformation in to market value chemicals. The application of lignin and lignin base monomers for synthesis of plastic, hydrogels, adhesives, chemicals, fuels and other value added materials at industrial scale.

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Malik, Javid A., und Monika Bhadauria. „Polyhydroxyalkanoates“. In Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution, 370–87. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch018.

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Human dependence on number of chemicals or chemical derivatives has increased alarmingly. Among the commodity chemicals, plastics are becoming independent for our modern lifestyle, as the usage of plastics is increasing worryingly. However, these synthetic plastics are extremely persistent in nature and accumulate in the environment, thereby leading to serious ecological problems. So, to build our economy sustainably, a need of replacement is necessary. Biomaterials in terms of bioplastics are an anticipated option, being synthesized and catabolized by different organisms with myriad biotechnological applications. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are among such biodegradable bioplastics, which are considered as an effective alternative for conventional plastics due to their similar mechanical properties of plastics. A range of microbes under different nutrient and environmental conditions produce PHAs significantly with the help of enzymes. PHA synthases encoded by phaC genes are the key enzymes that polymerize PHA monomers. Four major classes of PHA synthases can be distinguished based on their primary structures, as well as the number of subunits and substrate specificity. PHAs can also be produced from renewable feedstock under, unlike the petrochemically derived plastics that are produced by fractional distillation of depleting fossil fuels. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the simplest yet best known polyester of PHAs, as the PHB derived bioplastics are heat tolerant, thus used to make heat tolerant and clear packaging film. They have several medical applications such as drug delivery, suture, scaffold and heart valves, tissue engineering, targeted drug delivery, and agricultural fields. Genetic modification (GM) may be necessary to achieve adequate yields. The selections of suitable bacterial strains, inexpensive carbon sources, efficient fermentation, and recovery processes are also some aspects important aspects taken into consideration for the commercialization of PHA. PHA producers have been reported to reside at various ecological niches with few among them also produce some byproducts like extracellular polymeric substances, rhamnolipids and biohydrogen gas. So, the metabolic engineering thereafter promises to bring a feasible solution for the production of “green plastic” in order to preserve petroleum reserves and diminish the escalating human and animal health concerns environmental implications.

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Sakarika, M., E. Sventzouri, K. Pispas, S. S. Ali und M. Kornaros. „Production of biopolymers from microalgae and cyanobacteria“. In Algal Systems for Resource Recovery from Waste and Wastewater, 207–28. IWA Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063547_0207.

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Abstract Over the past few decades, plastic-derived pollution has been recognized as a major environmental issue because the use of conventional plastics results in vast amounts of waste as well as in fossil-fuel depletion. Biodegradable and biobased polymers are a promising alternative to conventional plastics. In this context, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bioplastics with similar mechanical and thermal properties to petroleum-based plastics which can be used in a wide range of applications. Several studies have reported the accumulation of PHAs in the biomass of microalgae and cyanobacteria. Under optimal conditions for PHA accumulation, that is, nutrient limitation, and optimal light intensity, PHA content can significantly increase, achieving 85% of dry biomass weight. Downstream recovery of PHAs is also a critical step that affects the properties and the yield of PHAs. Bioplastic production from microalgae and cyanobacteria on a commercial scale is still limited due to its high cost, with the cultivation medium accounting for up to 50% of the total production cost. The use of wastewater as a growth medium can improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of PHA production from microalgae and cyanobacteria and contribute to a more circular economy.

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Talukdar, Kamaljyoti. „Application of Nanomaterials in the Medical Field: A Review“. In Nanoelectronics Devices: Design, Materials, and Applications Part II, 355–405. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815179361123010014.

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Nanomaterials are particles in sizes from 1-100 nm. Nanomaterials have a wide field of applications in aviation and aerospace, chemical industries, optics, solar hydrogen, fuel cell, batteries, sensors, power generation, aeronautic industry, building construction industry, automotive engineering, consumer electronics, thermoelectric devices, pharmaceuticals, paints, and cosmetics. Also, efforts are being made to develop friendly alternate energy sources using nanomaterials. In this chapter, the main focus will be on the application of nanomaterials in various aspects of the medical field. Nanomaterials are used in various medical devices. Some of the nanomaterials used in the area of optical imaging are quantum dots, and in MRI are superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Also, nanomaterials are applied in ultrasound imaging and radionuclide imaging. Due to the small size of batteries (e.g., for pacemakers) or electronic circuits and sensors utilized in medical devices presently made using nanomaterials. New ceramics consisting of materials derived from sintered nanopowders (comparable to 3D-printing) or having a specially designed surface are made from so-called nanostructures for teeth filling or screws for dental implants. For bio-detection of pathogens, detection of proteins, and phagokinetic studies, nanomaterials are also used. For fluorescent biological labels, drug and gene delivery, probing of DNA structure, tissue engineering, tumour destruction via heating (hyperthermia), separation and purification of biological molecules and cells, MRI contrast enhancement, osteoporosis treatment, infection prevention, bone regeneration are some of the applications of nanomaterials used in medicines. Cancer therapy, neurodegenerative disease therapy, HIV/AIDS therapy, ocular disease therapy, respiratory disease therapy, sight-restoring therapy, and gene therapy are various therapies nanomaterials are used Nanomaterials used in various surgeries are surgical oncology, thoracic surgery, replacement of heart with an artificial heart, vascular surgery, neurosurgery, radiosurgery, ophthalmic surgery, plastic and reconstructive surgery, maxillofacial surgery, orthopedic surgery, intracellular surgery by nanorobots. Although all applications of nanomaterials have pros and cons, care should be taken so that the cons can be minimized.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Plastic-Derived Fuels"

Kass, Michael D., Christopher J. Janke, Raynella M. Connatser, James R. Keiser, Samuel A. Lewis und Katherine Gaston. „Elastomer and Plastic Compatibility with a Pyrolysis-derived Bio-oil“. In CORROSION 2019, 1–14. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13566.

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Abstract The compatibility of fueling infrastructure elastomers and plastics in bio-oil and diesel fuel was determined by measuring the volume swell. The bio-oil was produced via fast pyrolysis of woody feedstocks. The elastomer materials included fluorocarbons, acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers, neoprene, polyurethane, neoprene, styrene butadiene (SBR) and silicone. The plastic materials included polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyoxymethylene (POM), POM copolymer, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polythiourea (PTU), four nylon grades, and four thermosetting resins. The majority of the elastomer and plastic materials exhibited higher volume expansion in bio-oil than in diesel. These elastomers and plastics had high polarity values which more closely align with the polarities of the bio-oil versus the diesel fuel. Conversely, SBR, silicone, HDPE, and PP are relatively nonpolar and this matches the low polarity of the diesel fuel, which resulted in higher volume expansion in diesel, rather than the bio-oil for these four polymers.

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Breckel, Alex C., John R. Fyffe und Michael E. Webber. „Net Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis of Using MRF Residue as Solid Recovered Fuel at Coal Fired Power Plants“. In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88092.

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According to the waste management hierarchy published by the U.S. EPA, waste reduction and reuse are the most preferred modes of waste management, followed by recycling, energy recovery and lastly disposal. As many communities in the U.S. work towards sustainable waste management practices, recycling tends to be a cost-effective and common solution for handling municipal solid waste. With the introduction of single-stream recycling and automated materials recovery facilities (MRFs), where commingled recyclables are sorted into various commodity streams for sale to recycling facilities, recycling rates have steadily climbed in recent years. Despite increasing total recycling rates, contamination and diminishing returns for higher recovery ratios causes MRFs to landfill 5–25% of the incoming recycling stream as residue. This residue stream is composed primarily of plastics and fiber, both of which have high energy content that could be recovered instead of buried in a landfill. Plastics in particular are reported to have heat contents similar to fossil fuels, making energy recovery a viable end-of-life pathway. Sorting, shredding and densifying the residue stream to form solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets for use as an alternative fuel yields energy recovery, displaced fossil fuels and landfill avoidance, moving more disposed refuse up the waste management hierarchy. Previous studies have shown that plastic, paper, and plastic-paper mixes are well suited for conversion to SRF and combustion for energy production. However, these studies focused on relatively homogenous and predictable material streams. MRF residue is not homogenous and has only a moderate degree of predictability, and thus poses several technical challenges for conversion to SRF and for straightforward energy and emissions analysis. This research seeks to understand the energetic and environmental tradeoffs associated with converting MRF residue into SRF for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. A technical analysis is presented that compares a residue-to-SRF scenario to a residue-to-landfill scenario to estimate non-obvious energy and emissions tradeoffs associated with this alternative end-of-life scenario for MRF residue. Sensitivity to key assumptions was analyzed by considering facility proximity, landfill gas capture efficiency, conversion ratio of residue to SRF and the mass of residue used. The results of this study indicate that the use of MRF residue derived SRF in coal fired steam-electricity power plants realizes meaningful reductions of emissions, primary energy consumption, coal use and landfill deposition.

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Okta Arifianti, Q. A. M., M. R. Abidin, E. F. Nugrahani und K. K. Ummatin. „Experimental Investigation of a Solar Greenhouse Dryer Using Fiber Plastic Cover to Reduce the Moisture Content of Refuse Derived Fuel in an Indonesian Cement Industry“. In 2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue-gesd.2018.8635723.

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Bouchenot, Thomas, Bassem Felemban, Cristian Mejia und Ali P. Gordon. „Application of Ramberg-Osgood Plasticity to Determine Cyclic Hardening Parameters“. In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59317.

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Critical components of modern turbomachinery are frequently subjected to a myriad of service conditions that include diverse mechanical loads at elevated temperatures. The cost, applicability, and accuracy of either numerical or analytical component-level simulations are largely dependent on the material model chosen for the application. A non-interaction (NI) model derived from individual elastic, plastic, and creep components is developed in this study. The candidate material under examination for this application is 2.25Cr-1Mo, a low-alloy ferritic steel commonly used in chemical processing, nuclear reactors, pressure vessels, and power generation. Data acquired from literature over a range of temperatures up to 650°C are used to calibrate the creep and plastic components described using constitutive models generally native to general-purpose FEA. Traditional methods invoked to generate coefficients for advanced constitutive models such as non-linear kinematic hardening employ numerical fittings of hysteresis data, which result in values that are neither repeatable nor display reasonable temperature-dependence. By extrapolating simplifications commonly used for reduced-order model approximations, an extension utilizing only the cyclic Ramberg-Osgood coefficients has been developed to identify these parameters. Unit cell simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the approach. Results are compared with isothermal and non-isothermal literature data.

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Li, Ming, Tae-Ho Yoon und Dong-Pyo Kim. „Novel Inorganic Polymer Derived Microfluidic Devices: Materials, Fabrication, Microchemical Performance“. In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82136.

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We introduce the successful fabrication of inorganic polymer derived microchannels with organic solvent resistance and optical transparency, via economic micro-molding process by using two types of source materials: commercial polyvinylsilazane (HTT1800 Kion Corp.), or allylhydropolycarbosilane (SMP-10, Starfire Co.). And we demonstrated the reliable microchemical performance in various organic solvents such as THF, DMF and acetonitrile at elevated temperatures. Knovenagel and Diels-Alder reactions were successfully run by pressured-driven flow in 2 cm and 16 cm long channel, respectively. It is proven that the developed inorganic polymer-based microchannels were obviously performed as a niche material-based microfluidic device between plastic and glass based device. In addition, we present the fabrication and characterization of ceramic microreactors composed of inverted beaded silicon carbide (SiC) monoliths with interconnected pores as catalyst supports, integrated within high-density alumina housings obtained via an optimized gel-casting procedure. These tailored macroporous SiC monoliths deposited Ru as a catalyst was run for the decomposition of ammonia with at temperatures between 450 and 1000 °C, which demonstrated a high temperature fuel cell reformer.

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