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1
Talmon, Stefan. „The Legalizing and Legitimizing Function of UN General Assembly Resolutions“. AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300002002.
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In his essay on the “Uniting for Peace” resolution, Larry Johnson suggests that the General Assembly can recommend non-use of force collective measures when the Security Council is blocked because of a permanent member casting a veto. He rightly points out that today there is no longer any need to use Uniting for Peace for such recommendations. The General Assembly can and has recommended so-called “voluntary sanctions” in cases where it found a threat to international peace and security to exist. For example, in resolution 2107 (XX) of December 21, 1965 concerning the Question of Territories under Portuguese Administration, the Assembly, making no reference to Uniting for Peace, urged “Member States to take the following measures, separately or collectively:(a)To break off diplomatic and consular relations with the Government of Portugal or refrain from establishing such relations;(b)To close their ports to all vessels flying the Portuguese flag or in the service of Portugal;(c)To prohibit their ships from entering any ports in Portugal and its colonial territories;(d)To refuse landing and transit facilities to all aircraft belonging to or in the service of the Government of Portugal and to companies registered under the laws of Portugal;(e)To boycott all trade with Portugal.”
2
Domaniczky, Endre. „Possible Ways for Development of the Consular Service in the South Pacific“. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 9, Nr. 1 (02.12.2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2020.9.1.02.
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The author presents the specifi c elements of diplomatic and consular work in the South Pacifi c region from the perspective of a career diplomat. He shows the main geographical and political characteristics of Australia which infl uence consular activity and also the characteristics of the benefi ciaries of consular services who need to be served by the consular infrastructure. The study presents several models for undertaking Hungarian consular work and for organizing the Hungarian consular network in Australia. The author also outlines current inconsistencies in the regulations applicable to consular activity in Australia under domestic, international, and Hungarian norms as well as functional issues and the possible ways to correct them. In his conclusions, the author formulates proposals for the redesign of consular organization in Australia.
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Szabó, Mátyás. „Die juristische Bildung an der k.u.k. Konsularakademie, mit Fokus auf die staatsrechtlichen Studien“. PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, Nr. 1 (05.04.2022): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.4.
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The institutional predecessors of the recent Diplomatic Academy in Vienna took a significant impact on the civil service of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Oriental Academy was founded by empress Maria Theresia in 1754 to train dragomans for the eastern relations. The Academy stood under Jesuit influence and became a secular institution in the middle of the 19th century. By this time the political and legal studies had been dominated on behalf of human and natural sciences and the Academy had been turning to a special institution for training professionals for the foreign service (central service, diplomatic service, consular service). In 1898 the Oriental Academy was transformed into the Imperial and Royal Consular-Academy by Minister Gołuchowski. This reform affected the educational structure as well and the institution focused on the consular branch. The quota of political and economical courses increased as a reflection to the intensive global trade, but on the other hand Austrian and Hungarian Constitutional Law were also set in the new educational system due to the public legal transformation of the Monarchy in 1867 (Austro-Hungarian Compromise). This study aims to present the brief institutional history of the Oriental and Consular Academy and the way the educational system of the Academy had evolved. At last, it is going to be observed to what extent constitutional legal studies were represented in the courses of the institution and how they interpreted the disputed legal nature of the dualistic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
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Klynina, Tetiana. „Rogers Act 1924: establishment of a professional USA Foreign Service“. American History & Politics Scientific edition, Nr. 10 (2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.3.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the legal framework that made possible the existence and functioning of the US foreign service. The purpose of the article is to clarify the preface and the course of formation of the professional foreign service of the United States, which was reflected in the adoption of the Rogers Act. The methodological basis of the study. The study was based on the principle of historicism, which contributed to the consideration of the phenomenon under study in its development and made it possible to identify periods in the formation of a professional diplomatic service. The use of the problem-chronological method contributed to the preservation of the historical heredity and integrity of the picture; the application of the comparative method made it possible to identify significant changes that occurred after the adoption of Rogers’ Law, which was considered through the use of the method of analysis. A historiographical description of the main scientific works devoted to the research topic is given. Analyzed works A. Evans, T. Lay, I. Stewart etc., which became the basis for the study. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of ideas about qualitative and quantitative changes in the diplomatic service after the adoption of the relevant law. The author concludes that before the adoption of the Rogers Act there was no control over the selection of diplomatic and consular staff and the negative consequences of such a decision were especially evident during the First World War. Therefore, the historical conditions in which America found itself at that time became a challenge for the continued existence of the consular and diplomatic services, and therefore the issue of restructuring and modernization of these services in the United States and its transfer to another, qualitatively new level. In general, the author emphasizes the change in the status of foreign service, which was introduced by relevant legislation, namely the Rogers Act, the need for which was caused by certain historical conditions of the American state and its place on the world stage. Prior to the enactment of the Diplomatic Service Act, there was virtually no control over the selection of diplomatic and consular personnel representing the United States on the world stage. After the First World War, it became clear that the diplomatic service needed to be restructured. That is why Rogers’ law was passed, which, in fact, was the first legislative attempt to resolve this issue.
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Kerekes, László. „A technológiai változások hatása a diplomáciai és konzuli jogra“. Jog, állam, politika 15, Nr. 2 (2023): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.58528/jap.2023.15-2.17.
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Digital diplomacy? E-diplomacy? Cyber diplomacy? Same concepts, right? For a person who is not familiar with international law, these terms may sound deceptively similar, but by the time the article reaches the end, the dear Reader will be aware of the meaning of these terms. Technological changes have not spared the second most ancient craft, diplomacy. In my thesis, I examine how digital changes appear on the diplomatic stage. that is why I am dividing the article into two larger parts. In the first chapter, I examine the effects of technology on diplomacy. In doing so, I will touch on the three concepts already mentioned above, and I will also try to touch on the individual diplomatic developments taking into account the case law. In the second part, I present the latest technological challenges affecting consular relations, focusing on the presentation of the Consular Service and the digitalization of consular relations. When presenting the above, I mainly use descriptive and comparative methods.
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Collet, Steven. „Modernizing the Dutch Diplomatic Service: A Work in Progress“. Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10, Nr. 4 (23.10.2015): 440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341324.
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A small country with a big international footprint, the Netherlands depends on the world around it for its future security, prosperity and well-being. Its wide diplomatic network is managed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is responsible for policy in the areas of foreign relations and trade, European cooperation, development cooperation and consular services provided to Dutch nationals abroad. Responsibility for foreign trade was added to the ministry’s core tasks when the present Dutch government was formed in 2012. This article looks at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ major programme of reforms and spending cuts—‘Modernizing the Diplomatic Service’—which was started three years ago to ensure that the diplomatic service remains well placed to fulfil its roles. The article discusses the rationale behind the programme, the approach taken, and discusses the reforms that have been introduced and the lessons learned. Finally, the article considers elements for future reform.
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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. „Foreign Consulates in Odesa (1920s – 1930s)“. Eminak, Nr. 1(41) (13.04.2023): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628.
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The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the history of repatriation missions and consular institutions of Poland, Albania, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Japan and Spain in Odesa during 1922-1938, analysis of the main areas of activity within the consular district and the consular staff’s characteristics.
The scientific novelty. The general picture of the foreign diplomatic presence in Odesa, represented by the repatriation missions of Turkey, Albania and Poland, as well as five consulates, has been reconstructed. Their personnel composition and key areas of activity are shown.
Conclusions. With the creation of Soviet Ukraine, Odesa continued to remain a strategically important city for both European and Asian countries, which, having restored diplomatic and consular relations with the USSR, opened their consulates here. During the 1920s and 1930s, the repatriation missions of Poland, Albania, and Turkey operated in the city first (during 1922-1925), and later the consular offices of three European countries – Germany, Italy, Spain, and two Asian countries – Turkey and Japan. The foreign consular institutions’ diplomatic staff consisted exclusively of representatives of the countries they represented and were career diplomats. In turn, among the representatives of the administrative and technical staff were citizens of these countries and Soviet Ukraine, and the service staff consisted with local residents.
Since its establishment, foreign consular representatives have contributed to the development of trade, economic, cultural and scientific relations of their countries with the UkrSSR. Important spheres of consulates’ activity were protection of the citizens’ interests of their countries, organization of material assistance for them and promotion of their departure to their homeland. In the process of gathering information about the socio-political situation in the USSR, the consuls recorded the unfolding of the Holodomor, pointing out its culprits, noted the negative consequences of collectivization and industrialization, etc.
But, despite the constantly emphasized friendship in relations between the USSR and the countries listed above, their consulates and employees found themselves under the Soviet special services close supervision, which considered any consulates representatives’ actions as espionage. In order to be fully effective, the special services recruited representatives from both consulate employees and persons who were in contact with the consul. And after the consulates were closed, they began the process of “cleaning” them. In 1937-1938, the USSR’s relations with Italy, Germany, Turkey, Japan, and Spain became strained, which led to the closure of the consular network in Odesa.
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Czubik, Paweł. „Scope of the immunity of the honorary consul in the light of some bilateral consular conventions (case study)“. Problems of Economics and Law 3, Nr. 2 (22.10.2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7213.
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The article is regarding issues of the scope of the immunity of the honorary consul in the treaty particular situation, when the double-sided consular convention being in force between the sending but assuming state isn't distinguishing between professional but honorable consular officers, at the simultaneous sweep the immunity of the consul. In such a situation a fundamental problem is arising - how to treat the honourable consular officer sending you under the immunity account. Theoretically the host country has two possibilities. He can acknowledge that the silence of the bilateral convention on separating the honorable consular service means that the bilateral convention under the immunity account refers only to professional consuls. He/she will be marking it, that honorary consuls will be treated according to standards of the Vienna Convention on consular relationships from 1963 He can however accept, that sometimes very strong jurisdictional immunity guaranteed by the bilateral convention (answering as for of one's scope for diplomatic immunity) will concern both consular categories in the identical scope. Presenting arguments starting to speak is a purpose of the present text too both with interpretations without ultimate determining the correctness one or of second interpretation of norms.
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Csatlós, Erzsébet. „Consular cooperation in third states: Some aspects concerning europanisation of foreign service for EU citizens“. Bratislava Law Review 1, Nr. 1 (01.10.2017): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2017.1.1.57.
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The EU does not aim to harmonize the public administration of Member States, although, in recent years, there have been several examples which prove that EU legislation in whatever policy inevitably and unavoidably results in some standardization. In 2015 the EU replaced its former decision with a directive to enhance Member States to co-ordinate consular assistance in third States. Every EU citizen has the right to enjoy, in the territory of a third State in which the Member State of which they are nationals is not represented, the protection of the diplomatic and consular authorities of any Member State on the same conditions as the nationals of that State. This provision of Article 23 of TFEU not solely requires the cooperation of administrative authorities of foreign service but implicitly means a kind of harmonization of substantive law, leads to organizational changes and affects administrative procedural rules of Member States.
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Możdżeń-Marcinkowski, Michał. „SPECYFIKA REGULACJI ADMINISTRACYJNOPRAWNEJ W PRAWIE KONSULARNYM. WYBRANE PROBLEMY USTROJOWE I PROCEDURALNE“. Studia Iuridica, Nr. 87 (12.10.2021): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-87.17.
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The article discusses a significantly modified regulation within administrative law applied in the consular service. There seems to be a need for a voice in the discussion regarding the legal status of a Consul of the Republic of Poland (as well as the other members of the diplomatic corpus) as seen from an administrative law point of view. In the background of two regimes of administrative and consular law, it is also undoubtedly necessary to indicate the basic procedural border problems. A very typical example are the modified administrative procedures provided for diplomacy, with particular emphasis put on the importance of jurisdictional administrative proceedings lead by the consul. The administrative procedure constructed in this way by the legislature differs in many points from the general administrative procedure performed by other Polish authorities. Therefore, to some extent, it can be perceived as a specific administrative consular law. The aim of this article is to signal the typical procedural differences and to point out their sources. “Consular administrative law” can be perceived as a special administrative procedure, which does not constitute part of the general administrative procedure applicable to all national authorities and citizens in Poland, but which still is a sub-branch of Polish consular law which applies to the Polish citizens and foreigners in a specific administrative situations. The existence of so-called “consular administrative law”, however, presupposes one fundamental condition, which is having and maintaining foreign relations in the first place.
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Boiechko, Vasyl. „From Scientific Work to Practical Diplomacy“. Diplomatic Ukraine, Nr. XIX (2018): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-8.
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Ukrainian-Romanian relations have in fact become the main subject of my professional life. I started as a historian during the Soviet Union times and later as a diplomat of Independent Ukraine from December of 1992. For almost 14 years out of 24 of my diplomatic service I worked first as political adviser at the Embassy of Ukraine in Romania (1994–1999), and then twice as Consul General of Ukraine in Romanian city of Suceava in 2001-2005 and in 2010–2014. I had the honour to open the Ukrainian consular office in Romania in 2001, which was unfortunately closed in 2014! It was a combination of pleasant moments with sad feelings. Due to a certain aggravation of relations between Ukraine and Romania in the middle of 1994, in particular the Transnistrian crisis, I was urgently appointed as a Counsellor at our Embassy in Bucharest. Thus, after a year and a half of joining the staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in July 1994 I left for a long-term diplomatic appointment to Romania. After the end of this assignment in November 1999, I was appointed as a deputy Head of the Secretariat of the new Minister for Foreign Affairs Borys I. Tarasiuk. In December 2001 I was appointed as the first Consul General of Ukraine in Suceava city. At that time, the Ukrainian-Romanian political relations were rather complicated. Occasionally, the Romanian side officially accused Ukraine of “non-fulfilment” of the basic bi-lateral political agreement, especially with regard to ensuring the cultural and educational rights of the Romanian minority in Ukraine, although the real situation was completely different. The first Consulate General of Ukraine in Romania which I had the honour to open, performed all the functions stipulated by our national Consular Statute. Our first concern was the provision of necessary support to citizens of Ukraine who visited Romania or lived in this country. My first Consular mission to Romania ended in 2005 and from September 2010 to November of 2014 I again represented Ukraine in Suceava. However, this time my working mood was not so uplifted. Then I remembered an advice of B. I. Tarasiuk, then already the deputy at our Verkhovna Rada, who said to me, “You have to serve Ukraine”. The distinctive thing about consular work is that its main aim is to protect the rights of Ukrainian citizens living or temporarily staying in the territory of a country of one’s appointment. Therefore, I paid special attention to this working direction. After returning from Romania, I worked for some time again as the Ambassador at large and reaching the retirement age in January 2016 I discontinued my diplomatic service by my own will, as I believed that young Ukrainian diplomats should have “space” for their career and professional growth. Keywords: Embassy of Ukraine in Romania, Consulate General of Ukraine in the Romanian city of Suceava, reminiscences, biography, diplomatic service of Ukraine.
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WRIGHT, O. J. „BRITISH REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SURVEILLANCE OF ITALIAN AFFAIRS, 1860–70*“. Historical Journal 51, Nr. 3 (September 2008): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08006961.
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ABSTRACTDuring the nineteenth century the British consular service was often dismissed as an organization with purely commercial responsibilities. A succession of governments and diplomats insisted upon this notion, despite the fact that at certain times both relied very much on consular officials for information on foreign affairs. This dependence was especially evident in Italy during the decade after 1860, when British leaders had lent their moral and diplomatic support to the creation of the modern Italian state against considerable international opposition. During this period their desire not to see the achievement undone led them to maintain a close watch on Italian affairs. The contribution made in this area by the consular service, and the manner in which it was reorganized in response to Italian unification, show how such a role could take priority over its other functions. Although this state of affairs was no doubt exceptional on account of the remarkable level of British interest in the Unification of Italy, it nonetheless provides a clear demonstration of how the organization could be used under certain circumstances. The extent to which British consuls were used to monitor affairs in post-unification Italy also encourages reflection upon the widespread view that British foreign policy rejected interventionism in favour of isolation from European affairs during the 1860s.
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Seheda, Olha, und Volodymyr Smolianiuk. „Modern Processes of Digitalization in Diplomatic Service of Ukraine and Kuwait“. Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, Nr. 44 (15.12.2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.77-88.
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The paper provides an overview of the current digital diplomacy (DD) practices being implemented by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Ukraine and Kuwait. Given the fact that digital diplomacy is becoming an integral part of the foreign policy in numerous countries, it appears reasonable to analyze the latest experience of Ukraine and Kuwait which represent a fast implementation of digital instruments in their diplomatic practices. Both states are considered as long-time partners which enjoy a fruitful experience of mutual cooperation and have certain peculiarities in the use of digital diplomacy. At the same time, high technologies transform the traditional diplomacy, dramatically increasing the digital impact on the practice and priorities of international relations. Such challenges as digital diplomatic management, targeting of widening key audiences and increasing transparency of diplomatic actions have already become a new reality for modern diplomats. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the goals, tool-kit and challenges of digital diplomacy of Ukraine and Kuwait. The paper also presents a comparative analysis of existing positive practices of Ukraine and Kuwait in digital diplomacy. This research made it possible to trace the key areas of the digitalization processes in the diplomatic services of Ukraine and Kuwait including consular online services, digitalization of diplomats’ training, the use of digital instruments in the routine diplomatic procedures etc. The author elaborated a comparative table outlining the similarities and differences of digital diplomacy of the mentioned countries. The study confirms that digital diplomacy can be helpful in a range of issues, from internal communication between government bodies to security challenges (e.g. countering information threats and disinformation in the online network). Thus, the coordinated and comprehensive digitalization of diplomatic practice is no longer a subject of discussions on feasibility but a priority on the diplomatic agendas.
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Kozhura, L., und M. Markaryan. „FUNCTIONING OF UKRAINIAN DIPLOMATIC INSTITUTIONS ABROAD IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION“. Scientific Notes Series Law 1, Nr. 12 (Oktober 2022): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2022-12-242-248.
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The specifics of the functioning of foreign diplomatic institutions of Ukraine in the conditions of digital transformation have been studied. It was determined that the practice of maintaining pages in social networks, organizing online lectures and online briefings of diplomats, creating chatbots, information platforms, mobile applications, or various distance courses aimed at popularizing one's country in the world is currently widespread. In the activities of foreign diplomatic institutions of Ukraine, not only various forms and methods of digital transformation are actively pursued, but certain achievements are already available, which are embodied in real indicators. First of all, digital transformation in foreign diplomatic institutions of Ukraine is aimed at transferring most services to an online format, simplifying the procedures for obtaining them, minimizing bureaucratic formalities, increasing the efficiency of decision-making and providing assistance, optimizing financial costs for maintaining institutions, making information available and reducing the burden on employees diplomatic institutions. The main aspects of digital transformation, which is currently taking place in the system of diplomatic service bodies in general, and in foreign diplomatic institutions in particular, are revealed. The main achievements of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in the direction of digital transformation were characterized, in particular the following: implementation of the project "DRUG" (Voluntary registration of Ukrainian citizens)" introduction of electronic queues in all foreign diplomatic institutions of Ukraine; provision of access to 2 million hard of hearing and deaf Ukrainians to the services of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs thanks to new software; reducing the deadline for issuing Ukrainian e-visas for foreigners; creation of a chatbot platform for round-the-clock advisory support of citizens; a new information resource "Advice to travelers from the consular service of Ukraine" was introduced; the formation of the regulatory and legal framework necessary for keeping consular records in electronic form (e-Accounting) has been completed; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is connected to the "Trembit" electronic interaction system, which will speed up the receipt of information from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine for prompt confirmation of the validity of a driver's license and the issuance of a criminal record certificate. Further directions of digital transformation, which directly affect the functioning of foreign diplomatic institutions of Ukraine, are outlined, namely: joining the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine to the registers of other bodies, primarily the Ministry of Justice; launch of the "e-Notary", "e-Legalization", "e-Apostille" modules by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine with the assistance of the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and jointly with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and the State Tax Service of Ukraine.
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Matiash, I. „Ukrainian diplomatic archive as a source for the research of a consular service history“. Rukopisna ta knižkova spadŝina Ukraïni, Nr. 20 (30.11.2016): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rksu.20.252.
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Antunes, Cátia. „Dutch-Portuguese Diplomatic Encounters, 1640-1703: Exchanges, Sovereignty and “World Peace”“. Journal of Early Modern History 23, Nr. 5 (02.10.2019): 458–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342646.
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Abstract This article traces the multiplex relationships established between Portuguese ambassadors, consuls and extraordinary envoys in the Dutch Republic between 1640 and 1703 with the Portuguese kingdom, the king, the Portuguese “Nation” in Amsterdam and the Dutch States General. In negotiating multiple contracts and treaties regarding “world peace,” these men determined the course of history not so much because they were bound by the service of a state or a king but rather because they served a multiplicity of interests that often damaged national interest in favor of specific interest groups. The article focuses particularly on the Dutch-Portuguese clashes in Western Africa and Brazil and how their settlements impacted the Dutch-Portuguese power sharing in Asia, ultimately challenging premises of sovereignty at a global scale.
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Matiash, Iryna. „German Consulate in Kyiv (1924–1938): Between Diplomacy and Politics“. Diplomatic Ukraine, Nr. XXI (2020): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-2.
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The article covers the activities of the German mission in Kyiv as a cultural, political, and administrative centre of the Ukrainian SSR in 1924–38 in the status of a consulate and consulate-general. The data about the following heads of the consular institution is provided: Siegfried Hey, Werner Stephanie, Rudolf Sommer, Andor Hencke, and Georg-Wilhelm Grosskopf. The legal basis for the establishment of consular relations between the Ukrainian SSR and Germany was the Treaty on Application of the Treaty of Rapallo signed on 16 April 1922 between the RSFSR and Germany to the Allied Republics of the RSFSR. The consular district of the first German mission covered Kyiv, Chernihiv, Podillia, and Volyn governorates. The mission of the consulate was to inform the government about the internal situation in the Ukrainian SSR, promote trade relations and cultural cooperation, and protect the interests of German citizens. The head of the consulate immediately came under close surveillance of the ODPU (United State Political Department) of the Ukrainian SSR on suspicion of conducting intelligence activities as well as collecting information about the economy, industry, and agriculture in the territory of his consular district. Subsequently, the ODPU increasingly introduced its own agents to the staff of foreign missions as service personnel, and NKVD agents in civilian clothing set up surveillance on the consulate’s premises. They accompanied the consul, the consulate staff, and even some visitors on their way out of the premises. Thus, the secret service collected compromising materials that gave grounds for accusing German diplomats of anti-Soviet activities and espionage. The consul’s correspondence was also under control. When A. Hitler came to power in Germany, the information confrontation between the USSR and the Third Reich began, but official diplomatic and consular relations continued. In his reports, the consul in Kyiv recorded the horrors of the Holodomor, the growing process of party ‘purges’, secret executions and suicides, coupled, from January 1937, with daily reprisals against intellectuals and workers in his consular district. The consulate-general in Kyiv ceased its operation in 1938, the official reason being the streamlining of the number of consular offices of the Third Reich and the USSR. Keywords: German Consulate, Werner Stephanie, Rudolph Sommer, Andor Hencke.
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Hall, Cameron. „The Diplomatic and Government Service Provisions of the OECD MTC: A Case for Their Continued Efficacy“. Intertax 42, Issue 1 (01.01.2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014004.
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This article asks the question what relevance do Article 19 (Government Service) and Article 28 (Members of diplomatic missions and consular posts) have in today's bilateral tax treaty system. Borne out of international courtesy, and codified in the Vienna Conventions, the fiscal immunity of governments in their foreign affairs is a well-established principle in international taxation. Articles 19 and 28 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital are a representation of this principle in the framework of the double taxation convention (DTC). The article focuses on the extension of these provisions in this context, and assesses the substantive value, history and recent practical trends in support thereof.
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De la Serna Ramos, María. „El uniforme diplomático español: origen y evolución | The Spanish diplomatic uniform: origin and evolution“. REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 5, Nr. 8 (26.07.2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.5.n.8.2018.21943.
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Los uniformes han servido siempre para distinguir grupos de profesionales. La carrera diplomática española es uno de esos grupos que tienen en esta tipo de prenda una de sus señas de identidad. Son ya muy pocos los servicios diplomáticos –los de ciertas monarquías- que todavía disponen de uniforme. Su uso casi siempre se ha limitado, también en el caso de esos otros países, a las ocasiones de gala. Apenas ha evolucionado desde sus orígenes en el siglo XIX. Además los de todos esos países son similares, con una casaca de paño azul marino, y unos bordados dorados. Desde que en 1928 se unificaron en España las carreras diplomática y consular, el uniforme es único para estos profesionales. Los símbolos que les identifican y la tradición establecida al respecto fueron recogidos en el Reglamento Orgánico de la Carrera Diplomática, de 15 de julio de 1955. Teniendo en cuenta los cambios ocurridos desde sus orígenes se presenta una breve historia del origen y evolución del uniforme hasta el modelo actual.________________________________Uniforms have always served to distinguish groups of professionals. The Spanish Diplomatic Service counts itself among those groups that have in this garment one of their distinguishing feature. It is one of the last Services, most of them belonging to European monarchies, to have a uniform. Its use has nearly always been restricted to gala occasions. The garment has scarcely changed since its origins in the nineteenth century. Since 1928, the year when the unification of the Spanish Diplomatic and Consular Services occurred, there is only one model of uniform. Its identification symbols and the tradition laid down in this matter, where included in the Organic Regulations of the Diplomatic Service, dated July 15, 1955. Taking into account the changes that have affected this garment since then, a brief history of the origin and evolution of the uniform up to the current model is presented.
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Kolpakov, A., und A. Bobrov. „The Intake of Young Diplomats as an Instrument of the Russian MFA Renewal“. World Economy and International Relations 66, Nr. 4 (2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-111-118.
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As opposed to the overwhelming majority of researches within the so called “Diplomatic studies” that focus on an institutional design of external services (which appears to be “the form” of diplomacy per se), this article deals with “the substance” of the matter in question, paying special attention to the means and ways of educating and integrating young diplomats into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Unlike the State Department (the USA), Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO, the UK), le Quais d’Orsay (the MFA of France) or Das Auswärtige Amt (the MFA of Germany), that are influenced by the so-called “political appointees”, the Russian diplomatic service is renowned for its “career diplomats”, who generation after generation are recruited into the Ministry to form (by means of different vertical and horizontal ties) a close-knit team that promotes the country’s national interests on the world stage. Thus, the authors explore the process of renewal of the Russian diplomatic service, whereby young diplomats are being purposefully groomed in several national Universities (namely, MGIMO-University or Diplomatic Academy) to subsequently rise through the ranks of the Ministry by taking disparate career trajectories (for example, depending on or, conversely, irrespective of the foreign languages they acquired), occupying different job families (desk work, protocol, interpretation, consular service, public relations, etc.), taking part in a diplomatic rotation that will bring them to various home (in Headquarters) and overseas (Embassies, Permanent Missions and Consulate- Generals) postings and acquiring new ranks as a prerequisite to promotion from junior to senior positions. As a result, Russia’s diplomatic service has come to be seen as a full-fledged system, the key to understanding of which lies not in depicting the existing institutional framework (which appears to be the focus of the overwhelming majority of works on the matter), but in scrutinizing main recruitment principles and the MFA’s personnel policy, thoroughly analyzed in this article.
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Starovoytova, Elena O. „Reorganization of Diplomatic missions of the Russian Empire in North-East China During the Early XX Century: based on Materials from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire“. RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, Nr. 3 (15.12.2023): 484–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-3-484-495.
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In their article, author considers previously little-studied aspects of the activities of Russian diplomatic missions in China in the late XIX - early XX century in order to explore the features of the daily life of the consular offices of the Russian Empire in China. The study is based on the copies of the answers of the Russian consular office employees in Manchuria to the questionnaire compiled by a special Commission for the Reorganization of the Foreign Service under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1907. These documents are stored in the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, and have been introduced used publicly for scientific use for the first time here. From the available material, it is apparent that in addition to the difficult living conditions in unusual climate, Foreign Ministry officials in China faced a large number of domestic difficulties, a lack of working materials, and funding. Disagreements over the delimitation of consular districts and the powers of diplomats led to inconsistency in the activities of Russian consuls in China. Nevertheless, despite the difficulties, under any circumstances Russian diplomats remained committed to their duty and did their best in the interests of their state, at the same time striving to establish friendly and equal relations with their Chinese counter-parts.
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Yakoviyk, Ivan, und Maksym Tsvelikh. „Digital Diplomacy: the Implementation of Electronic Visa Services in Ukraine“. Law and innovations, Nr. 3 (39) (23.09.2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2022-3(39)-10.
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Problem setting. In the XXI century almost all aspects of human life are covered by the processes of scientific and technological progress. The sphere of law has not been spared from these processes: thanks to information technologies, certain legal services have become more accessible and convenient. In Ukraine, this was manifested not only in the creation of electronic versions of national legislation and various electronic registers, but also in the provision of administrative services through the relevant services. Consular activities involve the provision of services. Amendments to the procedure for the provision of such administrative services and the provision of such services in electronic form can accelerate the process of digitalization of Ukraine, as well as unload the work of diplomatic institutions and reduce corruption risks. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the national legal literature in recent years, much attention has been paid to e-government (Kravets R., Kuzhda T., Romaniv T.), while almost no attention is paid to the analysis of the state of implementation of electronic services (Solomko Y.), in particular electronic visa services (Kolomiets G., Makhoniuk O., Mulska O.), which determines the relevance and practical significance of this study. Target of research is to investigate the introduction of electronic services for foreign citizens to obtain a visa to enter or transit through the territory of Ukraine, as well as forecasting the prospects of using electronic visas in Ukraine based on the analysis of foreign experience of using this type of visa. Article’s main body. For the implementation of visa services, the Internet acts as a special platform for submitting, processing and, in some cases, providing a ready-made document granting the right to enter the country. This may be a special government website designed to process visa applications of foreigners or a special web application for migration issues. The use of the e-visa concept has been successfully tested in foreign countries and in the EU. It is mainly used by the states with strict immigration policies in order to facilitate and systematize the work of their diplomatic, consular and migration institutions, an electronic authorization system was created. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of the study of the phenomenon of e-diplomacy, analysis of the practice of using electronic services for the provision of administrative services by diplomatic and consular institutions, analysis of the legislation of the countries with advanced e-visas, the state of implementation of e-visas in Ukraine was assessed and the prospects for their development were determined. The steps of the state in this direction are part of a large reform of digitalization of the country, the implementation of which will improve the image of Ukraine in the world, make our country attractive for tourists, as well as optimize the visa issuance procedure, relieving the workload of diplomatic and consular missions, authorized persons for processing visa applications and the Migration Service of Ukraine. The introduction of the e-visa institute as an element of digital diplomacy provides an opportunity for quick bilateral contact and communication, and thus contributes to the achievement of the goals set in the Strategy of State Migration Policy of Ukraine until 2025.
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Fisher, John. „The Impact of Military Service on the British Foreign Office and Diplomatic and Consular Services, 1914–8“. International History Review 34, Nr. 3 (September 2012): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.675211.
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Simeonov, Simeon A. „The Austrian Vice-Consulate in Rousse and the Hungarian Revolution (1848 – 1849)“. Istoriya-History 31, Nr. 1 (20.01.2023): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2023-1-3-the.
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The present study reveals the activities of the Austrian vice-consulate in Rousse along the Danubian coastline in the wake of the Hungarian Revolution (1848 – 1849). The Austrian vice-consul in the city, Emmanuel von Rössler, developed diligent intelligence and public service activities in Rousse, Vidin and Shumen, with which he privileged Habsburg loyalists and hindered the activity of separatist defectors in the Ottoman Empire. In the spirit of “new” diplomatic history, the contribution pays particular attention to the relationship between the vice-consul and the many disaffected soldiers and emigrants who relied on his instructions and resources in the tense political situation after the revolutionary 1848. Also, the article rethinks the place of consular institutions in the world of international relations through the lens of transnational history, emphasizing their relative independence and presenting a more accurate picture of the active interactions between different consular missions and units. Last but not least, the study uses the methodology of “entangled” history to rethink the role of local events in the Ottoman lands between Stara Planina and the Danube in the context of the global Age of Revolutions, analyzing the processes in this region as an integral part of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary dynamics in the middle of the “long” XIX century.
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Matiash, Iryna. „FOUNDATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF HONORARY CONSULS IN UKRAINE, 1918-1923: LEGISLATIVE BASE AND KEY PERSONS“. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1, Nr. 127 (2016): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.127.1.4-13.
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The article deals with the content of the first draft regulations for the institution of honorary consuls in Ukraine in 1918-1923, and the circumstances of founding the first missions of honorary consuls. The research was conducted on the basis of archival information from the documents stored in the Central State Archives of Higher Futhorities and Government of Ukraine. The question of establishing the special positions of honorary consuls was raised during the compilation of the Ukrainian State Consular Statute. During the period of the Central Rada there were no concepts regards these positions in the draft regulations related to the establishment of consular service as a public institution. The actual steps to institute the posts of honorary consuls were done in the time of the Directory of the UNR. Firstly the question was put at a meeting of ambassadors and heads of diplomatic missions of UNR in Vienna, 18 – August 20, 1920. From January 1921, the Honorary consulates were established in Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark. Leaders of honorary consulates were searched among the local business elites. Information about candidate was carefully studied before taking a decision on the appointment. The first persons, appointed as a honorary consuls of Ukraine, were the foreigners Harold Simsonen, Simon Kuoni, Johann Hausschild, Wilhelm Christiansen and the Ukrainian Alex Bogolyubskii.
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Micic, Srdjan. „Yugoslav diplomats during the interwar period“. Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia 25 (15.02.2019): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2018.25.9.
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The article deals with influence of the Serbian elite in the scope of the Yugoslav Foreign Service during 1918–1939. The influence of the elite circles was particularly prominent in the Yugoslav Army and in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as was the case in Serbia until 1918. As non-institutional factors had great influence on the work of state institutions, the first aim of this paper is to examine the main aspect for selection, career development and obstacles in the life of Yugoslav Diplomats, derived from the power struggle among elite circles. The second aim is to compare Serbian and Yugoslav experiences in order to establish similarities and differences in the characteristics of the pre-War and Interwar Diplomatic-Consular personnel. The analysis is based on Yugoslav archival materials, as well as on foreign published documents, memorial literature and relevant Yugoslav/Serbian and foreign historiography.
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Veres, Madalina Valeria. „Unravelling a Trans-Imperial Career: Michel Angelo de Blasco's Mapmaking Abilities in the Service of Vienna and Lisbon“. Itinerario 38, Nr. 2 (August 2014): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115314000369.
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During the eighteenth century, the global environment of imperial competition and cooperation encouraged the circulation of highly qualified mapmaking personnel from the service of one ruler to the other, thus contributing to the dissemination of cartographic knowledge. This article examines the career of military engineer and mapmaker Michel Angelo de Blasco (1697-1772), whose life in the service of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Portuguese Empire illustrates the importance of trans-imperial approaches to the history of cartography. As Vienna and Lisbon sponsored large mapmaking enterprises, including border demarcations and military surveys, skilled cartographers became precious resources for these empires. However, in the case of de Blasco, the invaluable service done in Brazil for the Portuguese monarch, made him both sought-after as a potential information source for the Habsburg monarchs and unemployable due to the risk of a diplomatic conflict. The efforts of de Blasco to transition back into the service of Vienna included the unauthorised submission of cartographic material. Additionally, the details of the negotiations regarding this mapmaker's possible transfer reveal the processes of institutionalisation and centralisation Habsburg cartography underwent during the time of Maria Theresa (1740-80).
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Freund, Lawrence S. „New Jersey’s Barbary Diplomat (Part 2 of 2)“. New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 9, Nr. 1 (25.01.2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v9i1.307.
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In 1816, Charles Davenport Coxe, anxious to leave his New Jersey home and return to his diplomatic career, sought a consular appointment to France with the support of his former superior in North Africa, Tobias Lear, who praised Coxe’s arduous service in Tunis at a time when the United States had no warships in the Mediterranean to protect its commerce. However, Coxe’s application was not successful nor was his later bid to return to the Marine Corps as its commandant. Finally, in 1824, Coxe’s efforts were rewarded with an appointment as consul at Tunis. The following year, he was transferred to another North African capital, Tripoli, where he became awkwardly entangled in the local fallout of big-power rivalries and Tripolitan politics. Coxe died in Tripoli in 1830, his legacy one of involvement in two of his country’s most challenging and distant outposts as it began to emerge on the world stage.
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Franco, Manuela. „Reasons of humanity: Aristides Sousa Mendes“. Arquivo Maaravi: Revista Digital de Estudos Judaicos da UFMG 1, Nr. 1 (30.10.2007): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-3053.1.1.114-122.
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Sixty seven years to this month of November 2007, Aristides Sousa Mendes stood condemned to one year's suspension on half pay followed by compulsory retirement from the diplomatic service. I will bring before you the case of this Portuguese diplomat, a Righteous Gentile, whom in the War's darkest hour, faced with a political and social order contradictory to human dignity, submitted to moral obligation. Rather than seeking refuge in the magic of faith, he chose effective action, and used his power to help thousands of people escape the German westward advance, a decision for which he was himself to become an outcast – till his death and beyond, for it took almost 50 years for him to be reinstated.
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Matiash, Iryna. „Ukrainian Diplomatic Archive as a Source of Research on the Activities of the Japanese Consulate in Odessa in the Interwar Period“. Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, Nr. 31 (12.12.2022): 202–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2022.31.202.
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The purpose of the study is to clarify the source potential of the Ukrainian Diplomatic Archive for studying the specifics of the activities of the Japanese Consulate in Odesa in the interwar period. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, historicism, systematicity and general scientific and special scientific methods, in particular archival heuristics and source criticism. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the reconstruction of the Ukrainian component of the source base of the activity of the Japanese consulate in Odesa in the interwar period. Conclusions: The main array of documents related to the activities of the Japanese consular institution in Odesa in the interwar period was not preserved in Ukrainian archives. At that time, Ukraine was part of the USSR, was deprived of the right to engage in foreign policy activities and interacted with foreign missions within the framework of all-Union instructions. Soviet special services also supervised foreign missions. The Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine holds a relevant documentary complex, which includes three thematic groups: reports on the results of supervising the heads of the Consulate of Japan in Odesa; reports on the results of supervising consulate staff; copies of intercepted consul reports on the economic and social policy of the USSR, the state of industry and agriculture. The source base for the study of the activities of the Japanese Consulate in Odesa is wider than the documents of the special services and is part of the Ukrainian Diplomatic Archive in the segment of Ukrainian-Japanese relations. Despite the fact that the activity of the consulate can be considered only as a diplomatic presence of Japan on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR, documentary information indicates direct contacts of Japanese diplomats with Ukrainian state bodies, plans to start trade relations with the Ukrainian SSR, etc. Documents on this topic are also in the Central State Archive of Supreme Authorities of Ukraine, state archives of Odesa and Mykolaiv regions. The creation of the Diplomatic e-archive will help expand access to documents about the activities of foreign missions in Ukraine and Ukrainian-Japanese relations
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Christanto, Rio, und Nanda Ayu Wijayanti. „Evaluasi Pengakuan dan Pengukuran Berbasis Akrual Atas Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak (PNBP) Berjenis Pelayanan“. Owner 7, Nr. 4 (01.10.2023): 3418–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v7i4.1624.
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This study aims to evaluate the phenomenon of accrual-based recognition and measurement using the date point of the Consular Function official memorandum document on non-tax state revenue (PNBP) of service type at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia based on public accountability framework and cost benefit analysis and. Accrual-based recognition and measurement using these documents causes the value of revenue-LO presented in the Financial Statements to be over or understated as it consists of 5 (five) frequencies or periods of recognition and measurement, namely every day, every week, every two weeks, every month, and every three months. The unit of analysis is in the form of multiple units of analysis in five work units of the Indonesia Representative Diplomatic Mission which represent each period of recognition and measurement. This research is descriptive qualitative research. Data were obtained through interviews and documentation. The data analysis method uses qualitative descriptive techniques and content analysis. The results show that accrual-based recognition and measurement of PNBP type services not only pay attention to the occurrence but also the completion of the service process. In addition, the recognition and measurement treatment carried out so far has considered the aspects of costs and benefits so that there are five recognition and measurement periods. In the future, it is hoped that there will be an integrated system so that the frequency of recognition and measurement can be uniform.
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Sharonova, Victoria G. „Little-known Facts about the Activities of Consul A. T. Belchenko in Yingkou“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 15, Nr. 3 (2023): 440–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.301.
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The article is devoted to the activities of the Russian Imperial Consulate in Yingkou (Niuzhuang) in the period from 1899 to 1909. Promoting Russian interests in South Manchuria, Russia paid great attention to the acquisition of real estate in this open Chinese port on the banks of the Liaohe River. At the initial stage, one of the main issues of the foreign mission was to assist in the acquisition of land for the construction of the Russian concession, as well as in the construction of the Yingkou station of the Yingkou — Dashiqiao branch of the CER. During the period of the Provisional Russian Administration, the building of the Russian Imperial Consulate, a doctor’s house and a bacteriological station were built here, the construction of the Mayor’s House began, and at the same time land plots were acquired for various household needs. The successful expansion of Russia in this region was disrupted by the Russian-Japanese War (1904–1905) and its results. Starting from the end of July 1904 to the end of November 1905, only one Russian citizen lived in Yingkou. The Russian Imperial Consulate which was reopened in December 1905 actively dealt with the issues of returning consular real estates and private property of its citizens. The Japanese military authorities, who were in charge of Yingkou until November 23, 1906, interfered in every possible way with this process. After the return of the city to the Chinese authorities, the Russian buildings were occupied by Chinese officials. However, thanks to the professional and well-coordinated actions of Russian diplomats in China and Japan, in particular the employees of the consulate in Yingkou A. T. Belchenko, V. K. Nikitin, Ambassador to Japan Y. (G.) P. Bakhmetev, delegate to China D. D. Pokotilov, the Russian consular property in Yingkou was returned to its rightful owners. Of course, the main role in this complex matter was played by Consul A. T. Belchenko, who, after solving the tasks assigned to him in Yingkou, was transferred to the consulate in Fuzhou. The choice of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was determined by the high assessment of his diplomatic service.
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Ulanova, A. E. „International Scientific and Practical Conference <i>Digital International Relations 2022</i>“. Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 6, Nr. 3 (27.09.2022): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2022-3-23-182-183.
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On April 14-15 the International scientific and practical conference Digital international relations 2022 took place at MGIMO University. The event was organized by MGIMO University in cooperation with Ivannikov Institute for System Programming of the RAS under the aegis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Plenary session International Relations in the Context of Digitalization of Public Life was opened with the speeches of the Rector of MGIMO University A. Torkunov, the Minister of Foreign Affairs S. Lavrov, the Minister of Science and Higher Education V. Falkov, the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. Sergeyev, the Deputy Minister of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media A. Shoytov, the Director of the Institute for System Programming A. Avetisyan and the President of the Russian association for public relations Ye. Minchenko. Distinguished guests noted the growing role of digital technologies in world politics, public administration, economics, education, and science. There were lots of sessions, panel discussions and round tables, such as Digital public diplomacy: new rules of international politics; Digital transformation of ASEAN and Russia: points of convergence; Legal support for the development of the digital economy in Russia and abroad; Diplomatic and consular service in the era of digitalization of international relations; Digital technologies and new media; Digital youth: what awaits the employer in the 21st century; Data analysis and international processes dynamics; Business models and business processes’ digital transformation; Regional experience of the economy and social sphere digitalization: best practices. The conference was attended by more than 750 professionals from different countries and regions – scientists, researchers and entrepreneurs working in IT, social science, and humanities. This variety helped to hold lively and open discussions on the most relevant and significant topics and to establish interaction between highly qualified specialists who have absolutely different but equally deep understanding of digital technologies.
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Bravo Lozano, Cristina. „Un patronato evanescente. La capilla española de La Haya durante la Guerra de Sucesión = An Evanescent Patronage. The Spanish Chapel in The Hague during the War of Succession“. Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna, Nr. 31 (14.12.2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiv.31.2018.21152.
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El real palacio y la capilla de España en La Haya se convirtieron en objeto de conflicto entre Felipe V y los miembros de la Gran Alianza durante la guerra de Sucesión. Mediatizada por las alternativas diplomáticas, la actividad religiosa del oratorio atravesaría distintas realidades políticas, sociales y confesionales, particularmente tras la salida del representante regio filipino, Francisco Bernardo de Quirós, y como consecuencia del impago de deudas de diversa naturaleza. Ante la incapacidad madrileña para garantizar su continuidad, la propiedad, el patronato y la vida pública de los capellanes proseguirían al servicio de varios legados europeos, pasando de una gestión portuguesa hasta las diferentes reclamaciones de los ministros de la Casa de Austria y, durante el congreso de Utrecht, de los plenipotenciarios del rey Felipe. Esta historia particular de un ámbito religioso católico permitirá ahondar en la relevancia otorgada a las dinámicas confesionales en un mundo, el diplomático, donde se iría imponiendo la razón de Estado como su naturaleza privativa en los albores del Setecientos.The royal palace and the Spanish chapel in The Hague became a matter of dispute between Philip V and the members of the Grand Alliance during the War of the Spanish Succession. Mediated by diplomatic alternatives, the religious activity of the chapel went through different political, social and confessional realities, particularly after the Philip’s representative, Francisco Bernardo de Quirós, left the embassy, and as consequence of the non-payment of debts and taxes. Due to the incapacity of the court of Madrid to guarantee its continuity, the property, patronage and the public life of the chaplains resumed in the service of several European legates, from the Portuguese management to the claims of Habsburg ministers and, during the Congress of Utrecht, the plenipotentiaries of the King Philip. This study focuses on a Catholic space which shows the significance of confessional dynamics in diplomacy where the reason of State would be prevailed as its private nature at the beginning of the 18th century.
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Grottanelli, Cristiano. „Fruitful Death: Mircea Eliade and Ernst Jünger on Human Sacrifice, 1937–1945“. Numen 52, Nr. 1 (2005): 116–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568527053083449.
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AbstractMircea Eliade, the writer and historian of religions, and Ernst Jünger, the hero of the Great War, novelist, and essayist, met in the 1950s and co-edited twelve issues of the periodical Antaios. Before they met and cooperated, however, and while the German writer knew about Eliade from their common friend, Carl Schmitt, they both dealt with the subject of human sacrifice. Eliade began to do so in the thirties, and his interest in that theme was at least in part an aspect of his political activism on behalf of the Legion of the Archangel Michael, or the Iron Guard, the nationalistic and anti-Semitic movement lead by Corneliu Codreanu. Sacrificial ideology was a central aspect of the Legion's political theories, as well as of the practice of its members. After the Iron Guard was outlawed by its allies, and many of its members had been killed, and while the Romanian regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu was still fighting alongside the National Socialist regime in the Second World War, Eliade turned to other aspects of sacrificial ideology. In 1939 he wrote the play Iphigenia, celebrating Agamemnon's daughter as a willing victim whose death made the Greek conquest of Troy possible; and as a member of the regime's diplomatic service in Lisbon he published a book in Portuguese on Romanian virtues (1943), in which he presented what he called Two Myths of Romanian Spirituality, extolling his nation's readiness to die through the description of the sacrificial traditions of Master Manole and of the Ewe Lamb (Mioritza). Jünger's attitude to sacrifice ran along lines that were less traditional: possibly already while serving as a Wehrmacht officer, in his pamphlet Der Friede, the German writer attributed sacrificial status to all the victims of the Second World War, soldiers, workmen, and unknowing innocents, and saw their death as the ransom of a peace "without victory or defeat." In this article, the sacrificial ideologies of the two intellectuals are compared in order to reflect upon the complex interplay between traditional religious themes, more or less freely re-interpreted and transformed, political power, and violent conflict, in an age of warfare marked by fascisms and by the terrible massacre some refer to by the name of an ancient Greek sacrificial practice.
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„CONSULAR AND DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE FROM TRIPOLI“. Camden Fifth Series 60 (06.11.2020): 23–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960116320000184.
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For some weeks last past this Government has been alarmed by Reports of hostilities intended by the Algerines and Tunisines against this Place. These are supposed to be the consequence of the Indignation of the Grand Seignior at the Remissness of this Bashaw in affording assistance during the last war of the Porte against the Two Imperial Crowns. Tho’ there is great reason to doubt as yet the authenticity of the Report in question I think it my duty to acquaint you Sir with it, since here it has been thought serious enough to cause measures of defence being taken, and preparations made. The internal disturbances which continue, and the excessive dearness of Provisions contribute to distress us much and leave me no other satisfaction than that of being able to assure you Sir that His Majesty's Service, and the increase of the British Subjects do not suffer the least Detriment by these Calamities.
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Subirana, Jaume, und Carles Casajuana. „Josep Carner’s Diplomatic Career“. Rassegna iberistica, Nr. 117 (22.06.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/ri/2037-6588/2022/18/007.
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Carner was a renowned writer when he started his diplomatic career in 1920. He was considered the most eminent living Catalan poet and had an important presence in the social and cultural scene in Barcelona. His joining the Spanish consular service came as a bombshell. From then on he never again lived permanently in Catalonia, although he kept in touch and came back frequently until the Civil War. This article provides a detailed description of Carner’s diplomatic endeavours (and biography) based on his file at the Spanish Foreign Affairs Ministry’s archive, and it includes a final table that summarises all the jobs, postings and dates of his diplomatic career.
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Л, Дашпүрэв. „Монгол Улсын дипломат албаны үүсэл, хөгжлийн тухай“. Journal of International Studies, 15.06.2014, 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/jis.v2i2.1710.
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Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Их Монгол Улс, 1911 оны үндэсний эрх чөлөөний хувьсгалын үр дүнд байгуулсан Богд Хаант Монгол Улс, 1921 оны Ардын хувъсгал, Монгол Улс ардчилал, зах зээлийн эдийн засагт шилжсэн өнөөг хүртэлх Монгол Улсын дипломат албаны түүхэн онцлог, гадаад харилцааны төв байгууллага болох Гадаад харилцааны яамны бүтэц, зохион байгуулалт, холбогдох газар, хэлтсийн чиг, үүрэг, эрх зүйн үндэслэл, элчин, консулын харилцаа, ДТГ-ууд, хүний нөөцийн бодлого зэргийг маш товчоор тусгав.
Commencement and development of Mongolian diplomatic service
The article aims to briefly describe the particulars of the diplomatic service of Mongolia throughout the historic stages of the Great Mongol State, Bogdo Khaan’s Mongolia after the 1911 national freedom revolution, Mongolia after the 1921 people’s revolution, and transition to democracy and market economy until today. It also describes the structure, organization, functions of departments and divisions, as well as the legal status of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the central authority in charge of foreign relations, ambassadorial and consular relations, diplomatic representations and human resource policy.
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Huskens, Gert. „Jean Eïd (1819–1878): From Levantine Dragoman to Godfather of a Belgian-Egyptian Dynasty“. International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity, 21.03.2023, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22130624-20230001.
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Abstract As a young, but ambitious state that aspired to acquire a respected position in the nineteenth-century European concert, one of the institutions Belgium relied on was its diplomatic corps. Whereas the capitals of Europe quickly became the new home of career diplomats, Belgium gradually developed a consular apparatus that was staffed by locally recruited agents in more faraway areas. In the Eastern Mediterranean, the position of dragoman, who served as translator to the diplomatic representatives, was especially relevant in a setting where language barriers hindered the expansion of Belgium’s diplomatic and commercial interests. This essay unravels the history of the Belgian dragomanate in Egypt and focusses on one dragoman in particular: Jean Eïd. Addressing his term in Belgian service from the perspective of subalternity, I will demonstrate how the social, professional and legal status of these actors who roamed the increasingly entangled Levantine sphere in this period, is particularly challenging to grasp, while also recognizing the potential his position had for the next generations that succeeded him.
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Huskens, Gert. „Jean Eïd (1819–1878): From Levantine Dragoman to Godfather of a Belgian-Egyptian Dynasty“. International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity, 21.03.2023, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22130624-20230003.
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Abstract As a young, but ambitious state that aspired to acquire a respected position in the nineteenth-century European concert, one of the institutions Belgium relied on was its diplomatic corps. Whereas the capitals of Europe quickly became the new home of career diplomats, Belgium gradually developed a consular apparatus that was staffed by locally recruited agents in more faraway areas. In the Eastern Mediterranean, the position of dragoman, who served as translator to the diplomatic representatives, was especially relevant in a setting where language barriers hindered the expansion of Belgium’s diplomatic and commercial interests. This essay unravels the history of the Belgian dragomanate in Egypt and focusses on one dragoman in particular: Jean Eïd. Addressing his term in Belgian service from the perspective of subalternity, I will demonstrate how the social, professional and legal status of these actors who roamed the increasingly entangled Levantine sphere in this period, is particularly challenging to grasp, while also recognizing the potential his position had for the next generations that succeeded him.
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Chen, Min, und Xinye Yu. „Research on Legal Education at Jinan University During the Shanghai Period (1927-1932)“. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 9, Nr. 1 (01.01.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-0014.
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Abstract In the autumn of 1927, Zheng Hongnian appointed Shi Jiong as a professor and established the Department of Law, setting the educational goal of “cultivating useful judicial talents for national service and national glory”. He actively pursued legal education and pioneered a specialized course in Diplomatic Consular Affairs. The legal systems of the countries where overseas Chinese from Nanyang resided were predominantly based on the “Anglo-American Law” system. The “Anglo-American Law” education at Jinan University was distinctively emphasized, and the continuous refinement of the “Six Law” system led to a shift towards a “Comparative Law” model. As Jinan University’s legal education was flourishing, it faced dual calamities of war and educational crises, ultimately leading to its closure.
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„The Origin and Development of the Institute of the Honorary Consul in the Ukraine's Diplomatic and Consular Service“. History and Historians in the Context of the Time 31, Nr. 1 (12.09.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/hhct.2022.1.37.
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Słyszewska, Joanna. „Personnel policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the period of formation of the foreign service of the Second Polish Republic – recruitment of the staff and requirements for candidates to work in the department“. Studia Prawnoustrojowe, Nr. 62 (20.12.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.9283.
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The main purpose of this article is to present some major aspects of the personnel policy pursued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs starting from 1918. The starting point is marked by Poland’s regaining independence and the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is significant that the year1926 closes a certain stage in the history of Polish diplomacy, during which the most functional organisational shape of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was sought, a network of foreign diplomatic and consular posts was created, and basic normative acts were drafted. The assessment of the personnel policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the first years of its operation is difficult because of the fluidity of personnel, frequent changes of ministers, and constant reorganization of the structure. From the very beginning of the
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Копоть, Е. М. „K.D. Petkovich: «Russia has significant interests in Syria…». Quarter of a century as the Consul General in Beyrouth (1869–1896)“. Istoricheskii vestnik, Nr. 46(2023) (18.12.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2023.2023.46.004.
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В отечественной историографии К.Д. Петкович представлен как выдающийся дипломат и исследователь Ближнего Востока. Привлечение документов Российского государственного исторического архива, Архива внешней политики Российской империи, Российского государственного военно-исторического архива, Отдела рукописей РНБ, хронологически охватывающих весь период службы К.Д. Петковича в Бейруте (1869–1896), позволяет существенно дополнить эту характеристику, осветив основные проблемы российской консульской службы в Большой Сирии. К.Д. Петкович происходил из богатого болгарского рода, что предопределило его взгляд на греко-арабский конфликт. Он не имел востоковедной подготовки, но при этом за 27 лет пребывания на своем посту не проявил интереса к изучению арабского языка. На протяжении долгого времени К.Д. Петкович не посещал внутренние районы страны, проводя практически все время в Бейруте и Ливане. С течением времени генеральный консул полностью оказался в руках своих драгоманов из семьи Шахаде. Социальное положение действительного статского советника выражалось в надменном характере отношений к русским подданным и дистанцированию от местного населения. Дипломатическая деятельность К.Д. Петковича носила на себе отпечаток этнического и социального происхождения, а также была подвержена негативному влиянию института драгоманов. In Russian historiography K.D. Petkovich is presented as an outstanding diplomat and explorer of the Middle East. Involvement of The Russian State Historical Archive, The Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire, The Russian State Military Historical Archive, The Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia documents chronologically covering the entire K.D. Petkovich period of service in Beirut (1869-1896) whichmakes it possible to significantly supplement this characterization by highlighting the main problems of the Russian consular service in Greater Syria. K.D. Petkovich came from a wealthy Bulgarian family, which predetermined his view of the Greco-Arab conflict. He had no training in oriental studies, but at the same time, during his 27 years in office, he showed no interest in learning the Arabic language. For a long time K.D. Petkovich did not visit the interior of the country, spending almost all his time in Beirut and Lebanon. Over time, the Consul General found himself completely in the hands of his dragomans from the Shahade family. The social position of a real state councilor was expressed in the arrogant nature of relations with Russian subjects and distancing from the local population. K.D. Petkovich diplomatic activity bore the imprint of the ethnic and social origin, and was also subject to the negative influence of the institute of the dragomanate.
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Loit, Silver. „Välisministeeriumi protokolliteenistus (1918–40): kujunemine ja kujundajad“. Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 179, Nr. 1 (30.12.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.1.05.
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The emergence of diplomatic protocol service within the structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Estonia (1918–40) is a subject that has hitherto not been researched. This is illustrated by the fact that even the complete list of chiefs of protocol (chef du protocole) of the MFA of Estonia has been missing until now. The strengthening of Estonia’s statehood by its international recognition, the accreditation of foreign envoys, and the first state visits brought about the need for a thorough understanding of all nuances of diplomatic protocol and ceremonial. Nevertheless, the office of a separate chief of protocol was created in the structure of the MFA of Estonia only according to the new Foreign Service Act, decreed by the Head of State Konstantin Päts on 13 March 1936; i.e. more than 18 years after the declaration of Estonia’s independence. Prior to 1936, the functions of protocol officers were usually fulfilled by the head of the MFA’s administrative or political department. This article focuses on three core issues: 1) who were the chiefs of protocol? 2) their functions and how diplomatic protocol was regulated in the MFA; 3) the reason why a separate office of the chief of protocol was not created earlier than 1936. The key source for this research is the MFA collection in the Estonian National Archives (RA, ERA.957).
There are no clear sources regarding the functions of the chief of protocol before 1922. The field was most probably shaped and shared by several officials, including the head of the political department Hermann Karl Hellat (1872–1953) and William Tomingas (1895–1972), the junior private secretary of Foreign Minister Jaan Tõnisson (1868–1941?). Everything connected to international practices was probably influenced by the most experienced diplomats of the young state, namely the members of Estonia’s foreign delegation, which had already been created in 1917. Another major influence was Foreign Minister Jaan Poska (1866–1920), who as a former mayor of Tallinn, the former governor of the autonomous Governorate of Estonia, and the head of Estonia’s delegation at the peace talks with Soviet Russia, had extensive experience in protocol-related matters.
Hans Johannes (Johan) Ernst Markus (1884–1969) can be deemed the first chief of protocol to be mentioned in the hitherto known sources of the MFA. According to an MFA report to the Estonian government from July of 1922, Markus was the head of the MFA’s Western political department and performed the duties of ‘master of ceremonies’ as well. In January of 1923, Markus was appointed head of the MFA’s administrative department. He remained in this office until April of 1927, coordinating the state visits of the President of Latvia Jānis Čakste (February of 1924), the Secretary General of the League of Nations Eric Drummond (February of 1924), and the President of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander (May of 1925), as well as the state visits of Estonia’s Head of State, the presentation of credentials, and day-to-day work regarding diplomatic privileges and immunities. Since the chief of protocol was responsible for organising ceremonies connected to the Head of State (Riigivanem), Markus could be considered not only as a coordinator of the MFA’s protocol matters, but as the chief of state protocol. Markus certainly did not work alone. He could rely on the administrative department and basically the whole MFA in fulfilling his functions, while also counting on the support of the aide-de-camp to the Head of State. Nevertheless, it was Markus who laid the ’cornerstone’ for the best practices that could be systematised and used by his successors.
In April of 1927, the functions of the chief of protocol were taken over by Johan Leppik (1894–1965), the former Envoy to Poland and Romania, and Chargé d’Affaires in Czechoslovakia. In August of 1927, Leppik was appointed head of the MFA’s political department. According to the MFA’s working arrangement, Leppik retained the functions of chef du protocole in his new office starting from January of 1928. Since the grand, first-ever state visit of a monarch to Estonia, by King Gustaf V of Sweden in June of 1929, and the visit of the President of Poland Ignacy Mościcki in August of 1930 (which were preceded by the state visits of Estonia’s Head of State to those countries) required extensive preparations, Leppik could rely on the work of his subordinate, the head of the political bureau and deputy chief of protocol Elmar-Johann Kirotar (1899–1985). In June of 1931, Leppik was succeeded by the director of the bureau of law Artur Haman (Tuldava) (1897–1942) in his office as chief of protocol. Haman (Tuldava) put great effort into systematising existing practices related to protocol (incl. Presentation of credentials, and receptions) into a comprehensive compendium, which has been preserved to this day. The efficient work of Kirotar and Tuldava was probably noted by Estonia’s leadership, since once the separaate office of the chief of protocol had been created within the structure of the MFA, the position was filled first by Kirotar (1936–9) and then by Tuldava (1939–40). The quest for stability was most probably connected to the strong presidential power that shaped Estonia’s political life in the latter half of the 1930s. The personal influence of the head of state became more important in filling high-ranking positions in the state structure. According to the Foreign Service Act adopted by Parliament (Riigikogu) on 30 May 1930, departmental directors were appointed by the Foreign Minister. The Foreign Service Act decreed by the Head of State on 13 March 1936 changed this procedure. According to the latter, departmental directors (incl. the chief of protocol) were appointed and dismissed by the Head of State (upon taking into consideration proposals from the Foreign Minister).
There is no clear answer to the question of why there was no separate office of the chief of protocol in the 1920s, since these functions needed to be fulfilled anyway. This was most probably connected to budgetary restrictions i.e. the need to avoid all kinds of ’unnecessary’ expenses.
In the 1930s, the director of the administrative department Jaan Mölder (1880–1942, in office 1935–6) and the head of the consular bureau August Koern (1900–89, in office 1936) also briefly fulfilled the functions of the chief of protocol. The latter was especially involved in systematising the rules and regulations of diplomatic practices. Like his predecessors and successors, he sent numerous inquiries to Estonia’s representations abroad to collect information on matters connected to privileges and immunities, decorations, preseance, organisation of state funerals, etc.
According to sources at the Estonian National Archives, Estonia’s MFA collected information on international diplomatic practice everywhere that it was represented by its missions abroad. Already during the first years of Estonia’s independence, the MFA possessed the popular Guide to Diplomatic Practice by Sir Ernest Mason Satow (first issued in 1917) and several protocol-related compendiums from Finland, the United States of America, Great Britain, etc. It can be concluded that without a rich heritage of diplomatic practice of its own, Estonia was quickly able to successfully adapt to the international environment in matters of diplomatic protocol.
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Adha, Lalu Adhi. „Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) Yang Melebihi Batas Masa Tinggal (Overstay)“. JATISWARA 30, Nr. 2 (27.10.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jtsw.v30i2.97.
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Along with the increasing migrant workers abroad, many of them going on violations committed by migrant workers, such as migrant workers exceeded the limit of stay (overstayed), with the position of migrant workers overstayed thus vulnerable to violations of the rights of migrant workers and abuse, because with these positions is considered more beneficial for the users of services of migrant workers / employers to hire migrant workers and do anything improper, such as paying low wages, hours of work beyond normal working hours and so on, hence the need for protection in order to fulfill the fundamental rights of migrant workers is concerned. Therefore the issue of how the legal protection of Indonesian workers that exceed the limit of stay (overstayed) and how the responsibilities of service users migrant workers / employers against workers who exceed the limit of stay (overstayed) be an interesting issue to be discussed. This paper is the result of normative legal research that examines the issues, based on the literature and legislation relating to the problems examined. Therefore, the approach used that approach to law (Statute Approach) and Conceptual Approach (conceptual approach). Based on the research that the protection of workers who exceed the limit of stay (overstayed) is not strictly regulated by Law No. 39 Year 2004 concerning the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad and implementing regulations, but overstayed the problem is a problem during the placement of migrant workers abroad, the protection refers to the period of placement that is as described in Article 17 to Article 23 PP. No. 3 In 2013 on the Protection of Migrant Workers Abroad in the form of guidance and supervision, assistance and consular protection, the provision of legal aid, defense and fulfillment of the rights of migrant workers, diplomatic efforts and so on, as well as in Law No. 6 Year 2012 on the Ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of All Workers and Members of Their Families also ensure the protection of migrant workers as well to TKI overstayed in terms of providing protection during arrest, detention, deportation and the rights of migrant workers who obtained a residence permit due to violation. In terms of the responsibility of the service user TKI / employer memnyebabkan TKI overstayed due to the attitude and actions of irresponsible form of detention document the service users migrant workers / employers should bear the risk and fulfill the rights of migrant workers who violated such as taking care of a residence permit / work a new one if workers will be work and take care of the return of migrant workers. However, if migrant workers overstayed not due to the employer's attitude and actions TKI service user / employer was not responsible. Therefore, the need for the parties in the placement of workers abroad, especially the representative of Indonesia to disseminate and efforts to raise awareness of the law for the perpetrators overstayed.