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1
Scotland, NHS Quality Improvement. Management of post-mortem examinations. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2005.
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2
Scotland, NHS Quality Improvement. Management of post-mortem examinations. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2005.
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Scotland, NHS Quality Improvement, Hrsg. Standards for management of post-mortem examinations. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2003.
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Scotland, NHS Quality Improvement. Standards for management of post-mortem examinations. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2003.
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5
Berndt, Enno. J-Economy, J-Corporation and J-Power since 1990. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-276-5.
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Once hailed as superpower and benchmark of Post-Fordism management, Japan’s economy and its corporations are taken as negative example of insufficient compliance to neoliberalist policies. This book demonstrates that the problems of Japan’s economy and corporations are more universal: encountering the limits of mass-industrialised production and -consumption, large corporations fail to ignite innovation by decentralisaation and bottom-up participation. Instead, they increase their returns by ongoing cost reduction and centralization, adhere to large-scale technology, fuel profits into M&A to defend their traditional business models and privilege capital providers and top executives.
6
Nagimova, Al'mira. ISLAMIC FINANCE IN THE CIS COUNTRIES. xxu: Academus Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/0021-8.
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Over the past decades, Islamic Finance has expanded its presence to many countries, including the former Soviet Union. It is not surprising that its expansion has become a subject of great interest to scholars, politicians, practitioners, and the general public. How big is the market for Islamic Finance in the post-Soviet region? Who are the key market players? What are their investment strategies on this territory? Finally, what are the limits for the development of the Islamic Finance industry in the CIS countries? This book attempts to find the answers to these questions by examining a broad empirical base of more than 1,000 deals from 1991 to 2020, as well as using a sociological approach. Another attempt has been made to assess the total volume of Islamic capital and determine the problems and prospects of this market in the CIS countries.
The book will be of interest to the management of banks, investment companies, funds, ministries, as well as anyone interested in the world economy, international relations and the religious factor in the economy of post-Soviet countries.
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Nagimova, Al'mira. Islamic Finance in the CIS countries. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1182772.
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Over the past decades, Islamic finance has expanded its presence to many countries, including the former Soviet Union. It is not surprising that their expansion has become a subject of great interest for scientists, politicians, practitioners and the general public. How big is the market for Islamic finance in the post-Soviet region? Who are the main market players? What are their investment strategies here? Finally, what limits the development of the Islamic finance industry in the CIS countries? In this monograph, we try to answer these questions by examining a broad empirical base consisting of more than 1,000 transactions for the period from 1991 to 2020, as well as using a sociological approach. In addition, we assess the total volume of Islamic capital and identify the problems and prospects of this market in the CIS countries. It will be of interest to the management of banks, investment companies, funds, ministries, as well as to anyone interested in the world economy, international relations and the religious factor in the economy of post-Soviet countries.
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Management of Post-Mortem Pregnancy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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NHS Quality Improvement Scotland. Tayside Acute Services Division. Management of post-mortem examinations: Local report. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2005.
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Sperling, Daniel. Management of Post-mortem Pregnancy: Legal And Philosophical Aspects. Ashgate Pub Co, 2006.
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Sperling, Daniel. Management of Post-Mortem Pregnancy: Legal and Philosophical Aspects. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Sperling, Daniel. Management of Post-Mortem Pregnancy: Legal and Philosophical Aspects. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Sperling, Daniel. Management of Post-Mortem Pregnancy: Legal and Philosophical Aspects. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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MANAGEMENT OF POST-MORTEM PREGNANCY: LEGAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS. ALDERSHOT: ASHGATE, 2006.
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16
Hughes, Kerry C., und Jeffrey L. Metzner. Suicide risk management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0043.
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There are many risks associated with incarceration, and a substantial one is suicide. Virtually every completed suicide generates litigation. Prevalence, demographics, trends, screening and assessment of suicide risk, and recognition of the key factors associated with increased risk and managing that risk safely and appropriately in jails is presented. The factors relating to increasing suicide risk in prisons are often quite distinct from other correctional settings. Issues such as restrictive housing, facility transfers, loss of community social supports, and chronic management all play potential roles. Proactive recognition of such concerns and active management is critical to effective risk reduction. This chapter discusses such factors in the context of changing prison dynamics and trends. Following completed suicides, a formal protocol is often followed to assist staff in understanding the events that led to the suicide and specifically intervening to address staff feelings that follow such a trauma. Such a process assists quality improvement initiatives, whether in the form of a root cause analysis or other format. Best practice approaches to post-mortem review and staff intervention/ support have been developed and are in use in many facilities. Working to eliminate or reduce the frequency of suicide attempts absolutely requires a staff culture committed to continued learning and improving of both knowledge and skills. This chapter presents a review of the current standards of suicide risk reduction training.
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Hughes, Kerry C., und Jeffrey L. Metzner. Suicide risk management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0043_update_001.
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There are many risks associated with incarceration, and a substantial one is suicide. Virtually every completed suicide generates litigation. Prevalence, demographics, trends, screening and assessment of suicide risk, and recognition of the key factors associated with increased risk and managing that risk safely and appropriately in jails is presented. The factors relating to increasing suicide risk in prisons are often quite distinct from other correctional settings. Issues such as restrictive housing, facility transfers, loss of community social supports, and chronic management all play potential roles. Proactive recognition of such concerns and active management is critical to effective risk reduction. This chapter discusses such factors in the context of changing prison dynamics and trends. Following completed suicides, a formal protocol is often followed to assist staff in understanding the events that led to the suicide and specifically intervening to address staff feelings that follow such a trauma. Such a process assists quality improvement initiatives, whether in the form of a root cause analysis or other format. Best practice approaches to post-mortem review and staff intervention/ support have been developed and are in use in many facilities. Working to eliminate or reduce the frequency of suicide attempts absolutely requires a staff culture committed to continued learning and improving of both knowledge and skills. This chapter presents a review of the current standards of suicide risk reduction training.
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Archer, Nick, und Nicky Manning. Management of fetal structural cardiac disease in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0023.
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Introduction 304Diagnosis 306Counselling 308Management of pregnancy 310Fetal intervention 312Management of delivery 314Place of delivery 316Future pregnancies 318Cardiac abnormalities account for approximately 20% of neonatal deaths and in some the cardiac cause is only identified at post-mortem; a significant proportion of CHD remains undetected during pregnancy and thus does not influence management of the pregnancy or delivery. However, there are some lesions whose early postnatal management may be altered in the light of prior knowledge and thus prenatal diagnosis may improve postnatal outcome both in terms of mortality and morbidity....
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Ebm, Claudia, und Andrew Rhodes. Post-operative fluid and circulatory management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0363.
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Fluid and circulatory management is an integral part of the peri-operative care of critically-ill patients. Precisely estimating the volumetric needs of post-operative patients remains difficult. While the majority of patients tolerate intra-operative fluid loss easily, patients with reduced physiological reserve present more of a challenge. Targeting specific physiological goals and optimizing haemodynamics with fluids and inotropes, means outcomes of these patients can be improved. This approach is often referred as goal-directed therapy (GDT). ‘Individualized goal-directed therapy’ can vary in timing, monitoring techniques, and endpoints used. The emergence of minimal invasive devises has allowed us to integrate cardiac output monitoring as a safe and reliable tool in the routine care of high risk patients. This dynamic assessment of haemodynamics provides a reliable technique to assess volume responsiveness and guide fluids to optimize cardiac output and oxygen delivery.
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Phillips, Tudor. Risk factors for post-amputation pain. Herausgegeben von Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu und Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0066.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: Incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain’, published by Jensen et al. in 1985. This study examined a cohort of older patients undergoing limb amputation, and carefully related pre-amputation pain to the development and nature of phantom limb pain. The authors demonstrated that a third of patients experienced pain similar to the pre-amputated limb pain immediately after amputation; patients who had experienced pre-amputation pain were more likely to experience phantom limb pain in the first 6 months after the amputation; and persistent phantom limb pain was more likely in patients who experienced stump pain after amputation. The study had clear implications for pain management but, importantly, it also demonstrated that peripheral pain, in the form of pre-amputation and stump pain, was important in determining the development and maintenance of phantom limb pain.
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Barnard, Matthew, und Nicola Jones. Intensive care management after cardiothoracic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0368.
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Management of the post-cardiothoracic surgical patient follows general principles of intensive care, but incorporates certain unique considerations. In cardiac surgical patients peri-operative ischaemia, arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction mandate specific monitoring requirements, and individual pharmacological and mechanical support. Suspicion of myocardial ischaemia should not only lead to pharmacological treatment, but also consideration of urgent angiography to exclude coronary graft occlusion. Ventricular dysfunction may be pre-existing or attributable to intra-operative myocardial ‘stunning’. Catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are the mainstay of therapy. Rarely, intra-aortic balloon pumping or ventricular assist devices are required. Significant bleeding (with potential cardiac tamponade), respiratory compromise, acute kidney injury, neurological injury, and deep sternal wound infection each occur in ~2–3% of cardiac surgical patients. Each of these has individual risk factors and specific management considerations. General guidelines for patients who have undergone thoracic surgery include early extubation, fluid restriction, effective analgesia, and protective lung ventilation. Thoracic patients are at risk of atelectasis, respiratory infection, bronchial air leak, and right ventricular failure. Positive pressure ventilation is avoided whenever possible particularly after pneumonectomy, but is sometimes necessary in compromised patients. Air leaks are common. Alveolopleural fistulae usually improve with conservative management,whereas bronchopleural fistulae are more likely to require surgical intervention. Lung surgery is high risk for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Patients with pre-existing elevated pulmonary vascular resistance may exhibit right ventricular dysfunction and may fail to cope with a further increase in pulmonary vascular resistance consequent to lung resection. Lung collapse and infection are constant risks throughout the entire post-operative period.
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Chapman, Suzanne. The advent of patient-controlled analgesia for post-operative analgesia. Herausgegeben von Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu und Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0050.
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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Patient-controlled analgesia: A new concept of postoperative pain relief’, published by Bennett et al. in 1982. This paper presents data from two investigations in which patient-controlled analgesia using morphine was evaluated in patients who had undergone elective gastric bypass surgery for the management of morbid obesity. The paper shows that patient-controlled analgesia achieved adequate analgesia more often than conventional intermittent analgesia did when both administration methods were compared, but with less sedation. In addition, patients who had experienced both methods of analgesia felt that patient-controlled analgesia was superior. The paper also demonstrates that individuals can vary in their analgesic requirements.
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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson und Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 63-Year-Old Male with Severe Flaccid Weakness Post Motor Vehicle Accident. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0009.
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Neuromuscular disorders are important causes of newly acquired weakness in the intensive care unit. Although evaluation usually begins with physical examination findings, these can be compromised in the intensive care unit environment. Therefore, electrodiagnostic study becomes even more important as a tool in localizing weakness to nerve, muscle or neuromuscular junction. Critical illness neuropathy and myopathy occurs in the setting of sepsis and multiple organ failure where sepsis is accompanied by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Additional, intensive care unit-specific risk factors exist, predominantly relating to administration of high-dose steroids, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, and sedating agents such as propofol. There is no specific treatment except for optimizing medical management of the underlying disorder, including prevention and management of sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and organ damage, as well as avoidance of exacerbating medications.
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Pua, Bradley B., Anne M. Covey und David C. Madoff, Hrsg. Interventional Radiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276249.001.0001.
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In 2012, the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) approved Interventional Radiology (IR) as its own specialty. Born out of the field of Diagnostic Radiology, IR requires a more clinical focus on initial consultation and post-procedural management, rather than its previous role of performing image-guided procedures. Interventional Radiology: Fundamentals of Clinical Practice is written with this new focus in mind to help readers incorporate their procedural knowledge into a holistic approach of patient management. Chapters explore topics across a broad spectrum of IR, with a focus on etiology and pathophysiology of disease, followed by discussions on intra-procedural and post-procedural management. Numerous tables and boxes, and over 420 total figures complement chapter content. This comprehensive text is a must-have text for IR residents and reference for all practicing interventional radiologists.
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Schmidt III, Henry, und André M. Ivanoff. Behavior management plans. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0050.
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The processes in behavior management include many strategies and methods found in sound cognitive-behavioral clinical practice. Broadly speaking, we define behavior management as the point of interaction between staff and inmate patients within the facility (or any other location in which they work together). It is always occurring, although not always planful or well-executed. A behavior management plan (BMP) takes into consideration staff abilities, specific characteristics of the unit, and the capacity of the patient for whom the plan is developed. A well-constructed BMP specifies who will do what, for whom, and in what contexts. Behavior management plans are most often developed and implemented for behaviors that pose high risk to inmate or staff health within the facility, or high risk to disrupt the safety and programming within the facility. We distinguish ‘behavior management’, which we define as a series of interventions designed to reduce behaviors which destabilize unit or facility functioning, from ‘treatment.’ Treatment is viewed as a series of interventions designed to reduce the future frequency, intensity and/or severity of a given behavior in the unit and upon return to the community. Thus, while there may be treatment characteristics included in BMPs, the scope of the intervention is typically more limited. A BMP may focus on a particular disruptive behavior in the unit, for instance, without any consideration of whether the behavior may occur in the community following release. In this chapter we review concepts related to behavior management and the creation of behavior management plans.
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Carlson, Matt. Media Culpas: Prewar Reporting Mistakes at the New York Times and Washington Post. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252035999.003.0002.
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This chapter looks at how two newspapers used unnamed sources in reports leading up to the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. When Iraq's weapons of mass destruction failed to materialize, critics on the left and from within journalism chastised the New York Times and Washington Post for overly credulous, unnamed source-laden investigative reporting appearing on their front pages in the buildup to the war. The newspapers responded by revisiting their unnamed sourcing practices, but not until more than a year after the invasion. These self-assessments generated attention around two problems negatively impacting prewar coverage: the calculated press management strategies of the Bush administration, and the willingness of the competing newspapers to reproduce official statements anonymously. The complex problems marking the journalist-unnamed source exchange come to light through these efforts to attach blame both to the sources and the journalists.
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Jarvis, Adrian, und Robert Lee, Hrsg. Trade, Migration and Urban Networks in Port Cities, c. 1640-1940. Liverpool University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973893489.001.0001.
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This study offers an exploration of the role of merchants throughout maritime history through the analysis of maritime trade networks. It attempts to fill in the gaps in the historiography to determine the range of activities that maritime merchants undertook. It is comprised of nine chapters: one introductory, and eight exploring aspects of merchant history across Europe during the period 1640 to 1940. Several major themes recur throughout these studies: the necessity of port networks; the extension of trade networks through merchant migration and in-migration; the assimilation of merchants into port communities; and the impact of urban governance and trade associations on merchant activity. It concludes by claiming merchants across Europe had a more common with one another when approaching risk management than has previously been assumed, and that the at the core of the merchant’s risk management strategy the question of who they could trust with their trade is a universally unifying factor. It suggests that further research on the demographics of ports is the necessary next step in merchant historiography.
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Horvath, Laura J. Reduction Mammoplasty. Herausgegeben von Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman und Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0061.
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Reduction mammoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to decrease breast size. Breast parenchyma and skin are resected, and the nipple is repositioned to a more superior location on the smaller breast mound. The goals of the procedure are to alleviate a variety of physical and psychological complaints. Because women with a history of reduction surgery are commonly seen for screening mammography and other breast imaging studies, it is important to be aware of the normal post-operative appearance. This chapter, appearing in the section on intervention and surgical change, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for reduction mammoplasty. Topics discussed include clinical indications, surgical technique, and benign post-operative changes, including scars, oil cysts, fat necrosis, and calcifications.
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Nolan, Jerry. The critically ill patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0035.
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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
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Nolan, Jerry. The critically ill patient. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0035_update_001.
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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
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Sundström, Göran. Administrative Reform. Herausgegeben von Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.45.
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This chapter contains an analysis of Swedish administrative reform from the mid-1970s until today. It shows that Sweden has embraced most New Public Management ideas. Regarding management ideas Sweden was an early mover, whereas the neoliberal part of the NPM package took root quite late, from around 1990. In recent years Sweden has also embraced some “post-NPM” ideas. The chapter shows that the development partly can be understood as rational problem-solving. However, there are also observations supporting the argument that the development partly should be understood as rule-following and partly in terms of a path dependency. Regarding effects, critics argue that the reforms have brought about a more fragmented state, created a low-trust culture, made the pubic officials more silent, and generated paperwork which precludes the agencies from carrying out their ordinary work.
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Robert, Cameron, und Brian Levy. Provincial Governance of Education—The Western Cape Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0004.
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The focus of this chapter is the management and governance of education at provincial level—specifically on efforts to introduce performance management into education by the Western Cape Education Department (WCED), and their impact. Post-1994 the WCED inherited a bureaucracy that was well placed to manage the province’s large public education system. Subsequently, irrespective of which political party has been in power, the WCED consistently has sought to implement performance management. This chapter explores to what extent determined, top-down efforts, led by the public sector, can improve dismal educational performance. It concludes that the WCED is a relatively well-run public bureaucracy. However, efforts to strengthen the operation of the WCED’s bureaucracy have not translated into systematic improvements in schools in poorer areas. One possible implication is that efforts to strengthen hierarchy might usefully be complemented with additional effort to support more horizontal, peer-to-peer governance at the school level.
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Debaveye, Yves, und Greet Van den Berghe. Pathophysiology and management of pituitary disorders in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0262.
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The pituitary gland plays a predominant role in the endocrine system. Consequently, patients with pituitary diseases or after pituitary surgery present unique challenges to the intensivist. Failure of the anterior pituitary gland to secrete one or more pituitary hormones results in a clinical syndrome known as hypopituitarism. While hypopituitarism is mostly encountered in patients in whom the diagnosis has already been made, acute exacerbation of an undiagnosed insufficiency may occasionally occur. Acute decompensated patients with suspected hypopituitarism should be admitted to an intensive care unit for haemodynamic stabilization, replacement of missing hormones, and identification and treatment of the causative stressor. Prompt administration of hydrocortisone is the single most important acute medical intervention in hypopituitaric patients. Failure of the posterior pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone results in diabetes insipidus (DI). DI is characterized by excess volumes of severely diluted urine, which can lead to hyperosmolality and hypernatraemia as many critically-ill patients do not have free access to oral fluids due to obtundation or sedation. Management of DI includes the correction of free water deficit and the reduction of polyuria with desmopressin. The post-operative care following pituitary surgery focuses on vigilant observation for neurosurgical complications (visual loss, meningitis, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage) and monitoring of neuroendocrinological perturbations (hypopituitarism and disorders of water balance, such as DI and SIADH). SIADH presents with hyponatremia, hypo-osmolality, and inappropriately concentrated urine in a setting of euvolaemia and can be managed in most cases by fluid restriction. Potential disruption of the pituitary-adrenal function is covered with peri-operative glucocorticoids.
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Egeberg, Morten, und Jarle Trondal. Political Steering and Bureaucratic Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0006.
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This chapter draws attention to the effects of vertical specialization of organizations and how it affects public governance. The chapter documents that agency officials pay significantly less attention to signals from executive politicians than their counterparts within ministerial (cabinet-level) departments. This finding also holds when controlling for variation in tasks, the political salience of issue areas, and officials’ rank. In addition, it is documented that the greater the organizational capacity available within the respective ministerial departments, the more agency personnel tend to assign weight to signals from the political leadership. Expert concerns are strongly emphasized at both levels; however, agency personnel are more sensitive to the influence of affected parties. The chapter applies large-N questionnaire data at four points in time (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016) that spans three decades and shifting administrative doctrines: New Public Management as well as post-New Public Management.
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Mandel, Robert. Global Threat. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400657863.
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This book provides a fresh perspective on causes, consequences, and cures surrounding today's most pressing global security challenges. After explaining the changes in post-Cold War threat, it develops a novel target-centered approach to assessment and management that is more useful in coping with current foreign dangers than current best practices. After explaining the challenge in coping with current global threat, this book begins by analyzing the distinctiveness of post-Cold War threat and of the nature of enemies prevalent in today's world. Then it considers prevailing threat analysis deficiencies and develops an alternative target-centered conceptual approach for recognizing and prioritizing threat. Illustrating the value of this approach are four post-9/11 case studies: the weapons of mass destruction and terrorism threat linked to the 2003 Iraq War, the natural calamity threat linked to the 2004 tsunami disaster, the terrorist threat linked to the 2005 London Transport bombings, and the undesired mass population threat linked to the 2006 American illegal immigration tensions. The study concludes by presenting some target-centered ideas about how to cope better with incoming threat, calling in the end for strategic transformation.
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Stolker, Robert Jan, und Felix van Lier. Choice and interpretation of preoperative investigations. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0041.
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Preoperative risk assessment is one of the most important steps in perioperative management. In the last decades, considerable progress has been achieved. However, as more high-risk procedures are performed in more aged patients, suffering more morbidity, this may lead to an increased risk of adverse outcomes. The goal of preoperative assessment is to identify patients at extreme risk and discuss whether they should be operated on, or undergo an alternative procedure with a lower risk profile, or if conservative treatment should be continued. Furthermore, it gives the opportunity to optimize patients prior to surgery, adapt intraoperative anaesthetic management and monitoring, and select patients for postoperative treatment at an intensive care unit or post-anaesthesia care unit. The cornerstone of preoperative assessment is the estimation of functional capacity. Accurate anamnesis and physical examination are crucial. Several procedures have been used to optimize the preoperative risk stratification. In this chapter, the value of these additional preoperative investigations is reviewed. These investigations are to be performed only in patients with considerable co-morbidity undergoing high-risk surgery. As cardiovascular adverse events are a major determinant of postoperative outcome, the chapter focuses on the management of the two most important cardiac risk factors, that is, myocardial ischaemia and impaired left ventricular function.
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Crouch, Robert, Alan Charters, Mary Dawood und Paula Bennett, Hrsg. Cardiovascular emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688869.003.0008.
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Chest pain is a common presentation in emergency and urgent care settings. Differentiating between conditions that require immediate intervention and those that are more benign can be difficult. Patients with cardiovascular problems have a wide range of needs; some can be managed by ambulatory care units, whereas others require lifesaving resuscitation. This chapter covers the nursing assessment and investigations of patients presenting with problems related to the cardiovascular system. It also covers neonatal, paediatric, and adult resuscitation, including post-resuscitation care. The nursing assessment and management of heart failure, thromboembolic disease, and shock syndromes are also covered.
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Kristensen, Anders R., Thomas Lopdrup-Hjorth und Bent Meier Sørensen. Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995). Herausgegeben von Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth und Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0031.
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Gilles Deleuze is a French philosopher known for his ontological thinking. In the field of organization studies, Deleuze is associated with postmodernism and post-structuralism along with fellow thinkers such as Jacques Derrida. This chapter examines Deleuze’s philosophical views and considers how processual thinking has emerged as an important area of research within organization and management studies. It first looks at Deleuze’s understanding of metaphysics and the creation of concepts, along with the connection between process organization studies and the creation of concepts. It then discusses the process ontology that exists within process organization studies in the context of process thinking. It also describes the new spirit of capitalism and its implications for contemporary management thought and highlights some individual cases in which a certain, perhaps Deleuzian, philosophy of organization is developed. The chapter concludes by arguing that the deployment of Deleuze’s philosophy in process organization studies should be more normative and pragmatic.
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Bartrop, Paul R., Hrsg. Cambodian Genocide. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400622922.
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This important reference work offers students a comprehensive overview of the Cambodian Genocide, with more than 90 in-depth articles by leading scholars on an array of topics and themes, supplemented by key primary source documents. Providing an indispensable resource for students and policy makers investigating the Cambodian catastrophes of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, together with international crisis management in the modern world, Cambodian Genocide provides a comprehensive survey of the leaders, ideas, movements, and events pertaining to one of the worst genocidal explosions of the post-World War II period. This book includes a series of essays examining various aspects of the Cambodian Genocide; A-Z entries dealing with leaders, ideals, movements, and events; a collection of primary documents; a chronology; and a comprehensive bibliography. It will be of interest to students undertaking the study of genocide in the modern world; research libraries; and anyone with an interest in modern wars, international crisis management, and peacekeeping/peacemaking.
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AlJaroudi, Wael. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Before and After Cardiac Revascularization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0015.
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the burden of the disease remains high, the rates of death attributable to CAD have declined by almost a third between 1998 and 2008. In patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), data supporting survival benefit from coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus no revascularization are outdated with the recent advancement in medical therapy. Over the years, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has played a significant role in detecting ischemic burden, risk stratifying patients and guiding physicians to the best treatment strategy. Contrary to data from other trials, the role of stress MPI has been downplayed in more contemporary randomized clinical trial that failed to show that ischemic burden identifies the ideal candidate for revascularization or carries incremental prognostic value. Hence, there is an equipoise on the role of MPI in the management of patients prior to revascularization. The role of stress MPI post-revascularization has also been evaluated in multiple studies, mostly done in the last decade or prior. The guidelines advocate against routine stress MPI in asymptomatic patients (unless 5 years or more post-CABG), but allows it in the presence or recurrence of symptoms. The current chapter will review the data on survival benefit from revascularization, complementary role of stress MPI in selecting the appropriate candidate for revascularization, prognostic value of ischemic versus atherosclerotic burden, role of MPI post revascularization, updated guidelines and proposed algorithms to guide the treating physicians.
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Cheng, Paul K., Tariq M. Malik und Magdalena Anitescu. Peripheral Nerve Block and Ultrasound Images. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0008.
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Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks can be used as the primary anesthetic for surgery involving the extremities and trunk and as a modality for opioid-sparing postoperative pain management. Success of regional anesthesia is dependent upon depositing local anesthetics in the correct plane. Advent of ultrasound has made this process more efficient, safer, and less painful for the patient More prevalent use of regional anesthesia in the perioperative setting will limit opioid prescription, development of chronic post surgical pain and is known to improve patient satisfaction by improving pain. This chapter reviews the history of ultrasound use for nerve blocks and basics of ultrasound use. It also discusses common peripheral nerve blocks of the upper extremities, trunk area, and lower extremities and summarizes indications, techniques, and key complications. Included are ultrasound images for each block.
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Toledano, Roulhac D. Physiological changes associated with pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0002.
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Pregnant patients pose several challenges to anaesthetists and other healthcare providers. Significant systemic and organ-specific changes accompany each stage of pregnancy, culminating during labour and delivery and in the early postpartum period. While healthy parturients tolerate these physiological adaptations to pregnancy well, patients with coexisting disease or pregnancy-related medical conditions may experience acute decompensation, with potential long-term sequelae. Alternatively, symptoms of a disease state may be obscured by pregnancy or mistaken for physiological changes of pregnancy. Anaesthetic management of pregnant patients is further complicated by concerns regarding difficulty with airway management, aspiration of gastric contents, haemodynamic effects of aortocaval compression, maternal obesity, and the effects of volatile agents on uterine tone; reference ranges for laboratory results that differ from those of the non-pregnant population; fears of fetal exposure to antibiotics, analgesics, and anaesthetics; and concerns that more than one patient must be taken into consideration. This chapter reviews the systemic and organ-specific physiological changes that occur during different stages of pregnancy, with a focus on how these adaptations to pregnancy affect anaesthetic management. Familiarity with updated, evidence-based practices and a firm understanding of the physiological changes of pregnancy are essential components of the anaesthetic management of obstetric patients at any gestational age.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid und Bernard Prendergast, Hrsg. Transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0030.
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Organ transplantation is now a well-established therapy for patients with end-stage organ failure. Over the last 20 years, the results of transplantation have improved incrementally for many reasons, including better recipient selection, improved anaesthetic and surgical techniques, the introduction of more effective antiviral agents, and better post-transplant immunosuppressive management. The problem of early graft loss from acute rejection is now uncommon, and the main challenges today are chronic allograft rejection and the side effects of non-specific suppression of the immune response. Randomized clinical trials continue to inform and further improve clinical practice. Because transplantation today is largely successful, the traditional endpoints of 1-year patient and graft survival are no longer sufficient, and more sophisticated endpoints are needed that reflect graft function and quality of life after transplantation. This chapter brings together studies which recognize this need for clinical trials which improve practice and focus on more broadly defined endpoints.
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Toblin, Robin L., und Amy B. Adler. Resilience Training as a Complementary Treatment for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0012.
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Resilience can be viewed as a process in which behaviors or attitudes can lead to a more positive outcome in the face of a traumatic stressor. Universal and targeted resilience training programs (e.g., primary and secondary prevention programs) can be adapted to complement evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), tertiary interventions. Using a skill-focus for resilience may increase optimism and self-efficacy for individuals, and therefore, their engagement in the homework and self-examination required by EBTs. Resilience topics that seem especially fitting as an adjunct for treatment are (1) optimism, (2) relationship building, (3) cognitive skills, (4) energy management, (5) emotional regulation, and (6) PTG. The changes necessary for modifying content designed for a primary prevention audience, several group therapy considerations, and the timing of resilience training relative to EBTs are elucidated. Potential research areas are discussed.
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Charbonnet, Lisa. Public Library Buildings. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216003106.
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This go-to guide covers the entire process of building or renovating a public library—from initial planning, to maintaining the completed space, to measuring success. In light of current social and technological shifts, libraries are reinventing themselves. Meeting place, makerspace, community center, cultural hub, multimedia lender—today's public library is all of these and more. Whether your library is undertaking a simple renovation or redesign or looking at a full-blown building project, the voice of the librarian is important to the project, and you need to understand both the processes involved and the questions to ask. Beginning with the development of a pre-construction vision, the book guides you through the entire process. It covers everything from making a case for the project to the authorities and the community through fundraising, budgeting, and site and team selection. You'll read about space programming, the design phase, pre-construction preparation, staff management, and moving the library, as well as about post-construction management and maintenance. Measures of success are included, as are helpful forms and an invaluable glossary of relevant construction terms. With this guide in hand, you and your team can plan efficiently, avoid common pitfalls, and create a library you and your community will love for many years to come.
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Edenborough, Frank P. Fertility, contraception, and pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0012.
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This chapter describes the physiological effect of CFTR dysfunction on the development of the reproductive system. Young people with CF and their parents are poorly educated regarding sexual function and becoming parents themselves. They often wish to learn this from their CF teams. Male and female potency, reproductive genetics, and the need for genetic and general counselling before embarking on pregnancy are covered. Contraception, emphasizing the need to avoid unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, and assisted reproductive techniques are described. We discuss the evolving medical and obstetric management of pregnancy, including the likely need for optimizing drug treatment or escalating to more intensive treatment for intercurrent infection. Optimal delivery in the context of maternal health, fetal risks, and longer term maternal outcomes are discussed. Pregnancy post transplantation and termination of unwanted pregnancy or where the mother is too poorly to continue conclude the chapter.
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Nielsen-Saines, Karin. Antiretroviral Therapy in Children and Newborns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0027.
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HIV-infected infants and children have a different, more progressive disease course compared to that of adults given that early infection leads to sustained, high-magnitude viremia with significant seeding of reservoirs in the first months of life. Early diagnosis of HIV infection is pivotal in the management of infants and prevention of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. The availability of potent pediatric antiretroviral formulations encompassing different classes of drugs for infected infants and young children is limited. Significant advancements have been achieved in the area of infant post-exposure prophylaxis. Early antiretroviral treatment is still the mainstay of pediatric HIV infection, particularly for infants younger than age 12 months, but it is also highly recommended for older children. Early treatment of young infants diagnosed soon after birth appears to be the best approach to reduce the seeding of viral reservoirs and potentially attain prolonged periods of HIV remission off antiretrovirals.
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Jablonsky, David. Paradigm Lost? Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400695131.
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This book examines major historical post-war transition periods, with particular emphasis on the differences and similarities of the American experience after both world wars of this century and with the post-Cold War transition currently underway. Jablonsky provides a strategic vision that incorporates a multilateral, great-power approach to the international relations of our era. After every momentous event there is usually a transition period in which participants in the events, whether individuals or nation-states, attempt to chart their way into an unfamiliar future. For the United States in this century there are three such transitions, each focused on America's role in the international arena. After World War I, the American people specifically rejected the global role for the United States implicit in Woodrow Wilson's strategic vision of collective security. In contrast to this return to normalcy, after World War II the United States moved inexorably toward international leadership in response to the Soviet threat. The result was an acceptance of George Kennan's strategic vision of containing the Soviet Union on the Eurasian landmass and the subsequent bipolar confrontation of the two super-powers in a twilight war that lasted for more than 40 years. Sometime in the penultimate decade of this century, the United States and its allies won the Cold War. Once again the United States faces a transitional period, and the primary questions revolve around the management of power and America's role in global politics. In this regard, the Cold War set in train a blend of integrative and disintegrative forces and trends that are adding to the complex tensions of the current transition. The realist paradigm still pertains in this situation where nation-states are still the primary international actors. In such a world, American government elites must convince an electorate, increasingly conscious of the domestic threats to national security, of the need to continue to exercise global leadership in the management of power. The answer, as Jablonsky demonstrates, is a strategic vision that incorporates a multilateral, great-power approach to international relations.
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Drane, Daniel L., und Dona E. C. Locke. Mechanisms of Possible Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Herausgegeben von Barbara A. Dworetzky und Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0005.
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This chapter covers what is known about the possible mechanisms of neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). It begins with a review of all research examining possible cognitive deficits in this population. Cognitive research in PNES is often obscured by noise created by a host of comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain) and associated issues (e.g., effects of medications and psychological processes that can compromise attention or broader cognition). More recent studies employing performance validity tests raise the possibility that studies finding broad cognitive problems in PNES may be highlighting a more transient phenomenon secondary to these comorbid or secondary factors. Such dysfunction would likely improve with successful management of PNES symptomatology, yet the effects of even transient variability likely compromises daily function until these issues are resolved. Future research must combine the use of neuropsychological testing, performance validity measures, psychological theory, neuroimaging analysis, and a thorough understanding of brain–behavior relationships to address whether there is a focal neuropathological syndrome associated with PNES.
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Benmayor, Rina. Case Study: Engaging Interpretation Through Digital Technologies. Herausgegeben von Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0033.
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This article focuses on the dynamics of interpreting oral history through digital technologies. From today's vantage point, my “high-tech” strategies are quaint and rather obsolete. Faculty have more sophisticated electronic tools at our disposal for oral history instruction, including digital transcription programs, multimedia programs that integrate voice, image, and word, and learning management systems where we can post course materials, communicate with students, organize group communication and so on. In addition to advances in teaching technologies, today's students come with higher degrees of technological literacy than a decade ago. They are equipped with computers, iPods, and cell phones, and many know how to use digital audio and video recorders. Where once we had to teach how to use specialized software programs, faculty now take for granted that students know how to make slide presentations. Some are already familiar with sound or video editing processes, and a few may even have multimedia production experience.