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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Postulare“

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Veröffentlicht am 1. April 2023

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1

Floccari, Fulvio, Luca Di Lullo, Rodolfo Rivera und Mario Timio. „Lo sport ti fa invecchiare con il giusto stile (di vita)“. Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 25, Nr. 4 (15.01.2014): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2013.1069.

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L'associazione tra un'attività sportiva regolare (fitness) e la mortalità è ormai una definitiva certezza nella letteratura scientifica. Obiettivo di questa revisione è di approfondire le evidenze scientifiche esistenti circa l'associazione tra la consuetudine dì fitness e la tendenza a sviluppare patologie croniche non fatali renali e cardiache. Se, infatti, è assodato che la capacità funzionale cardio-respiratoria di un soggetto adulto è, in qualche misura, in funzione dell'attività fisica svolta nel corso della vita, si può postulare che un ragionamento analogo valga anche per la funzione renale? (Cardionephrology)

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Andreatta, Filippo, und Mathias Koenig-Archibugi. „L'ORIZZONTE DELLA COOPERAZIONE. LA CONTROVERSIA SUI VANTAGGI RELATIVI NELLE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI“. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 31, Nr. 2 (August 2001): 235–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048840200030586.

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Introduzione Gli studiosi di politica internazionale evocano spesso l'immagine dello «Stato di natura» per descrivere sinteticamente i rapporti tra gli Statio Per i pili pessimisti, descrivere i rapporti internazionali in questo modo equivale a postulare uno stato di guerra permanente, attuale o potenziale. Thomas Hobbes, che pose l'idea dello stato di natura tra le basi della sua dottrina dell' autorita politica, riconosceva che esso probabilmente non era altro che un'utile costruzione euristica se riferito ai rapporti tra singoli individui, rna ne difendeva il carattere di descrizione realistica se applicato ai rapporti tra i sovrani del suo tempo e non solo. Per Hobbes, anche se «non vi e mai stata un'epoca nella quale ogni uomo era in guerra contro un altro uomo», i re e gli altri sovrani, a causa della loro indipendenza, permanentemente «si trovano nella posizione di gladiatori, con Ie armi puntate, con i loro forti, Ie loro guarnigioni ed i loro fucili alle frontiere: la quale e una posizione guerresca» (Hobbes [1651] 1911, XIII, 103).

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Sobański, Remigiusz. „Prawo jako wartość“. Prawo Kanoniczne 42, Nr. 3-4 (20.12.1999): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.1999.42.3-4.01.

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Praesentatur relatio habita occasione sessionis scientificae convocatae a Facultate luris Canonici Academiae Theologiae Catholicae die 19.4.1999. Thema propositum erat: „Ius europaeum. Radices et cursus evolutionis”. In relatione tractabatur non de valoribus iuris, sed de iure ut valore. In Europa ius semper magni aestimabatur, idea iuris animo informata et cogitatione concepta tamen in realitate vitae et conditione humana ad effectum deduci conabatur. Ius lingua exprimitur, traditur et depostulatur, „ius dicitur”, ius tribuitur, ideoque ius in processu ad effectum perducitur. Ius uti instrumentum iustitiae utitur. Problemata quae habitudinem iuris et iustitiae attingunt elucidantur. Advocato dicto Ulpiani „iustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas ius suum cuique tribuens” praesupposita iuris, nempe voluntas iustitiae, exponuntur: sine dominanti in societati voluntate iustos esse ius sensum non habet, cum observantia iuris praescribi non possit. Tensio afficit praxim iuris, nempe ius dependet a generali saltem intentione observandi, simulque exsecutionem observationis praesupponit. Quod practice significat ius in effectum ducendum solidarietatem postulare. Ius, quod realiter ut ius positivum (ius positum) exsistit uti valorem duobus sub aspectibus eminet: 1. Normativa comprehensio valorum quae im societate magna aestimatione gaudent („veritas socialis” in forma ordinis iuridici), 2. Procedurae ad consensum socialem adipiscendum stabilitae, consensus quoad proceduras consensui quoad „veritatem socialem” prodest. In fine sermo fit de magno momento iuris in historia et cultura europaea et de iure bono communi nationum Europae.

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Prabowo, Agung. „POSTULAT KESEJAJARAN EUCLID DALAM TINJAUAN SEJARAH“. Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 1, Nr. 2 (30.10.2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jmp.2009.1.2.2983.

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This paper tracks the history of Euclid’s fifth postulate or parallel postulate. It is a long term postulate and dificult to be understood, and can evoke misunderstanding. Moreover, this postulate had evoked discourse among mathematicians about its dependency with other postulates for a long time untill the 19th century. The discourse related to assuredness of mathematician after Euclid’s era is whether or not Euclid’s fifth postulate can be deduced from other four postulates. But, the discourse became precisely a cause of finding of new geometry system, called non-Euclide geometry.

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Flikschuh, Katrin. „Kant's Indemonstrable Postulate of Right: A Response to Paul Guyer“. Kantian Review 12, Nr. 1 (März 2007): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400000790.

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The indispensability of the ‘postulate of practical reason with regard to Right’ to Kant's property argument in theRechtslehreis now widely recognized. However, most commentators continue to focus their attention on the relation between the postulate and the deduction of the concept of intelligible possession. The nature of this relation remains a matter of dispute in part because the precise position of the postulate within chapter one of theRechtslehreremains undecided. Given this, it is perhaps not surprising that the related question has been neglected, as to why Kant should characterize the postulate of Right as a postulate of practical reason. Yet the fact that he does so is of some significance – especially if one recalls the definition in theCritique of Practical Reasonof postulates of practical reason as practically necessary but theoretically indemonstrable propositions. What is of interest about this definition is not just the fact that it designates postulates as practically necessary and as theoretically indemonstrable at the same time – even more intriguing is the intimated relation between practical necessity and theoretical indemonstrability. Kant does not think the postulates' theoretical indemonstrability morally insignificant. To the contrary, their moral significance for us appears to be a function, in part, of their theoretical indemonstrability.

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Cooper, Kody W. „Reason and Desire After the Fall of Man: A Rereading of Hobbes’s Two Postulates of Human Nature“. Hobbes Studies 26, Nr. 2 (2013): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750257-02602004.

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Hobbes claimed to have discovered two most certain (certissima) postulates of human nature: first, the postulate cupiditatis naturalis, whereby man demands private use of common things and second, the postulate rationis naturalis, which teaches man to avoid violent death or “fly contra-natural dissolution” as the greatest natural evil. From these two postulates, Hobbes claims to demonstrate “by most evident connection” his moral and civil doctrines. But the character of Hobbes’s two postulates and their role in grounding his political philosophy has been a flashpoint of contention. This is not surprising given what is at stake: our reading of these postulates will implicate our understanding of Hobbes’s most celebrated moral and political doctrines. In what follows, I take up Leo Strauss’s influential analysis of the Hobbes’s two postulates and identify some problems for Strauss’s interpretation. I then sketch a rereading of the two postulates in light of the Christian Aristotelian or Thomistic tradition of thought. I argue that Hobbes’s human nature teaching is not as radically novel as has often been thought.1

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Craig, N. „Young's postulate“. Canadian Medical Association Journal 186, Nr. 17 (17.11.2014): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.114-0086.

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8

Broggi, Richard J. „Choyce's postulate“. American Intra-Ocular Implant Society Journal 11, Nr. 3 (Mai 1985): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-2776(85)80039-2.

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9

YARNELL, AMANDA. „HAMMOND POSTULATE“. Chemical & Engineering News Archive 81, Nr. 20 (19.05.2003): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n020.p042.

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Young, M. „Young's postulate“. Canadian Medical Association Journal 186, Nr. 13 (02.09.2014): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.140744.

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11

Angelelli, Ignacio. „Saccheri's Postulate“. Vivarium 33, Nr. 1 (1995): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568534952579812.

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12

Hughes, Stephen, und Tim Croxford. „Demonstrating the first postulate of relativity in a lift“. Physics Education 57, Nr. 1 (07.12.2021): 015021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ac39e6.

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Abstract The first of the two postulates of relativity states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. Often it is assumed that the postulates are mainly concerned with objects moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light. However, the postulates are applicable at all speeds from a snail to a photon. To practically demonstrate the first postulate, the time for a ball to drop a known distance was measured in a stationary and moving lift. An accelerometer app on an iPhone 7 was used to measure the vertical acceleration while the lift travelled between floors and verified that the lift ascended and descended at a constant speed when the ball was dropped. The slow-motion feature of the iPhone 7 (240 fps) was used to capture videos of the falling ball. The number of frames for the ball to fall in a stationary, descending, and ascending lift was respectively 102.4 ± 0.55 , 102.3 ± 1.64 , 99.8 ± 4.21. A t-test revealed no significant difference between these values, confirming the validity of the first postulate. The accelerometer signal was integrated to estimate the average speed of the lift between the bottom and top floor, which was then used to estimate the height difference. An electronic balance placed on the floor of the lift was used to demonstrate the first postulate and the equivalence principle of General Relativity that states that gravitational and inertial mass are equivalent.

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Gugnin, Eduard. „MEDIA ARRANGEMENT AS A FACTOR OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCE IN SOCIOLOGICAL REFLECTION: THEORETICAL ASPECT“. Scientific Journal of Polonia University 43, Nr. 6 (18.06.2021): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4323.

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The article provides a descriptive characteristics and classification of media support theories as a factor of external influence in conflict situations. In accordance with this goal, groups of neo-Marxist, poststructuralist, and socio-behavioral theories are identified. It is determined that the set of general theoretical postulates of the first group is, firstly, the postulate on the usurpation of media power by political and economic elites who are behind the financing and social patronage of cultural industries. Secondly, the postulate of information distortion, which consists in the fact that monopolizing classes are interested in forming a distorted picture of social reality. Thirdly, the postulate of forming a unified strategy of influence in the media space by power and economic elites, in respect of which media actors are considered mainly as repeaters of discourses. It is determined that a set of general theoretical postulates of the second group is the recognition of linguistic (rhetorical and linguistic) factors of media support as the key ones. Secondly, the consideration of media actors as relatively independent producers of discourses, which have an independent meaning in the sphere of influence in comparison with social groups and institutions. Thirdly, the postulate regarding the positioning of supranational identities through language and the use of a specific (globalistic) vocabulary is of great importance for poststructuralism.

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De Oliveira, Douglas Escramozino, und Bruno Gomes Borges Da Fonseca. „Agenda nacional do trabalho decente como postulado do direito do trabalho / National decent work agenda as postulate of labor law“. Brazilian Journal of Development 7, Nr. 6 (21.06.2021): 61346–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n6-486.

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Puppel, Stanisław. „W sprawie konieczności zachowania przedludzkich systemów komunikacyjnych (bezjęzykowych) w kontekście zachowania bioróżnorodności“. Studia Rossica Posnaniensia 46, Nr. 1 (05.05.2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2021.46.1.10.

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On the basis of the existing and unquestioned linguistic stance, a division of all the living creatures inhabiting the Earth into those which do not have language (i.e. prehuman and languageless) and those who have language (i.e. the genus Homo sapiens) is postulated. The paper briefly discusses a rich diversity of communication modes occurring in the domain of the prehuman communication systems, such as the auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, electric, thermal, and seismic ones, with appropriate graphic illustrations. Furthermore, on the basis of the phenomenon of the observable shrinking of this diversity and the key position of the human species, it postulates the necessity of preserving this diversity in the context of biodiversity. This major postulate is in accord with the need to intensify attempts to preserve biodiversity as well as preserve the remaining diversity on the level of the prehuman communication systems as a major challenge of modern humanity. In this context, the human species is considered here as the species of the ‘overseers’ and ‘archivers’ of all the existing communication systems existing on the Earth as the carrier of the tree of life.

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Fitzpatrick, David. „‘That beloved country, that no place else resembles’: connotations of Irishness in Irish-Australasian letters, 1841–1915“. Irish Historical Studies 27, Nr. 108 (November 1991): 324–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400018010.

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Historians of Ireland continue to place exceptional reliance on the ‘cultural’ explanation of economic, social and political behaviour. In many cases, appeal to supposedly common characteristics of ‘the Irish’ has provided a glib substitute for more rigorous analysis of the interaction between mentality and performance. The nature of Irish ethnicity is postulated rather than explained or demonstrated, so that arguments incorporating such postulates stand or fall according to the plausibility rather than documentation of the writer’s vision of ‘Irishness’. A recent and beguiling example is Joseph Lee’s postulate of the ‘begrudger mentality’, whereby Ireland’s relatively poor economic performance is attributed to this supposedly ‘direct inheritance from . . . traditional Ireland’. Lee sketches an anatomy of ‘traditional Ireland’ which might have generated envy rather than healthy competitiveness, and proceeds to develop with far more elaboration consequences which might have arisen from begrudgery. What he fails to demonstrate is the actual prevalence of this ‘mentality’ in either ‘traditional’ or ‘modern’ Ireland: this we must accept, either intuitively (if Irish) or on trust (if foreign). The logical crudity of this form of explanation calls to mind the corner-cutting of nationalist myth-makers and folklorists.

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Engelhardt, W. „Einstein's third postulate“. Physics Essays 29, Nr. 4 (15.12.2016): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-29.4.513.

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18

Wilczek, F. „A Cosmological Postulate“. Science 276, Nr. 5315 (16.05.1997): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5315.1087.

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19

Ravindran, Renuka. „Euclid’s fifth postulate“. Resonance 12, Nr. 4 (April 2007): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-007-0036-z.

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20

KHRENNIKOV, ANDREI. „VON NEUMANN AND LUDERS POSTULATES AND QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY“. International Journal of Quantum Information 07, Nr. 07 (Oktober 2009): 1303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749909005845.

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This note is devoted to some foundational aspects of quantum mechanics (QM) related to quantum information (QI), especially quantum teleportation and "one way quantum computing." We emphasize the role of the projection postulate (determining post-measurement states) in QI and the difference between its Lüders and von Neumann versions. As is well-known, these postulates differ in the case of observables with degenerate spectra. Such observables are important in operations with entangled states: any measurement on one subsystem is represented by an observable with degenerate spectrum in the Hilbert space of a composite system. Some QI schemes (e.g. quantum teleportation and "one way quantum computing") are based on the use of Lüders postulate. The formal application of von Neumann postulate can block these QI schemes. In this note, we present a list of natural conditions under which von Neumann's description of measurements via refinement implies Lüders projection postulate.

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Adeyemi, Abiodun E. „A New Postulate and Some Conjectures Concerning Pair Primes in the Interval [n!, (n + k)!]“. Journal of Nepal Mathematical Society 3, Nr. 1 (22.11.2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnms.v3i1.32996.

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This paper rather studies the behaviour of prime numbers bounded below and above by positive integers n! and (n + k)!, and then after some numerical evidence, postulates that there is at least one pair primes of gap k ∈ 2Z+ in between n! and (n + k)! for every integer n ≥ 2 and every even integer k > 0. This assertion would eventually provide another structural form for Euclid theorem of ifinitude of primes, a kind of projection of the form in the original Bertrand postulate (now Chebychev's theorem). The truth- fulness of the conjecture that emanated from this postulate implies the Polignac's conjecture which aptly generalizes the twin prime conjecture. We thus present the new postulate and the conjectures for future research.

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Cecim, Arthur Martins. „O problema da intuição intelectual enquanto postulado prático em Fichte [The problem of intellectual intuition as a practical postulate in Fichte]“. Princípios: Revista de Filosofia (UFRN) 24, Nr. 43 (19.05.2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/1983-2109.2017v24n43id10348.

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Na Modernidade, o idealista alemão Fichte reconstrói o conceito de intuição intelectual não mais em termos de um procedimento teórico-reflexivo que visa o conhecimento da pretensa coisa-em-si, mas em termos de uma intuição de cunho prático, a partir do conceito kantiano de postulado prático, o que acaba por refletir a primazia da liberdade da razão prática sobre a razão teórica, tendo em vista a impossibilidade de conhecermos as realidades absolutas. Não obstante, essa intuição é problemática por não tratar de uma realidade objetiva, mas tão somente de uma subjetividade autorreflexiva.[In Modernity, the German idealist Fichte reconstructs the intellectual intuition not in terms of a theoretical-reflexive procedure that aims at the pretense knowledge of the thing-in-itself, but in terms of a practical-oriented intuition, from the Kantian concept of practical postulate, which ultimately reflects the priority of freedom in the practical reason over the theoretical reason, taking into account the impossibility of knowing the absolute realities. Nevertheless, this intuition is problematic, for it does not concern an objective reality, but only a self-reflected subjectivity]

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Moon, Kyumin. „Exclusion and Underdetermined Qualia“. Entropy 21, Nr. 4 (16.04.2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040405.

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Integrated information theory (IIT) asserts that both the level and the quality of consciousness can be explained by the ability of physical systems to integrate information. Although the scientific content and empirical prospects of IIT have attracted interest, this paper focuses on another aspect of IIT, its unique theoretical structure, which relates the phenomenological axioms with the ontological postulates. In particular, the relationship between the exclusion axiom and the exclusion postulate is unclear. Moreover, the exclusion postulate leads to a serious problem in IIT: the quale underdetermination problem. Therefore, in this paper, I will explore answers to the following three questions: (1) how does the exclusion axiom lead to the exclusion postulate? (2) How does the exclusion postulate cause the qualia underdetermination problem? (3) Is there a solution to this problem? I will provide proposals and arguments for each question. If successful, IIT can be confirmed with respect to, not only its theoretical foundation, but also its practical application.

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FERREIRA, M. JAMIE. „Hope, virtue, and the postulate of God: a reappraisal of Kant's pure practical rational belief“. Religious Studies 50, Nr. 1 (21.02.2013): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412512000509.

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AbstractAfter identifying contrasting formulations of the practical postulates of reason in Kant's second critique, I analyse the context of each formulation, showing both how the postulate of the ‘possibility’ of God is consistent with Kant's understanding of a significant transition arising from practical needs as well as how the postulate of the existence of God can be seen as a ‘practical belief’ acting out a ‘hope’. My goal is to re-examine Kant's view of the relation between the practical and theoretical employments of reason in order to distinguish clearly between what Kant sees asrequiredof the moral believer as opposed topermitted.

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Nasruddin. „RITUAL MATTAMPUNG: MENALAR GAP DI KALANGAN MASYARAKAT SOPPENG RIAJA DI BARRU SULAWESI SELATAN“. AL-MUTSLA 4, Nr. 2 (23.12.2022): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46870/jstain.v4i2.287.

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The mattampung ritual is a practice of beliefs and traditions carried out by the Bugis in order to remember the spirits of the deceased by reciting prayers or verses of the Qur'an in order to gain salvation and get the right place by the side of Allah. The purpose of this study is to reveal an understanding of the ritual of mattampung among the people. This type of research is qualitative usingnormative theological proximity which is then supported by an interview with a local scholar. The results of this study revealed that the rituals of mattampung can be studied based on legal sources. The first source of law based on naqly's postulates is the Qur'an and hadith. While the second source of law is the aqly postulate which is the source of law based on reason. later, developed by the scholars of ushul fiqhi on the basis of ijtihad. The difference in people's understanding of the death ritual in Soppeng Riaja District, Barru Regency, is because on the one hand that the ritual is an Islamic culture by relying on two postulates, namely the naqli postulate (al-Qur'an and Hadith) and also the aqli (reason consideration) postulate which is used by ushul fiqhi scholars as one of the sources of Islamic law, namely al- Urf' (the establishment of laws based on customs and traditions carried out by the local people).

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Temirshina, Olesya R. „Semiosphere of acmeism. Review on the book: Kihney L.G. Under the sign of acmeism: selected articles. Moscow: Azbukovnik Publ., 2017. 608 p“. RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, Nr. 2 (15.12.2019): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-2-331-336.

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The article discusses the main features of the book under review, defines the key methodological postulates of the publication, analyzes the compositional structure of the book. It is shown that the main methodological postulate of the author is the study of the phenomenon of acmeism in a broad historical and theoretical perspective.

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Casali, Alípio Márcio Dias, und Ana Paula Arbache. „Ética, política e vida perpétua em Enrique Dussel: fundamentos para a educação ambiental“. REMEA - Revista Eletrônica do Mestrado em Educação Ambiental 34, Nr. 3 (19.12.2017): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/remea.v34i3.7148.

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O presente texto expõe, de modo introdutório, a arquitetônica do postulado ético-ecológico-político na obra do filósofo argentino-mexicano Enrique Dussel (1934- ), buscando referências críticas para um currículo escolar numa perspectiva da educação ambiental. Para este fim foram tomadas duas referências principais em meio à sua vasta obra: a sua Ética da Libertação [1998] (2000) e as suas 20 Teses de Política [2006] (2007). Trata-se, pois, de um empreendimento bibliográfico. A vida humana, com postulado de ser vida perpétua para todos, foi identificada como sendo o fundamento e o argumento central do pensamento de Dussel nessas obras; a ideia de libertação foi identificada como o conceito que faz a ligação entre a ética e a política. São elementos de uma crítica com propositura pedagógica que tem como horizonte último, ou postulado, o definitivo “bem”: a Vida Perpétua. El presente texto expone, en modo introductorio, la arquitectónica del postulado ético-ecológico-político en la obra del filósofo argentino-mexicano Enrique Dussel (1934-), buscando referencias críticas para un currículo escolar en una perspectiva de la educación ambiental. A este fin se tomaron dos referencias principales en medio de su vasta obra: su Ética de la Liberación [1998] (2000) y sus 20 Tesis de Política [2006] (2007). Se trata, pues, de un emprendimiento bibliográfico. La vida humana, con postulado de ser vida perpetua para todos, fue identificada como el fundamento y el argumento central del pensamiento de Dussel en esas obras; la idea de liberación fue identificada como el concepto que vincula la ética y la política. Son elementos de una crítica con propositura pedagógica que tiene como horizonte último, o postulado, el definitivo "bien": la Vida Perpetua. The present text introduces the architectonic of the ethical-ecological-political postulate in the work of the argentine-mexican philosopher Enrique Dussel (1934-), searching for critical references to a school curriculum, from an environmental education perspective. To this end, two main references have been taken from of his vast work: his Liberation Ethics [1998] (2000) and his 20 Thesis on Politics [2006] (2007). It is, therefore, a bibliographical enterprise. Human life, with the postulate of perpetual life for all, has been identified as the very foundation and central argument of Dussel's thought in these works; and the idea of liberation was identified as the concept that links ethics with politics. They are elements of a pedagogical criticism and proposal that has as final horizon, or postulate, the definitive "good": the Perpetual Life.

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Niczyporuk, Piotr, und Piotr Kołodko. „Legal Consequences of the Prohibition on Widows’ Remarriage in Roman Law“. Zeszyty Prawnicze 18, Nr. 3 (16.11.2018): 151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2018.18.3.06.

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In the archaic period violations of the prohibition relating to mourning was regarded as a nefas and hence subject to penalisation under religious law. A widow guilty of an infringement was required to make an expiatory sacrifce known as a piaculum, viz. a bovis feta. This religious and customary practice underwent a series of transformations and eventually became a law (ius). In the pre-classical period the prohibition on the remarriage of widows in the period of mourning was perceived primarily as subject to penalties laid down by civil law. This was due to the question of the paternity of any oﬀspring such a widow might bear in the tempus lugendi. The edictum perpetuum names the persons who were liable to infamy if they committed a breach of the prohibition on the remarriage of a widow within the period of mourning for her deceased husband. Such persons could neither engage in postulare pro aliis nor act as a procurator or cognitor. One of the consequences of a sentence of praetorian infamy was the convicted person’s forfeiture of the right to appoint his or her plenipotentiaries for legal proceedings.The classical period brought fundamental changes in the law on remarriage. Nonetheless, even though Augustus encouraged citizens to remarry, yet his legal provisions left widows a certain period of time following the loss of their husband in which they could refrain from remarrying. The reason behind this legal arrangement was not so much mourning as such; it was rather a question of Augustus wanting to show his respect for univirae (women who had been married only once). Augustus kept in force the provisions that gave a bad reputation to people who violated the prohibition of widows’ remarriage. The significance and eﬀectiveness of these regulations made them a subject for jurists’ commentary, on account of the need to avoid situations where the paternity of children born to widows was uncertain. The prohibition on the remarriage of widows also shows that the creators of these regulations wanted marriage to be contracted primarily for the purpose of procreation, which would ensure the continuation of Roman families, especially as regards the perpetuation of their sacra, nomina, and pecunia.

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ANDERSON, LARA B., und JAMES T. WHEELER. „QUANTUM MECHANICS AS A MEASUREMENT THEORY ON BICONFORMAL SPACE“. International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 03, Nr. 02 (März 2006): 315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887806001168.

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Biconformal spaces contain the essential elements of quantum mechanics, making the independent imposition of quantization unnecessary. Based on three postulates characterizing motion and measurement in biconformal geometry, we derive standard quantum mechanics, and show how the need for probability amplitudes arises from the use of a standard of measurement. Additionally, we show that a postulate for unique, classical motion yields Hamiltonian dynamics with no measurable size changes, while a postulate for probabilistic evolution leads to physical dilatations manifested as measurable phase changes. Our results lead to the Feynman path integral formulation, from which follows the Schrödinger equation. We discuss the Heisenberg uncertainty relation and fundamental canonical commutation relations.

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Dotson, Allen C. „Refocusing Bohr's quantum postulate“. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 39, Nr. 3 (September 2008): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2008.03.004.

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31

Gräfe, Alfred. „Die sogenannten Kochschen Postulate“. Gesnerus 45, Nr. 3-4 (23.11.1988): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0450304010.

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32

Kroll, Mark W., Michael A. Brave, Scott R. Kleist, Mollie B. Ritter, Darrell L. Ross und Steven B. Karch. „Prolonging the Prone Postulate“. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 41, Nr. 1 (März 2020): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/paf.0000000000000528.

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33

Forgacs, Chaim. „Cloud brain: a postulate“. Cognitive Neurodynamics 4, Nr. 4 (11.08.2010): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11571-010-9128-7.

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34

Abiko, Seiya. „The Light-Velocity Postulate“. Science & Education 14, Nr. 3-5 (Juli 2005): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-004-7938-x.

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35

Wu, Maonia, Dongmo Zhang und Mingyi Zhang. „Language Splitting and Relevance-Based Belief Change in Horn Logic“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, Nr. 1 (04.08.2011): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7853.

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This paper presents a framework for relevance-based belief change in propositional Horn logic. We firstly establish a parallel interpolation theorem for Horn logic and show that Parikh's Finest Splitting Theorem holds with Horn formulae. By reformulating Parikh's relevance criterion in the setting of Horn belief change, we construct a relevance-based partial meet Horn contraction operator and provide a representation theorem for the operator. Interestingly, we find that this contraction operator can be fully characterised by Delgrande and Wassermann's postulates for partial meet Horn contraction as well as Parikh's relevance postulate without requiring any change on the postulates, which is qualitatively different from the case in classical propositional logic.

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Camerlenghi, Federico, und Stefano Favaro. „On Johnson’s “Sufficientness” Postulates for Feature-Sampling Models“. Mathematics 9, Nr. 22 (13.11.2021): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222891.

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In the 1920s, the English philosopher W.E. Johnson introduced a characterization of the symmetric Dirichlet prior distribution in terms of its predictive distribution. This is typically referred to as Johnson’s “sufficientness” postulate, and it has been the subject of many contributions in Bayesian statistics, leading to predictive characterization for infinite-dimensional generalizations of the Dirichlet distribution, i.e., species-sampling models. In this paper, we review “sufficientness” postulates for species-sampling models, and then investigate analogous predictive characterizations for the more general feature-sampling models. In particular, we present a “sufficientness” postulate for a class of feature-sampling models referred to as Scaled Processes (SPs), and then discuss analogous characterizations in the general setup of feature-sampling models.

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Sirota, Miroslav, und Marie Juanchich. „A direct and comprehensive test of two postulates of politeness theory applied to uncertainty communication“. Judgment and Decision Making 10, Nr. 3 (Mai 2015): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004642.

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AbstractApplied to uncertainty communication, politeness theory postulates that when announcing bad news (1) speakers may intend not only to inform, but also to manage (e.g., save) the hearers’ or speakers’ own faces (i.e., face-managing intentions), and (2) speakers may perform face-managing intentions by altering the explicitly communicated probability. Previous research has assumed these two core postulates when explaining various reasoning and judgment phenomena in hearers, but has failed to test them empirically in a comprehensive and direct way: jointly in relation to speakers. To provide this critical evidence, we asked subjects to communicate a predefined numerical probability of two negative outcomes, using a verbal probability scale. Subjects reported their communication intentions afterwards. In line with the first politeness theory postulate, speakers intended not only to be informative but also to tactfully announce bad news or to avoid being blamed in case they made inaccurate (too low or too high) prediction. In line with the second politeness theory postulate, speakers altered their explicitly communicated probability more often and more substantially when adopting face-managing intentions than when adopting informative intentions. We discuss how this evidence corroborates the politeness theory and validates the previous research that focused on hearers.

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DELGRANDE, JAMES P. „A program-level approach to revising logic programs under the answer set semantics“. Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 10, Nr. 4-6 (Juli 2010): 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068410000281.

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AbstractAn approach to the revision of logic programs under the answer set semantics is presented. For programs P and Q, the goal is to determine the answer sets that correspond to the revision of P by Q, denoted P * Q. A fundamental principle of classical (AGM) revision, and the one that guides the approach here, is the success postulate. In AGM revision, this stipulates that α ∈ K * α. By analogy with the success postulate, for programs P and Q, this means that the answer sets of Q will in some sense be contained in those of P * Q. The essential idea is that for P * Q, a three-valued answer set for Q, consisting of positive and negative literals, is first determined. The positive literals constitute a regular answer set, while the negated literals make up a minimal set of naf literals required to produce the answer set from Q. These literals are propagated to the program P, along with those rules of Q that are not decided by these literals. The approach differs from work in update logic programs in two main respects. First, we ensure that the revising logic program has higher priority, and so we satisfy the success postulate; second, for the preference implicit in a revision P * Q, the program Q as a whole takes precedence over P, unlike update logic programs, since answer sets of Q are propagated to P. We show that a core group of the AGM postulates are satisfied, as are the postulates that have been proposed for update logic programs.

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Holmes, M. V., E. M. Giddings und J. Rees. „Cough's postulates“. Case Reports 2009, apr07 1 (07.04.2009): bcr0120091451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.01.2009.1451.

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40

Śloderbach, Z. „Closed system of coupling effects in generalized thermo-elastoplasticity“. International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 21, Nr. 2 (01.05.2016): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2016-0028.

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Abstract In this paper, the field equations of the generalized coupled thermoplasticity theory are derived using the postulates of classical thermodynamics of irreversible processses. Using the Legendre transformations two new thermodynamics potentials P and S depending upon internal thermodynamic forces Π are introduced. The most general form for all the thermodynamics potentials are assumed instead of the usually used additive form. Due to this assumption, it is possible to describe all the effects of thermomechanical couples and also the elastic-plastic coupling effects observed in such materials as rocks, soils, concretes and in some metalic materials. In this paper not only the usual postulate of existence of a dissipation qupotential (the Gyarmati postulate) is used to derive the velocity equation. The plastic flow constitutive equations have the character of non-associated flow laws even when the Gyarmati postulate is assumed. In general formulation, the plastic strain rate tensor is normal to the surface of the generalized function of plastic flow defined in the the space of internal thermodynamic forces Π but is not normal to the yield surface. However, in general formulation and after the use the Gyarmati postulate, the direction of the sum of the plastic strain rate tensor and the coupled elastic strain rate tensor is normal to the yield surface.

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Miric, Jovan. „Allomorphic development: A major postulate of Vygotskian theory“. Psihologija 36, Nr. 4 (2003): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0304437m.

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The article stresses the importance of Vygotsky?s postulates on evolution and history for understanding his developmental theory, focusing especially on his thesis on the clear-cut replacement of evolution by history. That thesis shaped the general theoretical plane consisting of several opposing and almost mutually exclusive pairs of solutions, such as biology - culture, individual - collective, animal - human, evolution - history etc. Such general solutions offer too narrow a framework for elaborating a theory of ontogenesis. This is the background on which the true meaning of the postulate of allomorphic development is presented, along with an analysis of several more specific related theses. The article ends with a critical review of Vygotsky?s general postulates, pointing out to the ideological dimension of his developmental psychology.

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Trice, Harrison M., und William J. Sonnenstuhl. „Drinking Behavior and Risk Factors Related to the Work Place: Implications for Research and Prevention“. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 24, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1988): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002188638802400403.

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This article presents a review of the literature addressing employees' alcohol abuse and dependence. Based on this review, the authors identify four perspectives adopted by social scientists studying drinking behavior and the work place. The work culture perspective postulates that administrative and occupational subcultures establish norms for alcohol use. The social control perspective postulates that an organization's disciplinary structure may either inhibit or create opportunities for the development of drinking problems. The alienation perspective and the work stress perspective postulate that various work place conditions (e.g., boring tasks, work overload) cause distress, which employees may seek to relieve with alcohol. The authors recommend that these four perspectives guide future research and current efforts to reduce risk factors in the work place that are associated with drinking behavior.

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Davim, Andre. „Postulate of the General Theory of Memories“. Concepts in Neurology and Research (CNR) 3, Nr. 1 (13.04.2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/cnr/1016.

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Knowledge about the functioning of the human mind remains the objective of numerous researches around the world. In the present work, we postulate an unprecedented perspective of the connection between the formation of memories and the production of beliefs from the early stages of human brain development to adulthood. For this, we will use the General Theory of Memories (GTM), which postulates how it is possible to identify, understand and transform limiting beliefs.

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Abächerli, André, und Bruno Leutwyler. „Kriterien zur Funktionsdifferenzierung in Schulen: Postulate und Kandidaten“. BzL - Beiträge zur Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung 36, Nr. 1 (01.04.2018): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/bzl.36.2018.9454.

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In diesem Beitrag wird ein analytischer Zugang zur Identifikation, Legitimation und Etablierung derjenigen schulischen Spezialfunktionen vorgeschlagen, die zu einer organisationsorientierten Funktionsdifferenzierung in Schulen und zu einer professionsorientierten Berufsfelddifferenzierung im Lehrberuf beitragen. So wird zunächst in Postulaten Voraussetzungen und Qualitätsansprüche für die Etablierung und die Ausübung schulischer Spezialfunktionen formuliert. Anschließend werden einige Kandidaten für schulische Spezialfunktionen im Lichte dieser Postulate diskutiert und bewertet und geprüft, inwiefern der Zugang für eine kriterienbasierte Funktionsdifferenzierung tauglich ist.

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Stojanowska, Wanda, und Mirosław Kosek. „Rola i zadania organów pomocniczych sądu rodzinnego“. Prawo w Działaniu 50 (2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32041/pwd.5003.

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The subject of the considerations contained in the article are the auxiliary bodies of the family court: family probation officers and opinion-giving teams of court specialists. The discussed institutions were shown in the perspective of the dynamically changing social reality and the situation of the family, emphasizing their importance in the context of the tasks of the justice system carried out by the family judiciary. The authors of the paper positively evaluate the postulated changes in the status of family probation officers as the body of executive proceedings, with the specification of its tasks. They consider the postulates of probation officers regarding the creation of more appropriate organizational conditions in order to focus on the more effective implementation of their respective tasks as accurate and worthy of support. In the context of individual tasks of family probation officers, it is necessary to emphasize, according to the authors of the article, the importance of evidence from the community interview. The postulate of a more complete use of this evidence in divorce cases was formulated years ago by the co-author of this study - as a result of her research - and still remains valid. In the opinion of the authors of the article, the changes concerning opinion-making teams of forensic specialists should also be assessed positively, including in particular those related to the standards of issuing opinions and the practice developed in this area.

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46

Klinaku, Shukri. „Physics, hostage to a postulate“. Physics Essays 29, Nr. 2 (12.06.2016): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-29.2.225.

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47

Hulse, Thomas A., und M. Ram Murty. „Bertrand’s postulate for number fields“. Colloquium Mathematicum 147, Nr. 2 (2017): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/cm7048-9-2016.

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48

Riccardi, Marco. „Pocklington's Theorem and Bertrand's Postulate“. Formalized Mathematics 14, Nr. 2 (01.01.2006): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10037-006-0007-y.

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Pocklington's Theorem and Bertrand's Postulate The first four sections of this article include some auxiliary theorems related to number and finite sequence of numbers, in particular a primality test, the Pocklington's theorem (see [19]). The last section presents the formalization of Bertrand's postulate closely following the book [1], pp. 7-9.

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Popova, Tat'yana Georgievna, und Elena Vladimirovna Sausheva. „Politeness as Information Message Postulate“. Политическая лингвистика, Nr. 6 (2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/1999-2629_2021_06_03.

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50

Sondow, Jonathan. „Ramanujan Primes and Bertrand's Postulate“. American Mathematical Monthly 116, Nr. 7 (August 2009): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2009.11920980.

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