Dissertationen zum Thema „Production of bricks“

The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using recycled brick as a component in the preparation of glazes. Recycled brick is a mixture of crushed bricks, it can also contain a brick tablecloth, its composition and color makes this material practically identical to a brick shard. Due to these properties, it can be assumed that recycled brick can be used to prepare technical glazes with a specific color. The aim of the diploma thesis is to verify the possibilities of using recycled brick for the preparation of technical glazes. For prepared glazes, then evaluate their properties and estimate for which type of product these alternative glazes could be used.

Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) based grinding and polishing bricks developed for polishing of granite based ceramic tiles were produced and characterized. For surface grinding 46 and 180 grit size SiO2 powder embedded MOC based abrasive bricks
for polishing 600 and 1200 grit size SiC powder embedded MOC based abrasive bricks followed by neat (unreinforced) MOC pastes were applied on ceramic tiles. Three different neat MOC pastes depending on MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio in the paste e.g. 6/1, 7/1, and 8/1, were formed and evaluated. Grinding bricks were formed by adding 30 weight percentage, wt%, of both SiO2 powders. Polishing bricks were formed by adding 20, 25, and 30 wt% of both SiC powders. X-Ray diffraction analyses revealed that MOC F5 was the main crystalline phase in the neat MOC pastes. Additions of both SiO2 and SiC powders enhanced mechanical properties namely
compressive strength and abrasion resistance, chemical durability in water and polishing ability of MOC paste. More than 25 wt% addition of SiC powders had a tendency to decrease the compressive strength and water resistance of MOC paste. Polishing performance of abrasive bricks was evaluated in terms of mean surface roughness of ceramic tiles and abrasive brick consumption upon polishing. Scanning Electron Microscope examinations revealed the evidences of the reasons that 25 wt% SiC powder embedded abrasive bricks has the best qualifications in terms of abrasion resistance and polishing performance.

Abstract. This thesis investigates the efficiency of using carbonated Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) aggregates in different alkali-activated binders such as ladle slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and desulfurization (DS) slag. Sodium silicate and different molarities of sodium hydroxide were also used as alkali solution. BOF slag has high free CaO content, which leads to volume expansion problem under normal atmospheric condition. Additionally, free CaO and MgO are the reasons of volume expansion problem in desulfurization (DS) slag. To minimize and control this problem, BOF slags are exposed to CO₂ gas, which improves the volume stability. The aim of the first chapter is to investigate using of carbonated BOF aggregates instead of normal aggregates with GGBFS and ladle slag precursors which activated by alkaline solution. The effects of using different precursor types and contents, aggregate types and contents, and different sodium hydroxide molarities (6M, 8M, and 10M) were determined by assessing the mechanical and mineralogical test. After investigating the efficiency of carbonated BOF aggregates, the goal of the second chapter is to use carbonated BOF aggregate with different precursors types and content such as carbonated and non-carbonated desulfurization (DS) slag and different sodium hydroxide molarities (6M, 8M, 10M, and 12M). The effects of different parameters were carried out by evaluating mechanical, efflorescence, and pH experiments. Based on the results, mixture containing non-carbonated desulfurization (DS) slag with carbonated BOF aggregates and 8M NaOH provided excellent compressive strength compared to using carbonated DS. However, to minimize the efflorescence rate fiber reinforcement was introduced in the next chapter. In the third chapter, the objective is to introduce fiber reinforcement to the selected mix composition, which containing alkali activated desulfurization slag with carbonated BOF aggregates and sodium hydroxide (8 M) to develop strength properties and limits the efflorescence rates. In the mix composition 4% fiber (in mass) was added. The selected four different fibers are basalt, PVA (8mm), Cellulose and Polypropylene (PP). Moreover, 4% and 8% combined PVA and basalt fibers are used. According to the results, it was noticed that basalt and cellulose fibers increased 15% (9 MPa) of the compressive strength compared to reference mixture and reduced the efflorescence compared to other used fibers. In the last chapter, the main aim is to produce the bricks based on the mix compositions using carbonated BOF, desulfurization (DS) slag, and sodium hydroxide (8 M) with basalt and cellulose fibers. The effects of using selected fibers (basalt, cellulose) on the control mixture were conducted by mechanical strength, effects of carbonation, water absorption by capillarity, water absorption by immersion, efflorescence, ultrasonic pulse velocity, drying shrinkage, high temperature, and freeze-thaw test.

Steel industries consume refractory materials on a large scale. High temperature resistant refractory materials are essential for linings of the steelmaking vessels, to protect them from corrosive environments, high temperatures, molten steels and slags during transportation and steelmaking operations. Furthermore, with the increasing demand in steel production the usage of refractory materials has substantially increased, resulting in an increasing demand for refractory raw materials. However, with the hike in prices and abundancy for raw materials there is a need for recycling and reusing of spent refractory materials, which are otherwise sent to landfill. Nowadays the environmental as well as economic aspect regarding the recycling of spent refractories are of interest for the steel industries for achieving a solution towards zero waste. Several projects have been launched to investigate and generate new ideas with different ways to recycle refractory materials, but there is much more research and planning that needs to be done in order to find a large scale solution towards achieving zero waste. One of the simplest solutions to avoid landfilling of spent refractory is to introduce and manage a good sorting of the breakout scrap refractory, which can later be recycled or reused depending on their condition. The thesis work was carried out in collaboration of KTH – The Royal Institute of Technology/ Stockholm/ Sweden and Jernkontoret – The Swedish Steelmaking Association / Stockholm / Sweden. The work includes a collection of information regarding the current refractory waste management situation within some of the Swedish steel producers as Ovako AB, Uddeholm AB and SSAB. The information were collected on the basis of their refractory usage and practises. The thesis as well provides some suggestions for recycling and reusing of spent refractory waste materials collected from literature. Additionally some experimental work was carried out on whether an MgO-C refractory brick made of recycled materials can perform similarly against slag as a brick made from virgin materials. Experimental corrosion trials with one industrial slag composition were carried out using a hot-finger test apparatus for bricks with different amounts of recycling content in comparison to a brick made of virgin materials. After experiments, the samples were analysed using a Light Optical Microscope (LOM). A similar performance of all bricks against the slag composition was observed. Additional laboratory tests with different slag compositions, holding times and stirring rates are required to reach more profound conclusions. Industrial trials are essential with bricks containing recycled raw materials to reach a final performance status.
Stålindustrin konsumerar eldfasta material i stor skala. Högtemperatur resistenta eldfasta material är nödvändiga för att fodra skänkugnen, för att skydda den från frätande miljöer, höga temperaturer av smält stål och slagg, samt transport och blandning av smält stål under ståltillverkning. Vidare har användningen av eldfasta material ökat avsevärt med den ökande efterfrågan inom stålproduktion, vilket har resulterat i en ökande efterfrågan på eldfasta råvaror. Men i och med prishöjningen och avhållsamheten för råvaror behövs en idé om återvinning och återanvändning av eldfasta material som annars skickas till deponi. Numera är den miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekten av återvinning av förbrukade eldfasta ämnen av intresse för stålindustrin för att kunna nå en lösning mot zero waste. Flera projekt har påbörjats för att undersöka och generera nya idéer med olika sätt att återvinna eldfasta material, men det finns mycket mer forskning och planering som behöver göras för att hitta en storskalig lösning mot netto noll avfall. En av de enklaste lösningarna för att undvika deponering av använt eldfast material är att införa och hantera en bra sortering av använt eldfast avfall, som senare kan återvinnas eller återanvändas beroende på dess tillstånd. Avhandlingsarbetet utfördes i samarbete med KTH – Kungliga tekniska högskolan / Stockholm / Sverige och Jernkontoret – Svenska stålföreningen / Stockholm / Sverige. Informationen samlades in angående användning och praxis av eldfasta material. Avhandlingen innehåller också några förslag för återvinning och återanvändning av använt eldfast avfall som samlats in från litteraturen. Dessutom utfördes experiment för huruvida en eldfast infodring av återvunnen MgO-C kan motstå reaktioner mot slagg som en infodring tillverkad av ny utvunna råvaror. Experimentella korrosionsförsök med en industriell slaggkomposition utfördes av en ugn designad för hot finger test för eldfasta material gjorda av olika mängd återvunnet material samt inget återvunnet material alls. Efter experimenten analyserades proverna med ett ljusoptiskt mikroskop (LOM). En liknande prestanda för alla tegelstenar mot slaggkompositionen observerades. Ytterligare laboratorietester med olika slaggkompositioner, hålltider och omrörningshastigheter krävs för att nå en djupare slutsats. Industriella försök är väsentliga med eldfast tegel som innehåller återvunna råvaror för att kunna nå en slutlig prestandastatus.

La réduction de la consommation énergétique dans le secteur de bâtiments présente aujourd’hui une priorité primordiale dans les politiques des pays industrialisés. En France, le secteur du bâtiment consomme environ 43 % de l’énergie finale et contribue pour près d’un quart aux émissions nationales de gaz à effet de serre [ADEME]. Il se positionne comme un acteur clé pour parvenir à résoudre les inquiétants défis environnementaux auxquels nous devons faire face. Face à ces véritables défis, l’augmentation des niveaux d’exigence des réglementations thermiques s’est poursuivie et intensifiée pendant les 40 dernières années, jusqu’à la naissance de la réglementation thermique 2012, qui a permis de construire des bâtiments basse consommation (BBC) qui équivaut à 50 kWh/m².an. Cette nouvelle réglementation plus exigeante constitue une incitation forte à l'innovation des matériaux, produits et systèmes d'enveloppe. Dans ces conditions, l’amélioration des performances hygrothermiques des matériaux de construction aura des retombées économiques et environnementales conséquentes. C’est dans ce contexte que ce travail a été mené. Il vise à étudier et à améliorer les performances des produits de l’entreprise Briqueteries du Nord (BdN). Il est réparti sur deux axes principaux : le premier consiste à l’étude de l’inertie thermique et du pouvoir hygroscopique des briques en terre crue. Le second axe vise à élaborer des solutions possibles concernant l’amélioration de la résistance thermique des briques en terre cuite. Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé au laboratoire de l’Ecole Centrale de Lille avec une étroite collaboration avec l’université d’Artois et l’entreprise (BdN)
Nowadays, the reduction of energy consumption in buildings industry represents a major issue in industrialized countries’ policies. In France, the building sector consumes about 43% of final energy and accounts for nearly a quarter of the national emissions of greenhouse gas emissions [ADEME]. It is considered as a key factor to overcome the environmental challenges we have to face.In front of these significant challenges, the thermal regulations requirements were seriously intensified during the last 40 years until the notification of the thermal regulation 2012. This latter enable the construction of low energy buildings (BBC) whose consumption is equivalent to 50 kWh/m² per year on average. This new regulation provides a strong incentive for innovation of materials, products and envelope systems. Under these conditions, improving hygrothermal performance of building materials will allow a substantial economic and environmental benefits. This work was conducted in this context. It aims to study and improve the performance of the company Briqueteries du Nord (BdN) products. It is divided in two main axis: the first consists on studying the thermal inertia and hygroscopic capacity of unfired clay bricks. However, the second axis aims to develop possible solutions for improving the thermal resistance of fired clay bricks. This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Ecole Centrale de Lille with close collaboration with the University of Artois and the BdN company

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Um tema discutido desde a década de 1960, e que ganhou maior folego a partir de 1990, refere-se a hipótese de desindustrialização pela qual grande parte das economias estaria passando. A chamada desindustrialização ou pós-industrialização iniciou-se nos anos 1970 nos países desenvolvidos e nos anos 1980 e 1990 nos países em desenvolvimento. A literatura comumente caracteriza a desindustrialização pela perda de participação contínua do emprego no setor industrial, assim como, pela perda de participação do emprego e do produto industrial em relação ao produto total. Este processo é considerado natural à medida que o desenvolvimento atravessa distintas fases, chegando a um nível onde a importância relativa da indústria declina em detrimento do ganho de importância do setor de serviços. Nos países em desenvolvimento, este processo é considerado prematuro por diversos autores, dado que a desindustrialização está ocorrendo em um nível de renda muito baixo, e nesse caso, a indústria ainda é fundamental para o dinamismo da economia. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho busca avaliar o setor industrial sob uma ótica distinta da que tem sido utilizada quando se trata de industrialização/desindustrialização. O objetivo é analisar o caráter sistêmico do setor industrial a partir do método de insumo-produto por meio de indicadores de intensidade direta e intensidade direta mais indireta da indústria. Esses indicadores mostram a intensidade do setor industrial na produção de diferentes setores da economia verificando de que forma o setor industrial é usado como insumo intermediário por outros setores produtivos, assim como, pela demanda final. Os setores são agrupados segundo intensidade tecnológica (menor e maior intensidade tecnológica) com o objetivo de verificar as mudanças de padrões tecnológicos que vem ocorrendo ao longo dos anos. Utilizam-se as matrizes da WIOD (World Input-Output Database) no período de 1995 a 2009 para o conjunto de países que compõem os BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China). Nesse período, essas economias apresentaram altas taxas de crescimento, passando a serem vistas como uma importante força na economia global. O período também foi marcado por reformas liberalizantes que as tornaram mais abertas em relação ao comercio internacional. Apesar das características semelhantes, o grupo é heterogêneo, sendo a China líder em termos de crescimento e um país que mantém uma industrialização crescente, ao contrário do que se observa com o restante dos países que perdem participação da indústria no produto. Percebeu-se pelos resultados que a China e Rússia possuem um setor industrial mais integrado ao restante da economia que Brasil e Índia, que possuem queda da intensidade da indústria em diversos setores corroborando com a hipótese de desindustrialização.
A topic discussed since the 1960s, and gained more prominence from 1990 refers to the possibility of deindustrialization in which much of the economies would be passing. The so-called deindustrialization or post-industrialization began in the 1970s in developed countries and in the years 1980 and 1990 in developing countries. The literature commonly characterize the deindustrialization by loss of continuous employment participation in the industrial sector, as well as the loss of participation in employment and industrial production in relation to total output. This process is considered natural as the development goes through distinct phases, reaching a level where the industry relative importance declines over the gain importance of the service sector. In developing countries, this process is considered premature by several authors, since the deindustrialization is taking place at a very low level of income, in which case, the industry is still fundamental to the dynamism of the economy. Thus, this study sought to determine the industrial sector in a different perspective of that has been used when it comes to industrialization / deindustrialisation. The objective is to analyze the systemic character of the industrial sector from the input-output method using indicators of direct intensity and more indirect direct intensive industry. These indicators show the strength of the industrial sector in the production of different sectors of the economy by checking how the industry is used as intermediate input for other productive sectors, as well as by the final demand. The sectors are grouped according to technological intensity (lower and higher technology) in order to verify the changes of technology standards that have occurred over the years. We used the input-output matrices constructed by WIOD (Input-Output World Database) from 1995 to 2009 for the group of countries that make up the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). During this period, these economies showed high growth rates, starting to be seen as a major force in the global economy. The period was also marked by liberalizing reforms that become more open about international trade. Despite similar characteristics, the group is heterogeneous, with China leading in terms of growth and a country that maintains a growing industrialization, contrary to what is observed with the rest of the countries that lose industry participation in the product. It was noticed by the results that China and Russia have a more integrated industrial sector to the rest of the economy that Brazil and India, which have fall industry intensity in various sectors thus supporting the hypothesis of deindustrialization.

This thesis deals with possibilities of using brick-grind-dust which is a secondary product from manufacturing of grinded bricks. A boom in this method of masonry is connected with an increase of production of these secondary materials. These secondary materials are partly returned to brick manufacturing and partly buried in a landfill site. Due to their composition and origin, these materials are potentially pozzolan active, making them interesting for applications in hydraulic binders. The aim of the work was to study the physical and chemical properties of several brick-grind-dust and brick sands. Subsequently, binders based on these materials and Portland cement were prepared. The properties of the binders were modified by means of adding a commercially available polycarboxylate superplasticizer. The development of mechanical properties of the prepared binders has been studied over time. Hydration of the selected binders was analyzed by isothermal calorimetry.

The focus of this thesis is the study of behavior of brick waste in the mixture with high alumina cement. The result of this research should be a draft of a composition and production process for material that could partly or fully substitute forging accessories in the brick production industry. The aim of this work is to verify the use of brick waste for such purpose. Usage of brick waste for refractories can help the current long-term effort for wasteless production processes.

Sustainability has become an emphasised universal topic in recent years, especially just after the turn of the second millennium. Leaders from a wide range of disciplines and geographic locations have congregated to discuss their very real energy concerns and the potential solutions available to address them. Various notable conferences have been held from the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa in August 2002 to the more recent annual World Future Energy Summit held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in January 2013. South Africa and Brazil form part of the BRICS group of nations which is characterised by emerging and rapidly-growing economies. South Africa and Brazil both are favoured by sustainable energy environments with an abundance of sustainable energy resources. Both countries also have various tax incentives that are aimed at encouraging the production and use of sustainable energy. Despite these facts, a large disparity still exists between South Africa and Brazil pertaining to their sustainable energy usage as a percentage of their total primary energy usage. South Africa’s sustainable energy usage is extremely small compared to that of Brazil, and therefore this study aims to determine improvements for South Africa. Brazil’s tax related policies and legislation are instructive in this regard. The benefits of sustainable energy as opposed to energy generated from fossil fuels are evident from an analysis of their economic, environmental and social impacts. Tax incentives can take on various forms and although not the only factor, they would appear to be an important consideration in encouraging investments in sustainable energy. Numerous barriers are identified that directly affect both the ability and desirability of the production and use of sustainable energy. Some of the more significant barriers include high initial capital costs, regulatory frameworks and intellectual rights, the long term nature and payback period of sustainable energy projects and the availability of alternative fossil fuels. Tax incentives are one of the measures that, if appropriately used, could significantly reduce many sustainable energy related barriers. The study concludes that South Africa can learn from Brazil and implement improvements to its tax incentives and related policies and legislation. This would assist in addressing some of its key sustainable energy related barriers. Possible improvements noted include regulatory policies in which South Africa could consider implementing a sustainable energy obligation and mandate; improved certainty regarding South Africa’s research and development incentives; and improved benefits resulting from the research and development incentives.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
am2014
Taxation
unrestricted

A alimentação humana é o tema mais relevante nas pautas do mundo todo, em que a necessidade de segurança alimentar e a preocupação dos consumidores a respeito do produto consumido levou à visão da necessidade de garantir a sanidade, a qualidade e a procedência do produto. Com o aumento do poder da computação a um custo flexível, técnicas de processamento digital e a sistemas de instrumentação eletrônica vêem se moldando a produção animal com o objetivo de otimizar a criação. Mostra-se hoje uma significativa importância da identificação eletrônica animal como uma ferramenta para a rastreabilidade dos animais produzidos comercialmente. O objetivo do presente projeto foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica de um sistema de identificação eletrônica com tecnologia RFID para identificação de suínos do ponto de vista eletrônico e zootécnico, avaliando a eficiência do uso da identificação com dispositivos eletrônicos, acoplados a brincos de diferentes modelos, facilidades de aplicação e permanência no animal. Foram avaliadas a eficiência do dispositivo quanto à sua disposição no animal e teste do equipamento desenvolvido em um grupo de leitões. Foram realizados protótipos de 6 tipos diferentes de brincos eletrônicos, e verificada a eficiência em laboratório e nos animais a campo. Os melhores modelos observados em relação a adaptação nos animais em todas as fases da produção, os quais não apresentaram quedas, problemas no comportamento do animal, e mal cicatrização, foram os modelos 4 e 5. Com esse resultado pode-se verificar a eficiência e consistência dos dados gerados e da utilização de brincos na suinocultura. Com o projeto foi possível analisar a viabilidade dos brincos de forma científica e de forma a fornecer um novo produto nacional ao mercado suinícola, o brinco se mostra viável e de grande uso comercial.
Is the more relevant subject in tariffs around the world, where the need for food safety and consumer concern about the product consumed leading to the vision of the need to ensure the health, quality and origin of the product. With increasing computing power at a cost flexible techniques of digital signal processing systems coupled to electronic instrumentation, come to shaping up the casting quality control and optimizing in animal production. Today a significant importance of electronic animal identification as a tool for the traceability of animal production, the objective of this project was to evaluate the electronic identification system with RFID technology for identification of pigs from the point of view electronics, such as livestock, evaluating the use of electronic identification devices, coupled to ear tags of different models, ease of application and remain in the animal. We used prototypes of 6 models of electronic ear tags, and checking the efficiency in the laboratory and in animals in the field. We have ear tags with excellent reading ability of data transmission, and the best models for the adaptation observed in animals at all stages of production, and that showed no falls, problems in animal behavior and welfare, and poorly healing were the model 4 and 5. With this result we can verify the efficiency and consistency of data generated and the use of earrings in pigs. With the project it was possible to examine the viability of ear tags in swine, in a scientific manner and to provide a new product to market domestic pig, the ear tags in swine identification of in order to provide a new national product to market swine.

The master thesis follows up on previous bachelor thesis, which dealt with the sorption capacity of brick recyclate. Brick recyclate, as same as brick, excel with very high porosity. For this reason this work deals with possible implementation of plant growth aids (fertilizers) on the inside surface of such highly porous material This thesis studies possibilities of preparation of brick recyclate with the content of components supporting plant growth. It is a material, that is able to bind water in the soil and nourish cultivated plants at the same time. Aim of the work is to find out, what maximum amount of supporting substances, that later will be released back into surrounding enviroment (soil), is possible to incorporate into the brick recyclate. Such prepared recyclate was added in different amounts into predefined substrates, where plants were grown. Subsequently, the growth course, germination and yields of selected crops were monitored. It was verified that the material based on recycled brick enriched with nutrients improves the distribution of nutrients in the soil and positively affects the germination, growth and yields of tested crops.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho agron?mico, por meio da produ??o e valor nutritivo, e realizar an?lise de agrupamento com base nas caracter?sticas morfog?nicas e estruturais de h?bridos de Brachiaria decumbens previamente selecionados pela EMBRAPA Gado de Corte. Foram avaliados 15 h?bridos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com tr?s repeti??es. Para avalia??o de produ??o e valor nutritivo, foram observadas diferen?as significativas para massa seca total, massa seca da folha, massa seca do colmo, rela??o l?mina:colmo, porcentagem de colmo, porcentagem de material morto, fibra em detergente ?cido, digestibilidade in vitro da mat?ria org?nica e lignina. Para a massa seca total e massa seca de folhas, observou-se maior m?dia para o h?brido R41. Em rela??o ? massa seca de colmo e porcentagem de colmo, o menor valor encontrado foi para o h?brido S16, enquanto o R41 apresentou resultado superior. Consequentemente, o h?brido S16 obteve maior rela??o l?mina:colmo e o R41 a menor. O h?brido S16 apresentou maiores quantidades de fibra em detergente ?cido e lignina. O pior resultado para massa seca total foi registrado para h?brido R147. Tamb?m foram encontradas diferen?as para porcentagem de material morto, no qual o h?brido R128 apresentou maior m?dia. Dentre todos os h?bridos avaliados, o S16 apresentou menor massa seca de colmo, menor porcentagem de colmo e maior rela??o l?mina:colmo, por?m maiores teores de lignina e fibra em detergente ?cido e, consequentemente, menor digestibilidade in vitro da mat?ria org?nica. Aten??o especial deve ser dada ao h?brido R23, que se destacou por apresentar elevada massa de folhas e baixo teor de lignina. Para a an?lise de agrupamento, verificou-se a forma??o de 5 grupos pelas dist?ncias euclidiana quadrada e m?dia e 8 grupos pela dist?ncia de Mahalanobis. Pode-se observar que o grupo 5 reuniu maior quantidade de caracter?sticas com potencial para o melhoramento, em ambas dist?ncias avaliadas. Este grupo apresentou elevados valores para rela??o l?mina:colmo, n?mero de folhas vivas, dura??o de vida das folhas e baixa taxa de senesc?ncia foliar. Entretanto, foi registrado baixo n?mero m?dio de perfilhos. O oposto pode ser observado para o grupo 4. O grupo 1 foi composto pela maioria dos h?bridos, foi poss?vel verificar que os mesmos apresentaram caracter?sticas medianas em rela??o aos demais grupos. As caracter?sticas taxa de alongamento de colmo, n?mero de folhas vivas, dura??o de vida das folhas, n?mero m?dio de perfilhos, taxa de senesc?ncia foliar e rela??o l?mina:colmo foram as que mais contribu?ram para a distin??o dos grupos morfog?nicos. O grupo morfog?nico 5 destacou-se pelo perfil com baixo alongamento de colmos, elevado n?mero de folhas vivas, longevidade e rela??o folha colmo, com baixo n?mero de perfilhos. O grupo 3 foi caracterizado por elevado perfilhamento e rela??o l?mina colmo. Dentre todos os grupos avaliados, o grupo 4 apresentou a maior taxa de senesc?ncia foliar e a menor dura??o de vida das folhas, que permite sugerir que estas plantas podem ser avaliadas em sistemas de pastejo mais intensivo.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic response of Brachiaria decumbens hybrids using production and nutritive value traits and to group this plants with the cluster analysis based on morphogenic data. The hybrids were previously selected in the EMBRAPA Beef Cattle Breeding Program. Were evaluated 15 hybrids in complete randomized block design with three replicates. In the agronomic evaluation, significant effect was observed to total, leaves and stems dry mass, leaf:stem ratio, stems and dead material percentage, acid detergent fiber, in vitro organic matter digestibility and lignin. To total and leaves dry mass the higher response was observed to the hybrid R41. To stems dry mass and percentage, the lower value was observed to S16, while R41 had the higher values. In consequence, the S16 plants had a substantially high leaf:stem ratio. The lower production of total dry mass was observed to R147 hybrid. Significant differences also were observed and the R128 plants had the higher value. In the range of hybrid evaluated. Should be emphasized that S16 plants had the lowest stems mass and percentage with the highest leaf:stem ratio, but its results showed high amounts of acid detergent fiber, lignin and low in vitro organic matter digestibility. Special attention also should be given to R23 plants which had a satisfactory leaves mass production with low amounts of lignin. In the clustering analysis, was verified the formation of 5 groups with the square and average Euclidian distance and 8 groups with the Mahalanobis distance. The group 5 (S16) had more brought together more morphogenic characteristics with potential to breeding. This group had elevated values to leaf:stem ratio, number of live leaves, leaf life spam and low senescence rate. Its number of tillers was low, an undesirable characteristic. The opposite was observed to group 4 (R86). The group 1 was composed by the majority of the hybrids and showed medium characteristics in relation to the other groups. The traits stem elongation rate, number of live leaves, leaf life spam, number of tillers, senescence rate and leaf:stem ratio was the characteristics which more contributed to the differentiation of the morphogenic groups. The morphogenic group 5 had an interesting profile with low stems elongation, high number of leaves, longevity of leaves, favorable leaf:stem ratio, but low number of tillers. The group 3 was characterized by elevated number of tillers and leaf: stem ratio. Among the groups obtained, the group 4 showed the highest senescence rate and lowest longevity, which allow suggest these plants need more frequent harvests.

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A pesquisa na área de células-tronco tem proporcionado avanços com grande potencial de intervenção no campo da saúde, despertando atenção da comunidade científica, bem como de todos os cidadãos. As células-tronco são células que têm capacidade de se autorrenovar e diferenciar em outras especializadas. A busca por um melhor entendimento destes processos tem sido foco atual dos estudos nessa área. Trata-se de um campo de conhecimento relativamente novo no mundo, onde o Brasil vem se destacando cada vez mais na arena da ciência global, já que é um dos poucos a deter a tecnologia de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (induced pluripotent stem cells), que permite obter células-tronco em laboratórios, favorecendo, assim, a pesquisa na área. Considerando, então, o papel de destaque do Brasil nesta área, o presente estudo parte da seguinte questão de pesquisa: qual a estrutura intelectual da literatura científica da área de célula-tronco no Brasil e nos demais países dos BRICS? Pretende-se, assim, mapear a estrutura intelectual da área de células-tronco da produção científica brasileira, no contexto dos países dos BRICS (composto por, além do Brasil, China, Rússia, Índia e África do Sul) em dois períodos, 1991-2000 e 2001-2010. O material de análise é constituído de artigos originais, que foram recuperados da base de dados Web of Science. O método utilizado foi de caráter exploratório descritivo e de natureza quantitativa, tendo, nas técnicas bibliométricas, especialmente a análise de cocitação de periódicos, seu maior alicerce, e os periódicos cocitados como unidade de medida para tal análise. Os resultados apontam para um crescimento da produção cientifica para os BRICS em todo o período analisado, sobretudo a partir de 2001. Esse crescimento foi caracterizado como sendo de natureza exponencial (r² = 0,97), com tempo de duplicação de 2,3 anos e taxa de crescimento 37,75% o que denota uma intensa velocidade de produção numa área dinâmica como a de células-tronco. As posições no ranking da produção científica para os BRICS se altera entre os períodos: a Rússia liderava no primeiro, acompanhada pela China, Índia, Brasil e África do Sul (1991-2000) e para o segundo a China ocupava a primeira posição seguida por Brasil, Rússia, Índia e África do Sul. A estrutura intelectual da produção científica dos BRCIS para o primeiro período foi direcionada mais à pesquisa aplicada, com ênfase em temas relacionados à hematologia e áreas afins. No segundo período, a estrutura intelectual dos BRICS concentrou-se na pesquisa básica, com atenção a temas de biologia celular, biologia molecular e bioquímica, como também temas considerados de natureza emergente, como odontologia, neurociências, cardiologia, oftalmologia e biomateriais. A estrutura intelectual, que teve como base de conhecimento os periódicos cocitados, evidenciou uma coleção dinâmica e interdisciplinar, o que condiz com a área em estudo. Para o primeiro período, a estrutura intelectual se pautou nos periódicos cocitados Blood, Cell, Experimental Hematology, British Journal of Haematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cancer Research, Journal of Experimental Medicine e Journal of Immunology; e, para o segundo período, Stem Cells, Cell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Biomaterials, Development, Journal of Neuroscience, Blood, Cancer Research, Bone Marrow Transplantation e Circulation. O conjunto de dados indica que a pesquisa na área de células-tronco no Brasil, em relação aos demais países dos BRICS, tem vertente tanto da pesquisa básica como da aplicada na área de terapias células-tronco. Com os resultados, uma série de novas questões de estudo são visualizadas a fim de melhor compreende a dinâmica da produção em uma área em constante transformação, como células-tronco, seja a partir de aplicações de diferentes abordagens de cocitação ou com outras perspectivas metodológicas.
Stem cells research has provided advances with great intervention potential in the field of health, arousing curiosity of both scientific community and citizens. Stem cells are cells that have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other specialized cells. The search for a better understanding of these processes has been the focus of current studies in this area. This is a relatively new field of knowledge in the world, in which Brazil has been increasingly highlighting in the global science arena, since it is one of the few countries to hold the induced pluripotent stem cells technology, which allows scientists to obtain stem cells in laboratories and so the research in this area. Considering, then, the prominent role of Brazil in this field, this study starts from the following research question: what is the intellectual structure of the scientific literature of the stem cells area in Brazil and other countries from BRICS? It aims, therefore, mapping the intellectual structure of the stem cells area of the Brazilian scientific production in the context of BRICS countries (comprising, besides Brazil, China, Russia, India and South Africa) in two periods 1991-2000 and 2001-2010. The analysis were carried on original articles, recovered from Web of Science database. The method had an exploratory and descriptive approach, and used bibliometric techniques, mainly the analysis of co-citation journals, and cited periodicals were the unit of analysis. The results point to a growth of BRICS scientific production in the whole period, especially after 2001. We found that it had an exponential growth (r² = 0.97), with a doubling time of 2.3 years and growth rate of 37.75% which demonstrates an intense speed production in a dynamic area as stem cells. The ranking positions of scientific output for the BRICS changes from one period to another: Russia leading in the first, followed by China, India, Brazil and South Africa (1991-2000) and in the second China is in the first position followed by Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa. The intellectual structure of BRICS scientific production for the first period (1991-2000) was related more to applied research, with emphasis on topics related to hematology and similar areas. In the second period (2001-2010), BRICS intellectual structure of the scientific production focused on basic research, with attention to cell biology topics, molecular biology and biochemistry, but also considered issues of emerging nature, such as dentistry, neuroscience, cardiology, ophthalmology and biomaterials. The intellectual framework, which was based on co-cited journals, showed a dynamic and interdisciplinary collection that matches the area under study. For the first period, the intellectual framework was guided in the co-cited journals as Blood Cell, Hematology Experimental, British Journal of Haematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cancer Research, Journal of Experimental Medicine and Journal of Immunology; and for the second period, Stem Cells, Cell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Biomaterials, Development, Journal of Neuroscience, Blood, Cancer Research, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Circulation. The data set indicates that the stem cells research in Brazil, compared to the other BRICS countries, presents both in the aspect of basic and applied research in the area of therapies stem cells. From the results obtained, new research questions appear in order to better understand an area constantly evolving, as stem cells, enabling applications of different co-citation techinques or other with multiple methodological approaches.

Ce travail est un commentaire d'œuvre, inspiré de la méthode d'analyse critique instruite par Walter Benjamin. Le point de départ est un essai écrit en 1941, "Sur le concept d'histoire" dans lequel il avance un certain nombre de points conduisant à redéfinir la place et la vocation de l'historien dans un contexte moderne, socialement, technologiquement et politiquement, bouleversé. Il demande à l'historien de brosser à rebours le poil "trop lisse" de l'histoire, soit de bloquer et de sauver des moments, de déplacer les points de vue et d'envisager la signifiance de ce moment pour l'ensemble de histoire. A partir de ce postulat, le film de B. Dellsperger, Body double (x), est mis en perspective comme temps particulier et manifeste, exemplaire d'un certain type de cinéma. Expérimental, formel, il est directement issu du remake, un phénomène que connurent les arts contemporains entre 1990 et 2000. Car Body double (x) est une copie, plan à plan et mot à mot, de L'important c’est d’aimer (1976) réalisé par A. Zulawski. Dans ce commentaire, les concepts benjaminiens de teneur chosale et teneur de vérité sont pratiqués. La teneur chosale correspond à l'analyse matériologique du film : à l'analyse formelle des constituants de l'image, de l'ensemble du processus propre à la remise en scène du film original. La teneur de vérité correspond à la mise en perspective philosophique, historique et politique du processus performatif et filmique. Le film, en tant que remake, questionne les notions de copie et d'original sur un mode relationnel. Enfin, en concentrant les regards sur le corps d'un unique acteur, Jean-Luc Verna, il rétablit un rapport d'ordre esthétique et éthique entre la figure humaine et sa représentation
This work is a film commentary, based on the critical analysis method introduced by Walter Benjamin. The starting point is an essay written in 1941, "About the concept of history", in which he puts forward a certain number of points leading to redifining the position and vocation of the historian in a sociolagically, technologically and politically shattered modern context. He asks the historian to rub history up the wrong way, by holding and saving moments, by moving points of views and envisaging the meaning of this moment in History. From this basic premise, Brice Dellsperger's film, Body double (x), is cast as a manifest and specific time, model of a type of film-making. Experimental, as well as formal, it was born from the remake, a phenomenon already known in modern arts between 1990 and 2000. For Body double (x) is a copy, frame for frame and word for word, of L'important c'est d'aimer (1976) directed by A. Zulawski. In this commentary, I use Benjamin's concepts : the thing content and the truth content. The thing content corresponds to the film material analysis, that is, the formal analysis of all the constituents of the picture, as well as the process, peculiar to the re-directing of the original movie. The truth content corresponds to the philosophical, historical and political angle on the film and performative process. The film, as a remake, questions about Copy and Original notions on a relational mode. Finally, by focusing looks on the body of one unique actor, Jean-Luc Verna, it restores an aesthetic and ethical link between the human figure and its representation

The subject of my thesis is to elaborate the project documentation for construction execution of an administrative building with added production hall which is found in the town Benešov near Prague. The object of the administrative building has one underground and free above-ground floors. The underground floor serves for operating purposes connected with production. The first above-ground floor serves for staff catering. On the second above-ground floor we can find social rooms, dressing rooms and washrooms for employees. Offices can be found on the last third above-ground floor. Vertical supporting constructions on the underground floor are made of blocks filled with concrete i.e. 300 mm. On the above-ground floors rhere are vertical supporting constructions which are made by walled technology from ceramic Therm blocks i.e. 300 mm. Vertical constructions partially consist of precast wall panels and partially of monolytic panels i.e. 250 mm. The roof is designed as a flat green area. During the design processing the impact was put on increased comfort for using and overall modern concept of the object.

Cette recherche porte sur les techniques de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuiteà l’époque romaine dans les provinces de Gaule et de Germanie. Ces techniques ne nous sontaccessibles directement que par l’archéologie, à la fois par les vestiges mobiliers : les matériauxfabriqués eux-mêmes, et par les vestiges immobiliers : les tuileries qui sont régulièrement mises aujour. Seules les structures de production sont examinées, mais il est souvent fait référence auxmatériaux. L’étude est menée selon deux lignes directrices, l’une horizontale : la chaîne opératoire, l’autreverticale : le temps, du présent vers le passé. Les structures de production sont traitées selon l’ordrede la chaîne opératoire : l’extraction, la préparation de la terre, le façonnage, le séchage et lacuisson. À l’intérieur de chacune de ces cinq phases sont étudiées successivement des structuresd’époque contemporaine (ateliers artisanaux), moderne, médiévale et enfin gallo-romaine. Cettedémarche régressive permet de mettre en évidence les continuités et les ruptures dans lestechniques mises en oeuvre et ainsi de mieux caractériser et comprendre la plus ancienne d’entreelles, celle des tuiliers gallo-romains. Le fonctionnement des structures de production les plusrécentes éclaire celui des structures romaines. Des comparaisons ponctuelles ne sont utilisées quepour tenter d’expliquer certaines caractéristiques originales des structures gallo-romaines. Lesrésultats les plus novateurs ont été obtenus dans l’étude des structures employées dans les phasesde façonnage, de séchage et de cuisson
This research concerns the techniques of tile and brick-making in Roman time in the provinces ofGaul and Germania. We have only access to these techniques through archaeology. First, there arethe movable vestiges: the objects (tiles and bricks), then there are the real estate vestiges: the tilemakingsites which are regularly uncovered. Only the structures of production are examined here,but it is often made reference to materials. The study is led according to two guidelines. One is horizontal: the “chaîne opératoire”, the other is vertical: Time, from present to past. The structures of production are treated according to the orderof the making process: quarrying, preparing clay, shaping, drying, and firing. Inside each of thesefive phases are successively studied structures of contemporary time (craft production), modern,medieval and finally Gallo-Roman. This regressive approach allows us to bring to light thecontinuities and the breaks in the techniques used and thus, to better characterize and understandthe most ancient of them, the Gallo-Roman tile-makers one. The functioning of the most recentstructures of production sheds light on that of the Roman ones. Punctual comparisons are only usedto try and explain some original characteristics of the Gallo-Roman structures. The most innovativeresults were obtained in the study of the structures used in the phases of shaping, drying and firing

Pour sécuriser le processus de fabrication, garantir la qualité des pièces et atteindre une pleine productivité, des Systèmes de Surveillance Automatiques de l'Usinage (SSAU) sont nécessaires. Cependant, si des solutions sont proposées pour la production de grandes séries, il n'existe pas actuellement de SSAU pour les systèmes de production flexible en fraisage (ces derniers fabriquant notamment les pièces complexes à forte valeur ajoutée). L'objectif des travaux de thèse présentés dans ce manuscrit, est donc de répondre à ce besoin industriel en proposant une solution efficace et fiable de Surveillance Automatique de l'Usinage pour la production flexible par fraisage.
Tout d'abord, plusieurs critères issus de la bibliographie et susceptibles de résoudre notre problématique, ont été testés dans des conditions de coupe et de trajectoires industrielles, ce qui n'avait pas été fait auparavant. L'analyse de leur comportement a permis de mettre en évidence leurs faiblesses et de faire évoluer notre réflexion, avant de proposer une nouvelle méthode : la Surveillance d'Usinage Intermittente. L'état de l'outil est estimé à partir des efforts de coupe, puis reporté sur une carte de contrôle. Pour plus de fiabilité, seules les zones où la coupe est stable sont surveillées.
Afin d'augmenter la précision, la robustesse et le domaine de validité de la méthode, des améliorations ont ensuite été apportées, quant au conditionnement et à l'analyse des signaux d'efforts. Par ailleurs, les estimations de l'état de l'outil sont affinées pendant l'usinage, grâce à des simulations numériques effectuées au préalable. Des expérimentations ont validé l'approche, par des détections fiables de l'état d'un outil possédant 5 dents (dont une endommagée ou non).
Enfin, nous avons montré que notre méthode permet de détecter de très faibles endommagements de l'outil, survenant au cours de l'usinage d'une pièce. Nous proposons également de coupler notre SSAU à un système d'inspection des outils hors-usinage pour confirmer les détections. Nous avons ensuite montré que notre méthode n'est pas perturbée par l'usure des outils. Une table dynamométrique n'étant pas viable industriellement, nous avons cherché des alternatives. Nous avons finalement montré que la mesure d'efforts peut être réalisée en instrumentant la broche par des capteurs inductifs. L'application de notre méthode permet alors, dans un cadre industriel, de détecter de très faibles endommagements de l'outil, lors de production flexible en fraisage.

Après la crise économique en 2008, l’activité de construction en France a connu une croissance très rapide. La hausse de la demande des matériaux de construction était accompagnée d’une augmentation des quantités de déchets de construction et de CO2 émise. En 2018, l’émission de CO2 liée aux activités humaines a atteint un niveau historique mondial de 37.1 milliards de tonnes. Ceci encourage le développement des matériaux de construction qui répondent aux besoins mutants de la société d’aujourd’hui et de demain. Les géopolymères, préparés par activation alcaline, présentent une opportunité pour produire des nouveaux matériaux plus performants et respectueux de l’environnement dans le secteur de la construction. D’autre part, l’industrialisation et la robotisation font apparition dans le secteur de la construction, avec des nombreux avantages tels que l’augmentation de la productivité, la réduction des gaspillages, du coût et de la pénibilité du travail, ainsi que l’amélioration de la qualité et la sécurité.Ce travail de recherche est mené pour répondre à ces défis et verrous scientifiques. Il est réparti selon trois axes : l’élaboration de nouvelles formulations de briques géopolymères, l’intégration des matériaux géopolymères dans le processus d’industrialisation et de robotisation de la construction, et enfin l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental et économique du nouveau système de fabrication automatisé
After the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system

碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
100
Slag, which is a by-product of manufacturing steels, can be first alkali-activated and then used as a replacement of portland cement in the production of concrete bricks. In the study, concrete bricks with various design mixtures of sand content, aggregate/binder ratio, water/binder ratio and alkali content were made. It is found that the 7-day compressive strength of high-strength bricks can be up to 70.51MPa, higher than that as requested by Class A standard of CNS13295. Also, the 7-day compressive strength of permeable bricks reaches 36.81MPa while their coefficient of permeability is 0.104cm/sec; both are higher than the standard values as requested by CNS14995. The amount of binder slurry plays an important role in determining the permeability coefficient of permeable bricks; in other words, the permeability coefficient of a permeable brick with a lower water/binder ratio but a higher aggregate/binder ratio is larger. When only the cost of materials is considered, the cost is NT$ for high-strength bricks and NT$ for permeable bricks as compared to NT$ for commercially available bricks. The 28-day compressive strength of high-strength bricks made in a factory is 78.51MPa, still higher than Class A standard of CNS13295. The 28-day compressive strength of permeable bricks made in a factory is 35.89MPa and their permeability coefficient is 0.125cm/sec; both satisfy the standards of CNS14995.

The report concerns about the purpose of better understanding of the circular economy in brick manufacturing industries in Portugal. Recycling of waste generated from industrial or agricultural activities into building materials appears to be a solution for the circular economy. The main part of the work was to study the technical viability of using different types of wastes in a brick manufacturing company. The source and economic interest of the waste material available were evaluated, because it was important in selecting the waste material. Industrial waste like cork sludge, aluminium sludge, cork waste, ash, and stone sludge have been investigated and incorporated in to test specimens. The work deals on the activities carried out and student's experience in the development of their duties as a trainee in the company Prélis. The report includes a literature review on the area and activities under study, complemented with the presentation and explanation of the work in the company, with many examples of circular economy practiced in brick industry. From the results, specimens which have results near to the reference specimens were those which incorporate stone sludge and cork sludge. The worst results were obtained using cork waste and aluminium sludge. Stone sludge seems to be the most interesting waste studied for incorporation in brick manufacturing.

碩士
義守大學
企業管理學系
103
The applications of new technologies in production have created higher quality products, shorter construction time, and labor productivity, so production efficiency is improved markedly. The study is to examine relationshipsamong new technology application, job characteristics and job satisfaction inbricks production facilities in HaiDuong. The study used data from 225 employees working at bricks production facilities in Hai Duong. Principle component method is used for explorative factor analysis. To test the hypotheses regression, T-test and ANOVA are adopted. Result showed that new technology application and job characteristic have a positive relationship with job satisfaction and new technology application and job characteristic also have positiverelationships. Results indicated that there were no different in job satisfaction among demographic of respondent. Implications of the findings for managers and research limitation are also discussed.

碩士
大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
105
In recent years, the natural extraction of clay has not been easy. Due to this dilemma, the cost of clay has been greatly increased. In order to reduce the purchase cost of natural clay, the final waste disposal problem can be exploited for the development of waste material that can replace natural clay. The main purpose of this study is to develop four kinds of waste, such as "sapphire substrate cutting sludge", "oyster shell", "quartz brick polished powder" and "silicon mud"as alternative natural clay raw material. These materials were tested as production material for their feasibility as red brick raw materials. In this study, the above four wastes were added to the red brick in different proportions to carry out red brick production tests in terms of water absorption and compressive strength. Subsequently, these parameters were used to assess whether the red brick products were in line with Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs level 3 brick specifications. According to the results of this study, it is shown that the best brick-making conditions can be achieved by mixing the quartz brick polishing powder with the sapphire substrate cutting sludge and then adding it to the natural clay. Natural clay (70%) mixed with utting sludge (15%) and polishing powder (15%) is the best blending condition. This red brick material exhibited a compressive strength of 258.9kgf/cm2 and water content of 14.6%. That is, the production of the red brick was in line with Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs level 3 brick specifications(CNS382). Additionally, after the TCLP test, it was confirmed that this product does not have hazardous characteristics.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
101
CRT monitor is one of the major appliances globally. With the development of digital technology in playing, more display technologies continue to evolve. The increasing number of waste CRT monitors results from manufacturers actively promoting large-size LCD TVs at low price and large-size LCD TVs gradually gaining widespread acceptance of consumers. Most of the relevant used products are at the end of life cycle. After the final treatment of separation, the waste CRT monitor is divided into panel glass and funnel glass, and sealant which connects the two glass is separated to the two glass. The nature of panel glass makes it recycled and reused after treated, while the nature of funnel glass which contains high level of lead makes it reused to the original process. However, CRT monitors have just gone out of production in recent years, and this reused method of funnel glass will not be taken into consideration. By experimental method , this study used nano silica (SiO2), which had high homogeneity with the waste funnel glass, to conduct experiments by the method which was similar to cover nano silica itself to explore the stability of final glass products which was treated by covering and the feasibility of being used in permeable bricks. Through the surface observation and TCLP test, we tested the risk of lead leaching from its internal composition and continued testing the permeability coefficient and compressive strength of permeable bricks. By experimental results and conclusions, we made some suggestions to provide related industries with the direction of recycling. By experimental results, first, we can observed that the surface of the funnel glass was covered with silica nanoparticles in the form of particles and film by the analysis of macro observation. The highest TCLP lead leaching value of the waste funnel glass without silica nanoparticles was 4352.5 mg / L, while the lead leaching value of the waste funnel glass with silica nanoparticles was 0.62 mg / L. Second, using the final product of the waste funnel glass with silica nanoparticles within permeable bricks, and adopting hybrid modulation, high-pressure formation and sintering process, we could successfully manufacture permeable bricks whose permeability and resilience in compliance with safety regulations, and the lowest TCLP lead leaching value of permeable bricks was 0.62 mg/L. The experiment proved that the covering technology of silica nanoparticles made harmful substances such as lead oxide within the waste funnel glass stable and insoluble, and was good for reusing and avoided environmental harm.

碩士
大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
103
The main objective of this study is to investigate the recovery of various solid wastes for the production of red brick for construction material. A series of red brick production tests were conducted in this study. There are three major feed material used for each red brick production test. They are natural clay, water purification mud and solid waste. Different compositions of a mixture of these three materials were investigated during the test. Totally, three solid wastes such as marble cutting sludge, granite cutting sludge, polish tile powder were adopted in these tests. The compressive strength and water absorption of the produced red brick are examined to evaluate the performance of red brick product. The results of this study reveal that the red bricks with the addition of polish tile powder can have compressive strength of 308.19kgf/cm2~410.9kgf/cm2 and water absorption of 12.18%~13.63%. It can be concluded that the red bricks with the addition of polish tile powder can meet the red brick performance requirement. Whereas other produced red bricks with the addition of marble cutting sludge, and granite cutting sludge can’t meet the performance requirement of compressive strength and water absorption tests.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
100
In the oil and gas drilling process, the rock or formation cuttings from the drilling bit are carried by the circulating drilling mud to the surface and separated by mechanical devices into usable mud, waste mud, waste cutting, and waste water. The drilling wastes, mixtures of drilling cutting and drilling mud, are basically geological material that is generally disposed of. However most of the drilling wastes are mostly rock debris, belongs to no toxic wastes ; CPC used to be buried after drying of dealing. This method not only time consuming, laborious and spend money, and has no reuse value with bury, so drilling waste reuse is indeed the current urgency of issues. Geopolymer as an alkaline gelled material development in recent years, has a good early strength properties, heat insulation, good resistance to acids and bases and durability advantages. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of drilling wastes using geopolymeric technology. It will be produced lower temperature sintering building brick consistent with Taiwan national standards. The experimental results showed that building brick mixed drilling wastes with alkaline solution (SiO2/Na2O=2) in weight ratio of 4.Then put it into a temperature (500℃) oven for 2 hours of sintering ,and it has the best mechanical and Physical properties. Density is 2.3 g/cm3 , the water-absorbing rate is 6%, and compressive strength is 72.4 MPa of sintering sample, it is consistent with Taiwan national standards. Production low temperature sintering building brick from drilling wastes using geopolymeric technology not only save costs, reduce energy consumption, are also able to provide the existing industry the new technology.

碩士
真理大學
經濟學系財經碩士班
106
This study aims to explore the stock index and Industrial Production index in Brazil, Russia, India and China, dating from January 2000 to September 2016. Firstly, we use the ADF(Aumented Dicky Fuller) to test the stability of time-series data. Secondly, we will compare the difference among the countries by using cointegration test, and to check whether there is a long-term relationship between variables. Lastly, we utilize the Granger causality to check the relationship between variables, presenting the economic implications in the results. 　　The findings indicate that the domestic stock price index change in Brazil and Russia will influence industrial average change. We may use the stock price index change to forecast industrial production trend. In India, the stock price index and the industrial production possess bidirectional causal relation. But the stock price index and the industrial production does not have the causal relation in China.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
102
With the objectives of reducing the negative impacts on environment and utilizing of waste materials, the possibility of producing eco-friendly construction bricks by using fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) with applying geopolymerization combined with Densified mixture design algorithm (DMDA) method was investigated in the present study. There are two main stages of experimental programs, which are named as geopolymer paste development and eco-friendly construction bricks production, in this investigation. It was noticed that all geopolymer paste specimens and brick samples were kept in the same curing conditions for these stages. In the first stage, geopolymer paste specimens of 50 × 50 × 50 mm in size were prepared. The effect of various parameters such as liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) dosage and RHA amount on the compressive strength of the specimens at different ages was investigated in this stage. Whereas, in the second stage, eco-friendly construction bricks in size of 220 × 105 × 60 mm were prepared for the tests of dimensions and visible defects, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, bulk density and void volume to evaluate the hardened properties of brick samples. In this stage, especially, unground rice husk ash (URHA) was used as a partial replacement of natural sand in the mixtures and forming pressure was applied to form the solid bricks in the steel mold. From the test results of geopolymer paste specimens, the optimum conditions were found to be that the L/S ratio was 0.37, NaOH concentration was 10M, RHA amount was 40% weight of binder and compressive strength was increased corresponding to the increase in Na2SiO3 dosage from 10% to 25%. By following these conditions for the bricks production stage, the compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption of the bricks without URHA added were respectively in range of 29.31 – 31.46 MPa, 5.19 – 6.91 MPa and 8.83 – 10.11% and the other properties of the bricks were well conformed to Vietnamese Standard (TCVN 1541:1998). It was found that the addition of URHA in the mixture caused the decrease in mechanical strength as well as in other properties of the bricks. In summary, the test results clearly indicated that all brick samples had very good mechanical properties and durable performance that were much better than the requirements of TCVN 1451:1998. It was definitively proved many possible applications of FA and RHA in the production of eco-friendly construction bricks.

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
106
This study provides analysis for optimal moisture content and blending ratio of inorganic sludge generated from silica sand washing and screening when used as a material for brick making in the reuse of such inorganic sludge with the technique of resource recovery through sintering. Inorganic sludge generated from silica sand washing and screening is classified as general industrial waste because its toxicity does not exceed allowable limits in both TCLP and heavy metal testing. For this study, a test program was run in an existing brick factory without affecting its other existing production lines and it was also considered whether mass production was viable based on the test results. To reduce the frequency of parameter adjustment for normal brick production equipment, relevant operating parameters, such as pressure for press forming, operating time, sintering time and temperature, all followed the normal operating mode in the factory. First, particle diameter and composition analyses were performed for inorganic sludge. Then, inorganic sludge and brick clay were mixed together in different moisture contents and blending ratios. After the raw material mixture had gone through steps including crushing, grinding, mulling, press forming and drying, the generated blocks went into the kiln for sintering. The produced bricks then underwent testing that included analysis of moisture absorption and compressive strength in accordance with Chinese National Standards CNS 382 R2002. Test results show that inorganic sludge is similar to brick clay according to both particle diameter and composition analyses, indicating that it can be used as a substitute for brick clay in brick making. For moisture absorption of the final products, they can all meet the product specification when the blending ratio of inorganic sludge is 50% and if its moisture content is below 30%. However, when moisture content of inorganic sludge is higher and if its blending ratio is also higher, moisture absorption of the final products also increases and even fails to meet the product specification. For compressive strength, although measured values with various mix proportions do not exhibit linear relationships, the bricks produced from the firing process can still all meet the product specification, indicating that qualified products can be generated as long as it is required that incoming inorganic sludge has moisture content below 30%. In addition, the heavy metal contents of the final products are all found not exceeding allowable limits, indicating that the final products will pose no risk of environmental pollution during their use. With the aim of turning waste into resources, if waste can be converted into resources for reuse, this can provide benefits, including reduced consumption of natural resources, an additional way to remove chemicals from factory waste, and increased productivity, for advancement towards the goal of zero waste disposal and consequent economic and environmental sustainability.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
文化資產維護系碩士班
101
In 2003 Kaohsiung City government officially announced (Taiwan Samejima Tile Kiln Company, Takou Factory) Former Tangrong Brick Kiln became the City Heritage. In 2005 has now listed the brick kiln as a national historical interest, it is a first designated as industrial heritage in Kaohsiung city. In this study we are going to discuss in different aspects. In the past, Tangrong Brick Kiln played a important role in Kaohsiung city economic development moreover it is impact on Kaohsiung city culture development. Today, the city in changes, what is the Tangrong Brick Kiln will play it role in the future? How we will present Kaohsiung City''s culture after? The industrial heritage researching and preserving, if we are emphasize on factory building and service parts. It is become method of research. It is not look inside the background of industrial impact on local society structure. Nowadays, the industrial heritage has energized new element in it. Nevertheless we should more focus on the history background and how is connect with the local people life. It is reason of local culture structure and developed by the industry culturalization. Furthermore, industrial heritage research not only focus on the factory constrictions and property area, this is same as a tradition dress not only shows it''s color and size, if we look at into detail of those dress''s pattern, fabric and sewing method. It will present the era of sociality structure, culture, community background. However, industry heritage research not just surf it''s hardware, we can discuss in this case to study how a city growth linked factory progress. Today, the industry heritage not only a landmark or memory, it is important matter that how we could transfer them in different feature. The study of Former Tangrong Brick Kiln, we will discuss from its factory history to factory progress then expand city development. This is the same as a graph the local culture development is integrate with local city development and all connect to each other. In this research, we will also converse how we preserve heritage when it meet up urbanization. How we define Tangrong Brick kiln''s culture value in the future.

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the legacy of industrial spaces, the effect of this legacy on the surroundings, and how these spaces then become disconnected and isolated after industrial activity is decommissioned. The research forms part of an NRF research scheme that specifically focuses on building the resilience of cities through innovation in the planning, design and construction of the built environment. The hypothesis on which the dissertation is based states that a process of reintegration of a decommissioned industrial site with the immediate surroundings would enable such a site to become a positive space of transition, and would allow for the reconciliation of society and the ecology that was exploited by the industry. It sees the decommissioning of industrial infrastructure not as a loss or abandonment of obsolete capital, but as the release of energy and potential that can be positively reconstructed. The mechanistic and reductionist world-view that contributed to an unhealthy relationship between people and their ecological surroundings is theoretically explored through the hybridization theories proposed by Bruno Latour (Latour 1993), and the regenerative methodologies put forth by members of Regenesis (Mang, Reed 2012a). The potential of obsolete industrial infrastructure to provide powerful leverage points for changing paradigms from mechanistic to ecological is discussed in the light of its history of developing from craft to large-scale production. Craft becomes an important mechanism for the integration of people with the value and purpose of their work, and also of natural materials and the cultural objects they become. The theories stated above are architecturally applied to an industrial site in Eersterust, Pretoria, which is on the verge of being decommissioned. The site is approached as a constantly evolving and living entity. It is investigated in terms of its patterns and cycles, and these are illustrated as a narrative of all the forces that have impacted on it over millions of years. The narrative provides clues as to possible programmes and site lifecycles, and enables those phenomena that will nurture the biophysical evolution of the site to be given form. The concept of potential sets arises from this investigation, and informs an architecture that aligns itself with both the ecological and cultural forces on site, and represents the hybridization of the two. Potential sets distinguish patterns of ecological, social and industrial phenomena that occur on site over different time frames. These patterns aid the understanding of the ecological purpose of the site and the alignment of the built intervention with this purpose. A building is imagined that will create solutions for public, industrial and ecological spaces, with different levels of engagement between the three. The concept of a solvent enforces the notion of hybridity and allows for new relationships between the public, industrial processes and natural cycles to develop.
Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Currently, about 90% of drugs in development stages present poor-aqueous solubility, belonging to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Classes II and IV. A leading technology to improve solubility is the production of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). ASDs are typically manufactured by spray drying (SD) and hot melt extrusion (HME), however these techniques are not suitable for “brick-dust” compounds. Coprecipitation is an adequate technology to deal with “brick-dust” compounds, since high boiling point solvents, with higher solubilization power, can be employed. This technology is not without drawbacks: the high volume and low solids’ load of the resultant suspension and the challenging drying of non-volatile organic solvents. With this work, these drawbacks are tackled through a proof-of-concept by incorporating crossflow filtration with hollow fiber membranes after coprecipitation to 1) concentrate the suspension, increasing solids’ load and 2) minimize the presence of the organic solvent, by diafiltration. Coprecipitation was carried out through two different techniques: high shear mixer and high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The suspensions were concentrated and washed in hollow fiber membranes unit and isolated through spray drying. Spray-dried ASDs were also produced to serve as benchmark against the coprecipitated prototypes. Coprecipitated prototypes and SD benchmarks were analytically characterized and the preliminary results seem to indicate a greater dissolution behavior of the HPH prototype. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the advantages of including a cross-filtration with hollow fiber membranes, a straightforward and scalable technology that allows the circumvention of typical pitfalls of the production of “brick-dust” ASDs by coprecipitation. In 60 minutes, the concentration step reduced the mass of HPH suspension to a half, and the diafiltration operations lowered the DSMO initial content in approximately 50% within 112 minutes; although this last step should be optimized by the introduction of an online conductivity measurement.

Inicialmente as empresas de bens de luxo eram essencialmente “marcas isoladas” – paraísos da alta-costura, de exclusividade diferenciada pelo preço, que tal isolamento de outras entidades era essencial para o brilho de suas marcas. Contudo, o mundo é hoje mais aberto e interconectado que nunca, e Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China (BRIC) não são exceção. O intuito desta dissertação é encontrar uma conexão neste aparente antagonismo existente entre países BRIC e Indústria dos Bens de Luxo relativamente à possibilidade do mundo contemporâneo vislumbrar bens de luxo produzidos em tais mercados emergentes. Através de uma análise realizada em empresas de bens de luxo, é possível ver que as mesmas estão a realizar um esforço para serem mais competitivas e encontrar vantagens que as diferencie. Produzir em países emergentes é uma opção válida para muitas empresas, mas poucas conseguiram materializar essa decisão em crescimento contínuo devido a fatores como o país de origem da empresa e a importância dada aos direitos humanos e códigos de conduta. Adicionalmente, a análise conduzida ao consumidor final revela que a percepção do consumidor relativamente a este tópico segue em linha com a visão fomentada pelo mundo globalizado, onde o consumidor de bens de luxo compra esses bens independentemente do local de onde é originário o produto desde que mantenha a sua qualidade, design e desempenho. Assim, desde que as empresas encontrem um método de adaptação sem submeter a sua essência, a estratégia de começar a produzir nos países BRIC, por exemplo, tem a sua margem de sucesso.
There once was a time when luxury companies were essentially “brand islands” – havens of haute couture and high-priced exclusivity whose isolation from other business entities was essential to luster of their brands. Yet, the world is now more open and interconnected than at any other stage in its history and Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC markets) are not exempt. The aim of this dissertation is to find a link on this apparent antagonism between BRIC countries and the Luxury industry regarding the possibility of the contemporary world having luxury goods produced in such emerging markets. Through luxury companies’ analysis it’s possible to see that companies are making an effort to be more competitive and find the edge that differentiates them from the others. Unquestionably that producing in emerging countries is a well seen option by many companies but only few could materialize that decision into regular growth due to several reasons such as company’s country of origin and importance given to the human rights and codes of conduct. Moreover, the analysis conducted to the final consumer shows that consumer’s perception on this subject follows the vision enhanced by a globalized world where the luxury consumer will buy luxury goods no matter where the product is made as long as it maintains its quality, design and performance. Thus, as long as companies find a way to adapt without losing their essence, the international business strategy of starting producing in the BRIC countries, for instance, has its large chance of success.