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1
Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj und Christophe Chapiseau. „Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 18 (09.09.2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Dhoska, Klodian, Saimir Tola, Agus Pramono und Indrit Vozga. „Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test“. International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018012.
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Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
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Mohajerani, Abbas, Aruna Ukwatta, Tristan Jeffrey-Bailey, Michael Swaney, Mohtashim Ahmed, Glen Rodwell, Simon Bartolo, Nicky Eshtiaghi und Sujeeva Setunge. „A Proposal for Recycling the World’s Unused Stockpiles of Treated Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) in Fired-Clay Bricks“. Buildings 9, Nr. 1 (05.01.2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010014.
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Millions of tonnes of leftover biosolids are increasingly stockpiled every year around the globe. Biosolids are a product of the wastewater sludge treatment process. Stockpiles necessitate the use of large areas of increasingly valuable land. Biosolids have many beneficial uses and are currently utilised in agricultural and land rehabilitation applications. However, it is estimated that 30% of biosolids are unused and stockpiled. A second and seemingly unrelated environmental issue is the massive excavation of virgin soil for brick production. The annual production of 1500 billion bricks globally requires over 3.13 billion cubic metres of clay soil—equivalent to over 1000 soccer fields dug 440 m deep or to a depth greater than three times the height of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper investigates and proposes a practical solution for the utilisation of the world’s excess biosolids in fired–clay bricks. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of fired–clay bricks incorporating 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% biosolids have been tested. Bricks were produced from three different biosolids samples collected at Melbourne’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP 22) and the Western Treatment Plant (WTP 10 & WTP 17–29). Compressive strength testing indicated results ranging between 35.5 MPa and 12.04 MPa for the biosolids-amended bricks. Leachate analysis was conducted on the bricks before and after firing, and the results demonstrate that between 43 and 99% of the heavy metals tested were immobilised inside the fired bricks compared to the heavy metals tested in the raw mixture. All leachate concentrations were found to be insignificant for the biosolids-incorporated bricks tested in this study. Biosolids can have significantly different chemical characteristics depending on the origin of the wastewater and the treatment procedure. Suitable leachate analysis should be undertaken on biosolids and test bricks before large-scale production is approved. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images illustrate that biosolids-amended bricks have a higher porosity than the control bricks, which corresponds to the lower thermal conductivity values recorded for biosolids-amended bricks. In addition, brick firing energy demands are estimated to decrease by up to 48.6% for bricks incorporating 25% WTP 17–29 biosolids due to the higher organic content of the mixture containing biosolids. The emissions study and comparative Life Cycle Assessment results show that the incorporation of biosolids into bricks is a positive and sustainable alternative approach with respect to all environmental impacts arising from the stockpiling of biosolids and brick manufacturing. Based on the results found in this comprehensive study, this paper proposes the inclusion of a minimum of 15% biosolids content into 15% of brick production in order to completely recycle all the approximately 5 million tonnes of annual leftover biosolids production in Australia, New Zealand, the EU, the USA and Canada. This is a practical and sustainable proposal for recycling all the leftover biosolids worldwide. Utilisation of only 15% of biosolids in brick production would reduce the carbon footprint of brick manufacturing whilst satisfying all the environmental and engineering requirements for bricks.
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Muhammad, Abdul Kadir, Muhammad Arsyad und A. M. Anzarih. „Peningkatan Produksi Pengrajin Batu Bata Melalui Perbaikan Proses Pencetakan“. INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 4, Nr. 2 (04.11.2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v4i2.152.
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The purpose of this study is to improve theproduction process of brick craftsmen. Brick production processconsists of four stages: printing, drying, burning, and cooling. Ofthe four stages, which will be completed in this research is theprocess of printing bricks. The printing process still uses simpleequipment that is a rectangular wooden beam with a size of 20cm x 10 cm x 5 cm. The printing process includes: preparation ofraw materials by hoeing the soil, making the dough by tramplingto the shape of a paste, printing using a printing tool. For thismethod, for 4 people craftsmen can print bricks as much as 2,000pieces / day (8 hours work / day). The number of bricks is idealfor once combustion of 40,000 pieces. For reach that amount ittakes 20 days. The method applied in improving the productionprocess of brick craftsmen is the application of brick machine.The operation of the brick printing machine requires 4 personswith their respective functions: 1 person to insert the soil into theprinting machine, 1 person to cut the brick bar, 1 person to movethe bricks from the printing machine, 1 person to bring thebricks to the drying place. Based on the result of the test, it isconcluded that by using the brick machine, the dough making iseasier and shorter, the production capacity increased to 6,780bricks / day, the time required for the production of 40,000 piecesof bricks is 6 days.
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Muhammad Faheem, Md Tahir, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Hussin Kamarudin, Ahmad Mohd Izzat und Alida Abdullah. „New Processing Method of Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Brick by Using Geopolymer Brick Machine“. Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (Dezember 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.406.
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With increased activity in construction, deficiency of building materials and construction waste improvements have encouraged the development of new building materials. Conventional construction bricks are usually made from clay and sand, which are mixed and molded in various method and need to be dried and burned. Geopolymer bricks making process consume less energy and low cost in term of production compared to conventional bricks. The development of geopolymer brick is an important step towards produce bricks with better performance and environmental friendly material This research focusing on the processing process of the clay-based geopolymer brick from the mixing until the curing by using a geopolymer brick making machine.
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Trzciński, Jerzy, Małgorzata Zaremba, Sławomir Rzepka, Fabian Welc und Tomasz Szczepański. „Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta“. Studia Quaternaria 33, Nr. 1 (01.06.2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2016-0005.
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Abstract The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.
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Vijayaragavan, R., und S. Mullainathan. „Production of Brick Materials from Municipal Solid Waste Ash“. Material Science Research India 8, Nr. 1 (25.06.2011): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/080121.
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A lot of research is currently being done recycling, into how to reuse the waste we produce in our daily lives. This paper presents some of the results from a continuous study of recycling municipal solid waste ash (MSW-ash) into brick materials. In present study, the mixture of municipal solid waste ash and clay are used to make standard bricks fired at 900?C & 950?C. Physical characteristics including density, firing shrinkage, compressive strength and water absorption test of brick materials are reported and discussed. The results of test indicated that the municipal solid waste ash proportion and firing temperature were the two key factors determining the quality of bricks.
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Trakoolngam, Kritika, und Sarunya Promkotra. „Mechanical Behavior of Fired-Clay Bricks from Stream Sediments under Uniaxial Compressive Loading“. Key Engineering Materials 690 (Mai 2016): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.252.
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In the northeast of Thailand, raw material for fired-clay brick is obtained from fine stream sediments in the lower Nam Phong and upper Chi River sub-watersheds. Hundreds of brickyards exist along the waterway producing rice husk ash (RHA) bricks for construction. Technical study on the production of these bricks is limited, therefore, detailed studies on mechanical and chemical properties will enhance the understanding of the production process in order for further improvement. In this study, a preliminary investigation of the brickyards and production process was conducted. Brick samples as well as raw sediment materials were collected from 6 randomly selected locations for laboratory testing on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. A total of 300 brick specimens were collected being 50 specimens from each location. The brick dimensions are roughly 5×5×15 cm with an average weight of about 680 g. X-Ray Diffractometry show that the fired brick composition is approximately 90-98% quartz, 5-7% clay minerals, and less than 1% minor minerals. Mechanical behavior of the fired-clay bricks was evaluated by compressive loading of single brick units conducted under dry and submerged (with reverse osmosis water) conditions. The compressive strength of the brick unit is found to be proportional to its density with values in the range of about 0.4-1.2 MPa. Bricks with RHA to sediment ratio of 1:3 exhibit a higher average strength that that of other ratios.
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Bozhko, J., J. Teryokhina, Kira Lapunova und Roman Yashchenko. „The Production Technology of the Ceramic Brick Soft Molding Based on Opoka-Like Rocks“. Materials Science Forum 1011 (September 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1011.79.
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The results of the scientific research and pilot tests on the production technology of soft molded ceramic bricks based on siliceous opoka-like rocks are presented. A description of soft-molded brick, which is distinguished by a huge variety of appearance and unusual design, which has earned recognition from architects and designers, is given. It is emphasized that the main limiting factor for the wide distribution of this type of brick is its high cost, due to the very small volumes of its production in Russia. It is indicated that the current situation poses a very difficult and urgent task for the wall ceramics industry - to establish the widespread production of soft-molded bricks, which in addition to the aesthetic properties will have the good operational properties. The opoka-like rocks’ characteristics and the results of studying their ceramic properties in relation to the technology of soft molding are given. The classification of the soft molded brick front surface types is presented for discussion. The main technological parameters of production, the relationship and the influence of various technological factors on the properties of the products obtained, as well as the mechanism for forming the structure of the calcined products are determined. A variable technological scheme for the production of soft molded ashlar brick has been developed. It is emphasized that the presented research results will be of interest to a wide circle of the molded ceramic bricks’ manufacturers and will help to establish the wide production of soft-molded bricks in Russia.
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Frar, Ikram, Houdaifa Bakkali, Mohammed Ammari und Laïla Ben Allal. „Integration of Port Dredged Sediments Into the Production of Fired Clay Bricks“. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, Nr. 4 (01.11.2019): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.428.
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Bricks manufactured, based on dredged sediments extracted from Tangier and Larache ports in Morocco were investigated. Chemical, physical, geotechnical, mineralogical and environmental characterizations studies of ports dredged sediments were performed. Partial substitution of natural clay by dredged sediments was achieved with different substitution rates by weight (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%) to manufacture brick samples at the laboratory scale. The compressive strength was the factor determining the optimal substitution rate of the natural clay. Compressive strength values of fired bricks with different rates of sediments incorporated show that the manufactured bricks have mechanical characteristics relatively close to natural clay until 60% substitution for Larache port dredged sediment (SL) and until 50% for Tangier port dredged sediment (ST). The results in this study confirm that dredged sediments from the ports of Tangier and Larache can be used as an alternative raw materials resource for the manufacturing of fired bricks.
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Zach, Jiri, Jitka Peterková und Martin Sedlmajer. „Utilization of Alternative Insulation Materials for Thermal Insulating Ceramics Blocks Production“. Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (Februar 2012): 1570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1570.
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There has been a substantional increase of atributes for building constructions in area of thermal protection in last decade. This was shown as increasing of requirements for materials and components intended for building of cover constructions as well. In case of shaped bricks used for perimeter walls advanced production technologies were applied. These technologies consist of decreasing thermal conductivity coefficient for brick clinker, of decreasing inner ribs thickness and in last years this concerns the technology of filling inner cavities of shaped bricks with thermal insulating materials as well. This paper describes possibilities of using alternative raw material sources (natural fibres originated in agriculture, separate textile waste, ....) as integrated insulating layers in contemporary ceramic shaped bricks with high usable qualities.
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Geremew, Anteneh, und Yibas Mamuye. „Improving the Properties of Clay Soil by Using Literate Soil for Production of Bricks“. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 12, Nr. 4 (31.12.2019): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i4.611.
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Know a day’s utilization of local accessible materials is an important stage for sustainable, economic building material on the earth surface. Within them Brick is one of the commonly used construction material around Jimma town due to the availability of clay soil. But brick produced by small micros un-skill enterprises rather than by traditional method, its quantity was small and its quality was unsatisfactory, because it can easily break and it has high water absorbing conduct. The purpose of investigation was be to improving the properties of clay soil properties by using Literate soil for in the manufacturing of bricks for masonry units. In order to achieve this researches include, non-probability sampling techniques was be used to collect samples in Jimma area, then collected of samples prepared for different laboratory test and by partially replacing literate soil by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% on a clay soil in order to get optimum property by different mix ration for different laboratories. Test results indicated that shows that the lightweight bricks could be made from this study without any deterioration in the quality of bricks. Additionally, the compressive strength of the blocks optimum at 15% lateritic soil replace in clay soil contents. The optimum firing temperature furnace at a duration burning of brick was at 1000°C. It’s shown that bricks prepared of clay-laterite earth capable for high resisting capacity rather than for beauty. Key words: Literate soil, Brick, Clay soil, Compressive strength, Water absorption, sustainable, Density, Construction material.
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Reis, Cazacliu, Cothenet und Torrenti. „Valorization of Inert Part of Construction and Demolition Wastes for the Production of Fired Bricks“. Proceedings 34, Nr. 1 (18.11.2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019034008.
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Green routes to prepare or manufacture sustainable building materials have been attracting a lot of attention over the years targeting sustainability issues. In this investigation, for the first time, sludge from the inert mineral part of the construction and demolition waste (RA-S) is used as main raw material in the fabrication of fired bricks for building purposes. Fired bricks fabricated with different dosages of RA-S and earth material (i.e., 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% by weight) were prepared and evaluated in terms of their properties. The RA-S was characterized and the results showed that it can be classified as a clayey material and richly graded silty sand whereas brick soil can be classified as clayey sand according to the French Standards. XRD analysis revealed that the addition of the RA-S into raw earth material did not cause big changes in the final mineralogical properties of the fired bricks. The compressive strength (CS) test results indicated that the strength of the brick samples (fired at 800°C) increased with the addition of the RA-S from 30% to 70%. The CS of bricks fired at 800°C were 10.2 MPa, 13.2 MPa, and 16.7 MPa after incorporating 30%, 50% and 70% RA-S, respectively. The density of the fired brick slightly reduced with the RA-S addition. The highest strength was attained at the firing temperature of 800°C in relation to the firing temperature of 1000°C. The RA sludge can be used in combination with earth material to fabricate fired bricks, which can meet the requirements of many Standards all over the world. In the light of these results, it is possible to say that the RA-S generated from recycling inert mineral part of construction and demolition waste plant is a promising material to prepare efficient fired bricks that can be successfully employed in the real construction sector.
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Insusanty, Enny, Emy Sadjati und Ambar Tri Ratnaningsih. „ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN KAYU BAKAR UNTUK PEMBAKARAN BATU BATA DI KECAMATAN RUMBAI, KOTA PEKANBARU“. Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan 13, Nr. 2 (16.07.2018): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/forestra.v13i2.1565.
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This study aims to find out the needs of wood for brick making in Kecamatan Rumbai and to analyze the revenue and the contribution of the cost of wood fuel for brick making. The method used in this study is the survey method in the form of interviews to brick making business owners and field observation and calculate the needs of firewood and brick production. The average brick production of each factory is 65,000 bricks per 2 months with the amount of firewood required 20.5 m3 so for the year it takes 123 m3. For all existing factories in Muara Fajar village with the number of 80 factories is required bricks as much as 9,840 m3 per year. Components of fuel wood as fuel reached 34.9% of production costs with total cost of production (2 months) is Rp 11,448,750 and the profit earned by craftsmen is Rp 1,518,750.
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Helisia Margahana. „Upaya Peningkatan Penjualan Produk Batu Bata di Desa Kuto Sari Kecamatan Belitang III Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur“. Dinamisia : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, Nr. 3 (17.09.2020): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/dinamisia.v4i3.4245.
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Efforts to increase sales is a way that can be done to increase production which will be accompanied by increased revenue, increased profits or profits. There are many ways you can do to increase sales including disseminating information through promotions, price discounts, improving product quality, collaborating with other parties. Kutosari Village is one of the villages in the East OKU Regency, Belitang III District. One of the residents' livelihoods is as a brick maker. In addition to raw materials that are easily obtained, brick making has become the expertise of most residents, because the production of these bricks has been carried out for generations. So far, the marketing of bricks in the village of Kuto Sari is done by sellers who only place their products in front of their homes, waiting for consumers to come to the brick production site themselves. Therefore, the marketing of bricks must be increased in a more vigorous way through promotion through social media, online, coming to building shops to collaborate and many other things in order to increase sales of brick products to be achieved in the village of Kuto Sari.
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Maximino C. Ongpeng, Jason, Edward Inciong, Vince Sendo, Crizia Soliman und Adrian Siggaoat. „Using Waste in Producing Bio-Composite Mycelium Bricks“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 15 (31.07.2020): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155303.
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One of the major causes of an increase in the consumption of resources is the progress of the construction industry. Although it leads to new technologies, it heavily contributes to global warming. In this study, the use of sustainable construction materials from waste in brick production with mycelium as a binder is investigated. The ability of mycelium, the root fibers of fungi, obtained from microorganisms is used as stabilizing and binding material on bricks. Forty-eight brick specimens from six design mixes were produced with a size of 200 mm length × 90 mm width × 60 mm height. The mechanical tests conducted were compressive and flexural strength. The changes in weight were recorded against its age to monitor the progress of mycelium growth inside the brick specimens. From the test, bricks made from sawdust and rice bran with mycelium had an increase of 31.0% to 38.5% in average compressive strength compared to the non-mycelium bricks, respectively. Furthermore, the bricks with mycelium experienced an increase in both flexural strength and midpoint displacement for all types of bricks (rice bran, sawdust, and clay). These mycelium-induced bricks can reduce the use and consumption of traditional construction materials with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Phonphuak, Nonthaphong. „Application of Dry Grass for Clay Brick Manufacturing“. Key Engineering Materials 757 (Oktober 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.35.
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In this paper, effects of incorporation of dry grass on the properties of clay bricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w) of dry grass were tested. The clay brick specimens were fired at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C to study for bulk density, apparent porosity water absorption and compressive strength of brick samples were investigated. Results revealed that the bulk density of clay bricks were reduced when dry grass dosages increased. Results also shown that the increasing in bulk density were obtained when the firing temperature increased. The compressive strength of clay bricks was decreased when dry grass dosages increased. The addition of 2.5 % (w/w) dry grass fired at 1100 °C showed the optimal condition which indicated 11.6 MPa of compressive strength and 1.78 g/cm3 of bulk density. However, results indicated that a decrease in water absorption and apparent porosity were found when the firing temperature increased. Test results also revealed that the addition of dry grass for clay brick production lead to utilize a potential material as the additive to raw clay-bricks in the manufacturing of lightweight clay bricks.
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Medika, Yovanda Putra, Elhusna Elhusna und Ade Sri Wahyuni. „PENGARUH PROSES PENGADUKAN TANAH LIAT TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BATA MERAH“. Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, Nr. 2 (29.01.2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.10.2.29-34.
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One of the conventional brick production processes is the clay stirring process, which the red brick clay mortar mix is, done by stepping on it. This research is aimed to know the duration of stepping on the process of the clay mortar mixing to the red brick properties. The method of this research is experimental. The brick making process is done in the way that the factory does. The variation of stepping on brick dough is about 20, 25, 30, 32, 35 and 40 minutes where 32minutes is factory time. The objects of the test created on this research is 15 for normal bricks and 90 for variation bricks. The testing of the compressive strength of the brick refers to SNI 03-416-1996 and uses the Compression Machine Hand Operated with capacity 250 kN. The biggest of of the compressive strength of the brick is on stepping on brick dough in 40 minutes with 1,09 MPa. This research shows that the length of the stirring process determines the strength of the produced bricks; simply put, the longer the stirring process gets, the stronger bricks become.
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Nor Asikin, Adi Fathi, Norhafezah Kasmuri und Mohd Fozi Ali. „Production of Bricks from Sludge of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)“. Key Engineering Materials 879 (März 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.3.
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Malaysia has been recognized in recent decades as one of the world's leading palm oil producers and exporters. The number of palm oil mills multiplies each year, increasing the capacity of fresh fruit bunch waste or effluent discharged. Countless numbers of research and development, as well as implementation, have been dedicated to advancing the pollution control technologies. Most of the research is to treat and manage liquid and solid waste generated from palm oil mills. The main reason for such tremendous efforts is that the waste coming from palm oil mills has been declared as one of the pollution sources in the world. Thus, the purpose of this study was to utilize treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge from the electrocoagulation process to produce bricks. Here, three different dilution rates, which was 60%, 90% and 100% of POME concentration have been analyzed in the electrocoagulation process, respectively. After the electrocoagulation process, the characteristics of POME effluents were evaluated, and the treated POME sludge was collected. Instead of being discarded after the treatment, the treated waste sludge from the electrocoagulation process was used to make bricks. Three different bricks labelled (A, B and C) from treated POME sludge from the electrocoagulation process (60%, 90% and 100%) were fabricated. These bricks have been analyzed based on the JKR Standard Specifications for Building Works. Data obtained showed that the compressive strength for the bricks (A, B and C) after seven days were 6.076, 8.233, and 6.344 N/mm2. Meanwhile, the bulk density of the bricks (A, B and C) were 2247.92, 2233.95, and 2094.33 kg/m3. The results showed that the compressive strength for these brick samples had met the JKR Standard Specification for Building Works of 5.2 N/mm2. It can be deduced that the bricks from treated POME can be a greener product compared to the traditional bricks. Moreover, the concept of a circular economy is adapted in this study to eliminate waste for a long-term sustainable environment.
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PANCHENKO, Yu F., D. A. PANCHENKO, A. P. NIZOVSKIKH und E. N. KHAFIZOVA. „Effect of Long-Term Storage of Silicate Brick in Water on its Strength“. Stroitel'nye Materialy 786, Nr. 11 (2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-786-11-24-29.
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The article is devoted to the study of long-term storage of silicate brick in stationary water conditions on its strength and phase composition. The relevance of these studies is due to the fact that there are a lot of opinions that silicate materials have low water resistance which significantly limits their application range and reduces their popularity among builders. It has been found that after nine years storage in water and followed drying the silicate brick’s strength is practically equal to the initial strength. The data on the phase composition of newgrowths in silicate brick newly made in different production periods and the phase composition of silicate hydrates of bricks water conditioned are presented in the article. Comparison of the X-ray and differential thermal analyzes results of silicate bricks samples after 9 years of water conditioning and samples of newly made silicate bricks showed that highly basic calcium silicate hydrates predominate in a newly made sample, and in a 9-year-old sample silicate hydrates are mainly represented by tobermorite, while the total content of the СSH phase is the same. The content of calcium hydroxide in a newly made sample is higher but this may be due to the completeness of Ca(OH)2 binding in a particular sample but not to its leaching. The fact that leaching of Ca(OH)2 from silicate brick in still water does not occur also can be proved because the water of brick samples storage does not turn pink when phenolphthalein is added. These results allow us to conclude that long-term storage of silicate products in still water does not have any effect on the deterioration of silicate bricks.
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Cotes-Palomino, M. T., Carmen Martínez-García, Dolores Eliche-Quesada und Luis Pérez-Villarejo. „Production of Ceramic Material Using Wastes from Brewing Industry“. Key Engineering Materials 663 (September 2015): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.663.94.
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The industrial activities are responsible for the production of large amounts of solid wastes, which, so far, have found scarce reuse alternative. Clay-based materials show a natural forgiveness towards the incorporation of a wide variety of wastes. This study reported the changes in technological properties of clay-based mixture normally used in the production of bricks, due to the additions of a spent diatomite earth (SDE) discarded by the beer filtration process in the brewing industry. Samples containing 0-10 wt % SDE were extruded and sintered in air in an electric furnace (950 °C, for 3 h). SDE thanks to their organic substances content, during their combustion, act as pore forming agent and providing an energy support in the brick firing process. Also, the waste, because of its high silica content can act as a silica carrier. The results obtained showed that SDE, added in a percentage of 3 wt % to a brick formulation, had better influence with respect to control bricks containing only clay, improves the mechanical properties (compressive strength around 45 MPa) with a bulk density reduction of about of 2%. However, the incorporation of waste in percentage of 7 and 10 wt % had a negative effect due to increased porosity fundamentally open pores generated in the clay body by the combustion of SDE waste, leading to water suction, water absorption and compressive strength values that do not fall within the range specified by bricks UNE standards. Therefore, SDE can thus advantageously used in lower amounts (3 wt %) as silica carrier and in lower proportion as pore agent in clay bricks, with the potential to reduce fuel and natural ceramic raw material consumption, as well as, landfill costs.
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Sirikingkaew, Siriporn, und Nuta Supakata. „UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH AND CONCRETE RESIDUE IN THE PRODUCTION OF GEOPOLYMER BRICKS“. Journal of Green Building 12, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1552-6100.12.1.63.
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This study presents the development of geopolymer bricks synthetized from industrial waste, including fly ash mixed with concrete residue containing aluminosilicate compound. The above two ingredients are mixed according to five ratios: 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20. The mixture's physico-mechanical properties, in terms of water absorption and the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks, are investigated according to the TIS 168-2546 standard. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses are used to investigate the microstructure and the elemental and phase composition of the brick specimens. The results indicate that the combination of fly ash and concrete residue represents a suitable approach to brick production, as required by the TIS 168–2546 standard.
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Vamsi Krishna, B., und E. Rakesh Reddy. „Applications of green materials for the preparation of eco-friendly bricks and pavers“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.29 (24.08.2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18465.
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The most basic and primary building material for construction of houses is the conventional brick. The rapid growth in today’s construction industry has obliged the civil engineers in searching for more efficient and durable alternatives far beyond the limitations of the conventional brick production [1-2]. A number of studies have been made and serious steps have been taken in manufacturing of bricks from several waste materials. However, the traditional mean of bricks production which has brought hazardous impacts to the context has not yet been changed or replaced by more efficient and sustainable one [3], [4]. Most of the researches went through enhancing the clay brick quality and properties by mixing the clay with various recycled wastes as foundry sand, granite sawing waste, harbour sediments, perlite, sugarcane, baggase ash, clay waste and fine waste of boron, sewage sludge, waste glass from structural wall and other different wastes. Compile this state of the art work of manufacturing bricks in the past and the current trend in the bricks industry with respect to the raw materials, ways of manufacturing and the out- comings.This project presents an experimental study on the utilization of waste materials which replaces clay with (Plastic covers, Ceramic Powder, Egg Shell Powder, GGBS, Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash and Lime Powder) and Fine Aggregate with (Recycled glass, Dry Grass, Dead Leaves, Tree barks powder, Sugar cane powder, crumbed rubber) to produce eco-friendly Bricks. This project is an attempt to fill the gap of the past studies and suggest more sustainable and sophisticated methods of brick manufacturing in the future. 40 percent replacement of fine aggregate with crumbled rubber and dry grass in mortar bricks have given encouraging results, also the replacement of cement by egg shell powder at 20% has given a considerable result
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Jordao, E. P., und A. R. de Oliveira. „Incorporation of Oil Base Mud Cuttings from Drilling Wells within the Manufacture of Clay Bricks“. Water Science and Technology 25, Nr. 3 (01.02.1992): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0107.
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The incorporation of oil base mud cutting from drilling operations within the manufacture of clay bricks, is considered as one alternative for reuse and final disposal of the OBMC. To evaluate such alternative, on site OBMC amended bricks were produced (15000 bricks at Plant “A”, in Rio Bonito, RJ, and 4000 bricks at Plant “B”, in Jundiai, SP). Plant “A” produces 100000 bricks per day, and Plant “B” 40000; in both plants the cuttings were added in controlled amounts to the normal clay used in the manufacture process. The on-site experiments included the production of conventional bricks, 2.5% and 5% amended bricks. The laboratory tests included:–properties, leachate, and solubilization tests of the cuttings;–leachate and solubilization tests of the normal and OBMC bricks;–compression strength of the normal and OBMC bricks. The paper describes the process employed in the brick manufacture and the laboratory experiments. It also presents the properties of the OBMC bricks, and the benefits to both the manufacturer and to environmental control programs.
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Abdrakhimov, V. Z., und E. S. Abdrakhimova. „Using Oil Sludge in the Production of Lightweight Bricks“. Oil and Gas Technologies 135, Nr. 4 (2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2021-135-4-40-45.
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Efficient utilization of multi-tonnage oil sludge is one of the most pressing environmental problems. Since natural raw materials are currently depleted, it is necessary to involve oil sludge in the production turnover for the production of lightweight bricks. At the same time, the costs of geological exploration, construction and operation of quarries are excluded, and significant land plots are exempt from the impact of negative anthropogenic factors. Waste from oil production with an increased content of calorific value is advisable to use not only as a thinning agent, but also as burn-out additives for the production of thermal insulation materials, which include lightweight bricks. A lightweight brick, which belongs to class B with high physical and mechanical properties, was obtained.
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Diah Willis L, Thomas Priyasmanu, Wahyu Panji A, D. H. Praswanto und E. Y. Setyawan. „The Development Of Society Businesses In Concrete Blocks Production With A Single Vibration System In The Pare Sub-District Kediri Regency“. JASTEN (Jurnal Aplikasi Sains Teknologi Nasional) 1, Nr. 1 (26.10.2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/jasten.v1i1.3088.
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Development in the current development sector has grown rapidly, in this development we can see a good potential to be developed, namely the development of bricks with good quality compared to using red bricks which production takes a long time. Batako is an alternative that can be used in the construction of a building, because currently the price of red brick is quite high because the production cost is quite expensive. Besides, the price of firewood used for cooking red brick is getting difficult. Meanwhile, the demand for brick gradually increased because brick was one of the main components in building construction. So it needs to be developed in making brick blocks because the time is relatively short in the drying process. Therefore the community service team made a brick making machine with a vibration system for compaction and a faster production process in brick making using a machine that has been made, so that it can increase partner income, who previously produced 120 pieces with a manual system using a machine that could produce 500 pieces of brick per day.
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Khalil, Wasan I., Qias J. Frayyeh und Mahmood F. Ahmed. „Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Concrete Pavement Bricks“. Engineering and Technology Journal 38, Nr. 11A (25.11.2020): 1706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i11a.1699.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility to recycled and reused of waste clay brick and waste plastic as constituents in the production of green Geopolymer concrete paving bricks. Powder of clay brick waste (WBP) was used as a partial replacement of Metakaolin (MK) in Geopolymer binder. Moreover, recycled clay brick waste aggregate (BA) and plastic waste aggregate (PL) were incorporated as coarse aggregate in mixtures of Metakaolin based Geopolymer concrete (MK-GPC) pavement bricks. Six types of mixtures were prepared and cast as pavement bricks with dimensions of 150×150×100 mm. All samples have been tested for compressive strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance at age of 28 days; and compared the results with the requirements of Iraqi specification No.1606-2006. The MK-GPC pavement bricks present a compressive strength of 31-47MPa, water absorption of 3.66% to5.32% and abrasion resistance with groove length between 21.78mm to 18.91 mm. These types of pavement bricks are classified as a medium to light capacity for weight loading, and it is possible to be used in wide range of paving applications, especially in aggressive wearing environment.
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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, Nurmin Bt. Bolong, Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Bt. Asman, Hidayati Bte Asrah und Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah. „Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review“. Materials Science Forum 997 (Juni 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.
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Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.
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Baiden, Bernard K., Kofi Agyekum und Joseph K. Ofori-Kuragu. „Perceptions on Barriers to the Use of Burnt Clay Bricks for Housing Construction“. Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (21.07.2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/502961.
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Burnt clay bricks can be readily manufactured in Ghana as all ten regions have significant clay deposits with the Ashanti region having the highest estimated deposit of 37.1 million metric tonnes. In recent times, burnt clay bricks have been regarded as old fashioned and replaced by other perceived modern walling units within Kumasi, the metropolitan capital of Ashanti Region, despite its availability, unique advantages (aesthetics, low maintenance cost, etc.), and structural and nonstructural properties. This study involved a questionnaire survey of 85 respondents made up of architects, brick manufacturing firms, and brick house owners or occupants in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana and sought to examine their perceptions on barriers to the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction. The findings revealed that the key factors inhibiting the use of burnt clay bricks for housing construction are low material demand, excessive cost implications, inappropriate use in construction, noncompatibility of burnt clay bricks with other materials, unreliable production, and transportation problems. The findings however provide a platform for stakeholders to address the barriers to enable the extensive use of clay bricks in housing constructions.
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Zalmadani, Hendro, Julius Santony und Yuhandri Yunus. „Prediksi Optimal dalam Produksi Bata Merah Menggunakan Metode Monte Carlo“. Jurnal Informatika Ekonomi Bisnis 2, Nr. 1 (31.03.2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37034/infeb.v2i1.11.
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The availability of red bricks on the market is a problem that must be addressed. Because the availability of red brick affects sales revenue. The purpose of this research in the Small and Medium Micro Business of the Red Brick City of Pariaman is to predict the production of red bricks to find out income and find out the next production. So this research can make it easier for business owners to find out how much it will cost for the next production cost. The data used in this study are production data from 2017 to 2019 which are processed using the Monte Carlo method. Based on the results of production prediction testing that has been done, it is found that the average accuracy is 90%. With the results of a high degree of accuracy, the application of the monte carlo method is considered to be able to predict production annually. Making it easier for business owners to determine the costs incurred in the next production process.
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Geremew, Anteneh, und Yibas Mamuye. „Improving the Properties of Clay Soil by Using Laterite Soil for Production of Bricks“. Civil and Environmental Engineering 15, Nr. 2 (01.12.2019): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2019-0017.
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AbstractNowadays, the utilization of locally accessible materials is a crucial stage for sustainable, economical building material on the earth’s surface. Within them, brick is one of the commonly used construction materials around Jimma town due to the availability of clayed soil. Nevertheless, brick produced by small micros unskilled enterprises rather than by traditional methods, its quantity was small, and its quality was unsatisfactory because it can easily break, and it has high water-absorbing conduct. The purpose of the investigation was to improve the properties of clayed soil properties by using laterite soil for the manufacturing of bricks for masonry units. In order to achieve this, research used non-probability sampling techniques to collect samples in Jimma area. Then, the collected samples prepared for different laboratory tests and by partially replacing literate soil by 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % on a clayed soil in order to get optimum property by different mix ratio for different laboratory tests results indicated showed that the lightweight bricks could be made from the approach of this study without any deterioration in the quality of bricks.Additionally, the compressive strength of the blocks optimum at 15 % lateritic soil replaces in clayed soil contents. The optimum firing temperature furnace at a duration burning of brick was at 1000 °C for 5hrs. It has shown that bricks prepared of clay-laterite earth capable of high resisting capacity rather than for beauty.
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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta und Rakesh Yadav. „Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste“. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, Nr. 3 (22.11.2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.
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KARSLIOĞLU, Asena. „Insulation Properties of Bricks with Waste Rubber and Plastic: A Review“. JANSET Vol 1 Issue 1 January 2021 1, Nr. 1 (07.02.2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/janset.2021.001.004.
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Traditional bricks are made of clay or cement. However, it has environmental deficiencies as causing high energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. In addition, excessive and senseless use of non-renewable natural resources around the world causes social, economic and environmental damages. For these reasons, researchers have used several waste materials in brick production to contribute to sustainable development by optimizing environment-material-economy. In this study, the latest papers in the literature on the use of waste rubber (WR) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in brick production are presented. In particular, its thermal and sound insulation properties are examined. The literature review reveals the potential of the raw materials to be replaced by WR and PET when the manufactured bricks meet the standards.
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Wan Ibrahim, Wan Mastura, Kamarudin Hussin, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Aeslina Abdul Kadir und Mohammed Binhussain. „A Review of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Lightweight Bricks“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.452.
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This paper offers a review on production of fly ash-based geopolymer bricks.Bricks are the world’s most versatile, durable and reliable construction material.Conventional bricks are produced from clay with high temperature kiln firing or from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete,and thus contain high embodied energy and have large carbon footprint. In many areas of the world,there is already a shortage of natural source material for production of the conventional bricks. For environmentalprotection and sustainable development, extensive research has been conducted on productionof bricks from waste materials.Fly ash is a waste material of coal firing thermal plants and its accumulation near power plants causes severe pollution problems. Therefore, its utilization as a raw material for brick making will be a very beneficial solution in terms of economic and environmental aspects.
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Zaremba, Małgorzata, Jerzy Trzciński und Fabian Welc. „Holocene Lake Sediments as a Source of Building Material in Ancient Egypt; Archeometric Evidence from Wadi Tumilat (Nile Delta)“. Studia Quaternaria 34, Nr. 2 (01.12.2017): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2017-0009.
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Abstract The Tell el-Retaba archaeological site is located in the middle part of Wadi Tumilat, which extends along the north-eastern margin of the Nile Delta. It contains fragments of fortified and domestic objects of the ancient fortress and other constructions built of mud bricks. The establishment and functioning of the fortress is dated at the times of the reign of two great pharaohs, Ramesses II and Ramesses III (13th and 12th centuries BC). The grain size composition of the sediments used for mud brick production had significant influence on their physical and mechanical properties, which was used by the ancient Egyptians for the improvement of bricks. The finest fractions, clay and silt, which generally comprise clay minerals and organic matter played a significant role. These components significantly influenced the mud brick properties and resulted in a structural cohesion of the material. The second important component of mud bricks were coarse fractions – sand and gravel. The source of material used for brick production were the natural sediments located in the vicinity of the fortress, i.e. the Holocene lake clay and the Pleistocene gravel and sand of the gezira formation, deposited by a braided river. Clay sediments have a variable lithology as can be deduced from grain size composition of mud bricks and their properties. This variability was caused by a variable regime of the Nile, which supplied material to the lake basin. Geological studies were used to recognize ancient environment and morphology of the area, and to find clay, sand and gravel open-pits that existed in the area. The fortress site was selected optimally in relation to the landscape morphology and close vicinity of the source of basic material and water used for mud brick production. The area around the fortress was substantially transformed by humans due to settlement.
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Çağlar, Hakan, und Arzu Çağlar. „RESEARCH OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BLENDED BRICKS WİTH FLY ASH BASED, BLAST FURNACE SLAG ADDITION“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, Nr. 1 (31.01.2019): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i1.2019.1041.
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In this study, it is aimed to make improvements on blended brick (1) which is the first building material has a history of at least 10,000 years. To the blended brick which is a traditional material was kept constant at 5% the addition of fly ash which is industrial waste. It was aim of determine of the effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the blended brick using different ratios (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) blast furnace slag. In the first stage, the production of fly ash-based blast furnace slag doped sample of blended brick was performed. In the second stage, a variety of experiments were applied to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the blended brick sample. As a result; It has been determined that unit volume weight and compressive strength decreases with the use of industrial wastes in blended brick production. They have occured an increase in porosity and capillary water absorption values. The use of industrial wastes in the production of blended bricks will contribute both improve the properties of the bricks and the reduction of wastes left to the environment.
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Sopajarn, Arrisa, und Panumas Suybangdum. „Oil Palm Frond as an Alternative Material to Reinforce the Fiber Brick“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.852.
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Oil palm frond was utilized as a fiber biomass material for investigating the strength of the fiber bricks. This research aimed to enhance the potential of oil palm frond utilization to produce bio-fiber brick. It was developed as a composite material to be a choice for industrial construction, decorative interior, or others relevant. Plaster of Paris was identified as a binder of oil palm frond bricks. The oil palm frond, mixed with the plaster of Paris, was tested with three variable ratios of 0.5:0.5, 0.4:0.6, and 0.3:0.7 for brick production. In the performed tests and examinations, the characteristic properties of oil palm frond size, density, and compressive strength were analyzed. The results showed that the oil palm frond can be used to reinforce the fiber brick. It can increased the quality of plaster of Paris bricks of light weight, high modulus, high specific strength, and high fracture toughness depending on OPF size, raw material ratios, and binding.
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Hwang, Chao Lung, und Trong Phuoc Huynh. „Properties of Unfired Building Bricks Prepared from Fly Ash and Residual Rice Husk Ash“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.468.
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This work investigates the possibility of using fly ash (FA) and Vietnam residual rice husk ash (RHA) in producing unfired building bricks with applying densified mixture design algorithm (DMDA) method. In this research, little amount of cement was added into the mixtures as binder substitution. Unground rice husk ash (URHA), an agricultural by-product, was used as partial fine aggregate replacement (10% and 30%) in the mixtures. The solid bricks of 220×105×60 mm in size were prepared in this study. The hardened properties of the bricks were investigated including compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption according to corresponding Vietnamese standards. Forming pressure of 35 MPa was applied to form the solid bricks in the mold. The test results show that all brick specimens obtained good mechanical properties, which were well conformed to Vietnamese standard. Compressive strength and flexural strength of the bricks were respectively in range of 13.81–22.06 MPa and 2.25–3.47 MPa. It was definitely proved many potential applications of FA and RHA in the production of unfired building bricks.
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Al-Fakih, Amin, Bashar S. Mohammed, M. S. Liew, M. W. A. Wahab und Sani Haruna. „Utilizing of Crumb Rubber Derived Recycled Scrap Tires in Masonry Application: A Review“. Materials Science Forum 1030 (Mai 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1030.73.
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The Disposal of Scrap Tires has Resulted in Major Environmental Problems Worldwide. Therefore, Utilizing Scrap Tires as Crumb Rubber is being Used in Brick Production to Improve the Properties of the Bricks as well as to Provide Feasible Waste Management of Scrap Tires. this Study Presents the Literature Research on Utilizing Crumb Rubber in Bricks Manufacturing. the Review Summarized the Manufacturing Process of Producing Crumb Rubber and then Documented the Application of Crumb Rubber in Masonry. the Results Show that the Compressive Strength of Masonry Bricks Decreases with the Increased Percentage Substitution of Crumb Rubber as a Replacement of Fine Aggregate while the Water Absorption Increased. Moreover, the Addition of Crumb Rubber in Masonry Applications Reduce the Density which Produce Lightweight Masonry Products. Generally, the Findings Confirmed that the Masonry Bricks Incorporated Crumb Rubber Exhibit Good Physical and Mechanical Properties. the Usage of Crumb Rubber in Bricks Making Helps to Solve Problems Associated with Scrap Tire Management all over the World.
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Akerele, Adebimpe Omorinsola, Irewolede Aina Ijaola und Olatunbosun Hezekiel Omolayo. „Effects of Synthetic Foam on the Properties of Stabilized Lateritic Bricks“. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2021-0007.
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AbstractManaging the production costs of construction projects is crucial especially in the aspect of material management. The use of lightweight materials reduces the dead load in structures, thus the reduction in the use of reinforcement and concrete in the foundation. To this end, this study examined the effect of synthetic foam on the properties of stabilized lateritic brick with a view to producing lightweight stabilized laterite brick for use on weak soils with low bearing capacity. Laboratory tests were conducted on the bricks produced to determine the density, compressive strength, and water absorption properties at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Preformed foam using synthetic foaming agent was used at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% to replace the water in the experiment. One hundred twenty samples of stabilized foamed lateritic bricks were produced at a mixed ratio of 1:4 (cement: laterite) using a 0.6 water/cement ratio. The result showed that the bricks at all percentages of foam content meet up with the minimum requirement of compressive strength of 1.6N/mm2, 2.0N/mm2 and 3.5N/mm2 recommended by the Nigerian Building code, Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, and the third class brick of the BS 3921:1985 respectively. The water absorption is within the limits of bricks specified in standards as 15%. The highest compressive strength was recorded at 25% foam inclusion (4.839N/mm2) on 28th day hence concluding that foaming agent stabilizes the characteristics strength of laterite bricks and also reduces its density.
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Ean, L. W., M. A. Malek, Bashar S. Mohammed, Chao-Wei Tang und P. X. H. Bong. „A Review on Characterization of Sediments for Green Bricks Production“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.35 (30.11.2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22319.
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Accumulation of dredged sediment has raised environmental concern in various countries. Recycling of sediment into bricks is a viable solution to the environmental pollution. Concerning to the utilization of sediment in bricks, this study reviews the needs of characterization on sediment and methods of producing sediment bricks. Particle size distribution was found to be the key criteria for characterization of sediment. Sizes of particles determined the function of the sediments in the bricks. In spite of that, leachability of heavy metals is another important aspect for contaminated sediment. Cementing bricks used cementing materials as the stabilization agent to the heavy metals. It is necessary to conduct leaching test for the end-product of the sediment to ensure the heavy metals leached are within the regulatory limits. In conclusion, method of producing sediment bricks may vary due to the various characteristics of sediment for a promising environmental friendly production.
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Ismail, Sallehan, Zafirol Abdullah Halim Anas und Yaacob Zaiton. „Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Brick Produced Using Recycled Fine Aggregate“. Key Engineering Materials 706 (August 2016): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.706.112.
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Continuous reduction of construction mineral resources, such as sand and cement, which influence the increase in cost of raw materials, has stimulated initiatives to look for alternative sustainable materials. This research aims to determine the potential and feasibility use of recycled fine aggregate (RFA) generated from demolition waste rubble wall as aggregate to replace natural sand in the production of cement and sand bricks. The brick specimens are prepared by using 100% natural sand, which is then replaced by RFA at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight of natural sand. Research parameters, such as dimension, compressive and flexural strength, density, and water absorption, are adopted to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the brick specimens. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the bricks composed using different RFA proportions are studied. Experimental results clearly indicate that manufacturing cement and sand brick by incorporating RFA is possible, and the effect inclusion of RFA at certain proportions causes a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of bricks. However, to obtain better mechanical strength results, RFA dosages to replace sand should reach up to 50%.
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Hussain, Zahid, und Shamshad Ali. „Comparative Study on Breaking Strength of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Novel Based Completely Randomized Design (CRD)“. Civil Engineering Journal 5, Nr. 5 (21.05.2019): 1162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091320.
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The aim of this study is to present the results of breaking strength tests for burnt clay bricks from various historical deposits. The native clay bricks production technique is the known method of brick making, particularly in South Asian countries. Numerous studies have been conducted on hand-molded formed bricks. The clay bricks that were considered for the comparative study, were made from four different clays sources. Their breaking strength was determined using for examining the maximum load at failure and the effects were investigated subsequently. The basic objective of this experimental study was to compare the breaking strength of locally fired clay bricks using a novel based completely randomized design via a single factor with four levels of clay sources representing the factors. For this purpose, 24 brick samples were made from four different clay sources while the breaking strength of each sample was measured. Pairwise comparison trials, including Duncan’s multiple range, Newman–keuls, Fisher’s least and Tukey’s tests were conducted. Based on experimental investigations, the results revealed that using analysis of variance at 95% CI, the difference in breaking strength between clay source of Hyderabad (A) and Rawalpindi (B), followed by Kohat (C) and Peshawar (D) was significant and also the difference among the means of these clay courses was significant which clearly exposed that the clay site and chemical composition has a great impression of the breaking strength of the burnt bricks.
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Solechan, Solechan, und Aris Kiswanto. „Peningkatan Mesin Cetak dan Kekuatan Mekanik Batu Bata Press Menggunakan Mesin Cetak Kapasitas 1000 Buah/Jam pada Usaha Keluarga di Desa Kalipucang Kulon“. Jurnal Surya Masyarakat 1, Nr. 1 (30.11.2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jsm.1.1.2018.40-45.
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Kota Jepara salah satu kota dimana terdapat peluang usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan batubata. Sentra batu bata salah satunya berada di desa Kalipucang Kulon kecamatan Welahan. Dari kekuatan mekanik batu bata masih di bawah standar, densitas rendah, porositas tinggi dan warna merah. Batu bata mengandung pasir besi dan jenis tanah lempung merah. Usaha pembuatan batu bata di desa Kalipucang Kulon sebanyak 54 buahyang terdaftar di kantor Kelurahan tahun 2015. Banyak terjadi permasalahan di mitra UK batu bata Kalipucang Kulon, antara lain, pembuatan batu bata konvesnsional dan ukuran batu bata tidak standar SNI. Aspek pemasaran masih menunggu pembeli, manajeman usaha bersifat kekeluargaan dan minimnya strategi pemasaran,modal terbatas, dan kurangnya informasi mengakses pinjaman modal. Tujuan pengabdian pada masyarakat Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) yaitu pembuatan mesin batu bata untuk meningkatkan produksi, pembuatan dan pemeliharaan website e-commerce untuk jual produk batu bata, manajemen usaha, strategi pemasaran, member informasi dan pendampingan mendapatkan modal usaha. Metode yang dipakaiadalah Workshop pembuatan dan pengoperasian mesin batu bata press sesuai standar SNI, pelatihan pembuatan dan pemeliharaan website e-commerce, memberikan pelatihan kewirausahaan, strategi pemasaranproduk, member informasi dan pendampingan untuk mendapatkan modal usaha,dan cara mengakses bantuan dana. Hasilnya dengan penerapan mesin batu bata press manpu meningkatkan 880% dibandingkan denganmanual tenaga manusia. Kekuatan mekanik batu bata merah paling optimal dimiliki oleh komposisi campuran dengan kode B3 dengan kekuatan tekan 41.712 Kg/cm2 dan densitas 25,87 kg/m3. Peningkatan produksi dengan sifat mekanik batu bata press mampu meningkatkan pendapatan usaha keluarga dan kualitas batu bata.Kata kunci: Kalipucang, batu bata, mesin, ektruder, densitasAbstractJepara is one of town where there is a business opportunity to meet the need of bricks. The brick industry center is located in Kalipucang Kulon Village, Welahan Subdistrict. Seen from the mechanical power, the bricks are still below the standard, with low density, high porosity, and red in color. Bricks contain iron sand and are made of red clay soil. There are 54 registered business entities of bricks in Kalipucang Kulon Village in 2015. There have been a lot of problems faced by the partner of the community service program in Kalipucang Kulon Village, such as the brick making is still conventional and the dimensions are not based on the (Indonesian National Standard or SNI. The marketing aspect is that they still wait for buyers. Besides, the management is family-based, the marketing strategies are still minimal, the capical is limited, and there is a lack of information about how to access capital loan. The Community Partnership Program was aimed at creating a brick making machine that would increase the production rate, creating and maintaining e-commerce website to sell the bricks, teaching about business management and marketing strategies, and giving information and assistances to get venture capital. Method applies was by giving a workshop on creating and operating press brick machine based on the SNI, training on creating and maintaining ecommerce website, training on entrepreneurship, and product marketing strategies, and giving information and assistances to get venture capital and how to access capital loan. The result showed that by using the press brick machine, the production had been increasing up to 880% compared to when making manually. The most optimal mechanical power of red bricks was when the bricks were made of the composition of mixture coded B3 with compressive strength of 41.712 Kg/cm2 and density of 25,87kg/m3. The production increase using press brick machine has improve the family’s revenue as well as the bricks’ quality itself.
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Solechan, Solechan, und Aris Kiswanto. „Peningkatan Mesin Cetak dan Kekuatan Mekanik Batu Bata Press Menggunakan Mesin Cetak Kapasitas 1000 Buah/Jam pada Usaha Keluarga di Desa Kalipucang Kulon“. Jurnal Surya Masyarakat 1, Nr. 1 (30.11.2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jsm.1.1.2018.40-46.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Kota Jepara salah satu kota dimana terdapat peluang usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan batubata. Sentra batu bata salah satunya berada di desa Kalipucang Kulon kecamatan Welahan. Dari kekuatan mekanik batu bata masih di bawah standar, densitas rendah, porositas tinggi dan warna merah. Batu bata mengandung pasir besi dan jenis tanah lempung merah. Usaha pembuatan batu bata di desa Kalipucang Kulon sebanyak 54 buahyang terdaftar di kantor Kelurahan tahun 2015. Banyak terjadi permasalahan di mitra UK batu bata Kalipucang Kulon, antara lain, pembuatan batu bata konvesnsional dan ukuran batu bata tidak standar SNI. Aspek pemasaran masih menunggu pembeli, manajeman usaha bersifat kekeluargaan dan minimnya strategi pemasaran,modal terbatas, dan kurangnya informasi mengakses pinjaman modal. Tujuan pengabdian pada masyarakat Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) yaitu pembuatan mesin batu bata untuk meningkatkan produksi, pembuatan dan pemeliharaan website e-commerce untuk jual produk batu bata, manajemen usaha, strategi pemasaran, member informasi dan pendampingan mendapatkan modal usaha. Metode yang dipakaiadalah Workshop pembuatan dan pengoperasian mesin batu bata press sesuai standar SNI, pelatihan pembuatan dan pemeliharaan website e-commerce, memberikan pelatihan kewirausahaan, strategi pemasaranproduk, member informasi dan pendampingan untuk mendapatkan modal usaha,dan cara mengakses bantuan dana. Hasilnya dengan penerapan mesin batu bata press manpu meningkatkan 880% dibandingkan denganmanual tenaga manusia. Kekuatan mekanik batu bata merah paling optimal dimiliki oleh komposisi campuran dengan kode B3 dengan kekuatan tekan 41.712 Kg/cm2 dan densitas 25,87 kg/m3. Peningkatan produksi dengan sifat mekanik batu bata press mampu meningkatkan pendapatan usaha keluarga dan kualitas batu bata.Kata kunci: Kalipucang, batu bata, mesin, ektruder, densitasAbstractJepara is one of town where there is a business opportunity to meet the need of bricks. The brick industry center is located in Kalipucang Kulon Village, Welahan Subdistrict. Seen from the mechanical power, the bricks are still below the standard, with low density, high porosity, and red in color. Bricks contain iron sand and are made of red clay soil. There are 54 registered business entities of bricks in Kalipucang Kulon Village in 2015. There have been a lot of problems faced by the partner of the community service program in Kalipucang Kulon Village, such as the brick making is still conventional and the dimensions are not based on the (Indonesian National Standard or SNI. The marketing aspect is that they still wait for buyers. Besides, the management is family-based, the marketing strategies are still minimal, the capical is limited, and there is a lack of information about how to access capital loan. The Community Partnership Program was aimed at creating a brick making machine that would increase the production rate, creating and maintaining e-commerce website to sell the bricks, teaching about business management and marketing strategies, and giving information and assistances to get venture capital. Method applies was by giving a workshop on creating and operating press brick machine based on the SNI, training on creating and maintaining ecommerce website, training on entrepreneurship, and product marketing strategies, and giving information and assistances to get venture capital and how to access capital loan. The result showed that by using the press brick machine, the production had been increasing up to 880% compared to when making manually. The most optimal mechanical power of red bricks was when the bricks were made of the composition of mixture coded B3 with compressive strength of 41.712 Kg/cm2 and density of 25,87kg/m3. The production increase using press brick machine has improve the family’s revenue as well as the bricks’ quality itself.
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Zasseev, A. A., und Z. R. Tuskaeva. „PRODUCTION OF BRICKS USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE“. National Association of Scientists 3, Nr. 50 (2019): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2019.3.50.128.
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Murmu, Anant L., und A. Patel. „Towards sustainable bricks production: An overview“. Construction and Building Materials 165 (März 2018): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.038.
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Edike, Uche Emmanuel, Oko John Ameh und Martin Oloruntobi Dada. „Production and optimization of eco-bricks“. Journal of Cleaner Production 266 (September 2020): 121640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121640.
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Bizhanov, A. M., R. B. Steele, G. S. Podgorodetskyi, I. F. Kurunov, V. Ya Dashevskyi und V. V. Korovushkin. „Extruded Briquettes (bricks) for Ferroalloy Production“. Metallurgist 56, Nr. 11-12 (März 2013): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-013-9676-2.
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Sonata, Herix, Dewi Yudiana Shinta und Mulyadi Mulyadi. „PEMANFAATAN ABU LIMBAH KERTAS PADA PEMBUATAN BATU BATA“. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.109-120.
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The increasing number of population each year makes the number of building needs for houses, buildings, schools, offices and other infrastructure will increase. In general, building consumption cannot be separated from the use of bricks as a form of wall construction in building construction. The size and compressive strength of bricks circulating in the market are of poor quality which comes from fabrication, local work or home industries. In the brick-making process, bricklayers only use certain types of soil to maintain the quality of brick production. As a result, the availability of soil as the main material in brick making will decrease. Another alternative to meet the shortcomings of the brick-forming material and make it stronger and more durable, can be used as a substitute for other materials such as waste paper. The use of paper waste is an effort to find new types of building materials and to reduce environmental pollution problems due to paper waste. This study aims to analyze the concentration of the addition of paper waste ash on the strength of the bricks. The benefit of this research is as an alternative study of meeting the needs of brick raw materials for environmentally friendly buildings by utilizing paper waste ash. The results showed the effect of a mixture of paper waste ash as a clay additive on the compressive strength of normal bricks (fc '2.9 MPa). The percentage value of compressive strength with a mixture of paper waste ash 3% obtained an average compressive strength of 40.10 kg / cm2, 5% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength of 61.48 kg / cm2 and 7% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength average 64.12 kg / cm2 against the compressive strength of normal bricks 37.28 kg / cm2. The conclusion of this research is that the variation of the mixture of paper waste ash with a variation of 7% paper waste ash mixture exceeding 60 kg / cm² (compressive strength class III) SNI 15-2094-2000a. This shows that paper waste ash can increase the compressive strength of bricks.