Zeitschriftenartikel: „Property RD“

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Shirbisheh, Vahid. „Property (RD) for Hecke Pairs“. Mathematical Physics, Analysis and Geometry 15, Nr. 2 (22.04.2012): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11040-012-9107-9.

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Strakhov, A. F. „ASPECTS OF PROTECTION OF DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISE’S RIGHTS TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ITEMS“. Issues of radio electronics, Nr. 6 (20.06.2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2018-6-75-81.

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When performing research, development, and engineering (RD&E) financed using state, regional, or municipal budget funds, legal relations between a customer and a RD&E contractor with regard to ownership of a created intellectual property are regulated by Part 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [1]. The intellectual property includes patentable innovative solutions which are qualified as intellectual property items. According to the applicable legal standards and law enforcement practice, patent protection obligations with regard to the created intellectual property items are imposed on the RD&E contractors. However, patent right holders with regard to these intellectual property items are the RD&E customers. As a result, the RD&E contractors face several difficulties, delays, and limitations with regard to patenting the intellectual property items and do not obtain necessary privileges to the full extent in connection with patenting the created intellectual property items. This article analyses the applicable procedure for distribution of the rights and obligations between the contractors and customers of the RD&E with regard to the patent protection of the created intellectual property items. Using experience of JSC Principle Production and Technical Company Granit as an example, a possibility of protecting RD&E contractors' interests by pre-emptive patenting of the intellectual property items prior to RD&E activities start is explained.

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Chatterji, I., C. Pittet und L. Saloff-Coste. „Connected Lie groups and property RD“. Duke Mathematical Journal 137, Nr. 3 (April 2007): 511–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/s0012-7094-07-13733-5.

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4

Sapir, Mark. „The rapid decay property and centroids in groups“. Journal of Topology and Analysis 07, Nr. 03 (15.05.2015): 513–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793525315500247.

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This is a survey of methods of proving or disproving the rapid decay property in groups. We present a centroid property of group actions on metric spaces. That property is a generalized (and corrected) version of the "(**)-relative hyperbolicity" from [9] and implies the rapid decay (RD) property. We show that several properties which are known to imply RD also imply the centroid property. Thus uniform lattices in many semi-simple Lie groups, graph products of groups, Artin groups of large type and the mapping class groups have the (relative) centroid property. We also present a simple "non-amenability-like" property that follows from RD, and give an easy example of a group without RD and without any amenable subgroup with superpolynomial growth.

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Shirbisheh, Vahid. „Various commensurability relations in Hecke pairs and property (RD)“. Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 44, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2014): 1631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1216/rmj-2014-44-5-1631.

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6

Boyer, Adrien. „Semisimple Lie groups satisfy property RD, a short proof“. Comptes Rendus Mathematique 351, Nr. 9-10 (Mai 2013): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2013.05.007.

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Rapaport, Ariel. „On the Rajchman property for self-similar measures on Rd“. Advances in Mathematics 403 (Juli 2022): 108375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2022.108375.

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Llobet, Alexis, und Jaume Solà Pujols. „Dislocació a la dreta en català: èmfasi“. Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 36 (01.07.2023): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2023.165-186.

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In this paper we will address some topics related to the right dislocation (RD) phenomenon, based on evidence from Catalan. First, we will analyze contextual and semantic restrictions on the antecedent of RD. On contextual restrictions, it will be proposed that the properties suggested in former research that RD antecedents must fulfill regarding accessibility (local, non-local, or inferable) exhaust all possibilities, and hence there is no restriction on the accessibility of the antecedent. On the semantic side, we will check out two possible relations (monotonicity and bridging) between the RD constituent and its antecedent. Next, we try to address the interpretative role of RD, where emphasis will be introduced as a general property of all RD. And finally, it will be argued that in a focus-final language, a non-final focus is emphatic.

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ROSENTHAL, LAURA J. „Owning Oroonoko: Behn, Southerne, and the Contingencies of Property“. Renaissance Drama 23 (Januar 1992): 25–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/rd.23.41917283.

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CRAWFORD, JULIE. „Convents and Pleasures: Margaret Cavendish and the Drama of Property“. Renaissance Drama 32 (Januar 2003): 177–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/rd.32.41917380.

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K. Kamala. „Application Of Rd-Fuzzy Topology In Selection Of Roads To Travel Based On Traffic“. Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, Nr. 3 (24.11.2023): 4082–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.2250.

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Road traffic is the main concern of every person who is travelling along the road. This traffic directly related with the hurdles persisting among the roads. These hurdles measured as a value between 0 to 1, which in turn satisfy the topological axioms called rd-fuzzy topology. The best routes for the drivers discovered by treating the overall road network of the city as graph and using the cyclic path covering number of graphs and compactness property of rd-fuzzy topology. Finally, some of the basic topological properties proved in this rd-fuzzy topology.

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CIOBANU, LAURA, DEREK F. HOLT und SARAH REES. „RAPID DECAY IS PRESERVED BY GRAPH PRODUCTS“. Journal of Topology and Analysis 05, Nr. 02 (20.05.2013): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793525313500052.

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Zhang, Hong Wei, und Yong Lan Li. „Lotus Fiber Production and its Property“. Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (Oktober 2010): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.93.

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Lotus fiber is produced from lotus stalks with pool dipping，sodium hydroxide boil degum and hydrogen peroxide bleach methods. The spinning properties of specific gravity, linear density, relative strength, relative strength variation coefficient and break elongation were tested. The components and structure of the lotus fiber have been analyzed and indicated with chemical, infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffractometer (X-RD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the lotus fiber has similar components, properties and spinning performance with jute and belongs to natural cellulose fiber.

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Lachièze-Rey, R. „Mixing properties for STIT tessellations“. Advances in Applied Probability 43, Nr. 1 (März 2011): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1300198511.

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The so-called STIT tessellations form a class of homogeneous (spatially stationary) tessellations in Rd which are stable under the nesting/iteration operation. In this paper we establish the mixing property for these tessellations and give the decay rate of P(A ∩ M = ∅, ThB ∩ M = ∅) / P(A ∩ Y = ∅)P(B ∩ Y = ∅) − 1, where A and B are both compact connected sets, h is a vector of Rd, Th is the corresponding translation operator, and M is a STIT tessellation.

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Mansouri, Zhila, und Doost Ali Mojdeh. „Outer independent rainbow dominating functions in graphs“. Opuscula Mathematica 40, Nr. 5 (2020): 599–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/opmath.2020.40.5.599.

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A 2-rainbow dominating function (2-rD function) of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a function $f:V(G)\rightarrow\{\emptyset,\{1\},\{2\},\{1,2\}\}$ having the property that if $f(x)=\emptyset$, then $f(N(x))=\{1,2\}$. The 2-rainbow domination number $\gamma_{r2}(G)$ is the minimum weight of $\sum_{v\in V(G)}|f(v)|$ taken over all 2-rainbow dominating functions $f$. An outer-independent 2-rainbow dominating function (OI2-rD function) of a graph $G$ is a 2-rD function $f$ for which the set of all $v\in V(G)$ with $f(v)=\emptyset$ is independent. The outer independent 2-rainbow domination number $\gamma_{oir2}(G)$ is the minimum weight of an OI2-rD function of $G$. In this paper, we study the OI2-rD number of graphs. We give the complexity of the problem OI2-rD of graphs and present lower and upper bounds on $\gamma_{oir2}(G)$. Moreover, we characterize graphs with some small or large OI2-rD numbers and we also bound this parameter from above for trees in terms of the order, leaves and the number of support vertices and characterize all trees attaining the bound. Finally, we show that any ordered pair $(a,b)$ is realizable as the vertex cover number and OI2-rD numbers of some non-trivial tree if and only if $a+1\leq b\leq 2a$.

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Yin, Jia Ming, Bo Long Li und Zuo Ren Nie. „Shear Localization and Microstructure Evolution in AlMgMnEr Alloy during Dynamic Deformation“. Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.638.

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The dynamic mechanical property and microstructure evolution in localized shear deformation was investigated in the Al-5.6%Mg-0.75%M-0.25%Er alloy cold rolled to 80% reduction by using Gleeble 3500 compression at the strain rate of 0.01~500s-1. The results show that both a critical strain rate and strain were required for the formation of local shear band under high strain rate compression. The initial Lamellar Boundaries (LBs) in the matrix region are parallel to the rolling direction (RD), with average boundary spacing of 0.25μm; The LBs within the shear bands region have a angle of 20° with RD, whose boundary spacing is ranging from 0.1 to 0.2μm. The LBs gradually rotate to an angle of 20° with RD and finally become wavy shape during the dynamic deformation.

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Yang, Chang Jin, Yong Yue Luo, Bang Qian Chen, Kui Xu, Jie Ping Zhong, Zheng Peng und Feng Xiang Wang. „Effect of Types of Antioxidants on Crosslink Density and Tensile Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber“. Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.824.

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The crosslink density and tensile property of epoxidized natural rubber containing 25 mol % expoxidation (ENR25) with different four antioxidants was investigated. The four antioxidants, viz., poly-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (RD), N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenyl-enediamine (4010NA) , N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenedianine (4020) and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MB) were used. The results indicate that the ENR25 vulcanizates with antioxidant 4020 exhibit the higher crosslink density and tensile property, the best thermal oxidation aging resistance.

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Barré, Sylvain, und Mikaël Pichot. „The 4-string braid group $B_4$ has property RD and exponential mesoscopic rank“. Bulletin de la Société mathématique de France 139, Nr. 4 (2011): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.24033/bsmf.2615.

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19

Liu, Yan, und Wei Tang. „Incoherence Analysis of RD-AIC-Based Observation Matrix and Its Application in Power Quality Disturbance Signal“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (27.01.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8837233.

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In the theory of compressed sensing, restricted isometry property (RIP) decides the universality and reconstruction robustness of an observation matrix. At present, an observation matrix based on RD-AIC (RD-AIC-based observation matrix) can compress sparse continuous signals with a simple structure, but RIP analysis of this matrix is lack and challenging to prove. In this paper, this problem is relaxed. Instead, we demonstrate the incoherence analysis process, derive the orthogonality and nonsingularity of the matrix, propose the generalized relevance calculation steps of the matrix, and propose the hardware parameter design principles to improve the incoherence of the matrix. Moreover, compression and reconstruction experiments used in power quality disturbance signals are developed for testing the incoherence. The results show that the RD-AIC-based observation matrix has substantial incoherence under suitable hardware parameters, equivalent to the Gaussian random matrix and the Bernoulli random matrix.

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Yang, En-Che, Yu-Ying Chang, Shi-Yi Huang, Ling-Xuan Hong, Gene-Hsiang Lee, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu und Chung-Kai Chang. „Novel Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two [Mn2] Complexes with 2,4-di-2-pyridyl-2,4-pentanediol as the Ligand“. Magnetochemistry 5, Nr. 3 (13.07.2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry5030043.

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Two ligands, 2,4-di-2-pyridyl-2,4-pentanediol (rD and mD), were employed to synthesize two Mn2 complexes, [Mn2(rD)2Br2] (1) and [Mn2(mD)2(H2O)2]Br2 (2). Compound 1 crystallized in a tetragonal space group, P41212, with a novel hamburger shaped structure. A detailed study indicated that compound 1 did not contain a metal–metal bond, but antiferromagnetic coupling was observed between the Mn(III) ions. Compound 2 crystallized in a monoclinic space group, C2/c, with one Mn(II) and the other with Mn(IV). The two manganese ions were bridged by two alkoxide ligands, resulting in ferromagnetic coupling. Magnetic property studies confirm the above assignments.

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FIDALEO, FRANCESCO. „ON STRONG ERGODIC PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS“. Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 12, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2009): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025709003884.

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We show that the shift on the reduced C*-algebras of RD-groups, including the free group on infinitely many generators, and the amalgamated free product C*-algebras, enjoys the very strong ergodic property of the convergence to the equilibrium. Namely, the free shift converges, pointwise in the weak topology, to the conditional expectation onto the fixed-point subalgebra. Provided the invariant state is unique, we also show that such an ergodic property cannot be fulfilled by any classical dynamical system, unless it is conjugate to the trivial one-point dynamical system.

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Han, Zhenqiang, Aimin Sha, Liqun Hu und Wei Jiang. „Calibration of Inverted Asphalt Pavement Rut Prediction Model, Based on Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing“. Materials 16, Nr. 2 (13.01.2023): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020814.

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This study investigates the establishment and calibration method of the rut depth (RD) prediction model of inverted asphalt pavements (IAPs), based on full-scale accelerated pavement testing (APT), which facilitates the accurate and reliable design or maintenance of IAPs. A power function is adopted for the prediction model construction of the rut progression before the failure stage, based on the typical permanent deformation progression curve of flexible pavements. The APT loading history is divided into units, according to the difference in physical conditions, providing the basis for a cumulative RD analysis and model calibration. The nonlinear incremental recursive (IR) principle is applied in the RD analysis to consider the influence of the nonlinear material property, performance deterioration, and loading history on the RD development. Further, the rut shift function relating prediction models obtained from laboratory tests and full-scale APT is established to introduce the APT data in the calibration process. Accordingly, the mechanistic-empirical RD prediction model calibration method, based on APT and the IR principle, is proposed and applied in a case study of a IAP RD prediction model calibration. Four 3.5 m × 4 m IAP test sections S1–S4 are constructed and instrumented and 700,000- and 900,000-wheel loads are applied on test sections S1–S2 and S3–S4, respectively, using the heavy vehicle simulator. The test data from the different APT load units are utilized for the model calibration, and the resultant prediction errors range from −2.16 mm to 1.18 mm. The calibrated model can also be used for the RD prediction of IAPs with other design schemes, by updating the corresponding material-related coefficients and the finite element model, which is essential for the design and maintenance of IAPs. The proposed calibration method could be a useful reference for the establishment of flexible pavement performance prediction models.

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VENEZIANO, DANIELE. „BASIC PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STOCHASTICALLY SELF-SIMILAR PROCESSES IN Rd“. Fractals 07, Nr. 01 (März 1999): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x99000086.

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The classical notion of self-similarity (ss) for random X(t) as invariance under the group of positive affine transformations {X→ arX, t→rt; ar>0} is extended by allowing ar to be a random variable. The resulting property of "stochastic self-similarity" (sss) is applied to both ordinary and generalized random processes in Rd, d≥1. The class of sss processes seems to correspond to that of multifractal processes (the latter are variously defined in the literature). The spectral measures of ordinary and generalized sss processes are themselves stochastically self-similar. Two characterizations of ss processes by Lamperti are extended to the sss case and several basic properties of ordinary and generalized sss processes are derived.

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Gong, Sherry. „Property RD and the classification of traces on reduced group C∗-algebras of hyperbolic groups“. Journal of Topology and Analysis 09, Nr. 04 (10.08.2017): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793525317500248.

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In this paper, we show that if [Formula: see text] is a non-elementary word hyperbolic group, [Formula: see text] is an element, and the conjugacy class of [Formula: see text] is infinite, then all traces [Formula: see text] vanish on [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we completely classify all traces by showing that traces [Formula: see text] are linear combinations of traces [Formula: see text] given by [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is an element with finite conjugacy class, denoted [Formula: see text]. We demonstrate these two statements by introducing a new method to study traces that uses Sobolev norms and the rapid decay property.

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Zuo, Yijun. „Depth Induced Regression Medians and Uniqueness“. Stats 3, Nr. 2 (10.04.2020): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats3020009.

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The notion of median in one dimension is a foundational element in nonparametric statistics. It has been extended to multi-dimensional cases both in location and in regression via notions of data depth. Regression depth (RD) and projection regression depth (PRD) represent the two most promising notions in regression. Carrizosa depth D C is another depth notion in regression. Depth-induced regression medians (maximum depth estimators) serve as robust alternatives to the classical least squares estimator. The uniqueness of regression medians is indispensable in the discussion of their properties and the asymptotics (consistency and limiting distribution) of sample regression medians. Are the regression medians induced from RD, PRD, and D C unique? Answering this question is the main goal of this article. It is found that only the regression median induced from PRD possesses the desired uniqueness property. The conventional remedy measure for non-uniqueness, taking average of all medians, might yield an estimator that no longer possesses the maximum depth in both RD and D C cases. These and other findings indicate that the PRD and its induced median are highly favorable among their leading competitors.

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Wang, Tao, Sha Li, Zhongkai Ren, Yi Jia, Wenshi Fu, Miao Guo, Xiaochang Ma und Jianchao Han. „Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Property of Mg/Al Laminated Composite Prepared by the Novel Approach: Corrugated + Flat Rolling (CFR)“. Metals 9, Nr. 6 (17.06.2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060690.

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In this paper, Mg/Al laminated composites were successfully prepared at 400 °C by corrugated + flat rolling (CFR) with reduction ratios of 35% and 25% and subsequent annealing treatments were conducted at 200–350 °C for 30 min. A two-dimensional model was established to analyze the strain distribution during the first corrugated rolling process. Simulation results indicated that severe plastic deformation was formed at trough positions, which included more numerous refined grains than in the peak positions. The interfacial microstructure and mechanical property of the flattened composites along the rolling direction (RD) and the transverse direction (TD) were investigated. The results revealed that longitudinal discontinuous and transverse continuous interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were observed of the flattened as-rolled sample. Spatial distribution was provided for the grain microstructure along the thickness and rolling direction for AZ31B magnesium alloys of the CFR as-rolled composite. Mechanical property results showed that the longitudinal ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of the as-rolled sample reached 255 MPa and 4.14%, respectively. The as-rolled UTS along TD reached 325 MPa, about 30% higher than that along the RD. After heat treatment, the anisotropy of mechanical properties remained. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were discussed in detail.

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Han, Yongsheng, Detlef Müller und Dachun Yang. „A Theory of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces on Metric Measure Spaces Modeled on Carnot-Carathéodory Spaces“. Abstract and Applied Analysis 2008 (2008): 1–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/893409.

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We work on RD-spaces𝒳, namely, spaces of homogeneous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss with the additional property that a reverse doubling property holds in𝒳. An important example is the Carnot-Carathéodory space with doubling measure. By constructing an approximation of the identity with bounded support of Coifman type, we develop a theory of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces on the underlying spaces. In particular, this includes a theory of Hardy spacesHp(𝒳)and local Hardy spaceshp(𝒳)on RD-spaces, which appears to be new in this setting. Among other things, we give frame characterization of these function spaces, study interpolation of such spaces by the real method, and determine their dual spaces whenp≥1. The relations among homogeneous Besov spaces and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces, inhomogeneous Besov spaces and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces, Hardy spaces, and BMO are also presented. Moreover, we prove boundedness results on these Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces for classes of singular integral operators, which include non-isotropic smoothing operators of order zero in the sense of Nagel and Stein that appear in estimates for solutions of the Kohn-Laplacian on certain classes of model domains inℂN. Our theory applies in a wide range of settings.

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Meng, Qingliang, Meiyu Huang, Yao Xu, Naijin Liu und Xueshuang Xiang. „Decentralized Distributed Deep Learning with Low-Bandwidth Consumption for Smart Constellations“. Space: Science & Technology 2021 (31.10.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9879246.

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For the space-based remote sensing system, onboard intelligent processing based on deep learning has become an inevitable trend. To adapt to the dynamic changes of the observation scenes, there is an urgent need to perform distributed deep learning onboard to fully utilize the plentiful real-time sensing data of multiple satellites from a smart constellation. However, the network bandwidth of the smart constellation is very limited. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out distributed training research in a low-bandwidth environment. This paper proposes a Randomized Decentralized Parallel Stochastic Gradient Descent (RD-PSGD) method for distributed training in a low-bandwidth network. To reduce the communication cost, each node in RD-PSGD just randomly transfers part of the information of the local intelligent model to its neighborhood. We further speed up the algorithm by optimizing the programming of random index generation and parameter extraction. For the first time, we theoretically analyze the convergence property of the proposed RD-PSGD and validate the advantage of this method by simulation experiments on various distributed training tasks for image classification on different benchmark datasets and deep learning network architectures. The results show that RD-PSGD can effectively save the time and bandwidth cost of distributed training and reduce the complexity of parameter selection compared with the TopK-based method. The method proposed in this paper provides a new perspective for the study of onboard intelligent processing, especially for online learning on a smart satellite constellation.

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Geng, Xiao, Jianan Tang, Bridget Sheridan, Siddhartha Sarkar, Jianhua Tong, Hai Xiao, Dongsheng Li, Rajendra K. Bordia und Fei Peng. „Ultra-Fast Laser Fabrication of Alumina Micro-Sample Array and High-Throughput Characterization of Microstructure and Hardness“. Crystals 11, Nr. 8 (30.07.2021): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080890.

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In the light of recent advances in material informatics, there is a great demand for high-throughput approaches of sample fabrication and property characterization. Currently, no high-throughput approach has been demonstrated for the fast sampling of the microstructure and the correlated properties. In this paper, we demonstrate the ultra-fast fabrication of an alumina sample array and the high-throughput hardness characterization of these sample units. The alumina sample array was fabricated using picosecond (PS) laser micromachining and CO2 laser sintering within a short time (i.e., less than a few minutes). After laser sintering, the hardness of these sample units was characterized using micro-indentation, and the microstructure was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In each sample unit, the microstructure was uniform for the entire top surface and within about 20 µm depth from the top surface. The relative density (RD) and corresponding micro-hardness of the sample units was found to continuously vary over a wide range from 89% RD with 600 kgf/mm2 hardness to 99% RD with 1609 kgf/mm2 hardness. For these laser-sintered samples, the correlation of hardness and relative density of the alumina matched well with the literature reports on sintered alumina obtained using conventional low-throughput furnace sintering experiments.

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Gudmundsson, Skuli, und Sigurdur Hafstein. „Probabilistic Basin of Attraction and Its Estimation Using Two Lyapunov Functions“. Complexity 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2895658.

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We study stability for dynamical systems specified by autonomous stochastic differential equations of the form dX(t)=f(X(t))dt+g(X(t))dW(t), with (X(t))t≥0 an Rd-valued Itô process and (W(t))t≥0 an RQ-valued Wiener process, and the functions f:Rd→Rd and g:Rd→Rd×Q are Lipschitz and vanish at the origin, making it an equilibrium for the system. The concept of asymptotic stability in probability of the null solution is well known and implies that solutions started arbitrarily close to the origin remain close and converge to it. The concept therefore pertains exclusively to system properties local to the origin. We wish to address the matter in a more practical manner: Allowing for a (small) probability that solutions escape from the origin, how far away can they then be started? To this end we define a probabilistic version of the basin of attraction, the γ-BOA, with the property that any solution started within it stays close and converges to the origin with probability at least γ. We then develop a method using a local Lyapunov function and a nonlocal one to obtain rigid lower bounds on γ-BOA.

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Wu, P., X. Dong und B. Xi. „MBL drizzle properties and their impact on cloud property retrievals“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, Nr. 4 (29.04.2015): 4307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4307-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, we retrieve and document drizzle properties, and investigate the impact of drizzle on cloud property retrievals from ground-based measurements at the ARM Azores site from June 2009 to December 2010. For the selected cloud and drizzle samples, the drizzle occurrence is 42.6% with a maximum of 55.8% in winter and a minimum of 35.6% in summer. The annual means of drizzle liquid water path LWPd, effective radius rd, and number concentration Nd for the rain (virga) samples are 5.48 (1.29) g m−2, 68.7 (39.5) μm, and 0.14 (0.38) cm−3. The seasonal mean LWPd values are less than 4% of the MWR-retrieved LWP values. The annual mean differences in cloud-droplet effective radius with and without drizzle are 0.12 and 0.38 μm, respectively, for the virga and rain samples. Therefore, we conclude that the impact of drizzle on cloud property retrievals is insignificant at the ARM Azores site.

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Chen, Huanyin, und Marjan Abdolyousefi. „Generalized cline’s formula for g-Drazin inverse in a ring“. Filomat 35, Nr. 8 (2021): 2573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil2108573c.

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In this paper, we give a generalized Cline?s formula for the generalized Drazin inverse. Let R be a ring, and let a, b, c, d ? R satisfying (ac)2 = (db)(ac), (db)2 = (ac)(db), b(ac)a = b(db)a, c(ac)d = c(db)d. Then ac ? Rd if and only if bd ? Rd. In this case, (bd)d = b((ac)d)2d: We also present generalized Cline?s formulas for Drazin and group inverses. Some weaker conditions in a Banach algebra are also investigated. These extend the main results of Cline?s formula on g-Drazin inverse of Liao, Chen and Cui (Bull. Malays. Math. Soc., 37(2014), 37-42), Lian and Zeng (Turk. J. Math., 40(2016), 161-165) and Miller and Zguitti (Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo, II. Ser., 67(2018), 105-114). As an application, new common spectral property of bounded linear operators over Banach spaces is obtained.

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Yang, Zhijun, Dong Li, Xiaoheng Tan, Hongqing Liu und Guisheng Liao. „A Fast Bistatic ISAR Imaging Approach for Rapidly Spinning Targets via Exploiting SAR Technique“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 13 (28.06.2020): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132077.

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Because of the large range of cell migration (RCM) and nonstationary Doppler frequency modulation (DFM) produced by non-cooperative targets with rapid spinning motions, it is difficult to efficiently generate a well-focused bistatic inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) by use of the conventional imaging algorithms. Utilizing the property of the inherent azimuth spatial invariance in strip-map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode, in this work, an efficient bistatic ISAR imaging approach based on circular shift operation in the range-Doppler (RD) domain is proposed. First, echoes of rapidly spinning targets are transformed into the RD domain, whose exact analytical is derived on the basis of the principle of stationary phase (POSP). Second, the RCM is corrected by using an efficient circular shift operation in the RD domain. By doing so, the energies of a scatterer that span multiple range cells are concentrated into the same range cell, and the time-varying DFM can also be compensated along the rotating radius direction. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method has advantages in its computational complexity, avoiding the interpolation and multi-dimensional search operation, and in its satisfactory imaging performance under low signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions thanks to the two-dimensional coherent integration gain utilized. Finally, several numerical simulations are conducted to show the validity of the proposed algorithm.

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Martins, Iris Mariane da Silva, Tatiane Carla Silva, Maria Julia Betiolo Troleis, Paulino Taveira de Souza, Karla Nascimento Sena und Rafael Montanari. „Linear and spatial variability of eucalyptus dendrometric attributes correlated with the properties of a Typic Haplustox soil (Oxisol) in the Brazilian savannah“. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, Nr. 1 (10.01.2022): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n1p7.

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Effects of soil attributes using the geostatistical tool improves the interpretation of specific soil management. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of a Typical Haplustox (Oxisol), identifying those with the best linear and spatial correlation with eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) vegetative growth. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching, Research, and Extension Farm (FEPE) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus of Ilha Solteira. Thirty-five points spaced 13 meters apart were demarcated for analysis, which were distributed in 5 rows of 7 points each. From each point, 2 soil samples were collected from the 0-10 cm depth layer. The physical, chemical, and microbiological soil properties evaluated were: sand, silt, and clay contents; penetration resistance (PR), gravimetric moisture (GM), real density (RD), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), respirometry (CO2-C), metabolic quotient (qCO2), organic matter content (OM), and hydrogenionic potential (pH). The eucalyptus attributes assessed were: plant height (PH) and circumference at breast height (CBH). Each attribute was analyzed by descriptive statistics using the SAS software. Data frequency distribution was verified by the Shapiro Wilk method, and geospatial changes were analyzed by the GS+ software. The soil property that best explained the variability in eucalyptus dendrometric attributes was real density (RD). Except for RD, all properties did not show spatial dependence (i.e., pure nugget effect), which significantly represents eucalyptus vegetative performance.

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Skorokhod, Anatoli V. „Quasistable gradient and hamiltonian systems with a pairwise interaction randomly perturbed by wiener processes“. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 16, Nr. 1 (01.01.2003): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1048953303000042.

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Infinite systems of stochastic differential equations for randomly perturbed particle systems in Rd with pairwise interacting are considered. For gradient systems these equations are of the form dxk(t)=Fk(t)td+σdwk(t) and for Hamiltonian systems these equations are of the form dx˙k(t)=Fk(t)td+σdwk(t). Here xk(t) is the position of the kth particle, x˙k(t) is its velocity, Fk=−∑j≠kUx(xk(t)−xj(t)), where the function U:Rd→R is the potential of the system, σ>0 is a constant, {wk(t),k=1,2,…} is a sequence of independent standard Wiener processes.Let {xk} be a sequence of different points in Rd with |xk|→∞, and {υk} be a sequence in Rd. Let {x˜kN(t),k≤N} be the trajectories of the N-particles gradient system for which x˜kN(0)=xk,k≤N, and let {xk(t),k≤N} be the trajectories of the N-particles Hamiltonian system for which xkN(0)=xk,x˙k(0)=υk,k≤N. A system is called quasistable if for all integers m the joint distribution of {xkN(t),k≤m} or {x˜kN(t),k≤m} has a limit as N→∞. We investigate conditions on the potential function and on the initial conditions under which a system possesses this property.

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Branagan, Daniel James, Craig S. Parsons, Tad V. Machrowicz, Andy E. Frerichs, Brian E. Meacham, Sheng Cheng und Alla V. Sergueeva. „3^rd Generation AHSS : Mechanistic Responses Enabling Cold Deformation during Stamping“. Materials Science Forum 941 (Dezember 2018): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.542.

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Due to increasingly stringent regulations governing fuel economy and emissions, new technological developments towards automobile efficiency are in play including lightweighting by reducing weight of the structural components. The historical development of steel grades for autos has resulted in strength increases, including in recent advanced high strength steels (AHSS), but it has come with commensurate decreases in ductility and formability. NanoSteel 3rdGeneration AHSS overcomes the trade-off in ductility due to novel structural changes during cold deformation through a complex Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening (NR&S) mechanism leading to material strengthening. During stamping, the ability of a steel blank to be formed into complex parts is paramount and it has to retain sufficient ductility for energy absorption during a subsequent crash event. In this paper, the specific characteristics of the NR&S mechanism in two NanoSteel grades will be detailed including structure and property changes during stamping analyzed by utilizing destructive and non-destructive approaches to predict localized yield strength changes in the final stampings.

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Erceg, Marko, und Ivan Ivec. „On generalisation of H-measures“. Filomat 31, Nr. 16 (2017): 5027–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1716027e.

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In some applications it is useful to consider variants of H-measures different from those introduced in the classical or the parabolic case. We introduce the notion of admissible manifold and define variant H-measures on Rd x P for any admissible manifold P. In the sequel we study one special variant, fractional H-measures with orthogonality property, where the corresponding manifold and projection curves are orthogonal, as it was the case with classical or parabolic H-measures, and prove the localisation principle. Finally, we present a simple application of the localisation principle.

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Pantazopoulos, G., A. Toulfatzis, A. Vazdirvanidis und A. Rikos. „Fundamental Aspects of Rolled Zn Alloy Sheet Formability: Structure-Property and Failure Mode Relationships“. Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1443.

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In the present work, critical testing methods are employed in order to assess the formability of a Zn-Ti-Cu alloy, evaluating, therefore, the anisotropic properties of the produced sheet. The determination of plastic strain ratios and the induced combined mathematical expressions, utilizing bi-axial strain measurements for the various test directions (0, 45 and 90 degrees towards the RD), together with the performance of cupping tests are compiled, aiming to rank and interpret the bending and sheet metal roll-forming capability. Moreover, the microstructural characterization is realized to address the influence of grain and phase structure on the sheet metal formability and identify potential optimization routes. Fracture analysis approach elucidated the micro-mechanisms prevailed in damage evolution and accumulation during monotonic loading, signifying the importance of microstructure development during thermomechanical process history.

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Răducan, Anișoara Maria, und Gheorghiță Zbăganu. „The Leader Property in Quasi Unidimensional Cases“. Mathematics 10, Nr. 22 (09.11.2022): 4199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10224199.

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The following problem was studied: let Zjj≥1 be a sequence of i.i.d. d-dimensional random vectors. Let F be their probability distribution and for every n≥1 consider the sample Sn={Z1,Z2,...,Zn}. Then Zj was called a "leader" in the sample Sn if Zj≥Zk,∀k∈{1,2,...,n}and Zj was an "anti-leader" if Zj≤Zk,∀k∈{1,2,...,n}. The comparison of two vectors was the usual one: if Zj=Zj1,Zj2,...,Zjd,j≥1, then Zj≥Zk means Zji≥Zki, while Zj≤Zk means Zji≤Zki,∀1≤i≤d,∀j,k≥1. Let an be the probability that Sn has a leader, bn be the probability that Sn has an anti-leader and cn be the probability that Sn has both a leader and an anti-leader. Sometimes these probabilities can be computed or estimated, for instance in the case when F is discrete or absolutely continuous. The limits a=liminfan,b=liminfbn,c=liminfcn were considered. If a>0 it was said that F has the leader property, if b>0 they said that F has the anti-leader property and if c>0 then F has the order property. In this paper we study an in-between case: here the vector Z has the form Z=fX where f=f1,...,fd:0,1→Rd and X is a random variable. The aim is to find conditions for f in order that a>0,b>0 or c>0. The most examples will focus on a more particular case Z=X,f2X,...,fdX with X uniformly distributed on the interval [0,1].

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Chen, Xiaoman, Baojie Jiang und Anyi Zhou. „Smooth subalgebras of the Roe algebra“. Journal of Topology and Analysis 11, Nr. 01 (27.02.2019): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179352531950002x.

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In this paper, for a discrete group with property (RD), we construct a smooth subalgebra of a certain subalgebra in the (uniform) Roe algebra of this group. And using Lafforgue’s [Formula: see text]-Theory, under certain conditions, we prove that this certain subalgebra and the (uniform) Roe algebra have the same [Formula: see text]-theory groups. Moreover, our smooth subalgebra and the (uniform) Roe algebra have the same [Formula: see text]-theory groups. Our result can be viewed as a smooth subalgebra construction of the (uniform) Roe algebra, which is, as far as we know, the first occurrence in literature.

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Wu, P., X. Dong und B. Xi. „Marine boundary layer drizzle properties and their impact on cloud property retrieval“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, Nr. 9 (03.09.2015): 3555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3555-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, we retrieve and document drizzle properties, and investigate the impact of drizzle on cloud property retrieval in Dong et al. (2014a) from ground-based measurements at the ARM Azores facility from June 2009 to December 2010. For the selected cloud and drizzle samples, the drizzle occurrence is 42.6 %, with a maximum of 55.8 % in winter and a minimum of 35.6 % in summer. The annual means of drizzle liquid water path LWPd, effective radius rd, and number concentration Nd for the rain (virga) samples are 4.73 (1.25) g m−2, 61.5 (36.4) μm, and 0.38 (0.79) cm−3. The seasonal mean LWPd values are less than 3 % of the LWP values retrieved by the microwave radiometer (MWR). The annual mean differences in cloud-droplet effective radius with and without drizzle are 0.75 and 2.35 %, respectively, for the virga and rain samples. Therefore, we conclude that the impact of drizzle below the cloud base on cloud property retrieval is insignificant for a solar-transmission-based method, but significant for any retrievals using radar reflectivity.

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Wang, Yongliang, Yaxin Xu, Yunfei Wang, Baoqiang Li, Chunfeng Wang, Zhidong Han und Ling Weng. „Reaction–Diffusion Process for Hydrogels with a Tailored Layer Structure“. Processes 11, Nr. 7 (30.06.2023): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11071975.

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The architecture of hydrogel composites results in not only synergistic property enhancement but also superior functionality. The reaction–diffusion (RD) process is acommon phenomenon throughout nature which induced ordered structure on a length scale from microscopic to macroscopic. Different from commonly used inorganic salts or oppositely charged nanoparticles for the RD process, a modified RD process was used for layered chitosan hydrogel (L-CH) and layered magnetic chitosan hydrogel (L-MCH). During the modified RD process reported in this paper, the protonated chitosan (CS-NH3+) with iron ions (Fe3+ and Fe2+) was used as an inner-reactant and hydroxide ion (-OH−) was used as an out-reactant. The protonated chitosan (CS-NH3+) not only played the role of an inner-reactant but also the reaction medium which controlled the diffusion behavior of the out-reactant (-OH−). A series of ordered layers were constructed and the ordered layers were parallel with the longitudinal axis. The layer width of L-CH and L-MCH can be tailored by varying interval time T. The mean layer width of L-MCH increased from 50 ± 5.8 μm to 90 ± 6.4 μm when the interval time T increased from 2 min to 5 min. The tailored layer structure of L-CH and L-MCH obeyed the time law and spacing law, which declared that the L-CH and L-MCH were constructed via the reaction–diffusion process. We also show that the tailored layer structure endows hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties, especially toughness. The yield strength of magnetic chitosan hydrogel was improved significantly (from 95.1 ± 7.6 kPa to 401.7 ± 12.1 kPa, improved by about 4 times) when 10 wt. % magnetite nanoparticles were involved. The enhancement of the mechanical propertieswas due to a physical crosslinking effect of magnetite nanoparticles on chitosan. For L-MCH, the probe displacement reached 28.93 ± 2.6 mm when the rupture occurred, which was as high as 284.7% compared with that of the non-layered hydrogel. The tailor-made hydrogels might be possible for application as a tough implantable scaffold.

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Chen, Xue Ying, Li Hua Zhan, Hai Long Liao und Yuan Gao. „Anisotropy in Compression Creep-Ageing Behavior of 2219-T3 Aluminum Alloy“. Solid State Phenomena 315 (März 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.315.31.

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Creep age forming technology (CAF) has been widely used to manufacture large integral panels in aerospace industry. However, due to the bending of the sheet metal, the stress states usually changes along the thickness direction during the CAF process, resulting in a complex distribution of stress. In addition, deformation texture is introduced when the sheet has a large pre-deformation, which also greatly affects the shape and performance of the component after aging. In this paper, the anisotropy in compression creep-ageing behavior of 2219-T3 aluminum alloy was studied. It was found that there is obvious anisotropy of compressive creep strains, the creep strain is the largest when the applied stress is along the rolling direction (RD) and the smallest when the applied stress is along the transverse direction (TD). The results of room temperature (25 ° C) and high temperature (165 ° C) tensile property test shows that the as-received material properties has obvious in-planar anisotropy, and the yield strength in the RD is the largest, but the 45° and TD are basically the same. Interestingly, the anisotropy of yield strength after SFA and compressive stress creep aging has basically disappeared, that is,the material properties tended to be isotropic after ageing.

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Sarnoff, Joshua D. „Negative-Emission Technologies and Patent Rights after COVID-19“. Climate Law 10, Nr. 3-4 (18.11.2020): 225–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-10030001.

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Abstract Governmental and particularly private funding has recently and dramatically expanded for both beccs and dac technologies. This funding and the associated research, development, and deployment efforts will generate intellectual property rights, particularly patent rights in nets. As with access to medicines, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted concerns that patent rights may incentivize RD&D at the cost of affordable access to the relevant technologies. Further, access may be restricted to particular countries based on sovereignty concerns to seek preferential supply agreements through up-front funding. As a result, nations will likely turn to controversial ex-post measures, such as compulsory licensing, to assure access and to control prices of the needed technologies. The same concerns with patent rights likely will affect RD&D of nets. Although international ex-ante measures exist (such as patent pools) which would help to minimize these concerns, such measures may not induce the requisite voluntary contributions, or may fail to materialize due to political disagreements. Focusing on both US law and international developments, this article proposes various ex-ante measures that can be adopted by national governments and private funders to minimize the likely forthcoming worldwide conflicts that will arise over balancing innovation incentives for, and affordable access to, patented nets.

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Zhang, Yannan, Mingchao Sun, Yueming Song, Chong Zhang und Miaolei Zhou. „Hybrid Adaptive Controller Design with Hysteresis Compensator for a Piezo-Actuated Stage“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 1 (28.12.2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010402.

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Piezo-actuated stage (P-AS) has become the topic of considerable interest in the realm of micro/nanopositioning technology in the recent years owing to its advantages, such as high positioning accuracy, high response speed, and large output force. However, rate-dependent (RD) hysteresis, which is an inherent nonlinear property of piezoelectric materials, considerably restricts the application of P-AS. In this research paper, we develop a Hammerstein model to depict the RD hysteresis of P-AS. An improved differential evolution algorithm and a least-squares algorithm are used to identify the static hysteresis sub-model and the dynamic linear sub-model for the Hammerstein model, respectively. Then, a hysteresis compensator based on the inverse Bouc–Wen model is designed to compensate for the static hysteresis of the P-AS. However, the inevitable modeling error presents a hurdle to the hysteresis compensation. In addition, external factors, such as environmental noise and measurement errors, affect the control accuracy. To overcome these complications, a hybrid adaptive control approach based on the hysteresis compensator is adopted to increase the control accuracy. The closed-loop system stability is analyzed with the help of the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, experimental results indicate that the raised control approach is effective for the accurate positioning of P-AS.

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Montalvo, Joseph G., Sherman E. Faught, Harmon H. Ramey und Steven E. Buco. „Studies to Measure Cotton Fibre Length, Strength, Micronaire and Colour by Vis/NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy. Part I: Descriptive Statistics of Fibre Properties and Reflectance Spectra“. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 1, Nr. 3 (Juni 1993): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.19.

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Fibre property data representing the 1989 and 1990 crop years and its reflectance spectra are analysed using standard error, regression and correlation analysis. The six properties of interest are upper-half mean length, uniformity index, strength and micronaire measured on two high volume instrument systems placed side-by-side, and colour (Rd and +b) measured by the traditional lab system. Visible (vis) and near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra are observed on a scanning spectrophotometer, and span the 400–2500 nm range. Three findings highlight the research. One, a diagnostic test is presented to decide, a priori of reflectance spectroscopy, the degree to which the mean property values have reduced random error. Two, the standard error of replicate spectra provides a way to probe the fibre mass in the diffuse reflectance optical path. The spectral error is strongly influenced by both how the cotton is packed into the spectrophotometric cell and the non-homogeneity of the sample. And three, correlations between the spectra confirm that some visible and NIR wavelength regions contain mutually exclusive information about the properties of this natural staple.

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Mustafa, Twana A., und Iman M. Rasul. „Cytotoxic Effects of Vitamin D3 on Tumor Cell Lines“. Polytechnic Journal 9, Nr. 2 (01.12.2019): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v9n2y2019.pp100-104.

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Vitamin D3 is a potent antiproliferative agent against various tumor cells in vitro. Here, the results of Vitamin D3 study as a potential antitumor therapy in vitro are presented. Applying antiproliferative 3(4,5-dimethyl- 2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-terazolium bromide assays, the inhibitory effects of the Vitamin D were measured. The following cancer cell lines were employed: L20B (normal cell line) and RD (malignant rhabdomyosarcoma). Both cell lines were cultivated in 96-wells culture plates in the presence and absence of different doses of Vitamin D (10–6, 10–8, and 10–10 μg/ml) for 24 and 48 h. In vitro results of cytotoxic effects were variable on both cell lines, according to dose and exposure time, after 24 h exposure of RD, the highest concentration of Vitamin D3(10−6 μg/ml) treatment had significant effect in decreasing cell proliferation from O.D (0.4570 ± 0.0302) to (0.1540 ± 0.0017) as compared with negative control, with increasing concentrations the cytotoxicity is increased directly proportional; thus, the lowest cytotoxic effect was at the lowest concentration of both Vitamin D3 (10−12 μg/ml). While after 48 h, the same concentration of Vitamin D3 shows an increase in proliferation from 0.3710 ± 0.0023 to 0.4597 ± 0.0017 on the RD cell line. While a significant increase in L20B cell proliferation was observed after 24 h treatment at the concentration (10−6 μg/ml) from 0.3570 ± 0.0011 to 0.0330 ± 0.0017, when compared with the negative control. However, after 48 h treatment, a significant increases the proliferation of cells as shown from O.D 0.2927 ± 0.0008 to 0.4300 ± 0.0011, respectively. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative property of Vitamin D and its relation to inhibition of cancer cell growth.

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Mendiguren, Gorka, Julian Koch und Simon Stisen. „Spatial pattern evaluation of a calibrated national hydrological model – a remote-sensing-based diagnostic approach“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, Nr. 12 (30.11.2017): 5987–6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5987-2017.

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Abstract. Distributed hydrological models are traditionally evaluated against discharge stations, emphasizing the temporal and neglecting the spatial component of a model. The present study widens the traditional paradigm by highlighting spatial patterns of evapotranspiration (ET), a key variable at the land–atmosphere interface, obtained from two different approaches at the national scale of Denmark. The first approach is based on a national water resources model (DK-model), using the MIKE-SHE model code, and the second approach utilizes a two-source energy balance model (TSEB) driven mainly by satellite remote sensing data. Ideally, the hydrological model simulation and remote-sensing-based approach should present similar spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of ET. However, the spatial comparison showed that the differences are significant and indicate insufficient spatial pattern performance of the hydrological model.The differences in spatial patterns can partly be explained by the fact that the hydrological model is configured to run in six domains that are calibrated independently from each other, as it is often the case for large-scale multi-basin calibrations. Furthermore, the model incorporates predefined temporal dynamics of leaf area index (LAI), root depth (RD) and crop coefficient (Kc) for each land cover type. This zonal approach of model parameterization ignores the spatiotemporal complexity of the natural system. To overcome this limitation, this study features a modified version of the DK-model in which LAI, RD and Kc are empirically derived using remote sensing data and detailed soil property maps in order to generate a higher degree of spatiotemporal variability and spatial consistency between the six domains. The effects of these changes are analyzed by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to evaluate spatial patterns. The EOF analysis shows that including remote-sensing-derived LAI, RD and Kc in the distributed hydrological model adds spatial features found in the spatial pattern of remote-sensing-based ET.

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Vik, Michal, Nayab Khan, Bekir Yildirim und Martina Viková. „Non-contact Method for Measurement of Colour Variation in a Cotton Sample“. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (30.04.2017): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1228180.

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Colour is the visual perceptual property in the cotton grade classification of Universal Cotton Standards. We undertook an experimental study on the variation in cotton colour using the Non-contact method. Rd (degree of reflectance) and +b (yellowness) are globally recognized colour parameters of cotton, which are measured by HVI (High Volume Instrument). The Non-contact method is used for the evaluation of colour variation within cotton samples. The results obtained from the Non-contact method were compared with those of other conventional methods used globally for the color measurement of cotton fibers. Additionally image analysis is interpreted with the variation in cotton colour. Results confirmed a strong co-relation between the Non-contact method and image analysis for the colour variation of cotton.

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Evans, G., und R. Greif. „A Numerical Model of the Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Disk Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor“. Journal of Heat Transfer 109, Nr. 4 (01.11.1987): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3248205.

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Steady, laminar, axisymmetric, and circumferentially uniform flow and heat transfer, including the effects of variable properties and buoyancy, have been modeled within a rotating disk chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. The reactor is oriented vertically, with the hot, isothermal, spinning disk facing upward. The Navier–Stokes and energy equations have been solved for the carrier gas helium. The solutions have been obtained over a range of parameters, which is of importance in CVD applications. The primary parameters are the ratio of the disk temperature to the free stream temperature Tw/T∞, the disk Reynolds number Re = rd2ω/ν∞, a mixed convection parameter Gr/Re3/2 = g(ρ∞ − ρw)/(ρwωων∞), the dimensionless inlet velocity u∞/ων∞, and two geometric parameters ro/rd and L/rd. Results are obtained for the velocity and the temperature fields and for the heat flux at the surface of the rotating disk. Comparisons are made with the one-dimensional, variable-property (excluding buoyant effects), infinite rotating disk solutions of Pollard and Newman. Results are presented in terms of a local Nusselt number. The potential uniformity of CVD in this geometry can be inferred from the variation of the Nusselt number over the surface of the rotating disk. The effects of buoyancy and the finite size of the rotating disk within the cylindrical reactor are clearly evident in the present work.

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