Thematische Bibliographien / Rainfall characteristics

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Rainfall characteristics“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 26. Januar 2023

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Rainfall characteristics"

Hisada, Yukiko, Yuji Sugihara und Nobuhiro Matsunaga. „Meteorological Characteristics of Local Heavy Rainfall in the Fukuoka Plain“. Journal of Disaster Research 10, Nr. 3 (01.06.2015): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0429.

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Heavy local rainfall has been increasingly observed in urban Fukuoka on fine summer afternoons in recent years. Such rainfall tends to occur suddenly on calm afternoons and is considered to be caused by local wind conditions influenced by local topography rather than by weather fronts or typhoons. This local rainfall is considered to be caused by a mechanism different from similar rainfalls occurring on fine Kanto plain afternoons. We set up 14 rain gauges in urban Fukuoka in this study to clarify and confirm actual local rainfall conditions there. Maximum local rain is about 64 km2lasting 10 to 30 minutes. The maximum 10-minute rainfall was 13.8 mm. The average surface air temperature on days with local rainfall differs 2°–3°C from that on fine days. Upper atmosphere humidity distribution differs greatly between fine days and those with heavy local rain. Accordingly, heavy local rain is more likely to occur if surface air temperature and humidity in upper atmosphere rise above a certain level. Some difference is seen between days of heavy local rainfall and fine day in terms of the K index (KI), a measure of atmospheric stability. We confirmed that the atmospheric state becomes more unstable on days with heavy local rainfall than on fine days. Heavy local rainfall often begins in either the eastern or western inland Fukuoka plain and moves toward the coast. That is, based on numerical simulation using the meteorological mesoscale weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, wind blowing opposite to the sea wind blows in the upper atmosphere, moving cumulonimbus clouds causing heavy local rainfall toward the coast. We also confirmed that heavy local rainfall tends to occur in eastern inland areas with wind from the west, but tends to occur in western areas with wind from the east. We therefore assumed that heavy local rainfall in urban Fukuoka was triggered by updrafts generated when wind struck the inland Fukuoka plain mountain system.

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SIVARAMAKRISHNAN, T. R., und J. R. PRASAD. „Precipitation characteristics over Paradeep“. MAUSAM 49, Nr. 3 (17.12.2021): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v49i3.3637.

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The daily rainfall records since 1976 and the SRRG records after its installation in 1982 at Paradeep have been analysed and rainfall climatology has been worked out. The heaviest 24-hour rainfall recorded at the station is 264 mm on 4 June 1982. The mean annual rainfall is 1475 mm. January and December are near dry months while August is the wettest month getting about 339 mm rainfall. The variability of annual rainfall here is 20 %. Light rainspells giving a total rain of 10 mm or less form about 50% occasions in pre-monsoon period and 63% of occasions in monsoon period. The extended rainspells lasting for more than 4 hours form about 10% of occasions in pre-monsoon season and 6% occasions in monsoon season. While morning (04-08 hr IST) period gets the rainfall in both pre-monsoon and monsoon months, early night gets the peak rainfall activity during the pre-monsoon months.

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Back, Álvaro J., Augusto C. Pola, Nilzo I. Ladwig und Hugo Schwalm. „Erosive rainfall in the Rio do Peixe Valley in Santa Catarina, Brazil: Part II - Characteristics and temporal distribution pattern“. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, Nr. 11 (November 2017): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n11p780-784.

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ABSTRACT Exploring the characteristics of erosive rain is an important aspect of studying erosive processes, and it allows researchers to create more natural and realistic hydrological simulations. The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics of erosive rain and to determine the temporal distribution pattern of erosive rainfall in the Valley of Rio do Peixe in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Daily pluviograms from the meteorological stations located in the cities Campos Novos, Videira, and Caçador in Santa Catarina from 1984 to 2014 were utilized for this study. By studying rainfall that is classified as erosive, the values of kinetic energy, maximum intensity in thirty minutes, and the value of EI30 erosivity index were determined. The rainfall was also classified according to the temporal distribution of rainfall in advanced, intermediate, and delayed patterns. Erosive rainfalls occur at a frequency of 53.3% advanced, 31.1% intermediate, and 15.6% delayed patterns. Erosive rainfall has an average precipitation amount of 25.5 mm, duration of 11.1 h, kinetic energy of 5.6 MJ ha-1, maximum intensity of 30 min of 17.7 mm h-1, and erosivity of 206.4 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. The highest frequency of erosive rainfall occurred in rainfalls lasting from 6 to 12 h (36.1%), followed by rainfalls lasting from 4 to 6 h (22.4%).

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Hellin, Jon, Martin Haigh und Frank Marks. „Rainfall characteristics of hurricane Mitch“. Nature 399, Nr. 6734 (Mai 1999): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20577.

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Chen, Ching-Sen, und Yi-Leng Chen. „The Rainfall Characteristics of Taiwan“. Monthly Weather Review 131, Nr. 7 (Juli 2003): 1323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1323:trcot>2.0.co;2.

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Hong, Seong-Hyun, Young-Gyu Kim, Won-Hyun Lee und Eun-Sung Chung. „Rainfall Variations of Temporal Characteristics of Korea Using Rainfall Indicators“. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 45, Nr. 4 (30.04.2012): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2012.45.4.393.

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Iserloh, T., J. B. Ries, J. Arnáez, C. Boix-Fayos, V. Butzen, A. Cerdà, M. T. Echeverría et al. „European small portable rainfall simulators: A comparison of rainfall characteristics“. CATENA 110 (November 2013): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.05.013.

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Liu, Chenglin, Yuwen Zhou, Jun Sui und Chuanhao Wu. „Multivariate frequency analysis of urban rainfall characteristics using three-dimensional copulas“. Water Science and Technology 2017, Nr. 1 (07.03.2018): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.103.

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Abstract Urban runoff is a major cause of urban flooding and is difficult to monitor in the long term. In contrast, long term continuous rainfall data are generally available for any given region. As a result, it has become customary to use design rainfall depth as a proxy for runoff in urban hydrological analyses, with an assumption of the same frequency for runoff and rainfall. However, this approach has lack of overall coordination and cannot fully reflect the variability of rainfall characteristics. To address this issue, this study presents a three-dimensional copula-based multivariate frequency analysis of rainfall characteristics based on a long term (1961–2012) rainfall data from Guangzhou, China. Firstly, continuous rainfall data were divided into individual rainfall events using the rainfall intensity method. Then the characteristic variables of rainfall (design rainfall depth, DRD; total rainfall depth, TRD; peak rainfall depth, PRD) were sampled using the annual maximum method. Finally, a copula method was used to develop the multivariate joint probability distribution and the conditional probability distribution of rainfall characteristics. The results showed that the copula-based method is easy to implement and can better reflect urban rainstorm characteristics. It can serve a scientific reference for urban flood control and drainage planning.

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Jun, Changhyun, Xiaosheng Qin, Yeou-Koung Tung und Carlo De Michele. „Storm event-based frequency analysis method“. Hydrology Research 49, Nr. 3 (09.11.2017): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.175.

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Abstract In this study, a storm event-based frequency analysis method was proposed to mitigate the limitations of conventional rainfall depth–duration–frequency (DDF) analysis. The proposed method takes the number, rainfall depth, and duration of rainstorm events into consideration and is advantageous in estimation of more realistic rainfall quantiles for a given return period. For the purpose of hydraulics design, the rainfall depth thresholds are incorporated to retrieve the rainstorm events for estimating design rainfalls. The proposed method was tested against the observed rainfall data from 1961 to 2010 at Seoul, Korea and the computed rainfall quantiles were compared with those estimated using the conventional frequency analysis method. The study results indicated that the conventional method was likely to overestimate the rainfall quantiles for short rainfall durations. It represented that the conventional method could reflect rainfall characteristics of actual rainstorm events if longer durations (like 24 hours) were considered for estimation of design rainfalls.

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SOUSA, MARCOS MAKEISON MOREIRA DE, HELBA ARAÚJO DE QUEIROZ PALÁCIO, EUNICE MAIA DE ANDRADE, JACQUES CARVALHO RIBEIRO FILHO und MATHEUS MAGALHÃES SILVA MOURA. „DETERMINANT PLUVIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A CATCHMENT WITH THINNED VEGETATION IN THE TROPICAL SEMIARID“. Revista Caatinga 33, Nr. 3 (September 2020): 785–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n322rc.

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ABSTRACT Knowing determinant factors of erosive process is essential to adopt soil conservationist and loss-mitigation measures. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the correlation between rainfall characteristics and sediment transport in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The study was conducted at the Iguatu Experimental Basin in the state of Ceará, Brazil, in a watershed with area of 1.15 ha. The vegetation was thinned by removal of plants with diameters below 10 cm, and the area remained with an arboreous cover of 60%. The following variables were evaluated from 2012 to 2016: rainfall depth (mm), rainfall duration (hours), maximum rainfall intensity in 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes (mm h-1), mean rainfall intensity (mm h-1), rainfall depth in the previous 5 days (mm), runoff depth (mm), and transported sediment (kg ha-1). The records showed 158 rainfall events, 27 with surface runoff and 24 with sediment transport. The correlations were investigated by multivariate analysis of principal components (PC). The model explained 84% of total variance with four PC-PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 were formed, respectively, for disaggregating power of rainfall on soil particles, represented by the rainfall intensities; soil water content; runoff depth and sediment transport; and rainfall duration and interval between rainfalls. The highest factorial weight was found for the maximum intensity in 20 minutes, indicating the need for further hydrological studies focused on this variable at basin scale in areas of the Semiarid region of Brazil subjected to thinning of the vegetation.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Rainfall characteristics"

Phakula, Steven. „Modelling seasonal rainfall characteristics over South Africa“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60851.

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Aspects of seasonal forecast skill using global climate models (GCMs) are assessed over South Africa. The GCMs output is configured to predict low and high number of rainfall days exceeding predefined threshold values for the summer rainy seasons and to predict the rainfall totals of the onset of the rainy seasons for eight homogeneous rainfall regions of South Africa. Using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) as statistical downscaling tool the forecast skill levels of both coupled ocean-atmosphere and uncoupled atmospheric models are determined through retro-actively generated hindcasts. Both approaches have skill in predicting the low and high number of rainfall days exceeding predefined threshold values for the summer rainy seasons as well as rainfall totals of onset of the rainy seasons for the homogeneous rainfall regions. In addition to the forecast verification results, CCA pattern analysis is also performed to determine the dominating atmospheric circulation systems predicted to be controlling rainfall variations for the seasons of interest. CCA pattern analysis for both the GCMs indicate that when there are anomalously negative (positive) predicted 850hPa geopotential heights over South Africa, there are anomalously wet (dry) rainfall conditions over the most part of South Africa for the different seasons of interest. This work has paved the way for the operational production of seasonal rainfall characteristics over South Africa.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted

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Angelis, Carlos Frederico de. „Rainfall characteristics over tropical and subtropical South America“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410573.

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Gamoyo, Majambo Jarumani. „Rainfall variability characteristics over the East African coast“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10571.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This study explores inter-annual rainfall variability over the East African coast region (Kenya and Tanzania) for the period 1980-2010 and focuses on dry and wet spell characteristics during the two rainy seasons. The atmospheric and ocean conditions associated with the rainfall variability are also considered. Extreme occurrences of rainfall variable can result in droughts and floods which in turn may lead to socioeconomic disruptions. East Africa is highly dependent and vulnerable to the amounts and timing of rainfall.

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Liu, An. „Influence of rainfall and catchment characteristics on urban stormwater quality“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48324/1/An_Liu_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis presents the outcomes of a comprehensive research study undertaken to investigate the influence of rainfall and catchment characteristics on urban stormwater quality. The knowledge created is expected to contribute to a greater understanding of urban stormwater quality and thereby enhance the design of stormwater quality treatment systems. The research study was undertaken based on selected urban catchments in Gold Coast, Australia. The research methodology included field investigations, laboratory testing, computer modelling and data analysis. Both univariate and multivariate data analysis techniques were used to investigate the influence of rainfall and catchment characteristics on urban stormwater quality. The rainfall characteristics investigated included average rainfall intensity and rainfall duration whilst catchment characteristics included land use, impervious area percentage, urban form and pervious area location. The catchment scale data for the analysis was obtained from four residential catchments, including rainfall-runoff records, drainage network data, stormwater quality data and land use and land cover data. Pollutants build-up samples were collected from twelve road surfaces in residential, commercial and industrial land use areas. The relationships between rainfall characteristics, catchment characteristics and urban stormwater quality were investigated based on residential catchments and then extended to other land uses. Based on the influence rainfall characteristics exert on urban stormwater quality, rainfall events can be classified into three different types, namely, high average intensity-short duration (Type 1), high average intensity-long duration (Type 2) and low average intensity-long duration (Type 3). This provides an innovative approach to conventional modelling which does not commonly relate stormwater quality to rainfall characteristics. Additionally, it was found that the threshold intensity for pollutant wash-off from urban catchments is much less than for rural catchments. High average intensity-short duration rainfall events are cumulatively responsible for the generation of a major fraction of the annual pollutants load compared to the other rainfall event types. Additionally, rainfall events less than 1 year ARI such as 6- month ARI should be considered for treatment design as they generate a significant fraction of the annual runoff volume and by implication a significant fraction of the pollutants load. This implies that stormwater treatment designs based on larger rainfall events would not be feasible in the context of cost-effectiveness, efficiency in treatment performance and possible savings in land area needed. This also suggests that the simulation of long-term continuous rainfall events for stormwater treatment design may not be needed and that event based simulations would be adequate. The investigations into the relationship between catchment characteristics and urban stormwater quality found that other than conventional catchment characteristics such as land use and impervious area percentage, other catchment characteristics such as urban form and pervious area location also play important roles in influencing urban stormwater quality. These outcomes point to the fact that the conventional modelling approach in the design of stormwater quality treatment systems which is commonly based on land use and impervious area percentage would be inadequate. It was also noted that the small uniformly urbanised areas within a larger mixed catchment produce relatively lower variations in stormwater quality and as expected lower runoff volume with the opposite being the case for large mixed use urbanised catchments. Therefore, a decentralised approach to water quality treatment would be more effective rather than an "end-of-pipe" approach. The investigation of pollutants build-up on different land uses showed that pollutant build-up characteristics vary even within the same land use. Therefore, the conventional approach in stormwater quality modelling, which is based solely on land use, may prove to be inappropriate. Industrial land use has relatively higher variability in maximum pollutant build-up, build-up rate and particle size distribution than the other two land uses. However, commercial and residential land uses had relatively higher variations of nutrients and organic carbon build-up. Additionally, it was found that particle size distribution had a relatively higher variability for all three land uses compared to the other build-up parameters. The high variability in particle size distribution for all land uses illustrate the dissimilarities associated with the fine and coarse particle size fractions even within the same land use and hence the variations in stormwater quality in relation to pollutants adsorbing to different sizes of particles.

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Szyniszewska, Anna Maria. „Determining the daily rainfall characteristics from the monthly rainfall totals in central and northeastern Thailand“. [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025162.

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NHAT, Le Minh. „Development of Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships Based on Scaling Characteristics of Rainfall Extremes“. 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124493.

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Oliveira, Rômulo Augusto Jucá. „Characteristics and error modeling of GPM satellite rainfall estimates during CHUVA campaign in Brazil“. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2017. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/05.22.17.16.

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Studies that investigate and evaluate the quality, limitations and uncertainties of satellite rainfall estimates are fundamental to assure the correct and successful use of these products in applications, such as climate studies, hydrological modeling and natural hazard monitoring. Over regions of the globe that lack in situ observations, such studies are only possible through intensive field measurement campaigns, which provide a range of high quality ground measurements, e.g., CHUVA (Cloud processes of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud resolVing modeling and to the GlobAl Precipitation Measurement) and GoAmazon (Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon) over the Brazilian Amazon during 2014/2015. This study aims to assess the uncertainty of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite constellation in representing the main characteristics of precipitation over different regions of Brazil. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) (level-3) and the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) (level-2) algorithms are evaluated against ground-based radar observations, specifically, the S-band weather radar from the Amazon Protection National System (SIPAM) and the X-band dual polarization weather radar (X-band CHUVA radar) as references. The space-based rainfall estimates, based on active microwave (e.g., TRMM-PR and GPM-DPR [at Ku-band] radars) are also used as references. The results for the CHUVA-Vale campaign suggest that GPROF has relatively good agreement (spatial distribution and accumulated rainfall), especially for convective rain cases, due the significant presence of ice scattering. However, the intensity and volume of light/moderate rains is overestimated and performance related to light/heavy rains (underestimated) are intrinsically linked to convectivestratiform rainfall occurrences over the study region. For the study over the Central Amazon Region (CHUVA-GoAmazon), results showed that during the wet season, IMERG, which uses the GPROF2014 rainfall retrieval from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) sensor, significantly overestimates the frequency of heavy rainfall volumes at around 00:0004:00 UTC and 15:0018:00 UTC. This overestimation is particularly evident over the Negro, Solimões and Amazon rivers due to the poorlycalibrated algorithm over water surfaces. On the other hand, during the dry season, the IMERG product underestimates mean precipitation in comparison to the S-band SIPAM radar, mainly due to the fact that isolated convective rain cells in the afternoon are not detected by the satellite precipitation algorithm. The study based on verification of GPM level 2 by traditional and object-based analysis shows that volume and occurrence of heavy rainfall are underestimated, a good agreement of GPROF2014 for TMI and GMI versus TRMM PR and GPM DPR (Ku band) rainfall retrievals, respectively, was noted. Such most evident good performances were found through continuous and categorical analyses, especially during the wet season, where the number of objects and larger areas were observed. The larger object area seen by GPROF2014(GMI) compared to DPR (Ku band) was directly linked to the structure of vertical profiles of the precipitanting systems and the presence of bright band was the main source of uncertainty on the estimation of precipitation area and intensity. The results via error modeling, through the Precipitation Uncertainties for Satellite Hydrology (PUSH) framework, demonstrated that the PUSH model was suitable for characterizing the error from the IMERG algorithm when applied to S-band SIPAM radar estimates. PUSH could efficiently predict the error distribution in terms of spatial and intensity distributions. However, an underestimation (overestimation) of light satellite rain rates was observed during the dry (wet) period, mainly over the river. Although the estimated error showed a lower standard deviation than the observed error, they exhibited good correlations to other, especially in capturing the systematic error along the Negro, Solimões and Amazon rivers, especially during the wet season.
Estudos que investigam e avaliam a qualidade, limitações e incertezas das estimativas de precipitação de satélites são fundamentais para assegurar o uso correto e bem-sucedido desses produtos em aplicações, como estudos climáticos, modelagem hidrológica e monitoramento de desastres naturais. Em regiões do globo que não possuem observações in situ, esses estudos apenas são possíveis através de campanhas intensivas de medição de campo, que oferecem uma gama de medições de superfície de alta qualidade, por exemplo, CHUVA (Cloudprocesses of tHe main precipitation systems in Brazil: A contribUtion to cloud re-solVing modeling and to the GlobAl Precipitation Measurement) e GoAmazon (Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon) sobre a Amazônia Brasileira durante 2014/2015. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as incertezas provenientes da constelação de satélites do Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) em representar as principais características da precipitação em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Os algoritmos Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) (level-3) e Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) (level-2) são avaliados em contraste as observações de radares meteorológicos, especificamente, do Sistema Nacional de Proteção da Amazônia (SIPAM) e o radar meteorológico banda X de dupla polarização (X-band CHUVA radar) como referência. As estimativas de precipitação, baseadas em radares de microondas ativos (por exemplo, radares TRMM-PR e GPM-DPR [na banda Ku]) também são utilizadas como referência. Os resultados da campanha CHUVA-Vale sugerem que o GPROF possui uma boa concordância (distribuição espacial e precipitação acumulada), especialmente para casos de chuva convectiva, devido à presença significativa de espalhamento por gelo. No entanto, a intensidade e volume de chuvas leves/moderadas é superestimada e um desempenho (subestimado) relacionado às chuvas fracas/intensas diretamente ligado às ocorrências de chuvas convectivasestratiformes na região do estudo. Para o estudo da região da Amazônia Central (CHUVA-GoAmazon), os resultados mostraram que, durante a estação chuvosa, o IMERG, que utiliza as estimativas de precipitação do GPROF2014 a partir do sensor GPM Microwave Imager (GMI), superestima significativamente a freqüência de chuvas intensas em torno de 00:00-04:00 UTC e 15:00-18:00 UTC. Essa superestimativa é particularmente evidente nos rios Negro, Solimões e Amazonas devido ao algoritmo apresentasse erroneamente calibrado sobre as superfícies de água. Por outro lado, durante a estação seca, o produto IMERG subestima a precipitação média em comparação com o radar banda-s do SIPAM, principalmente devido ao fato de que células convectivas isoladas à tarde não são detectadas por tal algoritmo. O estudo baseado na verificação das estimativas do GPM Level 2 por abordagens tradicional e baseada em objeto mostra que, embora a subestimiativa do volume e ocorrência de chuvas intensas, foi observada uma boa concordância do GPROF2014 (TMI e GMI) versus TRMM PR e GPM DPR (Ku band), Respectivamente. Tais evidentes melhores desempenhos foram encontrados através de análises contínua e categórica, especialmente durante a estação chuvosa, onde o maior número e maiores áreas de objetos foram observados. As maiores áreas, observadas pelo GPROF2014 (GMI) comparada ao DPR (banda Ku) esteve diretamente ligada à estrutura de perfis verticais dos sistemas de precipitantes e a presença de banda brilhante foi a principal fonte de incerteza na estimativa da área e intensidade de precipitação. Os resultados referentes à modelagem do erro, através da ferramenta Precipitation Uncertainties for Satellite Hydrology (PUSH), as análises demonstraram que o modelo PUSH foi adequado para caracterizar o erro do algoritmo IMERG quando aplicado às estimativas de radar banda S do SIPAM. O modelo PUSH pôde prever eficientemente a distribuição de erro em termos espaciais e de intensidade. No entanto, observou-se uma subestimativa (superestimativa) das taxas de chuva fracas do satélite durante o período seco (chuvoso), especialmente ao longo do rio. Embora o erro estimado tenha apresentado menor desvio padrão do que o erro observado, eles apresentaram boas correlações entre si, especialmente na captura do erro sistemático ao longo dos rios Negro, Solimões e Amazonas, especialmente durante a estação chuvosa.

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Boening, Kathryn Margaret. „Impacts of Green Infrastructure Practices and Rainfall Characteristics on Sewershed Hydrology and Water Quality“. The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595352797878418.

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Crawford, T. „Future climate change : modelling the implications of shifts in rainfall characteristics for runoff in Northern Ireland“. Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479249.

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Diaz, de Arends Miriam Leonarda. „Ecophysiology and phenology of very dry tropical forest trees : effects of soil characteristics, rainfall and irrigation“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624548.

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Bücher zum Thema "Rainfall characteristics"

Sarma, V. V. Jagannadha. Rainfall characteristics of north Andhra. Visakhapatnam: Association of Hydrologists of India, 2003.

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Bhatia, K. K. S. Rainfall characteristics in north east India. Roorkee: Western Himalayan Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, 1992.

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Huff, Floyd A. 100-year rainstorms in the Midwest: Design characteristics. Champaign, Ill. (2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign 61820-7495): Illinois State Water Survey, 1993.

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Liu, An, Ashantha Goonetilleke und Prasanna Egodawatta. Role of Rainfall and Catchment Characteristics on Urban Stormwater Quality. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-459-7.

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Huff, Floyd A. Frequency distribution and hydroclimatic characteristics of heavy rainstorms in Illinois. Champaign, Ill. (2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign 61820): State Water Survey Division, 1988.

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Xie, Juying. Satellite-derived rainfall estimates and propagation characteristics associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1989.

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Fleming, Eric L. Characteristics of western region flash flood events in GOES imagery and conventional data. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1986.

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Oltmann, R. N. Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983. Sacramento, Calif: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Oltmann, R. N. Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983. Washignton: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Rainfall characteristics"

Sohn, Byung-Ju, Geun-Hyeok Ryu und Hwan-Jin Song. „Observational Characteristics of Warm-Type Heavy Rainfall“. In Advances in Global Change Research, 745–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_15.

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Singh, Charu, und Vidhi Bharti. „Rainfall Characteristics over the Northwest Himalayan Region“. In Remote Sensing of Northwest Himalayan Ecosystems, 171–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2128-3_8.

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Schultz, Gert A. „Remote Sensing of Watershed Characteristics and Rainfall Input“. In Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling, 301–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2352-2_11.

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Matsubayashi, U., S. Hayashi und F. Takagi. „On the Simulation of Rainfall Based on the Characteristics of Fourier Spectrum of Rainfall“. In Stochastic and Statistical Methods in Hydrology and Environmental Engineering, 347–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3083-9_25.

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Matsubayashi, U., und F. Takagi. „On the Probabilistic Characteristics of Point and Areal Rainfall“. In Hydrologic Frequency Modeling, 265–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3953-0_18.

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Liu, An, Ashantha Goonetilleke und Prasanna Egodawatta. „Urbanisation and Stormwater Quality“. In Role of Rainfall and Catchment Characteristics on Urban Stormwater Quality, 1–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-459-7_1.

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Liu, An, Ashantha Goonetilleke und Prasanna Egodawatta. „Stormwater Treatment Design“. In Role of Rainfall and Catchment Characteristics on Urban Stormwater Quality, 15–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-459-7_2.

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Liu, An, Ashantha Goonetilleke und Prasanna Egodawatta. „Case Studies“. In Role of Rainfall and Catchment Characteristics on Urban Stormwater Quality, 31–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-459-7_3.

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Liu, An, Ashantha Goonetilleke und Prasanna Egodawatta. „Practical Application of Study Outcomes for Stormwater Treatment Design“. In Role of Rainfall and Catchment Characteristics on Urban Stormwater Quality, 51–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-459-7_4.

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Liu, An, Ashantha Goonetilleke und Prasanna Egodawatta. „Implications for Engineering Practice and Identification of New Areas for Knowledge Creation“. In Role of Rainfall and Catchment Characteristics on Urban Stormwater Quality, 71–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-459-7_5.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Rainfall characteristics"

BEILICCI, Erika Beata Maria, und Robert BEILICCI. „Influence of Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff in a Small Watershed“. In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_13.

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Due to climate change, extreme rainfall is more frequent, and the phenomenon of drought and desertification in some parts of the world is accentuated. Scientists forecast that these trends to continue as the planet continue to warm. An increasingly common phenomenon is the occurrence of flash floods in areas where human intervention on natural conditions has been significant. Over this intervention is superimposed the modification of the characteristics of extreme rainfalls (duration, intensity, height), resulting a series of negative consequences on the ecosystems of the watersheds. For their protection, a more accurate forecast of the size and times of occurrence of the maximum water flows and levels in different sections are needed. This forecast must be made with appropriate methods, such as the use of advanced hydroinformatic tools. This paper analyses the influence of rainfall characteristics on runoff in a small watershed, using rainfall-runoff phenomenon modelling. The modelling is realized using advanced hydroinformatic tool MIKE11, developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI).

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Loucks, Eric D., Kimberly A. Oriel und Mitchell C. Heineman. „Frequency Characteristics of Long-Duration Rainfall Events“. In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)125.

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Oh, J. „Regional landslide early warning using rainfall characteristics“. In DISASTER MANAGEMENT 2015, herausgegeben von Y. Son, Y. Park, Y. Song und M. Jung. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dman150081.

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Rajasekhar, M., B. V. Appa Rao, A. K. Ghosh, U. Abdul Rahim, K. Prakasam und G. V. Rama. „Heavy Rain Rate Characteristics over Sriharikota“. In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767015.

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Moses, Oliver. „Heavy Daily Rainfall Characteristics over the Eastern Botswana“. In Environment and Water Resource Management / 837: Health Informatics / 838: Modelling and Simulation / 839: Power and Energy Systems. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2016.836-014.

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Papatsoris, A. D., K. Polimeris, I. Sklari und A. A. Lazou. „Rainfall characteristics for radiowave propagation studies in Greece“. In 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2008.4619004.

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Kumar, A., D. Pradhan, H. A. K. Singh, M. M. Gupta, A. K. De, J. Das und S. K. Sarkar. „Cloud Characteristics by Using Doppler Radar over Kolkata“. In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767025.

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Lal, Manohar, und M. V. Subramanian. „Meteorological Characteristics Changes in Equatorial Latitude Associated with Solar Activity“. In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAINFALL RATE AND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION (ISRR '07). AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2767049.

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Sharma, H., S. Harshe, S. Vekaria, M. Singh, M. Damodaran und Boo Cheong Khoo. „Computational Assessment of Rainfall Effects on Aircraft Aerodynamic Characteristics“. In 33rd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-3164.

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Renato Prata de Moraes Frasson und Witold F Krajewski. „Modification of the rainfall characteristics by the maize canopy“. In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29803.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Rainfall characteristics"

Douglas, Thomas, Merritt Turetsky und Charles Koven. Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41050.

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Earth’s high latitudes are projected to experience warmer and wetter summers in the future but ramifications for soil thermal processes and permafrost thaw are poorly understood. Here we present 2750 end of summer thaw depths representing a range of vegetation characteristics in Interior Alaska measured over a 5-year period. This included the top and third wettest summers in the 91-year record and three summers with precipitation close to mean historical values. Increased rainfall led to deeper thaw across all sites with an increase of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm of thaw per cm of additional rain. Disturbed and wetland sites were the most vulnerable to rain-induced thaw with ~1 cm of surface thaw per additional 1 cm of rain. Permafrost in tussock tundra, mixed forest, and conifer forest was less sensitive to rain-induced thaw. A simple energy budget model yields seasonal thaw values smaller than the linear regression of our measurements but provides a first-order estimate of the role of rain-driven sensible heat fluxes in high-latitude terrestrial permafrost. This study demonstrates substantial permafrost thaw from the projected increasing summer precipitation across most of the Arctic region.

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Mathew, Sonu, und Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Effect of Weather Events on Travel Time Reliability and Crash Occurrence. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2035.

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The magnitude of the effect of adverse weather conditions on road operational performance varies with the type of weather condition and the road characteristics of the road links and adjacent links. Therefore, the relationship between weather and traffic is always a concern to traffic engineers and planners, and they have extensively explored ways to integrate weather information into transportation systems. Understanding the influence of weather on operational performance and safety helps traffic engineers and planners to proactively plan and manage transportation systems. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of adverse weather conditions on travel time reliability and crash occurrence, by severity, using weather data, road data, travel time data, and crash data for North Carolina. The methodology and results from this research are useful for transportation system managers and planners to manage the traffic and improve safety under different weather conditions. They also help improve the functionality of weather-responsive management strategies like variable signs to indicate the change in reliability and safety under rainfall and low visibility conditions.

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir und Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, Juni 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.

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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Januar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.

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US Geological Survey urban-stormwater data base of constituent storm loads; characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and antecedent conditions; and basin characteristics. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874036.

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Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wsp2335.

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Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri024090.

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