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1
Nazaruk, M. M., und V. V. Khudoba. „Recreational and sports nature usage in Lviv region: origins and geospatial analysis“. Man and Environment. Issues of Neoecology, Nr. 38 (25.11.2022): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-4224-2022-38-05.
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In the process of recreation, nature acts as one of the leading factors of rest and recovery, restoration of physical and neuropsychological strength of a person. Recreational and sports nature usage is implemented through a complex of activities related to the usage of natural resources for the purpose of improving people's health, restoring their physical and psychological well-being, and expanding the ecological and cultural outlook. The study of geospatial features of recreational and sports resources contributes to their use and perspective of their consumption. Purpose. To study the retrospective principles of formation, historical and natural prerequisites for development and geospatial analysis of the recreational organization of sports and nature usage in Lviv region, as well as prospects for further their development. Results. In general, the climatic conditions within Lviv region are equally suitable for recreational and sports usage. Favorable conditions for seasonal recreation types in the region are approximately 10 months within the year. The mountainous realm of the region is the major region for the winter sports and recreation. Mountain skiing recreational and sports nature usage is developing in 10 of the 73 united territorial communities of the region. Lviv region has a good supply of water resources for recreational and sports nature usage. Water bodies within the Dniester basin are the most involved in recreational activities. They are used for rafting, diving, swimming, fishing. Less developed reservoirs within the basin of the Western Bug River, which are involved in swimming, rafting and fishing. An important direction of sports recreation is air space usage, such as paragliding, ballooning, parachuting, and flying on light aircraft. Conclusions. Irrational and non-professional lands usage for health and recreational purposes do not always contribute to the development of recreational and sports nature usage within the territorial communities of the Lviv region. It is expedient to ensure the introduction of market regulators into the practice of recreational and sports nature usage; the development of methods of recreational ecosystem services assessment and the implementation of monitoring of the state and use of recreational and sports resources.
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Huttunen, Mikko. „Unmanned, Remotely Piloted, or Something Else? Analysing the Terminological Dogfight“. Air and Space Law 42, Issue 3 (01.05.2017): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2017023.
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Throughout their existence, several attempts have been made at naming and categorizing aircraft which are flown without a pilot on board. Regulatory documents by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have called them unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft (systems), drones, and other less popular names. This has resulted in a risk of gaps and incoherence being introduced into the system of international aviation law. The growing field of unmanned aviation has proved difficult to encapsulate in a single term which would serve as a regulatory basis. This article seeks to analyse the terminological dogfight between the most established terms used to regulate the aircraft in question. It presents the legal basis, meaning, implications, and relevance of each term and their mutual relationship. The article recommends doing away with the concept of model aircraft, as it has become difficult to distinguish recreational from non-recreational use of the aircraft in question. A critical angle is taken at the concept of pilotless aircraft, employed in the Chicago Convention. The article acknowledges that both unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft are viable regulatory concepts, but preference is given to the former due to its simplicity and wide scope. The concept of a system is seen as necessary due to the distributed nature of the aircraft.
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Gerhardinger, David, Anita Domitrović und Ernest Bazijanac. „Fatigue Life Prognosis of a Light Aircraft Landing Gear Leg“. Annual Conference of the PHM Society 12, Nr. 1 (03.11.2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36001/phmconf.2020.v12i1.1245.
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Aircraft components are subject to fatigue damage. The prediction of fatigue life has significant influence on maintenance and flight operations. Light aircraft, designed for recreational purposes, have vital components that are subject to a hard time maintenance approach. The focus of this article is on a simple method for predicting fatigue life. The method is applied to a light aircraft’s fixed landing gear leg. The landing gear leg is modelled in a computer aided design environment. The load spectrum is determined, based on a characteristic flight profile. Principal strains are determined with finite element analysis. Fatigue life is calculated with the Coffin-Manson low cycle fatigue relation. The Palmgren-Miner rule is applied, and cumulative damage is determined. The results are compared to actual landing gear leg fatigue damage and the hard time replacement interval which is given in the corresponding maintenance manual.
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Kardach, Monika, Paweł Fuć, Marta Galant und Marta Maciejewska. „Risk Assessment of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems“. Journal of KONBiN 49, Nr. 1 (01.03.2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0005.
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Abstract The intensive growth in the popularity of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) used for recreational, sporting and other purposes, may lead to an increase in accidents and incidents involving them. Therefore, it is advisable to raise the awareness of all users, related to safety issues, to harmonize standards and procedures applicable at international and national level. The article presents the legal conditions for unmanned operations and the risk assessment methods used in areas of human activity. On this basis, an original method of risk assessment in unmanned systems was proposed. The method can be part of the operating instructions of the RPAS operator. At the end, final conclusions were drawn up.
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Krog, Norun Hjertager, und Bo Engdahl. „Aircraft noise in recreational areas: Effects on visitors' experience and well-being“. Noise Control Engineering Journal 47, Nr. 4 (01.07.1999): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1.599309.
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Ghiţescu, Ion-Marius, Maria Luminita Scutaru, Marilena Ghiţescu, Paul Nicolae Borza und Marin Marin. „New Command Mechanism of Flaps and Wings of a Light Sport Aircraft“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 2 (29.01.2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020221.
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Commercial aircraft have well-designed and optimized systems, the result of a huge experience in the field, due to the large fleet of aircraft in operation. For light, utility, or sports aircraft, with a multitude of shapes, tasks, and construction types, there are different solutions that seek to best meet the requirements of the designed aircraft. In this sense, for a sport plane, an increased maneuverability is desired, and the system that controls flaps and wing must be properly designed. A new flap mechanism command solution is proposed and justified in the paper, for use in sports and recreational aviation, in order to achieve angles of braking greater than 40°, take-off and landing in a shorter time and over a shorter distance, as well as the gliding of the aircraft in critical flight conditions or when fuel economy is needed. A finite element model is used to verify the optimized command system for the flap and wing and to check if the strength structure of the aircraft is properly designed. The main result consists of the new design command system for flaps and wings and in verifying, by calculation, the acceptability of the new mechanism proposed from the point of view of the strength of the materials.
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Krog, Norun Hjertager, Bo Engdahl und Kristian Tambs. „Effects of Changed Aircraft Noise Exposure on Experiential Qualities of Outdoor Recreational Areas“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, Nr. 10 (20.10.2010): 3739–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103739.
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Krog, Norun Hjertager, Bo Engdahl und Kristian Tambs. „Effects of Changed Aircraft Noise Exposure on the Use of Outdoor Recreational Areas“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, Nr. 11 (03.11.2010): 3890–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7113890.
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Kolk, H., K. L. Krijgsveld, H. Linssen, R. Diertens, D. Dolman, M. Jans, M. Frauendorf, B. J. Ens und M. Pol. „Cumulative energetic costs of military aircraft, recreational and natural disturbance in roosting shorebirds“. Animal Conservation 23, Nr. 4 (08.11.2019): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12546.
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Galea, E. R., S. J. Blake, S. Gwynne und P. J. Lawrence. „The use of evacuation modelling techniques in the design of very large transport aircraft and blended wing body aircraft“. Aeronautical Journal 107, Nr. 1070 (April 2003): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000013270.
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AbstractVery Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA) pose considerable challenges to designers, operators and certification authorities. Questions concerning seating arrangement, nature and design of recreational space, the number, design and location of internal staircases, the number of cabin crew required and the nature of the cabin crew emergency procedures are just some of the issues that need to be addressed. Other more radical concepts such as blended wing body (BWB) design, involving one or two decks with possibly four or more aisles offer even greater challenges. Can the largest exits currently available cope with passenger flow arising from four or five aisles? Do we need to consider new concepts in exit design? Should the main aisles be made wider to accommodate more passengers? In this paper we demonstrate how computer based evacuation models can be used to investigate these issues through examination of staircase evacuation procedures for VLTA and aisle/exit configuration for BWB cabin layouts.
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Houston, S. S. „Longitudinal stability of gyroplanes“. Aeronautical Journal 100, Nr. 991 (Januar 1996): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000027196.
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AbstractThe class of aircraft known as gyroplanes (or autogyros) helped to pave the way for the development of the helicopter. However, they have found no application in contemporary commercial or military aviation. It is in recreational or sport flying that the gyroplane has proved popular. Most if not all designs are however homebuilts, and as a consequence little analysis of any significance has been conducted on the flight mechanics of these aircraft. This Paper presents an analysis of the longitudinal stability of gyroplanes. Simple consideration of the basic forces and moments that might influence stability, in the context of elementary rotor behaviour, is used to assess the fundamental nature of gyroplane longitudinal stability. This is quantified by the application of a sophisticated generic rotorcraft mathematical model to the gyroplane problem. It is concluded that the basic configuration can be longitudinally stable with appropriate design, and that the rotorspeed degree of freedom must also be included when modelling the aircraft.
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Green, P. Corey, und Harold E. Burkhart. „Plantation Loblolly Pine Seedling Counts with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery: A Case Study“. Journal of Forestry 118, Nr. 5 (11.05.2020): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa020.
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Abstract Abstract An unmanned aircraft system was evaluated for its potential to capture imagery for use in plantation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) regeneration surveys. Five stands located in the Virginia Piedmont were evaluated. Imagery was collected using a recreational grade unmanned aerial vehicle at three flight heights above ground with a camera capable of capturing red–green–blue imagery. Two computer vision approaches were evaluated for their potential to automatically detect seedlings. The results of the study indicated that the proposed methods were limited in capability of generating reliable counts of seedlings in the locations evaluated. In conditions with low numbers of natural seedlings and sufficiently large planted seedlings, the detection methods performed with higher levels of accuracy. Challenges including global positioning system errors and image distortion made comparisons between ground samples and imagery difficult. In summary, unmanned aircraft systems have potential for use in plantation pine regeneration surveys if the challenges encountered can be addressed. Study Implications: Following the establishment of a pine plantation, it is important to estimate survival and possible recruitment of natural conifers. As the popularity of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has increased, forest managers have begun to explore their use for resource assessment. This study investigated using imagery captured with a recreational grade UAS, in conjunction with automated computer vision counting techniques, for use in regeneration surveys. The results of this research indicate that significant challenges must be addressed before UAS can become an integral component of survival assessments. Aircraft constraints, legal restrictions, low image quality, and high levels of natural pine regeneration limited the success of the proposed methods. In selected cases, however, favorable conditions led to accurate detection. Additionally, UAS imagery has the potential for assessing other stand characteristics such as competing vegetation and drainage patterns. Going forward, UAS imagery and automated counting approaches have the potential to supplement, but not fully replace, ground regeneration surveys if the challenges encountered in this study can be addressed.
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Fidell, Sanford, Laura Silvati und Robin Harrison. „A novel method for assessing the annoyance of aircraft overflights in outdoor recreational settings“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, S1 (November 1990): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2029140.
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Krog, Norun Hjertager, und Bo Engdahl. „Annoyance with aircraft noise in local recreational areas and the recreationists’ noise situation at home“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1795732.
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15
Gratton, G., und S. Newman. „The ‘tumble’ departure mode in weightshift-controlled microlight aircraft“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 217, Nr. 3 (01.03.2003): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441003322297252.
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The cost of private or recreational flying is high for most conventional aircraft types. During the last 25 years, however, an alternative has become available in the form of the microlight aircraft. It has a relatively low cost of ownership and has opened up flying to a greater audience. However, there have been a number of accidents, usually fatal, to this class of aircraft, which could not be explained through any conventional understanding. The reason for these accidents, which involve a departure from controlled flight followed by aircraft structural failure (generally including mechanical failure of the basebar, wingtips and leading edge), has become known as the “tumble”, owing to the basic motion of the aircraft. This paper analyses the tumble mode, from its initiation through to the steady rotation condition. History has shown that the tumble mode has always resulted in the destruction of an aircraft. In consequence, it is the authors' opinion that consideration of the tumble during the approval of new designs should concentrate upon avoidance, since there is no identifiable recovery mechanism from the established mode without the use of an external safety device. A programme of research into this phenomenon was initiated in 1997. The peculiar nature of the tumble motion has required the aerodynamic modelling to address the effects of a high pitch rate, which has led to the introduction of unsteady aerodynamic effects. This paper sets out to describe and explain the mode, leading to a model that might reasonably be developed to produce relatively tumble resistant aircraft. Finally, the methods of possible entry are explained; it is intended that this information may be used in pilot training to ensure the avoidance of the tumble instability.
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Weinert, Andrew. „Method to Characterize Potential UAS Encounters Using Open Source Data“. Aerospace 7, Nr. 11 (04.11.2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110158.
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As unmanned aerial systems (UASs) increasingly integrate into the US national airspace system, there is an increasing need to characterize how commercial and recreational UASs may encounter each other. To inform the development and evaluation of safety critical technologies, we demonstrate a methodology to analytically calculate all potential relative geometries between different UAS operations performing inspection missions. This method is based on a previously demonstrated technique that leverages open source geospatial information to generate representative unmanned aircraft trajectories. Using open source data and parallel processing techniques, we performed trillions of calculations to estimate the relative horizontal distance between geospatial points across sixteen locations.
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Spathopoulos, V. M. „An investigation of the flight dynamic characteristics of gyroplanes by use of flight tests“. Aeronautical Journal 108, Nr. 1088 (Oktober 2004): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000000361.
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AbstractAn analysis is presented both of flight test and simulation data obtained from a gyroplane aircraft. This class of rotary-wing vehicle has found limited application in areas other than recreational flying, however the accident rate has been such that it has prompted the study of the configuration’s stability and control characteristics. It is concluded that the flight dynamic response of the gyroplane examined is dominated by a fast, non-stable mode, affecting all states and thus increasing pilot workload. Simulation results indicate that the position of the centre of gravity significantly influences the stability of this mode.
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Aasvang, G. M., und B. Engdahl. „Subjective responses to aircraft noise in an outdoor recreational setting: a combined field and laboratory study“. Journal of Sound and Vibration 276, Nr. 3-5 (September 2004): 981–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2003.08.042.
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Dwyer, James F., Daryl D. Austin und Chelsea Beebe. „Unmanned aircraft systems enable three-dimensional viewshed-based assessment of potential disturbance to nesting raptors by recreational rock climbing“. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 8, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2019-0014.
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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) can be safer, less expensive, and less labor intensive than manned aircraft in wildlife conservation programs. Consequently, the use of UAS is increasing, but other than installation of line markers to reduce avian collision with power lines, UAS approaches generally involve passive observations. We wondered if UAS could more actively help guide conservation decision-making, so we used UAS-sourced photographs to create 3D models of cliffs to conduct viewshed-based assessments of potential disturbance to nesting raptors by recreational rock climbing. At Cathedral Spires Park and Clear Creek Canyon Park in Jefferson County, Colo., we collected 4790 photographs from which we constructed 3D models. We identified climbing routes and climbing areas with potential to disturb nesting Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Our findings were useful in providing Jefferson County Open Space (JCOS) with quantitative data so that informed defensible resource management decisions could be made. This project provides an example of how UAS can be used to actively create products useful in wildlife conservation and management and, given the widespread and increasing popularity of rock climbing globally, likely can be generalized to other areas worldwide where rock climbers and nesting raptors share cliffs.
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Iannace, Gino, Giuseppe Ciaburro und Amelia Trematerra. „Fault Diagnosis for UAV Blades Using Artificial Neural Network“. Robotics 8, Nr. 3 (20.07.2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics8030059.
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In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used in several fields including, for example, archaeology, cargo transport, conservation, healthcare, filmmaking, hobbies and recreational use. UAVs are aircraft characterized by the absence of a human pilot on board. The extensive use of these devices has highlighted maintenance problems with regard to the propellers, which represent the source of propulsion of the aircraft. A defect in the propellers of a drone can cause the aircraft to fall to the ground and its consequent destruction, and it also constitutes a safety problem for objects and people that are in the range of action of the aircraft. In this study, the measurements of the noise emitted by a UAV were used to build a classification model to detect unbalanced blades in a UAV propeller. To simulate the fault condition, two strips of paper tape were applied to the upper surface of a blade. The paper tape created a substantial modification of the aerodynamics of the blade, and this modification characterized the noise produced by the blade in its rotation. Then, a model based on artificial neural network algorithms was built to detect unbalanced blades in a UAV propeller. This model showed high accuracy (0.9763), indicating a high number of correct detections and suggests the adoption of this tool to verify the operating conditions of a UAV. The test must be performed indoors; from the measurements of the noise produced by the UAV it is possible to identify an imbalance in the propeller blade.
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Sastre, Carles, Jamie Wubben, Carlos T. Calafate, Juan-Carlos Cano und Pietro Manzoni. „Safe and Efficient Take-Off of VTOL UAV Swarms“. Electronics 11, Nr. 7 (02.04.2022): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071128.
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Currently multicopters are facing a continuous growth in terms of recreational uses, and multiple companies focused on these aircrafts to facilitate certain tasks that were nearly inaccessible to humans, or otherwise involved a great cost. In this context, the drone swarm concept allows us to broaden and incorporate new, more refined applications in which various aircraft coordinate with each other to carry out large-scale tasks. When the number of UAVs involved becomes too high, guaranteeing that the take-off procedure is efficient and yet secure becomes quite complex. Hence, in this paper we propose and validate different algorithms to optimize the take-off time of drones belonging to a swarm, with the objective that there are no collisions between them. In particular, we propose algorithms for both trajectory analysis and batch generation for take-off. Based on a large number of experiments using the ArduSim simulator we prove that the proposed algorithms provide a robust solution within a reasonable time frame when testing with different aerial formations. In addition, we will assess how different UAV position assignment strategies impact our algorithm performance in terms of take-off time and number of batches required.
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Hartmann, Lawrence A., und Sanford Fidell. „Adaptation of a residential dosage‐response relationship for aircraft noise annoyance to the remote outdoor recreational setting“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (Mai 1990): S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027935.
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Klæboe, Ronny. „Aircraft noise annoyance in recreational areas after changes in noise exposure: Comments on Krog and Engdahl (2004)“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118, Nr. 3 (September 2005): 1265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1984787.
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Krog, Norun Hjertager, und Bo Engdahl. „Annoyance with aircraft noise in local recreational areas, contingent on changes in exposure and other context variables“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116, Nr. 1 (Juli 2004): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1756162.
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Rochat, Judy, Herb Singleton und Keith Yoerg. „Examination of spectral content, peak frequency relationships, and annoyance for unmanned aerial vehicle operations“. INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, Nr. 4 (01.08.2021): 2767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2222.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used for many purposes, servicing delivery, recreational, utility inspection, and film industries, among others. For some applications, use of UAVs can expose communities to a type of noise not currently experienced, with current noise sources typically related to transportation operations (e.g., aircraft, rail, road noise sources) and home activities (e.g., air conditioning units, lawn care). As such, it is important to understand the type of noise communities will experience with UAV operations. For this paper, a UAV flyover event and hover event are examined in terms of spectral content and the relationship of peak frequencies. In addition, the peak frequencies and relationships are discussed in terms of those typically associated with annoyance.
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McKelvey, Nigel, Cathal Diver und Kevin Curran. „Drones and Privacy“. International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 6, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijhcr.2015010104.
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Drones, also referred to as UAV's (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), are an aircraft without a human pilot. Drones have been used by various military organisations for over a decade, but in recent years drones a have been emerging more and more in commercial and recreational capacity. The paper is aimed at drone and UAV technology capabilities and how they could and are currently effecting privacy laws globally in comparison to those currently in the Rep. of Ireland. Being investigated is the collection, retention and purpose of which civilian's information is being gathered. The authors also discuss the laws preventing the development and evolution of drone technology in the US in comparison to the Rep. of Ireland.
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Aasvang, Gunn Marit, und Bo Engdahl. „Aircraft noise in recreational areas: A quasi-experimental field study on individual annoyance responses and dose-response relationships“. Noise Control Engineering Journal 47, Nr. 4 (01.07.1999): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1.599315.
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Terwilliger, Brent A., und David Ison. „Implementing low cost two-person supervisory control for small unmanned aerial systems“. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 02, Nr. 01 (01.03.2014): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2013-0020.
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Commercially off-the-shelf remote control (RC) model aircraft have been used as a base platform for the development of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). Such designs have included use of first person view (FPV), inertial measurement units, and autopilot systems. Recommended guidelines established for operation of FPV recreational RC aircraft have applicability to operation of sUAS, when use of consistent components and platforms are considered. The purpose of this research was to examine existing literature, guidance, regulations, and other influencing factors to assess the necessity of redundancy management practices to identify recommended control stratagem, processes and procedures, operational criteria, and design of a proof of concept system to operate sUAS with optimal safety and operational benefits within recommended and legislated boundaries. Qualitative content analysis techniques were used to perform a literature review, while a survey of applicable technology (e.g., equipment, components, and software) was used in the development of a proof of concept system. The results were identification of a recommended supervisory control framework, a simulated supervisory control system, a physical proof of concept system, and a series of recommendations relating to considerations and potential follow-up research to better understand the limitations, constraints, and applicable benefits in the actual operation environment.
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Baczynska, Katarzyna A., Simon Brown, Adrian C. Chorley, John B. O’Hagan, Marina Khazova, Andrey Lyachev und Marc Wittlich. „In-Flight UV-A Exposure of Commercial Airline Pilots“. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, Nr. 6 (01.06.2020): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5507.2020.
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INTRODUCTION: Understanding UV exposure is essential for the assessment of its contribution to the occupational risk of pilots developing ocular and skin pathologies. The objective of this observational study was to measure the UV exposure of pilots flying between the United Kingdom and a range of destinations at three different seasons.METHODS: The in-flight UV exposure of pilots was measured on 322 Monarch Airlines short-haul flights on the Airbus A321-231 and Airbus A320-214 to 31 destinations, mostly in Europe, from 4 UK airports in September 2016–August 2017. The erythema effective and UV-A doses were compared with the ICNIRP guidance and typical recreational weekend exposure of UK office workers.RESULTS: The erythema effective radiant doses did not exceed 0.1 SED. For most of the flights, the UV-A exposure was also low. On 27 single sector flights, UV-A exposure could have exceeded the ICNIRP guidance if eye protection was not used.DISCUSSION: The UV exposure in a cockpit is mostly governed by the presence of direct sunlight and the duration of a flight. The average monthly exposures were low and significantly below weekend recreational exposures of UK office workers over a similar period. To assess the contribution of occupational UV exposure to the risk of developing sun-related ocular and cutaneous pathologies, it is important to consider the accumulative flight time, destinations, and UV attenuation of aircraft windshields. Additionally, leisure and recreational outdoor time needs to be considered before meaningful overall risk analysis can be undertaken.Baczynska KA, Brown S, Chorley AC, O’Hagan JB, Khazova M, Lyachev A, Wittlich M. In-flight UV-A exposure of commercial airline pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(6):501–510.
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Castellanos Ruiz, María José. „Régimen jurídico de los drones: el nuevo Reglamento (UE) 2018/1139 = Drones legal framework: the new Regulation (UE) 2018/1139“. CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, Nr. 1 (11.03.2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4618.
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Resumen: Los drones son una realidad en los cielos de muchos países. Existen muchas diferencias entre los distintos tipos de drones, no sólo en cuanto a si dicha aeronave es autónoma o pilotada por control remoto; sino en cuanto a otros aspectos como su tamaño, o el uso que se le vaya a dar al dron, que bien puede destinarse a operaciones especializadas (trabajos técnicos, científicos o aéreos), a uso recreativo, o en el futuro, incluso al transporte.La regulación existente de los Estados miembros en materia de drones se circunscribía al ámbito nacional y en relación con determinados tipos de drones. En España, al igual que en los países de nuestro entorno se había desarrollado una regulación limitada a algunos tipos de drones, concretamente los que tienen una masa máxima en el despegue inferior a 150 kg. También la FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) en Estados Unidos desarrolló su propia normativa sobre drones, que posteriormente ha ido modificando.Sin embargo, dada la fragmentación legal en esta materia, se desarrolló por parte de la Unión Europea, concretamente por la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Aérea o EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency), un marco regulatorio para el desarrollo de un mercado único europeo y favorecer así las operaciones transfronterizas de drones.Finalmente, el nuevo Reglamento (UE) 2018/1139 ha venido a establecer una regulación europea que es de aplicación a todos los drones, de manera que las legislaciones internas de los Estados miembros quedarían desplazadas por instrumento internacional. Por tanto, su objetivo es abarcar las aeronaves no tripuladas, puesto que las aeronaves no tripuladas también operan dentro del espacio aéreo junto con las aeronaves tripuladas. Como las tecnologías de las aeronaves no tripuladas actualmente hacen posible una amplia gama de operaciones, éstas deben ser objeto de normas que sean proporcionales al riesgo de la operación o del tipo de operación en concreto, porque su regulación no se puede hacer depender únicamente del peso de la aeronave.Palabras clave: aeronaves, drones, aeronaves no tripuladas, aeronaves pilotadas por control remoto, aeronaves autónomas, RPAS, UAS, UAV, regulación, transporte aéreo, espacio aéreo, aviación civil, FAA, EASA, incidentes, accidentes.Abstract: Drones are a reality in the skies of many countries. There are many differences between the different types of drones, not only as to whether the aircraft is autonomous or piloted by remote control; but in other aspects such as its size, or the use to be given to the drone, which may well be used for specialized operations (technical, scientific or aerial), for recreational use, or in the future, for transportation.The existing regulation of the Member States on drone matters was confined to the national level and in relation to certain types of drones. In Spain, as others Member States, a regulation limited to some types of drones had been developed, which have a maximum take-off mass below than 150 kg. Also the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) in the United States developed its own regulation on drones, which has subsequently been modified.However, given the legal fragmentation in this area, it was developed by the European Union, specifically by the European Aviation Safety Agency or EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency), a regulatory framework for the development of a European single market and promote thus cross-border drone operations.Finally, the new Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 has come to establish a European regulation that is applicable to all drones, so that the internal legislations of the Member States would be displaced by that international instrument. Therefore, its objective is to cover unmanned aircraft, since unmanned aircraft also operate within the airspace together with manned aircraft. As the technologies of unmanned aircraft currently make possible a wide range of operations, they must be subject to standards that are proportional to the risk of the operation or the type of operation in particular, because its regulation can not be made to depend solely on the weight of the aircraft.Keywords: aircrafts, drones, unmanned aircrafts, remotely piloted aircrafts, autonomous aircrafts, RPAS, UAS, UAV, regulation, air transport, airspace, civil aviation, FAA, EASA, incidents, accidents.
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Szafran, Krzysztof Stanisław, und Ireneusz Kramarski. „Fatigue Degradation of the Ram-Air Parachute Canopy Structure“. Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2019, Nr. 11 (01.12.2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fas-2019-0010.
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AbstractIn this work, the authors continue researching issues related to fatigue of aircraft structures made of fabrics. Parachute systems are widely used in military, sport and recreational aviation. Braking parachutes as well as skydiving and troop parachutes are characterized by the repeated use of parachute canopies, which are exposed to wear and fatigue. Until now, parachutes were difficult to design aviation systems due to their complex and unsteady opening characteristics, large changes in the geometry of canopies, suspension lines and tape risers as well as exposure to stochastic atmospheric turbulence. The fatigue of the canopy fabric, suspension lines and tape risers is a problem that must be addressed by textile designers and designers of reusable parachute systems. The authors of this work demonstrate the complexity of operating a parachute in hard multiple use conditions and propose ways to extend the parachute’s service life without compromising safety.
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Sanchez-Aguero, Victor, Luis F. Gonzalez, Francisco Valera, Ivan Vidal und Rafael A. López da Silva. „Cellular and Virtualization Technologies for UAVs: An Experimental Perspective“. Sensors 21, Nr. 9 (29.04.2021): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093093.
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The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) ecosystem is exponentially growing in both recreational and professional fields to provide novel services and applications to consumers from multiple engineering fields. However, this technology has only scraped the surface of its potential, especially in those cases that require fast reaction times. Accordingly, the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project aims at efficiently managing the air traffic for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations, including those cases where UAVs might be remotely managed from a completely different geographical location. With these considerations in mind, this article presents a cellular-assisted UAVs testbed used to complete a mission managed beyond the radio line-of-sight (BRLoS), as well as introducing a virtualization platform for deploying services using containerization technology. In addition, the article conducts a communication performance evaluation in order to determine if the testbed equipment meets the requirements to carry out this BRLoS management. Finally, indoor flight operations are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and proper operation of the testbed.
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Houston, S. S. „Identification of gyroplane lateral/directional stability and control characteristics from flight test“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 212, Nr. 4 (01.04.1998): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954410981532432.
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This paper presents an analysis of test data recorded during flight trials of a gyroplane. This class of rotary-wing aircraft has found limited application in areas other than sport or recreational flying. However, the accident rate is such that a study of the configuration's stability and control characteristics is timely, and in addition substantive data are required for a new airworthiness and design standard that is under development. The paper complements previous work on the longitudinal degrees of freedom and, as a consequence, serves to consolidate the understanding of gyroplane stability and control. The identified derivatives are related to specific aspects of the layout of the gyroplane, and hence the influence of design on the static and dynamic behaviour is quantified. It is concluded that robust estimates of the lateral and directional stability and control derivatives have been identified. This analysis has focused on ‘high-speed’ flight, and the identified derivatives highlight benign and ‘conventional’ characteristics in this part of the flight envelope.
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Ariante, Gennaro, Salvatore Ponte, Umberto Papa und Giuseppe Del Core. „Estimation of Airspeed, Angle of Attack, and Sideslip for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Using a Micro-Pitot Tube“. Electronics 10, Nr. 19 (22.09.2021): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192325.
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Fixed and rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), originally developed for military purposes, have widely spread in scientific, civilian, commercial, and recreational applications. Among the most interesting and challenging aspects of small UAS technology are endurance enhancement and autonomous flight; i.e., mission management and control. This paper proposes a practical method for estimation of true and calibrated airspeed, Angle of Attack (AOA), and Angle of Sideslip (AOS) for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, up to 20 kg mass, 1200 ft altitude above ground level, and airspeed of up to 100 knots) or light aircraft, for which weight, size, cost, and power-consumption requirements do not allow solutions used in large airplanes (typically, arrays of multi-hole Pitot probes). The sensors used in this research were a static and dynamic pressure sensor (“micro-Pitot tube” MPX2010DP differential pressure sensor) and a 10 degrees of freedom (DoF) inertial measurement unit (IMU) for attitude determination. Kalman and complementary filtering were applied for measurement noise removal and data fusion, respectively, achieving global exponential stability of the estimation error. The methodology was tested using experimental data from a prototype of the devised sensor suite, in various indoor-acquisition campaigns and laboratory tests under controlled conditions. AOA and AOS estimates were validated via correlation between the AOA measured by the micro-Pitot and vertical accelerometer measurements, since lift force can be modeled as a linear function of AOA in normal flight. The results confirmed the validity of the proposed approach, which could have interesting applications in energy-harvesting techniques.
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Herrmann, Samara, Macklini Dalla Nora und Thompson Diordinis Metzka Lanzanova. „Development of a Two-Stroke Cycle Engine for Use in the Agricultural Aviation Sector“. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, Nr. 12 (21.11.2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5028/jatm.cab.1155.
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Reciprocating internal combustion engines have wide application in agricultural, recreational and experimental aircraft, resulting from their low cost and less complex maintenance compared to other engines. Thus, this work analyzed the performance of a conventional four-stroke engine operating in the two-stroke cycle by means of direct fuel injection and mechanical air supercharging. The use of a supercharger was essential in this design to provide adequate gas exchange inside the cylinder during the long valve overlap required, while direct fuel injection made it possible to reduce the short circuit of air-fuel mixture to the exhaust. Due to the double ignition frequency compared to a four-stroke engine, it was possible to obtain a large power density (40 kW/L) at a speed of 2400 rpm, also a specific fuel consumption of 270 g/kWh with gasoline and 400 g/kWh with ethanol. The use of ethanol in replacement of gasoline made it possible to operate at full load (160 Nm/L) at 800 rpm without the occurrence of knocking combustion.
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Psyllou, Elena, und Arnab Majumdar. „The Analysis of Airspace Infringements Over Complex Airspace in Europe and the United States of America“. Journal of Navigation 73, Nr. 5 (28.04.2020): 1036–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463320000156.
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The increase in the number of commercial flights highlights the need for air traffic to follow air procedures. Unfortunately, general aviation aircraft used for recreational purposes keep entering controlled and restricted airspace without obtaining permission from air traffic services. Given the safety and operational problems this could potentially cause, this paper examines the underlying reasons for these incidents occurring. In particular, it analyses airspace infringements between 2008 and 2017 involving general aviation flights that were recorded in airspace in which a large number of commercial flights also fly in Europe and America. The reports were analysed based on an initial assessment of their quality. Information was latent in the narrative and subsequently both qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative methods (descriptive statistics) of analysis were used. The analysis revealed that airspace infringements were related to the pilot's flight planning, that is, flight-route choice, navigation skills and communication, in addition to requirement to adhere to airspace procedure. The findings could be used by national authorities and flying clubs to promote safe flying in these regions.
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Windle, Anna, Sarah Poulin, David Johnston und Justin Ridge. „Rapid and Accurate Monitoring of Intertidal Oyster Reef Habitat Using Unoccupied Aircraft Systems and Structure from Motion“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 20 (16.10.2019): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202394.
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Oysters support an economically important fishery in many locations in the United States and provide benefits to the surrounding environment by filtering water, providing habitat for fish, and stabilizing shorelines. Changes in oyster reef health reflect variations in factors such as recreational and commercial harvests, predation, disease, storms, and broader anthropogenic influences, such as climate change. Consistent measurements of reef area and morphology can help effectively monitor oyster habitat across locations. However, traditional approaches to acquiring these data are time-consuming and can be costly. Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) present a rapid and reliable method for assessing oyster habitat that may overcome these limitations, although little information on the accuracy of platforms and processing techniques is available. In the present study, oyster reefs ranging in size from 30 m2 to 300 m2 were surveyed using both fixed-wing and multirotor UAS and compared with ground-based surveys of each reef conducted with a real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK-GPS). Survey images from UAS were processed using structure from motion (SfM) stereo photogrammetry techniques, with and without the use of ground control point (GCP) correction, to create reef-scale measures of area and morphology for comparison to ground-based measures. UAS-based estimates of both reef area and morphology were consistently lower than ground-based estimates, and the results of matched pairs analyses revealed that differences in reef area did not vary significantly by aircraft or the use of GCPs. However, the use of GCPs increased the accuracy of UAS-based reef morphology measurements, particularly in areas with the presence of water and/or homogeneous spectral characteristics. Our results indicate that both fixed-wing and multirotor UAS can be used to accurately monitor intertidal oyster reefs over time and that proper ground control techniques will improve measurements of reef morphology. These non-destructive methods help modernize oyster habitat monitoring by providing useful and accurate knowledge about the structure and health of oyster reefs ecosystems.
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Hildebrand, Julia M. „Situating Hobby Drone Practices“. Digital Culture & Society 3, Nr. 2 (20.12.2017): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2017-0212.
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Abstract Consumer drones are entering everyday spaces with increasing frequency and impact as more and more hobbyists use the aerial tool for recreational photography and videography. In this article, I seek to expand the common reference to drones as “unmanned aircraft systems” by conceptualising the hobby drone practice more broadly as a heterogeneous, mobile assemblage of virtual and physical practices and human and non-human actors. Drawing on initial ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with drone hobbyists as well as ongoing cyber-ethnographic research on social networking sites, this article gives an overview of how the mobile drone practice needs to be situated alongside people, things, and data in physical and virtual spheres. As drone hobbyists set out to fly their devices at a given time and place, a number of relations reaching across atmospheric (e. g. weather conditions, daylight hours, GPS availability), geographic (e. g. volumetric obstacles), mobile (e. g. flight restrictions, ground traffic), and social (e. g. bystanders) dimensions demand attention. Furthermore, when drone operators share their aerial images online, visual (e. g. live stream) and cyber-social relations (e. g. comments, scrutiny) come into play, which may similarly impact the drone practice in terms of the pilot’s performance. While drone hobbysists appear to be interested in keeping a “low profile” in the physical space, many pilots manage a comparatively “high profile” in the virtual sphere with respect to the sharing of their images. Since the recreational trend brings together elements of convergence, location-awareness, and real-time feedback, I suggest approaching consumer drones as, what Scott McQuire (2016) terms, “geomedia.” Moreover, consumer drones open up different “cybermobilities” (Adey/Bevan 2006) understood as connected movement that flows through and shapes both physical and virtual spaces simultaneously. The way that many drone hobbyists appear to navigate these different environments, sometimes at the same time, has methodological implications for ethnographic research on consumer drones. Ultimately, the assemblage-perspective brings together aviation-related and socio-cultural concerns relevant in the context of consumer drones as digital communication technology and visual production tool.
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Tan, HH, und SH Goh. „Lightning Injury: Changi Hospital Experience“. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 10, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2003): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790301000404.
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Introduction Lightning injury is a major concern in Singapore, which has one of the highest incidences of lightning activity in the world. This study examined the frequency and type of lightning injuries that presented to an Accident and Emergency (A&E) department situated in the east of Singapore to identify the groups at risk and the spectrum of injuries sustained. Materials and methods This is a case series study with a sample size of 24. Cases that were seen in the A&E department of Changi General Hospital from July 1997 to June 2002 with the International Classification of Disease diagnosis code of E907 for lightning injury were collected and analyzed. Results In our study, 83% lightning injuries were work-related and 79% occurred in those below 40 years old. In the work-related category, a significant proportion occurred at the airport (45%) with most of the incidents occurring while working near or in contact with the aircraft (7 out of 9). The other major proportion occurred at construction sites (40%) with a significant number of cases occurring while in contact with cranes (6 out of 8). There was one telephone-related injury. In the non-work related incidents, two out of four occurred while playing golf. Most of the injuries (87.5%) were minor with no long-term morbidity. There was one death and one critical case requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The latter survived and recovered quite remarkably. One patient had serious depression requiring prolonged treatment. Conclusion Precaution should be taken during lightning-prone weather conditions in workplaces that involve large metal structures like cranes and aircrafts and in open space. This also applies to recreational sports like golf. Lightning injury, though rare, is not uncommon and emergency room doctors should be conversant with the treatment of this condition and its complications. Immediate basic and advanced cardiac life support administered to a lightning casualty who collapsed can be life saving.
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Kabir, Mim, und Emmanouil Bouzakis. „Helical UAV – an 'Aerial Screw' inspired conceptual design for a passively cooled UAV“. MATEC Web of Conferences 349 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134903005.
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A fleet of aircraft thriving in the military, commercial as well as recreational industry of recent decades has been that of the ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)’, more commonly referred to as ‘Drones’. Their versatility in structure and function suitable for a wide range of applications have drawn considerable interest from leading institutions, industries, and governmental organisations. However, owing to their electronic nature, UAVs have shown significant performance deterioration in high temperature environments. This has been limiting their service in hot climatic regions such as those of the Middle East. In this context, this project investigated on the challenges of operating UAVs in high ambient temperatures and corresponding solutions. Consequently, based on the literature research and primary knowledge of aerodynamics, heat transfer and properties of common materials, a conceptual design has been proposed for a passively cooled, payload-carrying quadcopter body. The technology involves utilizing sun-shielding, natural ventilation and cooling by heat sinks and thermal radiation. The design bears prominent resemblance to the 'Aerial Screw' designed by Leonardo da Vinci which served as an inspiration for the use of a helical structure in the vehicle body, the major heat shielding and distinguishing feature of the UAV. The design in its general layout has been constructed using AutoCAD software and presented with general evaluation, possible flaws, development methods and prospects for the concept.
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Češkovič, Marek, Pavol Kurdel, Natália Gecejová, Ján Labun, Mária Gamcová und Matúš Lehocký. „A Reasonable Alternative System for Searching UAVs in the Local Area“. Sensors 22, Nr. 9 (19.04.2022): 3122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093122.
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UAVs, used for professional purposes, often intervene in unfamiliar terrain and challenging conditions. Unlike recreational UAVs, such professional and specialised UAVs are very expensive to develop and operate, and their value is not negligible. Due to the nature of operations in an unknown or dangerous environment, there are also situations with forced interruption and termination of the flight mission or a collision with the environment. Locating a lost vehicle presents a new challenge for UAV operators. The possibilities of today’s localised commercial aircraft in distress (COSPASS/SARSAT systems) are undesirable for selective special-purpose drones. The optimisation of the location in the event of an emergency or catastrophic landing may be justified by a social or other condition, where the user wants to search for the device by a system other than the one experienced for rescuing people, ideally on their reserved frequencies. The article proposes a new approach to solving the problem based on the design of a terrestrial localisation system based on the methods of processing and correlation of the obtained data by the physical principle of the Doppler effect and its own system adaptation. This creates an innovative concept of a targeting system based on the broadcasting of distress (VHF) signal by crashed UAV. This signal is captured and evaluated by the IDVOR system, making it possible to determine the direction in which the searched UAV is placed. In order to determine the difference between standard targeting systems of the UAV, which use information about position (exact coordinates (x,y,z)), the IDVOR system is able to determine direction, independent of other systems in every “enemy” or “inhospitable” territory.
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Dromgoole, Sarah. „Military Remains on and around the Coast of the United Kingdom: Statutory Mechanisms of Protection“. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 11, Nr. 1 (1996): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180896x00366.
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AbstractThis article addresses the protection afforded by UK statute law to the large number of military remains found on and around the coast of the UK. It is concerned primarily, but not exclusively, with remains from World Wars I and II. These remains are varied in nature and include sunken vessels and aircraft; landing craft and amphibious vehicles; fortresses, gun emplacements and other coastal defences. They face a wide variety of threats, including looting, redevelopment, dredging and land reclamation, erosional processes, recreational activities and neglect. The article examines the protection offered to these remains by three statutes: the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The provisions of each statute are examined in order to consider the extent of the protection they may afford. The interrelationship of the statutes is also given consideration and the rather peculiar overlapping of their provisions is discussed. The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 is given particularly full analysis since this statute has been neglected by academic commentators in the past and yet could offer a useful protective mechanism. Although it was enacted after the Falklands conflict primarily in order to protect the sanctity of human remains, its provisions, if fully implemented, would have wide effect. The difficulty which may arise in choosing the most appropriate statutory mechanism for protection of particular remains is illustrated by an interesting case study relating to the German vessels scuttled by their crews in Scapa Flow at the end of World War II. Finally, some comments and suggestions are made concerning the current division of administrative responsibility for military remains in the UK which leads to an unco-ordinated approach to protection.
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Oigbochie, A. E., E. B. Odigie und B. I. G. Adejumo. „IMPORTANCE OF DRONES IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AMID A PANDEMIC: CURRENT AND GENERATION NEXT APPLICATION“. Open Journal of Medical Research (ISSN: 2734-2093) 2, Nr. 1 (06.04.2021): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojmr.v2i1.187.
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A drone is an aircraft controlled from a distance without a human pilot onboard using devices ingrained with software flight protocols. Outside the military, it lately just started to reach the relevancy of conventional businesses. The healthcare sector is an industry where this capacity is needed particularly in a pandemic in providing a responsive healthcare service in a contact-free manner. Also, delivery of blood supplies, vaccines, medications and other medical supplies to rural areas with no access to health facilities is made possible by the use of drones as they can navigate through difficult barriers such as buildings and bridges as well as areas that have been rendered inaccessible by conventional land and air transport. Drones have triggered a swift advancement in a variety of commercial, recreational and industrial applications with its capability to effectively put together real-time information on events at a low cost. However, its breakthrough in healthcare has been slower compared to other sectors where drones have been used extensively. Hence, this review is aimed at emphasizing the importance of drones in healthcare delivery noting its current and future usability. In this paper, a systematic review of relevant literatures was employed. Findings suggests that drones have been used effectively in healthcare viz a viz: enabling transportation of birth control, biopsy for emergency surgeries and other medical and laboratory supplies within few minutes. Considering the current global situation (COVID-19 pandemic), the future might experience more outpatient care and perhaps home-based care previously admitted in hospitals. Test results, medications and other treatment ordered by physicians may be couriered to patient’s residence via drones. In conclusion, drones offer a variety of exciting opportunities; delivery of medical and laboratory supplies, blood products including biopsy for emergency surgeries is just a starting point. Drones have the capability to evolve medical care as well as propel advancement in the health industry.
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Hillman, Matthew D., Sarah M. Karpanty, James D. Fraser und Audrey Derose-Wilson. „Effects of aircraft and recreation on colonial waterbird nesting behavior“. Journal of Wildlife Management 79, Nr. 7 (04.07.2015): 1192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.925.
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Kuelper, Nils, Thimo Bielsky, Jasmin Broehan und Frank Thielecke. „Model‐based Framework for Data and Knowledge‐Driven Systems Architecting Demonstrated on a Hydrogen‐Powered Concept Aircraft“. INCOSE International Symposium 33, Nr. 1 (Juli 2023): 666–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13045.
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AbstractAircraft development is a protracted process over many years. Novel concept aircraft with new energy sources and disruptive systems technologies are investigated during the aircraft conceptual design phase with the goal to achieve sustainable aviation. Current development cycles need to be accelerated to reduce time to market and development costs of novel aircraft, while still handling complexity and uncertainty of systems technologies. Therefore, a holistic framework for knowledge‐based systems architecting using a model‐based systems engineering approach is presented. This framework has the purpose to conserve and provide knowledge, i.e., information, data, and experiences about existing systems architectures, to the engineer. The developed framework consists of a database concept, a method for model‐based systems architecting, and an interface to the overall systems design software tool GeneSys. Based on evaluating different modeling languages and tools, MathWorks System Composer is selected as most suitable tool for knowledge‐based systems architecting. The developed framework is then demonstrated by conserving and reusing formalized knowledge for the design of a novel hydrogen‐powered concept aircraft. On‐board systems architecture models are saved in a database and automatically recreated reducing development time. The complete graphical representation could not yet be stored in a formalized manner partly reducing the advantage of a clear representation of model‐based systems architecting. However, this did not reduce automatic recreation and evaluation capabilities.
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Wae, Getrudis, Ariswan Usman Aje und Konstantinus Denny Pareira Meke. „EKSPLORASI ETNOMATEMATIKA PERMAINAN OGO MASYAKAT ENDE PADA SISWA KELAS VII SMP KRISTEN ENDE“. JUPIKA: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA 5, Nr. 1 (31.03.2022): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/jupika.v5i1.1684.
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Ethnomathematics-based totally gaining knowledge of is very crucial to instill man or woman values while at the equal time fostering kid's love for the local way of life which has been deserted because of technological advances the mathematical standards determined within the ogo game are the ideas of flat aircraft geometry, diversifications, and mathematical logic. (1)The form of the ogo plot contains geometric ideas of flat planes together with squares, rectangles, semi-circles, dice nets, and additionally the idea of mirroring. (2). Ogo sport, judging from the order of the ogo sport, the players start by way of drawing lots by means of doing hompimpa. that is in which there may be the idea of permutations in the ogo game to calculate the sample of the ogo recreation sequence. (3). The policies of the ogo recreation, the concept contained in the policies of the ogo recreation is the idea of mathematical logic visible inside the proper and wrong of a recreation. based totally on the outcomes of the study, the researchers concluded that there are ideas of flat plane geometry at the ogo plot, particularly square, rectangle, and semi-circle. As for different mathematical standards contained in the ogo plot inclusive of mirroring, cube nets, mathematical logic, and diversifications.
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Zbrowski, Andrzej, und Andrzej Majcher. „Mechatronic System for Impact Tests for Aero Structures“. Solid State Phenomena 198 (März 2013): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.366.
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The article presents the structure of the developed pneumatic propellant system for impact tests particularly conducted in the aviation. The solution is intended for the realization of experimental tests enabling the simulation and recreation of the event of collision of the aircraft, or other means of transport, with the solid object or a bird in motion. The projectile thrower has been designed in form of a 250 mm pneumatic cannon. The size and the energy parameters of the cannon enable the objects weighing several kilograms to be thrown with the speed reflecting the actual collision of the aircraft with a big bird, both in the areas of subsonic and supersonic crash speed. In order for the complex realisation of the impact tests, the structure of the test system for impact tests with the option to record the event by means of a synchronised vision path and an impact force measurement path, has been developed.
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Chen, Pu Woei, Shu Han Chang, Yu Yang Hsieh und Tai Sing Sun. „Crashworthiness Simulation Analysis of Light Sport Aircraft Fuselage Structure“. Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (Februar 2011): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.48.
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In recent years, light sport aircraft, which not only serve the purpose of personal recreation but also act as a means of transportation for medium and short distance travel, have rapidly gained popularity in the general aviation industry worldwide. The FAA established regulations for this new category of airplanes in 2004. However, the crashworthiness requirements for this type of airplane have not been clearly specified. This study used the finite element method to investigate the effect of the impact angle and speed of the LSA fuselage structure on passenger safety during a crash event. We used sink speed defined by NASA AGATE, ASTM and FAR as parameters. The passenger compartment reducing rate defined by MIL-STD-1290A was used for a safety boundary condition. The results show that the maximum cockpit reducing rate of the airplane impact angle is 30o. When the impact angle increases, owing to the engine mount and fire wall’s reinforced structure, this type of airplane can sustain a greater vertical drop speed. When the impact angle is about 80°~90°, the maximum impact speed the fuselage that can be sustained is 33 m/s. This work also completed a simulation of safe and unsafe ranges for light sport aircraft at various impact angles and vertical drop speeds during impact.
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Kinloch, Anthony J. „Norman Adrian De Bruyne. 8 November 1904 – 7 March 1997“. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 46 (Januar 2000): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1999.0076.
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Norman de Bruyne was a man of outstanding achievements and in 1967 he was elected to the Fellowship of The Royal Society. The citation at the time read: Distinguished for his practical application of science to certain problems in aircraft construction, especially the use of plastic materials and adhesives…. His was a strong personality and he acquired many life–long friends. His approach to engineering challenges-and a hint of his puckish sense of humour–are contained in the single word that he used for his entry in Who's Who: under the heading ‘Recreations’ he wrote ‘inventing’
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Borkowski, Grzegorz, und Adam Młynarczyk. „Remote Sensing Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Tourist-Recreation Lake Evaluation and Development“. Quaestiones Geographicae 38, Nr. 1 (29.03.2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0012.
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Abstract This article concerns the use of remote sensing methods to assess the potential of tourism and recreation of lakes by using unmanned aerial vehicles as a tool that offers new measurement possibilities in such difficult areas to research as river and lake systems. For the purpose of the study, air surveys over three lakes used for tourism and recreation purposes were planned and carried out. These were the following lakes: Swarzędzkie, Wolsztyńskie and Zbąszyńskie located in western Poland. The photos were taken with a RGB and a multispectral cameras. On the basis of calculated orthophotomaps and digital surface models, anthropogenic and natural values were assessed. The examples of the research show the versatile possibilities of using drones dependent on the type sensor used. Remote sensing performed from the deck of an unmanned aircraft is widely used in the study of lakes and is an alternative to existing land and water research methods.