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Barykina, Y. N., und Y. Shao. „Integration of renewable energy sources into energy systems“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1212, Nr. 1 (01.07.2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1212/1/012018.
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Abstract The article analyzes the development trends for renewable energy sources in 2010-2021. The growing use of renewable energy sources in the global energy balance in developed and developing countries was revealed. The share of renewable sources in the production of electricity in 2021 was determined. The results presented in the form of approaches to the integration of renewable sources in order to replenish the production processes for the provision of energy services are based on an extensive assessment of scientific Russian and foreign literature. Integration of renewable energy sources will contribute to the sustainability of existing technologies and risk neutralization. The integrated approach will contribute to the interconnected provision of electricity, heat, cold and mobility
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Hoballah, Ayman, Salah Kamal EL-Sayed, Sattam Al Otaibi, Essam Hendawi, Nagy Elkalashy und Yasser Ahmed. „Risk assessment of power system transient instability incorporating renewable energy sources“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, Nr. 5 (01.10.2022): 4649. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i5.pp4649-4660.
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Transient stability affected by renewable energy sources integration due to reductions of system inertia and uncertainties associated with the expected generation. The ability to manage relation between the available big data and transient stability assessment (TSA) enables fast and accurate monitoring of TSA to prepare the required actions for secure operation. This work aims to build a predictive model using Gaussian process regression for online TSA utilizing selected features. The critical fault clearing time (CCT) is used as TSA index. The selected features map the system dynamics to reduce the burden of data collection and the computation time. The required data were collected offline from power flow calculations at different operating conditions. Therefore, CCT was calculated using electromagnetic transientsimulation at each operating point by applying self-clearance three phase short circuit at prespecified locations. The features selection was implemented using the neighborhood component analysis, the Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm, and K-means clustering algorithm. The vulnerability of selected features tends to result great variation on the best features from the three methods. Hybrid collection of the best common features was used to enhance the TSA by refining the final selected features. The proposed model was investigated over 66-bus system.
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Lee, Sang Hun, und Hyun Gook Kang. „Integrated societal risk assessment framework for nuclear power and renewable energy sources“. Nuclear Engineering and Technology 47, Nr. 4 (Juni 2015): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2015.01.009.
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GHOSE, Tirthadip, Harsh Wardhan PANDEY und Kumar Raja GADHAM. „Risk assessment of microgrid aggregators considering demand response and uncertain renewable energy sources“. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 7, Nr. 6 (14.03.2019): 1619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40565-019-0513-x.
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Riemersma, Ben, Rolf Künneke, Genserik Reniers und Aad Correljé. „Upholding Safety in Future Energy Systems: The Need for Systemic Risk Assessment“. Energies 13, Nr. 24 (10.12.2020): 6523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246523.
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This paper argues that energy systems are becoming increasingly complex, and illustrates how new types of hazards emerge from an ongoing transition towards renewable energy sources. It shows that the energy sector relies heavily on risk assessment methods that are analytic, and that systemic methods provide important additional insights. A case study of the Dutch gas sector illustrates this by comparing the hazard and operability study (HAZOP, analytic) with the system-theoretic process analysis (STPA, systemic). The contribution is twofold. This paper illustrates how system hazards will remain underestimated by sustained use of only analytic methods, and it highlights the need to study the organization of safety in energy transitions. We conclude that appropriate risk assessment for future energy systems involves both analytic and systemic risk assessments.
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Szpytko, Janusz, und Yorlandys Salgado Duarte. „Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Risk Assessment the Power Systems for Electromobility Use“. Journal of KONBiN 50, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2020-0002.
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AbstractA simulation model to evaluate risks in Power Systems including green energy sources to generate electricity for electro mobility use is presented in the paper. The model allows to calculate risk indicator that characterize the performance of the Power Systems. The model considers the additional risks of wind and solar variability in the Power Systems, through wind farms and PV farms, respectively. Also, in the recent years, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road have been rapidly increasing. Charging this increasing number of EVs is expected to have an impact on the power grid especially if high charging powers and opportunistic charging are used. Multiple papers have observed that the charging stations are used by multiple users during the day. In a context where electric mobility is gaining increasing importance as a more sustainable solution for urban environments, this work presents the optimization of charging profiles of the potential users of these charging stations. We analyzed the charging profiles in a power grid with renewables sources of energy and we determine the optimal charging profiles for the power grid based on maximizing the energy delivered by renewable sources of energy.
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Nefedova, L. V., und Yu Yu Rafikova. „Optimization of risk assessment in renewable energy of Russia by applying statistical calculations of climatic characteristics and GIS technologies“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1235, Nr. 1 (01.03.2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1235/1/012061.
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Abstract Based on the characteristics of the renewable energy sources (RES), current states and also Russia uses the analysis of emerging risks and their management methods for avoiding this problem. The analysis of methodological approaches to assessing emerging risks in the implementation of electricity generation projects based on various types of renewable energy sources is carried out. The problems of assessing the natural resource risks of using renewable energy in the Russian Federation in relation to the climatic regionalization of the territory are examined. The most representative parameters of the ecological and geographical component for assessing the degree of risk by using renewable energy are highlighted. The authors propose a methodology for assessing the degree of risk for using solar resources based on the characteristics calculated of the influx variability for solar radiation to the earth's surface, by assessing and mapping the level of natural resource risks. The levels of resource risks in solar energy development for some regions of Russia were estimated. The paper presents maps of areas with different risk levels in Russia.
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Biernat-Jarka, Agnieszka, Paulina Trębska und Sławomir Jarka. „The Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Alleviating Energy Poverty in Households in Poland“. Energies 14, Nr. 10 (20.05.2021): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102957.
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Energy poverty is a problem that affects all member states of the European Union to a varying degree, including Poland, where about 9% of the population is at risk of energy poverty. The article aims to show the changes in energy poverty in Poland in 2010–2018. The specific goal, however, is to evaluate government measures aimed at reducing energy poverty through investments based on renewable energy sources. To present changes in the level of energy poverty in 2010–2018, the authors proposed a new synthetic measure that unifies several different measures used by researchers and allows for a comprehensive assessment of this phenomenon. The conducted research showed that in 2010–2018 there was a slow but visible decrease in the level of energy poverty in Poland. In addition, the article indicates investments in renewable energy sources that may have a positive impact on reducing the scale of energy poverty in Poland. The programs implemented with national and EU public funds, which finance investments in renewable energy sources in Poland, are also presented.
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Jiang, Yao, Xu Zhao, Yaochi Wang und Jinyu Wang. „Multi-Risk Source Oil Spill Risk Assessment Based on a Fuzzy Inference System“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 7 (02.04.2022): 4227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074227.
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Oil is one of the most important sources of energy, about 25 percent of which comes from offshore sources. As a result, the transportation of oil tankers, and the construction of offshore oil platforms and subsea pipelines have increased, to facilitate offshore oil exploitation. However, most oil spill risk assessments analyze the impact of one risk source, and rarely consider multiple risk sources in the study area. This paper focuses on three risk sources that may cause oil spills in a certain area, and establishes an oil spill risk assessment model through a fuzzy inference system. Oil spill probabilities for different risk sources are calculated through the model. According to the definition of oil spill risk, the risk probability of multiple risk sources in the study area is obtained, which can provide technical support for regional oil spill emergency capacity and emergency resource allocation.
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Zhao, Zhenyu, und Huijia Yang. „Regional Security Assessment of Integrated Energy Systems with Renewables in China: A Grid-Connected Perspective“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 24 (09.12.2020): 10299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410299.
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Stable and reliable integrated energy systems are one of the major issues related to sustainable regional and national energy development. Because most existing studies are conducted on whole countries, few address the effects of regional interaction and renewable energy. Therefore, a natural disaster risk assessment model (NDRAM) combined with spatial models is used as a general systematic tool to assess and resolve regional energy security, based on a framework of resources, generation, transmission, marketing and consumption, with 17 metrics. In particular, energy systems were treated as organic connected-units and their security status was regarded as a combined result of potential hazard and system vulnerability. The proposed method was applied to evaluate and classify the security situation of 31 Chinese provinces in 2016. The results showed that transmission had the most significant impact among five major risk sources. The closer grid connections have a stronger ability to deal with risks among regions, where renewables consumption could be better stimulated cross-regionally. In terms of a regional perspective, there is still a gap among different regions, and eastern China presented higher energy risk status. The most energy-hazard provinces are mainly in the east provinces with well-developed levels in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. The least energy-vulnerable provinces are mainly in the abundant natural resources regions such as Inner Mongolia, Sichuan and Xinjiang. The NDRAM-based general model provides a systematic tool for quantitative assessment of regional energy security with a full accounting of regional interaction and renewable energy issues, which may help to develop clean energy, optimize system infrastructure and improve scientific management.
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Bayramov, Shahin V., Gulsura Y. Mehdiyeva, Agil A. Eyvazov und Elchin R. Mustafayev. „Diversification Rate of Energy Balance and Energy Export Demand Risk Impacts on Economic Growth: The Case of Azerbaijan“. Cuestiones Políticas 39, Nr. 68 (07.03.2021): 290–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.18.
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The objective of the article was to examine the level of diversification of the energy balance and energy export demand, as well as its impacts on economic growth to ensure energy security in Azerbaijan. Forthe research, the Risk Energy Export Demand Index and its four sub-indexes, i.e.,1) export dependence, were used; 2) risk of monopsonium; (3) the risk of transaction costs; 4) Comparative quantitative assessment of the economic importance of different types of energy in the country's energy exports. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Shannon-Wiener index were used for the assessment of the diversification and concentration rate. The OLS method, the ADF test and cointegration were used to assess the relationship between indicators. It is concluded that the share ofenergy obtained from renewable sources in the country's energy balance is very low (about 3%), and the energy obtained from these sources is mainly used for electricity production. Since an essential part of the country's energy balance is in hydrocarbon reserves, the level of diversification is low.
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Kacare, Marika, Ieva Pakere, Armands Gravelsins und Andra Blumberga. „Impact Assessment of the Renewable Energy Policy Scenarios – a Case Study of Latvia“. Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 998–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0075.
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Abstract Even though the development of renewable energy technologies has been one of the most discussed and research-rich fields of science, and there are many practical and convincing technologies in the field of renewable energy, the path taken by society to shift from the use of non-renewable energy sources to the use of renewable ones has often been slow and unclear. Renewable energy technologies have undergone many improvements. There are several successful and promising examples where installing renewable energy technologies has paid off financially and improved the environment and quality of life. Nevertheless, fossil fuel still dominates or makes up a large proportion of energy production. The research simulates existing, planned, and potential policies to assess the best way to integrate renewable and local energy resources into the energy system by 2030 and in the long term. Policy analysis is carried out for several possible combinations of support measures to assess if it is possible to achieve the set targets in the National and Climate plan by 2030 and reach Climate neutrality by 2050. Such an approach makes it possible to assess the impact of existing policies that create synergies or undesirable side effects and whether they maximize the return on investment from a socio-economic and environmental point of view. In addition, a risk analysis and impact assessment of the proposed policy scenarios are carried out using multi-criteria analysis.
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Bepary, Bijoy, und Golam Kabir. „Occupational Risk Assessment of Wind Turbines in Bangladesh“. Applied System Innovation 5, Nr. 2 (04.03.2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5020034.
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Wind energy is among the foremost vital renewable energy sources in the world. With the increase in its popularity and use, the requirement for safety measures regarding this type of energy is becoming more prevalent. The development and operation requirements that come with installing and running wind turbines have many risks that need managing and mitigation. This study implemented a risk evaluation method for the transportation, construction, operation, and maintenance of wind turbines, employing the fuzzy method. Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), a multi-criteria higher cognitive process technique, was used to determine the weights of the risk parameters evaluated with the Fine–Kinney method. After that, the Fuzzy Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) was employed for ranking the hazard’s source. Using Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) consultants, this study was conducted in Bangladesh regarding its onshore turbines. Findings have revealed that the most prevalent hazards during transportation, construction, operation, and maintenance, respectively, are “Driving vehicles at night in dark weather conditions”, “Work in hot and humid conditions”, “Inclement weather”, and “Entering of unauthorized persons”. The results of this study can help the OHS department to track these risks and to control and minimize them.
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Ziemba, Paweł, Aneta Becker und Jarosław Becker. „Forecasting and Assessment of the Energy Security Risk in Fuzzy Environment“. Energies 14, Nr. 18 (18.09.2021): 5934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185934.
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Energy security is of key importance for states and international organizations. An important issue in energy security is the assessment of current and future energy security methods. While the assessment of the current methods is relatively easy, since it is based on recent information, the assessment of the future methods is burdened with uncertainty and is therefore much more difficult. Therefore, the aim of the article is to develop a new approach for assessing current and future energy security issues based on a complex security index, supported by the computationally transparent fuzzy multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method. The use of the fuzzy MCDA methods allows one to capture the uncertainty of assessments and forecasts, and the forecasts themselves were based on the Holt’s method; the international energy security risk index (IESRI) was used as the source of the data to generate the forecasts. The research compared two data sources for forecasts (IESRI categories and metrics) and two methods of forecast fuzzification. As a result, the forecasted assessments and rankings of energy security for the 2020–2030 period were obtained. On the basis of these forecasts, general trends shaping energy security were also indicated.
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Ighravwe, Desmond Eseoghene, und Moses Olubayo Babatunde. „Determination of a Suitable Renewable Energy Source for Mini-Grid Business: A Risk-Based Multicriteria Approach“. Journal of Renewable Energy 2018 (14.10.2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2163262.
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The mini-grid proliferation has helped to improve the current state of electricity supply in several rural areas in developing countries. This is due to the innovations in renewable energy technologies. The impact of this development is the establishment of mini-grid business. There is a need for mini-grid business owners to identify the most suitable energy source for a particular area. To achieve this, proper analysis of risks that impact mini-grid business operations is required for optimal energy source selection. The current study addresses this problem by proposing a conceptual framework that considered risk factors. The conceptual framework analysed scenarios where expected risk values are specified and not specified by decision-makers. This was achieved using fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD), intuitionistic entropy method, and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) methods. The TOPSIS and FAD results were combined using WASPAS (weighted aggregated sum product assessment) method. The proposed conceptual framework was applied in sub-Sahara Africa, Lagos, Nigeria. During the application of the proposed framework, five renewable energy sources and thirteen types of risks were considered. Information from four decision-makers was used to demonstrate the applicability of the framework. The results obtained showed that unpredictable electricity demand and construction completion risks were identified as the least and most important risks for the selection of renewable energy sources for mini-grid, respectively. The FAD and TOPSIS methods identified wind and biomass energy as the best-ranked energy source for mini-grid business, respectively. The WASPAS method and the FAD results were the same.
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Do Thi, Huyen Trang, Tibor Pasztor, Daniel Fozer, Flavio Manenti und Andras Jozsef Toth. „Comparison of Desalination Technologies Using Renewable Energy Sources with Life Cycle, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses“. Water 13, Nr. 21 (28.10.2021): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213023.
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Nowadays, desalination continues to expand globally, which is one of the most effective solutions to solve the problem of the global drinking water shortage. However, desalination is not a fail-safe process and has many environmental and human health consequences. This paper investigated the desalination procedure of seawater with different technologies, namely, multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO), and with various energy sources (fossil energy, solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy). The aim was to examine the different desalination technologies’ effectiveness with energy sources using three assessment methods, which were examined separately. The life cycle assessment (LCA), PESTLE, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods were used to evaluate each procedure. LCA was based on the following impact analysis and evaluation methods: ReCiPe 2016, IMPACT 2002+, and IPCC 2013 GWP 100a; PESTLE risk analysis evaluated the long-lasting impact on processes and technologies with political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors. Additionally, MCDA was based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to evaluate desalination technologies. This study considered the operational phase of a plant, which includes the necessary energy and chemical needs, which is called “gate-to-gate” analysis. Saudi Arabia data were used for the analysis, with the base unit of 1 m3 of the water product. As the result of this study, RO combined with renewable energy provided outstanding benefits in terms of human health, ecosystem quality, and resources, as well as the climate change and emissions of GHGs categories.
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Nefedova, Liudmila V., und Yulia Yu Rafikova. „Assessment of the solar energy development role as a tool for the energy transition in Russia“. RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 31, Nr. 2 (15.12.2023): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2023-31-2-278-290.
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Based on the characteristics of the current state of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in the world and in Russia, the role of solar energy in solving one of the urgent problems of the development of modern society - energy transition to the use of low-carbon energy sources is considered. The volumes of electricity produced and the reduction of CO2 emissions at photovoltaic stations operating in the regions of Russia at the beginning of 2022 were evaluated and analyzed. The Republic of Kalmykia and Altai were singled out, which have the largest shares of solar electricity in the energy balances, 35.7 and 23.2%, respectively. The problems of assessing the natural resource risks of using solar resources in the Russian Federation in connection with the climatic zoning of the territory are considered. The authors propose a method for assessing the degree of risk of using solar resources based on calculating the characteristics of the variability of solar radiation on the earth’s surface, assessing and mapping the level of natural resource risks. The levels of resource risks in the development of solar energy for the Orenburg and Astrakhan regions, leaders in the development of solar energy in Russia, were assessed.
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Benchaabane, Youssef, Rosa Elvira Silva, Hussein Ibrahim, Adrian Ilinca, Ambrish Chandra und Daniel R. Rousse. „Computer Model for Financial, Environmental and Risk Analysis of a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage“. Energies 12, Nr. 21 (24.10.2019): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214054.
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Remote and isolated communities in Canada experience gaps in access to stable energy sources and must rely on diesel generators for heat and electricity. However, the cost and environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuels, especially in local energy production, heating, industrial processes and transportation are compelling reasons to support the development and deployment of renewable energy hybrid systems. This paper presents a computer model for economic analysis and risk assessment of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The proposed model is developed from the point of view of the project investor and it includes technical, financial, risk and environmental analysis. Robustness is evaluated through sensitivity analysis. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States) and RETScreen (Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, Canada) software. The impact on economic performance of adding energy storage system in a wind–diesel hybrid system has been discussed. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of such hybrid system as a suitable power generator in terms of high net present value and internal rate of return, low cost of energy, as well as low risk assessment. In addition, the environmental impact is positive since less fuel is used.
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Khan, Zafar A., Muhammad Imran, Abdullah Altamimi, Ogheneruona E. Diemuodeke und Amged Osman Abdelatif. „Assessment of Wind and Solar Hybrid Energy for Agricultural Applications in Sudan“. Energies 15, Nr. 1 (21.12.2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010005.
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In addition to zero-carbon generation, the plummeting cost of renewable energy sources (RES) is enabling the increased use of distributed-generation sources. Although the RES appear to be a cheaper source of energy, without the appropriate design of the RES with a true understanding of the nature of the load, they can be an unreliable and expensive source of energy. Limited research has been aimed at designing small-scale hybrid energy systems for irrigation pumping systems, and these studies did not quantify the water requirement, or in turn the energy required to supply the irrigation water. This paper provides a comprehensive feasibility analysis of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for the design of a water-pumping system for irrigation applications in Sudan. A systematic and holistic framework combined with a techno-economic optimization analysis for the planning and design of hybrid renewable energy systems for small-scale irrigation water-pumping systems is presented. Different hybridization cases of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine and battery storage at 12 different sites in Sudan are simulated, evaluated, and compared, considering the crop water requirement for different crops, the borehole depth, and the stochasticity of renewable energy resources. Soil, weather, and climatic data from 12 different sites in Sudan were used for the case studies, with the key aim to find the most robust and reliable solution with the lowest system cost. The results of the case studies suggest that the selection of the system is highly dependent on the cost, the volatility of the wind speed, solar radiation, and the size of the system; at present, hybridization is not the primary option at most of sites, with the exception of two. However, with the reduction in price of wind technology, the possibility of hybrid generation will rise.
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Zhou, Qi, Jing Zhang, Yong Niu und Jianjian Wang. „Environmental Risk Assessment and Regulatory Rating of Water Sources along the Yangtze River’s Nanjing Section under the Influence of Multiple Risk Sources“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 3 (01.02.2021): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031484.
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To complement the current studies of risk assessment on water sources which seldom consider the distribution effects of multiple risk sources concentration, and improve the efficiency of water source supervision, this study establishes a method system for risk assessment of water sources and regulatory rating evaluation under the distribution effects of multiple risk sources concentration. The method system includes: (1) utilizing the single-risk source impact index to characterize the risk impact degree of the single-risk source on the water source, the index calculation method of single-risk source impact considers the risk degree and the distribution location of risk source; (2) using the multiple risk sources impact index to characterize the risk impact degree of the multiple risk sources on the water source, the index calculation method of multiple risk sources considers the impact index of single-risk source, the number of risk sources, and the distribution concentration of multiple risk sources; (3) the environmental risk assessment and regulatory rating evaluation method consider multiple risk sources impact index, anti-risk ability of water source, and the importance of water source. This method system has been applied to the environmental risk assessment and regulatory rating of eight water sources along the Nanjing Yangtze River, with excellent achievements. As the results reveal, eight water sources suffer 437 risk impacts from 175 risk sources, 69.04% of which are low-risk impacts and 13 are high-risk impacts. Longtan water source suffers the most risk impacts of 86, among which eight are high-risk impacts. The impacts of multiply-risk sources on the eight water sources are high-risk impacts. The impact index of multiple risk sources increases from the upstream water sources to the downstream water sources, reaching the maximum value of 5.267 at the most downstream Longtan water source. Though the environmental risk and supervision rating of Longtan water source is high, those of other water sources are rated as medium.
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Zervas, Efthimios, Leonidas Vatikiotis, Zoe Gareiou, Stella Manika und Ruth Herrero-Martin. „Assessment of the Greek National Plan of Energy and Climate Change—Critical Remarks“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 23 (27.11.2021): 13143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313143.
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The Greek National Energy and Climate Plan was validated by the Greek Governmental Committee of Economic Policy on 23 December 2019. The decisions included in this plan will have a significant impact on the Greek energy mix as the production of electricity from lignite combustion ceases in 2028, when lignite will be replaced by natural gas (NG) and renewable energy sources (RES). This work presents an assessment of the Greek National Energy and Climate Plan by analyzing its pros and cons. The main critiques made are focused on the absence of risk analysis and alternative scenarios, the proposed energy mix, the absence of other alternatives on the energy mix and energy storage, the low attention given to energy savings (transport, buildings), the future energy prices, and the economic and social impacts. This analysis shows that delaying this transition for some years, to better prepare it by taking into consideration the most sustainable paths for that transition, such as using more alternatives, is the best available option today.
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Mahbaz, Seyed Bijan, Ali Yaghoubi, Alireza Dehghani-Sanij, Erfan Sarvaramini, Yuri Leonenko und Maurice B. Dusseault. „Well-Doublets: A First-Order Assessment of Geothermal SedHeat Systems“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 2 (13.01.2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020697.
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Renewable and sustainable energy sources can play an important role in meeting the world’s energy needs and also in addressing environmental challenges such as global warming and climate change. Geothermal well-doublet systems can produce both electrical and thermal energy through extracting heat from hot-water aquifers. In this paper, we examine some potential challenges associated with the operation of well-doublet systems, including heat conductivity, chemical, and mechanical issues. In these systems, geomechanics issues such as thermal short-circuiting and induced seismicity arise from temperature and pressure change impacts on the stress state in stiff rocks and fluid flow in fractured rock masses. Coupled chemical processes also can cause fluid channeling or formation and tubular goods plugging (scaling) with precipitates. Mechanical and chemical disequilibrium conditions lead to increased production uncertainties; hence risk, and therefore coupled geo-risk assessments and optimization analyses are needed for comparative commercialization evaluations among different sites. The challenges related to heat transfer processes are also examined. These studies can help better understand the issues that may arise during the operation of geothermal well-doublet systems and improve their effectiveness, subsequently reducing associated costs and risks.
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Zhou, Liying, Zichen Li, Linglong Meng, Tianxin Li und Namir Domingos Raimundo Lopes. „Environmental Risk Assessment for PM2.5 Pollution from Non-Point Sources in the Mining Area Based on Multi-Source Superposition and Diffusion“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 12 (10.06.2021): 6619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126619.
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To identify high-concentration contributing sources and highly dispersive pollution sources of fine particulate matter, analyze the relationship between the location and distribution shape of emission sources and the concentration contribution and dispersion of particulate matter, and realize the atmospheric environment risk simulation and the differential control of non-point sources in the mining area, taking a large mining area in Inner Mongolia as an example, we classified the emission sources of PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm) and complied with the emission inventory. A CALPUFF model was used to simulate the contribution for the PM2.5 concentration of six types of emission sources and a multi-source superposition. Through scenario simulation, we analyzed the relationship between the spatial distribution of emission sources and the emission concentration and diffusion in a large mining area. We analyzed the relative risks of six types of sources under the influence of other superimposed sources and the change of emission concentration during transmission. We established a three-dimensional evaluation model to assess the atmospheric environmental risk of PM2.5 non-point sources in the mining area, considering the change rate of PM2.5 concentration with migration, the relative contribution ratio of superimposed sources, and the equal contribution index of the standard concentration. The results show that the maximum equal contribution index of standard concentration of multi-source superposition was 4.40. Among them, non-paved roads, exposed surface sources of coal piles, and exposed surface sources of mine pits and dumps were the top three pollution contributors, and their maximum equal contribution indexes of standard concentration were 2.40, 2.21, and 2.10, respectively. The effect of superimposed pollution sources was affected by the wind field and the spatial distribution density of emission sources, while the dispersion was affected by the wind direction and the distribution direction of pollution sources. In the case of the same source intensity and emission area, the denser the source distribution was, the higher the emission concentration was, the smaller the contribution ratio of superimposed sources was, and the greater the relative pollution risk was. When the angle between the direction of dispersed linear pollution sources and the dominant wind direction was smaller, the emission concentration was higher, but the diffusion surface was smaller. When the angle with the direction of wind direction was larger, the emission concentration was lower, but the diffusion surface was larger. Concentrated pollution sources had the highest concentration and the diffusion surface was in the middle. Non-paved roads had the highest environmental risk, with an average risk of 5.61 × 10−2, followed by coal piles with an average value of 2.06 × 10−2, followed by pits and dumps with an average value of 1.89 × 10−2; the environmental risk of loading and unloading sources was the lowest. Unpaved roads were pollution sources with high relative pollution risk and diffusion risk, and their average relative pollution risk and diffusion risk were 2.34 × 10−2 and 3.28 × 10−2, respectively. In the case of multi-source superposition, the high-risk areas were mainly heavily polluted areas with intensive emission sources, while the medium-risk areas were moderately polluted areas with scattered pollution sources, and the diffusion risk was high. This research concludes that the dispersed distribution of pollution sources can reduce pollution risk, and the smaller the angle is between the linear distribution direction of pollution sources and the dominant wind direction, the smaller the diffusion risk is. Therefore, differentiated control can be carried out according to the characteristics of pollution sources. The conclusions can provide methods and theoretical support for the control of atmospheric environment risk, pollution prevention, and control planning in mining areas.
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Oliveira, Carlos, José Baptista und Adelaide Cerveira. „Self-Sustainability Assessment for a High Building Based on Linear Programming and Computational Fluid Dynamics“. Algorithms 16, Nr. 2 (13.02.2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a16020107.
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With excess energy use from non-renewable sources, new energy generation solutions must be adopted to make up for this excess. In this sense, the integration of renewable energy sources in high-rise buildings reduces the need for energy from the national power grid to maximize the self-sustainability of common services. Moreover, self-consumption in low-voltage and medium-voltage networks strongly facilitates a reduction in external energy dependence. For consumers, the benefits of installing small wind turbines and energy storage systems include tax benefits and reduced electricity bills as well as a profitable system after the payback period. This paper focuses on assessing the wind potential in a high-rise building through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, quantifying the potential for wind energy production by small wind turbines (WT) at the installation site. Furthermore, a mathematical model is proposed to optimize wind energy production for a self-consumption system to minimize the total cost of energy purchased from the grid, maximizing the return on investment. The potential of a CFD-based project practice that has wide application in developing the most varied processes and equipment results in a huge reduction in the time and costs spent compared to conventional practices. Furthermore, the optimization model guarantees a significant decrease in the energy purchased at peak hours through the energy stored in energy storage systems (ESS). The results show that the efficiency of the proposed model leads to an investment amortization period of 7 years for a lifetime of 20 years.
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Luo, Yongheng, Zhonglong Li, Sen Li und Fei Jiang. „Risk Assessment for Energy Stations Based on Real-Time Equipment Failure Rates and Security Boundaries“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 18 (14.09.2023): 13741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813741.
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In the context of China’s 2020 dual carbon goals of peak CO2 emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, the security of multi-energy systems is increasingly challenged as clean energy continues to be supplied to the system. This paper proposes a risk assessment and enhancement strategy for distributed energy stations (DESs) based on a security boundary. First, based on the coupling relationship between different energy sources and combining the mutual support relationships between different pieces of equipment, a security boundary for DESs was constructed. Second, based on the characteristics of different sources of equipment failure, the real-time failure probabilities of equipment and pipelines were calculated in order to obtain the security risks of DES operation states based on the security boundary. Finally, for equipment and pipelines at high risk, an economic security enhancement strategy is proposed, and the Pareto solution set is solved using a multi-objective algorithm. The analysis shows that the proposed method can effectively quantify the security risks of energy systems in real time, and the proposed enhancement strategy takes into account both economics and system security.
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Valipour, Esmaeil, Ramin Nourollahi, Kamran Taghizad-Tavana, Sayyad Nojavan und As’ad Alizadeh. „Risk Assessment of Industrial Energy Hubs and Peer-to-Peer Heat and Power Transaction in the Presence of Electric Vehicles“. Energies 15, Nr. 23 (25.11.2022): 8920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238920.
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The peer-to-peer (P2P) strategy as a new trading scheme has recently gained attention in local electricity markets. This is a practical framework to enhance the flexibility and reliability of energy hubs, specifically for industrial prosumers dealing with high energy costs. In this paper, a Norwegian industrial site with multi-energy hubs (MEHs) is considered, in which they are equipped with various energy sources, namely wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic (PV) systems, combined heat and power (CHP) units (convex and non-convex types), plug-in electric vehicles (EVs), and load-shifting flexibility. The objective is to evaluate the importance of P2P energy transaction with on-site flexibility resources for the industrial site. Regarding the substantial peak power charge in the case of grid power usage, this study analyzes the effects of P2P energy transaction under uncertain parameters. The uncertainties of electricity price, heat and power demands, and renewable generations (WT and PV) are challenges for industrial MEHs. Thus, a stochastically based optimization approach called downside risk constraint (DRC) is applied for risk assessment under the risk-averse and risk-neutral modes. According to the results, applying the DRC approach increased by 35% the operation cost (risk-averse mode) to achieve a zero-based risk level. However, the conservative behavior of the decision maker secures the system from financial losses despite a growth in the operation cost.
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Guarino, Stefania, Alessandro Buscemi, Antonio Messineo und Valerio Lo Brano. „Energy and Environmental Assessment of a Hybrid Dish-Stirling Concentrating Solar Power Plant“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 10 (17.05.2022): 6098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106098.
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Although the 2019 global pandemic slowed the growing trend of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, it has since resumed its rise, prompting world leaders to accelerate the generation of electricity from renewable sources. The study presented in this paper is focused on the evaluation of the energy and environmental benefits corresponding to the hypothesis of hybridizing a dish-Stirling plant installed on the university campus of Palermo (Italy). These analyses were carried out by means of dynamic simulations based on an accurate energy model validated with the experimental data collected during the measurement campaign that occurred during the period of operation of the reference plant. Assuming different scenarios for managing the production period and different fuels, including renewable fuels, it was found that the annual electricity production of the dish-Stirling system operating in solar mode can be increased by between 47% and 78% when hybridized. This would correspond to an increase in generation efficiency ranging from 4% to 16%. Finally, assuming that the dish-Stirling system is hybridized with renewable combustible gases, this would result in avoided CO2 emissions of between approximately 1594 and 3953 tons over the 25-year lifetime of the examined plant.
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Härkönen, Kalevi, Lea Hannola, Jukka Lassila und Mika Luoranen. „Assessment of the Electric Demand Management Potential of Educational Buildings’ Mechanical Ventilation Systems“. Energies 16, Nr. 1 (21.12.2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010085.
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Demand management is expected to reduce emissions from energy systems and support the utilization of renewable energy sources. In this paper, the focus is on the viability of educational buildings’ mechanical ventilation systems’ participation in electric demand management. The results suggest that when load shedding lasts for a short duration, the ventilation machine load seems more promising than expected for electric demand management, as even 60% of its electric power could be granted to such markets. Prolonging the load-shedding duration increases the risk of the indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration exceeding the limit for good indoor air quality. This paper contributes to the academic community by providing information for the assessment of the demand management potential of buildings and eventually their significance in decarbonizing the electric energy system and filling research gaps concerning the impact of implementing demand management that involves a reduction in ventilation rate.
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Bednarczyk, Jan L., Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup und Sławomir Luściński. „Opportunities and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy in Poland against the Background of the European Union Energy Policy“. Energies 15, Nr. 15 (29.07.2022): 5503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155503.
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One of the strategic goals of developed countries is to significantly increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. However, the process may be hindered by, e.g., the storage and transport of energy from renewable sources. The European Union countries see the development of the hydrogen economy as an opportunity to overcome this barrier. Therefore, since 2020, the European Union has been implementing a hydrogen strategy that will increase the share of hydrogen in the European energy mix from the current 2 percent to up to 13–14 percent by 2050. In 2021, following the example of other European countries, the Polish government adopted the Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with an outlook until 2040 (PHS). However, the implementation of the strategy requires significant capital expenditure and infrastructure modernisation, which gives rise to question as to whether Poland is likely to achieve the goals set out in the Polish Hydrogen Strategy and European Green Deal. The subject of the research is an analysis of the sources of financing for the PHS against the background of solutions implemented by the EU countries and a SWOT/TOWS analysis on the hydrogen economy in Poland. The overall result of the SWOT/TOWS analysis shows the advantage of strengths and related opportunities. This allows for a positive assessment of the prospects for the hydrogen economy in Poland. Poland should continue its efforts to take advantage of the external factors (O/S), such as EU support, an increased price competitiveness of hydrogen, and the emergence of a competitive cross-border hydrogen market in Europe. At the same time, the Polish authorities should not forget about the weaknesses and threats that may inhibit the development of the domestic hydrogen market. It is necessary to modernise the infrastructure; increase the share of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production; increase R&D expenditure, and, in particular, to complete the negotiations related to the adoption of the Fit for 55 package.
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Kulikova, M. P., L. H. Tas-ool und G. F. Balakina. „DIRECTIONS FOR REDUCING THE ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD FROM GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TYVA“. Economics Profession Business, Nr. 4 (12.12.2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202259.
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The article discusses the features of the environmental situation under the influence of the development of the fuel and energy complex to solve energy problems in the context of sustainable development. Based on the application of expert assessment methods, calculation methods for determining the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from motor vehicles, an assessment of CO2 emissions from anthropogenic sources was carried out and ways to reduce the burden on the environment were determined. Directions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions based on the implementation of a target program consisting of a number of projects are outlined: to increase the area of forests; reduction of emissions from coal generation; cleaning the air basin of cities from automobile emissions by increasing the share of environmentally friendly transport; increasing the use of renewable sources. It was revealed that heat production in Tyva is «carbon-intensive», environmentally friendly energy sources are not used enough with a significant potential for their use. The level of anthropogenic load poses a risk for the sustainable development of the republic, negatively affects the state of health of the population, morbidity and life expectancy of the population. It is advisable to introduce innovative energy-saving technological solutions in the region, to implement a set of measures to reduce anthropogenic emissions by designing new innovative tools for regulating the environmental situation at the regional and federal levels.
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Salman, Umar, Khalid Khan, Fahad Alismail und Muhammad Khalid. „Techno-Economic Assessment and Operational Planning of Wind-Battery Distributed Renewable Generation System“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 12 (15.06.2021): 6776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126776.
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Electrical energy and power demand will experience exponential increase with the rise of the global population. Power demand is predictable and can be estimated based on population and available historical data. However, renewable energy sources (RES) are intermittent, unpredictable, and environment-dependent. Interestingly, microgrids are becoming smarter but require adequate and an appropriate energy storage system (ESS) to support their smooth and optimal operation. The deep discharge caused by the charging–discharging operation of the ESS affects its state of health, depth of discharge (DOD), and life cycle, and inadvertently reduces its lifetime. Additionally, these parameters of the ESS are directly affected by the varying demand and intermittency of RES. This study presents an assessment of battery energy storage in wind-penetrated microgrids considering the DOD of the ESS. The study investigates two scenarios: a standalone microgrid, and a grid-connected microgrid. The problem is formulated based on the operation cost of the microgrid considering the DOD and the lifetime of the battery. The optimization problem is solved using non-linear programming. The scheduled operation cost of the microgrid, the daily scheduling cost of ESS, the power dispatch by distributed generators, and the DOD of the battery storage at any point in time are reported. Performance analysis showed that a power loss probability of less than 10% is achievable in all scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the study.
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Mauleón, Ignacio. „Aggregated World Energy Demand Projections: Statistical Assessment“. Energies 14, Nr. 15 (31.07.2021): 4657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154657.
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The primary purpose of this research is to assess the long-range energy demand assumption made in relevant Roadmaps for the transformation to a low-carbon energy system. A novel interdisciplinary approach is then implemented: a new model is estimated for the aggregated world primary energy demand with long historical time series for world energy, income, and population for the years 1900–2017. The model is used to forecast energy demand in 2050 and assess the uncertainty-derived risk based on the variances of the series and parameters analysed. The results show that large efficiency savings—up to 50% in some cases and never observed before—are assumed in the main Roadmaps. This discrepancy becomes significantly higher when even moderate uncertainty assumptions are taken into account. A discussion on possible future sources of breaks in current patterns of energy supply and demand is also presented, leading to a new conclusion requiring an active political stance to accelerate efficiency savings and lifestyle changes that reduce energy demand, even if energy consumption may be reduced significantly. This will likely include replacing the income-growth paradigm with other criteria based on prosperity or related measures.
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Tian, Pei, Huaqing Wu, Tiantian Yang, Wenjie Zhang, Faliang Jiang, Zhaoyi Zhang und Tieniu Wu. „Environmental Risk Assessment of Accidental Pollution Incidents in Drinking Water Source Areas: A Case Study of the Hongfeng Lake Watershed, China“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 19 (29.09.2019): 5403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195403.
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Accidental pollution incidents have caused a major threat to water safety of drinking water sources. However, few studies have focused on quantitative risk assessment of pollution incidents in a watershed which contains drinking water sources. A coupling model consisting of the Seveso III Directive, SWAT, and MIKE21 models was constructed for risk assessment of sudden pollution incidents at the watershed scale. The potential hazard of risk sources (e.g., industrial enterprises), the vulnerability of risk receptors (e.g., drinking water intakes), and the environmental risk of different sub-regions of the watershed were evaluated by this model. In addition, a case study was applied in Hongfeng Lake watershed (HLW), where the Hongfeng Lake drinking water source is located. The results showed that about 68% of the industrial enterprises in the HLW were potentially hazardous according to the Seveso III Directive, including 5 high hazard enterprises, 13 medium hazard enterprises, and 37 low hazard enterprises, most of which were concentrated in the coal mining, chemical production, and building material industries. The HLW was divided into the Yangchang River watershed (YRW), the Maiweng River watershed (MRW1), the Maxian River watershed (MRW2), the Houliu River watershed (HRW), and the lake area by the hydrological characteristics, among which, the vulnerability index of YRW was the largest. Besides, it was essential to consider the vulnerability assessment of drinking water intakes when conducting an environmental risk assessment in the HLW. Regional environmental risk grade of YRW, MRW1, MRW2, HRW, and the lake area was high, medium, low, low, and none, respectively. The environmental risk assessment results showed good consistency with the pollution characteristics and spatial distribution of industrial enterprises in the HLW. Furthermore, the theory of a three-level prevention system for “risk sources–water body connection–water intakes” was proposed for environmental risk management in the HLW. Overall, the case study in the HLW indicated that the coupling model proposed in this study had a good compatibility for environmental risk assessment of sudden water pollution incidents in a watershed.
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CHATTERJEE, Kajal, und Samarjit KAR. „A multi-criteria decision making for renewable energy selection using Z-numbers in uncertain environment“. Technological and Economic Development of Economy 24, Nr. 2 (21.02.2018): 739–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1261375.
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In recent era of globalization, the world is perceiving an alarming rise in its energy consumption resulting in shortage of fossil fuels in near future. Developing countries like India, with fast growing population and economy, is planning to explore among its existing renewable energy sources to meet the acute shortage of overall domestic energy supply. For balancing diverse ecological, social, technical and economic features, selection among alternative renewable energy must be addressed in a multi-criteria context considering both subjective and objective criteria weights. In the proposed COPRAS-Z methodology, Z-number model fuzzy numbers with reliability degree to represents imprecise judgment of decision makers’ in evaluating the weights of criteria and selection of renewable energy alternatives. The fuzzy numbers are defuzzified and renewable energy alternatives are prioritized as per COmplex PropoRtional ASsessment (COPRAS) decision making method in terms of significance and utility degree. A sensitivity analysis is done to observe the variation in ranking of the criteria, by altering the coefficient of both subjective and objective weight. Also, the proposed methodology is compared with existing multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods for checking validity of the obtained ranking result.
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Kaewrat, Jenjira, Rungruang Janta, Surasak Sichum und Thongchai Kanabkaew. „Indoor Air Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in the Open-Air Classroom“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 15 (25.07.2021): 8302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158302.
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Indoor air quality is associated with academic performance and harmful health effects on students and teachers who participate in the classroom. Outdoor sources always contribute to classroom air quality. This study aims to estimate the amounts of indoor and outdoor pollutants and the influence of outdoor sources on open-air classrooms in a school located in the city. A health risk assessment was applied to assess the non-carcinogenic risk to students and teachers from exposure to the pollutants in the classroom. The concentrations of indoor NO2 ranged between 46.40 and 77.83 µg/m3, which is about 0.8 times that of outdoor NO2. A strong correlation and a high indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio (>0.5) without a source, indicated that indoor NO2 is significantly influenced by outdoor sources. The range of indoor PM2.5 concentrations was 1.66 to 31.52 µg/m3 which was influenced by meteorological conditions. The indoor PM2.5 concentrations were affected by both indoor and outdoor sources. Although the level of indoor air pollutants met the official standard, the young children were exposed to indoor air pollutants which were above the recommended limits to human health with regard to the hazard index (HI) of 1.12. Instant measures such as regularly cleaning the classrooms, zoning the students, and installation of solid and vegetation barriers are recommended to reduce the daily dose of pollutants affecting students in open-air classrooms.
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Zhang, Peng, Zihan Xu, Weiguo Fan, Jiahui Ren, Ranran Liu und Xiaobin Dong. „Structure Dynamics and Risk Assessment of Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A Water Footprint Approach“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 4 (23.02.2019): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041187.
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The “Water-Energy-Food Nexus” is one of the present research hotspots in the field of sustainable development. Water resources are the key factors that limit local human survival and socioeconomic development in arid areas, and the water footprint is an important indicator for measuring sustainable development. In this study, the structural dynamics and complex relationships of the water-energy-food system in arid areas were analyzed from the perspective of the water footprint, and the risk characteristics were evaluated. The results show that: (1) Agriculture products and livestock products account for the largest water footprints (>90%), which is much higher than the water footprints of energy consumption (<5%). From the water footprint type, the blue water footprint (>50%) > the grey water footprint (20%–30%) > the green water footprint (<20%). (2) Since 2000, especially after 2005, while energy consumption drove rapid economic growth, it also led to the rapid expansion of the water footprint in the Manas River Basin. By 2015, the water deficit was relatively serious, with the surface water resource deficit reaching 16.21 × 108 m3. (3) The water-energy risk coupling degree of the water-energy-food system in this basin is comparatively significant, which means that it is facing the dual pressures of internal water shortage and external energy dependence, and it is vulnerable to global warming and fluctuations in the international and domestic energy markets. Thus, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure through macroeconomic regulation and control, developing new energy sources, reducing the coupling degree of system risks, and achieving sustainable development.
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Christina, Prah, und Juyoul Kim. „Comparative Analysis of Emergency Planning Zone and Control Room Habitability for Potential Nuclear Reactor Deployment in Ghana“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 18 (06.09.2022): 11184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811184.
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Following the recent surge in harnessing clean energy sources to fast-track carbon neutrality, renewable and nuclear energies have been the best-rated sources of clean energy. Even though renewable energy presents an almost insignificant risk to public health and the environment, they are insufficient to support the growing demand for the high energy required for industrialization. Despite the competitive potential of nuclear energy to meet these demands, public concerns about its safety have significantly hindered its mass deployment in developing countries. Therefore, one of the primary considerations in commissioning a nuclear power plant is the establishment of emergency planning zones based on the reactor type and other siting criteria. Based on Ghana’s reactor type assessment (RTA), four reactor designs were considered in this study which are APR1400, HPR1000, VVER1200, and Nuscale Power Module. Using the NRC’s SNAP/RADTRAD and RASCAL codes, this research sought to investigate radionuclide doses released at the Exclusion Area Boundary (EAB), Low Population Zone (LPZ), Control room (CR), and the 16 km recommended public safe zone during Fuel handling Accidents (FHA), Rod Ejection Accident (REA), and Long-Term Station Blackout (LTSBO). The results revealed that reactors’ power contributed to the source term activities and offsite consequences during REA and LTSBO, while FHA was predominantly affected by the number of fuel assemblies and a fraction of damaged fuel. Additionally, the accidents considered in this study followed a similar trend of impact in decreasing order of reactor power and the number of fuel assemblies; APR1400 < VVER1200 < HPR1000 < Nuscale. Nevertheless, all the doses were within regulatory limits.
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Papapostolou, Aikaterini, Charikleia Karakosta, Vangelis Marinakis und Alexandros Flamos. „Assessment of RES cooperation framework between the EU and North Africa“. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 10, Nr. 3 (05.09.2016): 402–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-12-2014-0007.
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Purpose The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Union provides another element to cross-border cooperation by allowing Member States to fulfill their 2020 renewable energy sources (RES) targets by implementing joint projects in third countries through the cooperation mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to assess the country risk, to support bilateral cooperation for RES electricity generation projects. Design/methodology/approach A multicriteria decision support methodology has been developed taking into account three evaluation parameters, namely, the investment framework, the social conditions and the energy and technological status. An additive value model has been constructed, and the UTilitès Additives (UTA) – UTA* (UTASTAR) disaggregation method has been implemented to infer the criteria weights. The obtained ranking of alternatives has been subjected to robustness analysis, and finally the proposed methodology has been applied to five North Africa countries, so as to draw key results. Findings The pilot application of the methodological approach proposed and the model developed was fully compatible with the decision maker’s ranking on a set of fictitious countries and facilitated the assessment of a country’s current situation with regards to its investment, social conditions and energy and technological status. The results regarding the five North African countries examined, indicated the country’s investment framework as the most important factor, from foreign investors’ perspective, affecting a country’s suitability for the implementation of RES projects through a cooperation mechanism and Morocco, as well as Tunisia as the countries with the most suitable conditions for a successful implementation of such projects. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, there are only very few studies trying to assess opportunities and risks emerging from the implementation of joint projects between European and third countries in the field of electricity generation from RES. There are even less studies using (UTASTAR) method on real-world decision-making problems, and almost none are dedicated to energy sector-related problems.
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MAȚOI, Ecaterina. „A CONTEXTUAL ASSESSMENT OF EUROPEAN UNION’S ENERGY SUPPLIES IN MID 2022“. Strategic Impact 83, Nr. 2 (15.12.2022): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1842-9904-22-8.
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Following the pandemic, European Union’s decisions that backfire on its economy appear to be controversial. Bruxelles politicians oscillate between renewable energies and possible new hydrocarbon sources in a bid to eliminate Russian supplies. The study reveals that the EU has actually had problems with energy independence ever since the oil age began. The historical superpower approach on oil and gas adopted by USA and Russian Federation, a still relevant UK, combined with the rise of China as economic leader, leave little room for the EU to gain control over its energy supplies. The study identifies a sinuous relation between USA and the former USSR in terms of energy trade, but not only: while the two countries collaborated on different issues in recent history, their interests were both convergent and divergent and their approaches to international relations as well. Among others, the study identifies France as the single country with a company in top 10 world oil and gas companies by revenue, and the only EU country with a company in top 4 manufacturers of nuclear fuel at global level. The study concludes that unless the energy paradigm will shift significantly, EU’s chances to become energy independent are minimal.
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Wang, Zhen, Jianqiang Zhang und Izumi Watanabe. „Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals due to Railroad Activity Using a Positive Matrix Factorization Approach“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 1 (21.12.2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010075.
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The effects of railway operation on soil environments are an important topic. In this research, soil samples were collected from two diesel-driven railways and two electric railways in Japan. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to investigate the sources of eight heavy metals in the soil near the railways. The results showed that railway operation was the dominant anthropogenic source of heavy metals in the soil in the study areas among five potential sources, with contributions ranging from 11.73% to 42.55%. Compared with that of electricity-driven railways, the effect of diesel-driven railways was larger. The environmental risk-assessment analysis suggested that the soils near the selected railways fall within the weak-to-extremely strong contamination category, and experienced moderate-to-extremely strong ecological risk. A health risk assessment revealed that the soil presented both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for children, with ingestion as the principal exposure pathway. The PMF-Environment Risk Assessment and PMF-Human Health Risk Assessment models were developed to obtain the ecological and human health risks for every source category. Railway operation was regarded as the major factor influencing ecology and human health at the diesel-driven railway sampling sites. However, at electricity-driven railway sampling sites, natural sources were dominant.
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GRZELAK, Paulina, und Andrzej ŻÓŁTOWSKI. „Environmental assessment of the exploitation of diesel engines powered by biofuels“. Combustion Engines 180, Nr. 1 (30.03.2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-105.
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Many factors, such as climate change and the associated risk of increasing the average temperature on the globe, energy security and the finishing of fossil fuel deposits have caused other renewable energy sources to be sought. Transport, as a branch of industry largely responsible for air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in large cities, requires the necessary changes in the way vehicles are powered. Until now, the fuels available at petrol stations use admixtures of first generation biofuels, such as bioethanol, as a 5% additive to motor gasolines and biodiesel (FAME) as a 7% additive to diesel oil. The article presents the idea of biorefinery installations, specifies the spectrum of substrates of the second and advanced generations, which may be a biorefinery input, including waste oils that can be used to produce hydrogenated HVO vegetable oils and other high-value products. The paper presents he existing biorefinery plant in Venice resulting from the transformation of a conventional oil refinery in which HVO fuel is produced. The article also presents the parameters of this new biofuel and compared them with the parameters of other fuels used to power self-ignition engines, such as FAME and diesel, along with discussing the prospects for HVO fuel development in Europe.
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Bernatik, Ales, David Rehak, Valerio Cozzani, Pavel Foltin, Jarmil Valasek und Frantisek Paulus. „Integrated Environmental Risk Assessment of Major Accidents in the Transport of Hazardous Substances“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 21 (29.10.2021): 11993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111993.
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At present, the environmental risk assessment of major accidents is mainly carried out for stationary risk sources. Only marginal attention is paid to mobile risk sources, while the currently available methodologies require a relevant expertise and time for their application, which is only partially possible in most scenarios. In the present study, an integrated approach to environmental risk assessment in the transport of hazardous substances (iTRANSRISK) was developed. The approach proposed is based on the principle of index-based assessment of leakage scenarios involving toxic and flammable substances during transport, in the context of indexing environmental vulnerability. The key point of the method is the conversion of local-specific data concerning the risk potential of the transported substance, the consequences and the probability of a major accident, and environmental vulnerability assessment into a single entity. The created integral approach is proposed for the needs of carriers of the hazardous substances and the state administration bodies. The proposed approach is determined for the screening risk assessment at the beginning of the process of the planning a suitable transport routes and the results are for information only. An example of the application of the iTRANSRISK integrated approach is demonstrated considering an explosion scenario following a propane tanker leak (18 t) in a forested area, with moderately susceptible soils and no surface water or groundwater affected.
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Zhou, Qi. „Environmental Risk Assessment of the Zhengrunzhou Water Source under the Influence of Oil Spill Accidents at the Wharf Group“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 13 (23.06.2022): 7686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137686.
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To compensate for the research defects of strong subjectivity in determining oil spill amount, insufficient consideration of wharf distribution, and incomplete indexes for reflecting the influence degree of oil spill accidents on water sources, and to enhance the supervision efficiency of the supervision department, this paper constructs a risk assessment system of water sources under the influence of the wharf group. The system includes a wharf group division method considering the wharf distribution situation; the calculation method of oil spill amount at wharves considering the oil tank capacity of main ship types and the production supervision risk at the wharves; the calculation method of the oil spill amount at the wharf group considering the wharf number, distribution density, production supervision risk and wharf oil spillage; the determination method for the influence degree of oil spill at the wharf group on the water sources and judgment method of supervision level at the wharf group, which takes the arrival time of oil slicks, the duration of over-standard petroleum concentration and the maximum over-standard multiple of petroleum concentration at the water intake as indexes; the method of determining the risk of oil spill accidents at the water source considering the cumulative effect of oil spill at the wharf group on the risk of the water sources; and the environmental risk assessment method of water sources considering oil spill accident risk and the anti-risk ability. Applying this system to the environmental risk assessment of the Zhengrunzhou water source in Zhenjiang City, we discovered that the flow field, wind field, oil spill location and oil spill amount were correlated with the influence degree of oil spill accidents on water sources, for which the flow field demonstrated the strongest correlation, while the wind field presented the weakest. The supervision level of the wharf group is mainly sub-key or non-key levels, but the level of the wharf group SD07 is approximate to the key supervision level during rising tide. Due to the strong anti-risk ability of the Zhengrunzhou water source, the environmental risks of the Zhengrunzhou water source under different working conditions are scarcely different and belong to the medium-risk level.
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Oláh, Judit, Zuzana Virglerova, József Popp, Jana Kliestikova und Sándor Kovács. „The Assessment of Non-Financial Risk Sources of SMES in the V4 Countries and Serbia“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 17 (03.09.2019): 4806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174806.
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Risks are a very important part of the business environment. If risks are managed well, they can provide a higher level of competitiveness and sustainability advantages for a company. The first step towards successful risk management is an identification of risks. The aim of this article is to create a risk profile for (small and medium-sized enterprises) SMEs in V4 countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary), compare them to each other and then compare the results with those for Serbia. The data were collected during an extensive research project organized by Tomas Bata University in Zlín in 2017 and 2018. In total 2110 answers of SMEs were analyzed. For the verification of hypotheses, a 5-point Likert scale, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Multiple Factors Analysis (MFA) and ANOVA were used. The level of legal, security, personnel and operational risks is statistically higher in Serbia than in V4 countries, and the lowest level is in Slovakia. Some significant differences among the exposure to risk according to economic sectors were identified.
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Moscoloni, Claudio, Fernando Zarra, Riccardo Novo, Enrico Giglio, Alberto Vargiu, Guglielmina Mutani, Giovanni Bracco und Giuliana Mattiazzo. „Wind Turbines and Rooftop Photovoltaic Technical Potential Assessment: Application to Sicilian Minor Islands“. Energies 15, Nr. 15 (30.07.2022): 5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155548.
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In order to achieve climate goals and limit the global temperature rise, an increasing share of renewable-energy sources (RESs) is required. However, technologies for the use of RESs need to be integrated into the landscape and ecological heritage to ensure a fully sustainable energy transition. This work aims to develop a scalable technique for integrating the estimation of rooftop PV and wind potential into spatial planning, providing a framework to support decision-makers in developing energy policies. The methodology is applied to the minor Sicilian islands, which are characterised by significant environmental and landscape constraints. The methodology is used to identify the areas eligible for the installation of onshore wind turbines and the usable roof surfaces for the installation of PV systems. It is shown that the available technical potential of rooftop PV installations could ensure a higher production than the actual consumption on 13 of the 14 islands studied. Nevertheless, efforts must be made to improve the legal framework, which currently places major limits on the use of wind energy.
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Wulff, Sarah J., Matthew J. Butler und Warren B. Ballard. „Assessment of Diurnal Wind Turbine Collision Risk for Grassland Birds on the Southern Great Plains“. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042015-jfwm-031.
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Abstract Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources in the United States and has the potential to reduce the use of traditional nonrenewable energy. However, there is concern for potential short- and long-term influences on wildlife populations, such as bird collisions with turbine blades, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and habitat avoidance. Bird flight heights are indicative of collision risks, but knowledge of their distributions is limited. Our goal was to examine the diurnal flight heights of bird species to assess which are at greatest risk of collision with wind turbine blades. During October 2008–August 2009, we estimated the flight heights of 66 bird species at a planned wind energy facility on the southern Great Plains. Flight heights were estimated by measuring angle of incline with a clinometer and ground distance with a laser rangefinder. Previous work has been limited to flight height measurements categorized to site-specific rotor swept zone (RSZ) specifications that has resulted in limited applicability to other wind turbine RSZ specifications. Our research is distinctive because it provides more resolution in flight height estimates than those categorized into bins and allows application to wind turbines with different RSZs. We found that the flight heights of six bird species varied among seasons, indicating their risk of collision changed throughout the year. Observations indicated that the average flight heights of 28 bird species were within the potential RSZ (32–124 m above ground level) at our study site and that two species exhibited mean flight heights above the RSZ. Fifteen of those species were wetland-associated species, 7 were raptor or vulture species, and 6 were listed as species of greatest conservation need by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. We observed 14 bird species (1 vulture, 2 raptors, 7 wetland-associated species, and 4 passerines or other species) with greater than 25% of their observed flight heights within the RSZ. Our results indicate that raptors and wetland-associated species are the avian groups at greatest risk of collision with wind turbines due to their diurnal flight heights. However, the resolution of our data will allow assessment of which bird species are at greatest risk of collision for various wind turbine specifications. This information can help guide site assessment and placement for wind energy facilities across the southern Great Plains and help mitigate potential collision impacts on bird species.
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Peixoto, Ualerson Iran, Morgan Casal-Ribeiro, Wendell M. Medeiros-Leal, Ana Novoa-Pabon, Mário Pinho und Régis Santos. „Scientific and Fisher’s Knowledge-Based Ecological Risk Assessment: Combining Approaches to Determine the Vulnerability of Fisheries Stocks“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 22 (10.11.2022): 14870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214870.
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Small-scale fishing is a multi-gear activity that focuses on a wide range of species. As there is a considerable diversity of species, it is often difficult to keep track of all of those that are caught, and due to the lack of data or poor quality, most stock statuses are currently unknown around the world. Therefore, local ecological knowledge provided by fishers has been regarded as a valuable source of information to bridge these crucial gaps. This study assesses the vulnerability status of 22 fishing stocks in the Azores, through productivity and susceptibility analyses (PSAs) using two independent data sources: conventional scientific knowledge and fishers’ knowledge data. We created four PSAs with separate and integrated data sources. Although we found some differences in the vulnerability scores and rankings, the risk outputs of the PSAs using independent and integrated sources of data generally match, reflecting a similar pattern trend. The findings of this work suggest that integrating FK may be an alternative to provide good fisheries’ assessment outcomes in the absence of CSK. Overall, this research supports the inclusion of fishers’ knowledge in vulnerability assessments as not only beneficial in the absence of data, but also as a supplement to data that can improve management advice.
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Mäkká, Katarína, Katarína Kampová, Tomáš Loveček und Katarína Petrlová. „An Environmental Risk Assessment of Filling Stations Using the Principles of Security Management. A Case Study in the Slovak Republic“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 22 (11.11.2021): 12452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212452.
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The issue of environmental risk assessment currently deserves great attention. In order to protect the environment, maintain healthy living conditions, and prevent environmental damage, the member states of the European Union have adopted a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage. The directive classifies two types of operators with different liability regimes for environmental damage, namely, the regime with no-fault (strict) liability and liability for fault. With the adoption of the directive, among experts, operators and the general public have posed questions about how to assess the risk of environmental damage. At present, there is still no uniform procedure for assessing environmental risks, which would create a comprehensive methodological framework for assessment for this type of risk. Due to the non-existent risk assessment methodology for operators with strict liability regimes and the lack of a systematic search for risk sources, a risk assessment procedure is proposed that provides guidance in a sequence of several steps on how to implement the obligations arising from the adopted Environmental Liability Directive. The proposed procedure was verified on a specific operator with a strict liability regime. The environmental risk analysis performed through the proposed procedure provided information on possible operational problems and verified its applicability. Last but not least, the use of the proposed procedure makes it possible to identify serious sources of risk and to establish necessary preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of environmental damage.
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Liu, Ping, Tongning Zhou, Ningchuan Feng, Meilin Zhu und Juncang Tian. „Determination, Source Identification and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Soil Near a Typical Industrial Zone in Northern Ningxia, China“. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, Nr. 3 (01.06.2022): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2187.
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Agricultural soil pollution affects agricultural productivity and human health. To assess the degree and potential risk of heavy metals (HMs) pollution in agricultural soil in typical industrial areas in northern Ningxia, China, the levels of 8 HMs including Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr were detected, the associated ecological and health risks were assessed, and the sources were identified. The results showed that, compared with the corresponding standards, the Hg, Zn, and As exceeded the standards by 27, 18, and 4%, respectively. Pollution Index, Hakanson’s potential risk index and enrichment factor showed that the Hg pollution was most serious. The spatial distribution results showed the HMs were associated with mining sites, industrial parks or cities. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) results showed the HMs in soil can be attributed to 4 factors, its contribution order is industrial activity (53.1%) > traffic (18.3%) > natural (17.0%) > mining activity (9.8%). The health risk analysis showed a non-carcinogenic risk at 0.136 (<1) and carcinogenic risk was 1.26×10−5 (<10−4), indicating a low risk of residents. However, consumption of crops food grown in the area is the most important approach resulting in health risk. In summary, HMs posed a high ecological risk which mainly due to industrial activity, however, the potential health risk was acceptable. This study is very meaningful to prevent soil from HMs pollution and guarantee the agricultural soil and crop qualities.
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Wang, Hui, Changchun Song und Kaishan Song. „Regional Ecological Risk Assessment of Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain with Respect to Human Disturbance“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 5 (05.03.2020): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051974.
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Characterization of the intensity of regional human disturbances on wetlands is an important scientific issue. In this study, the pole-axis system (involving multi-level central places and roads) was recognized as a proxy of direct risk to wetlands stemming from human activities at the regional or watershed scale. In this respect, the pole-axis system and central place theory were adopted to analyze the spatial agglomeration characteristics of regional human activities. Soil erosion and non-point source (NPS) pollution, indicating the indirect effect of human activities on wetlands, were also considered. Based on these human disturbance proxies, which are considered regional risk sources to wetlands, incorporated with another two indicators of regional environment, i.e., vulnerability and ecological capital indexes, the regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) framework of wetlands was finally established. Using this wetland RERA framework, the spatial heterogeneity of risk grades within the Naoli River Basin, a typical concentrated wetland region in the Sanjiang Plain, was analyzed. The results showed that (1) high- and very high-risk source intensity areas displayed a ring-shape distribution pattern, which reflected the influence of the regional pole-axis system; (2) owing to their high ecological capital value per unit area and vulnerability level, the wetlands had the highest risk grade, as did central places (i.e., those areas where county seats and administration bureaus of farms were located). In terms of proportion, the low-, medium-, high-, and very high-risk areas accounted for 72.0%, 16.8%, 10.1%, and 1.1% of the study area, respectively. The identification and classification of risk sources to wetlands that are related to human activity at the watershed scale could provide clear perspectives in order to reduce severe risk sources to these areas, especially those Ramsor Convention-appointed sites of international importance. Moreover, the assessment framework used in this paper will provide a helpful reference for related research in the future. Finally, the new management guidelines proposed in this paper will be beneficial for lowering the ecological risk level of wetlands at the watershed or regional scale for the Sanjiang Plain or other wetland-concentrated regions.