Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Rubus berries“

Rubus idaeus L. распространена почти повсеместно, хорошо растет в садах и огородах. Целью данной работы было изучение in vitro свойств экстрактов ягод Rubus idaeus L. (семейство Rosoideae), выращенной в Республике Карелия, Ленинградской и Калининградской областях. Новизна исследований заключается в том, что впервые сравнивали содержание биологически активных веществ, антиоксидантную и антимикробную активность экстрактах ягод Rubus idaeus L. из трех регионов Северо-Западного Федерального Округа России с похожими климатическими условиями, но различным расположением областей в округе. Установлено, что ни один экстракт ягод Rubus idaeus L. не проявлял антимикробных свойств, хотя в других исследованиях антимикробная активность экстрактов ягод Rubus idaeus L. присутствует. Наибольшую антиоксидантную активность проявили экстракты ягод Rubus idaeus L., выращенной в Калининградской области, вероятно, из-за влияния агроклиматических условий и условий экстракции, когда в экстракт перешло наибольшее количество производных эллаговой кислоты и самой эллаговой кислоты. Так экстракты ягод Rubus idaeus L., выращенные в Ленинградской области проявляют антиоксидантную активность 107,53 мкмоль экв. тролокса/г, экстракты ягод Rubus idaeus L., выращенной в Республике Карелия – 124,18 мкмоль экв. тролокса/г и экстракты ягод Rubus idaeus L., выращенной в Калининградской области – 336,13 мкмоль экв. тролокса/г. Экстракты ягод Rubus idaeus L., рекомендуется использовать для производства биологически активных добавок к пище. В связи с этим представляет интерес изучение их токсикологических показателей безопасности, которая оказалась в норме для всех исследуемых экстрактов. Установлено, что экстракты ягод Rubus idaeus L., являются продуктом, который можно оптимально использовать в пищевой, косметической и фармакологической промышленности как для улучшения способности к сохранению и стабильности, так и для улучшения функциональных свойств потенциальных производных. Rubus idaeus L. is widespread almost everywhere, grows well in gardens and vegetable gardens. The purpose of this work was to study in vitro the properties of extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries (family Rosoideae) grown in the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the content of biologically active substances, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries from three regions of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia with similar climatic conditions, but different locations of regions in the district were compared. It has been established that no extract of Rubus idaeus L. berries. it did not exhibit antimicrobial properties, although in other studies the antimicrobial activity of extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries is present. Extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries grown in the Kaliningrad region showed the greatest antioxidant activity, probably due to the influence of agro-climatic conditions and extraction conditions, when the largest number of derivatives of ellagic acid and ellagic acid itself were transferred to the extract. Thus, extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries grown in the Leningrad region exhibit antioxidant activity of 107,53 mmol eq. trolox/g, extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries grown in the Republic of Karelia – 124,18 mmol eq. trolox/g and extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries grown in the Kaliningrad region – 336,13 mmol eq. trolox/g. Extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries are recommended for the production of biologically active food additives. In this regard, it is of interest to study their toxicological safety indicators, which turned out to be normal for all the studied extracts. It has been established that extracts of Rubus idaeus L. berries are a product that can be optimally used in the food, cosmetic and pharmacological industries both to improve the ability to preserve and stability, and to improve the functional properties of potential derivatives.

The highly perishable nature of Rubus berries, particularly their susceptibility to water loss and earlier senescence, significantly limits their shelf life. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic role of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the physiochemical quality, phenolic metabolism, and antioxidant potential of blackberries and raspberries during cold storage (2 ± 1 °C) for 12 and 10 days, respectively. Modified atmosphere (MA)-packed Rubus berries exhibited higher total phenolics accompanied by higher activities of shikimate dehydrogenase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Furthermore, MA-packed Rubus berries demonstrated lower hydrogen peroxide by maintaining higher catalase activity and delayed lipid peroxidation during the entire period of cold storage. Relatively higher levels of glutathione and ascorbic acid as well as the activities of enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in MA-packed Rubus berries were also observed. Conversely, MAP reduced the respiration rate and weight loss while maintaining higher postharvest quality attributes in raspberries and blackberries than control fruit. In conclusion, MAP is an effective method for extending the cold storage life and maintaining the quality of Rubus berries.

Luther Burbank, the quintessential nurseryman of the early 20th century, remarked that small fruit was the “Cinderella of the pomological family.” He stated that although tree fruits had been improved to the point of an almost uncountable number of cultivars, it was the time and responsibility of his generation and those to follow to develop the small fruit for human consumption. Burbank had a penchant for detecting potential qualities of unusual plants and his broad association with plant explorers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and elsewhere allowed him to examine diverse wild berry species. He obtained seeds of many small fruit species from throughout the world. He made wide crosses within and between these genera and species. Burbank selected and named many cultivars to be introduced through his nursery and elsewhere. He named and released ≈40 blackberries, raspberries (Rubus L.), and strawberries (Fragaria L.); four grapes (Vitis L.); and a hybrid Solanum that he named ‘Sunberry’. He sometimes exaggerated their descriptions for promotion or public recognition. For example, Rubus ×loganobaccus ‘Phenomenal’ was, he stated, “far superior in size, quality, color, and productivity…” to ‘Loganberry’. Unfortunately, this cultivar was not a commercial success. Burbank made a few crosses and sold what he considered to be improved species, e.g., ‘Himalaya Giant’ blackberry (R. armeniacus). He created new common names for foreign species, e.g., balloon berry (R. illecebrosus) and Mayberry (R. palmatus), to better market them. However, his amazingly keen observations of thornlessness, pigment diversity, and recognition of repeat flowering and fruiting in blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries, were insightful of the needs of future industry. Burbank was a disciple of Darwin and his theory of natural selection. Burbank’s classic breeding approach, to make wide crosses, produce large numbers of hybrid seedlings, choose significant seedlings with his traits of choice, and backcross to the desired parent for several generations, was successful, although he did not know of ploidy or gene recombination. Unfortunately, the ‘Himalaya blackberry’, now ubiquitous in hedgerows and fields throughout the Pacific Northwest in the United States, is designated as a federal noxious weed. Although not presently in commercial production, three of his Rubus cultivars (‘Burbank Thornless’, ‘Snowbank’, and ‘Phenomenal’) are preserved in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, in Corvallis, OR.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is a nutritional review of the scientific literature of four Rubus varieties: raspberry, blackberry, boysenberry and loganberry. The study aimed to review the scientific literature related to Rubus and the bioactives and key nutrients. Design/methodology/approach – Nutrient data were obtained from Australia and New Zealand, where Australian data were absent; to provide an overview of the existing and available nutrient composition data, a review of the scientific literature using defined search terms in the Web of Science and Scopus databases for the years 2001-2011 was conducted. The primary components of Rubus are the water-soluble vitamins. Findings – A review of Australian and New Zealand nutrient composition databases revealed that Rubus can range from 184 to 293 kJ energy, 0.3 to 0.7 per cent total fat content, 1.1 to 1.5 per cent protein, 4.9 to 7.5 per cent carbohydrate and 34 to 63 mg/100 g folate and 9 to 38 mg/100 g vitamin C. Many publications have addressed the nutrient content of the berries individually with 24 identified in this project relating to raspberries, 15 for blackberries, 3 for boysenberries and 2 for loganberries. Research limitations/implications – Research relating to bioactive compounds in Rubus berries appears to be targeted towards those more commonly consumed and readily available in Australia. Practical implications – The most commonly identified bioactives were the phenolic compounds with ellagic acid, the specific bionutrient of interest. This suggests the need for a targeted approach to build a consistent set of values for bioactive compounds in Rubus berries. Originality/value – Given the growing interest in phytochemical compounds and their inclusion in Australian Dietary Guidelines, collation of analytical data for specific food categories is vital.

Consumption of berries has increased significantly over the past couple of years. As such, producers and retailers are experimenting with new berry varieties to capture market share and increase their profitability. We examine consumer preference and willingness to pay (WTP) for a relatively new-to-market berry (aronia: Aronia mitschurinii Skvortsov et Maitulina) compared with another relatively new berry (black currant: Ribes nigrum L.) as well as more traditional (raspberry: Rubus idaeus L., blueberry: Vaccinium corymbosum L., and blackberry: Rubus fruticosus L.) berries. Given that aronia berries have an astringent/bitter flavor while having high antioxidant levels we investigate how taste and health information impact preference and WTP. Furthermore, we add to the literature by investigating the differences in WTP for locally and nonlocally (regional, the United States, and outside the United States) labeled berries across varying retail outlets (i.e., farmer’s markets, farm stands, grocery store). We find that new berries (aronia and black currant) are heavily discounted compared with more traditional berries. Potentially negative taste information (i.e., astringent/bitter flavor) has a negative impact on WTP, whereas positive health information has a positive impact on WTP. The positive effect of health information tends to offset the impact of the negative taste information. With respect to local labeling and retail outlet, locally labeled berries at a farmer’s market and farm stand have WTP values similar to locally labeled berries at a grocery store. On the other hand, nonlocally labeled berries sold at a grocery store were discounted compared with locally labeled berries at a grocery store.

Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations and accumulations in Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plant parts were measured in a field study to identify a potential plant-analysis-based method for evaluating site-specific fertilizer requirements. Dry matter and macroelements accumulated steadily in new canes over the season, increased early to a stable amount in floricane laterals and ripe berries, increased and then decreased in leaves and remained stable in stems. Macroelement accumulation patterns were generally similar to dry matter accumulations. The amounts of N and K that accumulated in ripe berries were similar and about eight times greater than P, Ca and Mg. Macroelement concentrations of floricane stems, laterals and berries were more stable than in leaves, making them potentially more suitable than leaves for developing tissue analysis for fertilizer recommendations. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

The autors have studied the present day level of the biochemical investigates of the genus Rubus L.and Ribes L. fruits – raspberry, blackberry, black and red currant and goosberry. The indicators of the berries biochemical composition accepted in the inland practice from the viewpoint of their dietary, medicinal and profilactic qualities evaluation have appeared less informative and require futher essential research. The expansion of the analytical methods range hase been proposed on the basis of the analysis of the data base concerning the content and individual composition of the biologically active substances in the berries of enumerated five small fruit crops in order to be applied in the process of breeding expljrations. Thus it is unsaturated fatty acids that dominate in the raspberries seeds and up to 90 % of them are linoleic and linolenic acids.Contrary to them, the blackberries are more rich in tocopherols and sterols. The largest information characterizing the species specificity of the genus studied is data on the phenolic substances content and composition. In particular, the individual composition of anthocyanins in the berries of the researched crops is a clear strain of them. There are also certain differences as for the other phenolic compounds. For instance, 90% of phenolic acids in the raspberries are concentrated in free form, while the blackberries there are only 3% and the rest are glicosides and esters. A clear difference concerning flavonols content and composition can be traced among the goosberry cultivars, depending of the berries color. The characteristic sign of the currants berries is presence in them such components as floridzhyne and elagic acid. It is also important to characterize the volatile compounds in the investigated crops berries, such as aldehydes and terpenoides raspberry and furan derivates in blackberries.Based on the analysis of the database on the content and individual composition of biologically active substances of five types of berry crops, it is proposed to extend the analytical methods used during breeding operations, to determine the composition and amount of fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, volatile compounds during breeds, as well as phenolic substances, in the sum and content and composition of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, phenolic acid, procyanidines, halkons, ellagic acid and elagotannins.

Arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L.) and its hybrid (Rubus arcticus L. nothosubsp. stellarcticus G. Larsson) are both cultivated in Finland. Sugars and major organic acids were analysed in several arctic bramble clones and cultivars (n = 19) and arctic bramble hybrids (n = 5) by gas chromatography. The main sugar in the berries was sucrose, and the main organic acid was citric acid. The average total contents of sugars in the berries of arctic brambles and arctic bramble hybrids were 5.0 g (CV = 0.1) and 4.7 g (CV = 0.2) per 100 g of fresh weight, respectively. The average total contents of organic acids in the berries of arctic brambles and arctic bramble hybrids were 0.6 g (CV = 0.3) and 1.5 g (CV = 0.5) per 100 g of fresh weight, respectively. Changes in these compounds during the harvesting period were also studied in mixed samples. Moreover, the sensory properties of juices and jellies prepared from several arctic bramble clones were evaluated by quantitative sensory profiling. The sugar/acid ratio obtained from the chemical analyses of the berries was compared with the sensed sweetness and sourness of juices and jellies.

Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) and arctic raspberry (Rubus arcticus L.) are highly nutritional and medicinal but lowyield berries, with some populations being on the verge of extinction. Micropropagation biotechnologies are cost-effective and may provide healthy and plentiful planting material for these valuable berries. Clonal micropropagation of cloudberry and arctic raspberry requires new methods adapted for Russian varieties. This research featured the effect of sterilizing agents on the survival rate of explants of R. chamaemorus and R. arcticus, as well as the effect of growth regulators in the nutrient medium on their organogenesis in vitro. Berries obtained from regenerant plants of R. chamaemorus (Arkhangelsk and Vologda varieties) and R. arcticus (Sofia and Galina varieties) underwent a biochemical analysis. Further research involved the effect of sterilizing agents and exposure time on the viability of explants, as well as the effect of the nutrient medium composition and the concentration of growth regulators on the development of microshoots and roots in vitro. In case of lateral buds, the highest survival rate of both types of explants (80–96%) belonged to the samples sterilized with 0.2% silver nitrate and 5% Lysoformin 3000 for 15 min. In case of etiolated shoots (79–100%), it was the samples treated with 0.2% silver nitrate, 0.01% Nika 2, and 5% Lysoformin 3000 for 10 min. The maximal total length of microshoots in R. chamaemorus (19.4–22.7 cm) was registered at 0.1 mg/L Cytodef in the Murashige and Skoog medium. The maximal total length of roots (46.0–56.6 cm) was obtained when the medium contained 0.5 mL/L indolylacetic acid. As for R. arcticus, the maximal total lengths of microshoots (22.4–22.8 cm) and roots (86.6–89.3 cm) occurred at the same concentrations of growth regulators on 1/2 Murashige and Skoog medium. In this research, Cytodef and indolylacetic acid applied in the process of clonal micropropagation of R. chamaemorus and R. arcticus made it possible to increase the yield of high-quality planting material for commercial plantations.

Gastritis and ulcers are very common inflammatory-based diseases which can be caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, chemical factors or immunological disorders[3]. H. pylori is the leading cause of gastritis[1], it colonizes the gastric mucosa of over 80% of human population in developing countries[3] and at least 50% of the world’s human population[36]. Gastric epithelial cells, during H. pylori infection, show increased levels of cytokines/chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and IL-8[66]. Epithelial cells stimulated with TNFα, IL-1β or bacterial infection, release a variety of cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8) and increase expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is deeply involved in the control of transcription of inflammatory mediators in the stomach[95]. Ellagitannins (ET) have shown anti-inflammatory and anti-H.pylori properties; however, their anti-inflammatory activity at gastric level was not previously investigated. Rubus berries (raspberries and blackberries) and Fragaria berries (strawberries) are considered a rich source of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, tannins, ET and ellagic acid (EA) derivatives conjugated[308]. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the effects of tannins, in particular ET, from Rubus and Fragaria berries, the most common sources of ET in the European diet, on gastric inflammation. Tannin enriched extracts (TEs) were prepared from Rubus fruticosus L. (blackberry), Rubus idaeus L. (raspberry), Fragaria X ananassa Duch. (strawberry) and Fragaria vesca L. (wild strawberry). The anti-inflammatory activity was tested in vitro on gastric cell line AGS stimulated by TNFα and IL-1β. TEs inhibited TNFα-induced NF-κB driven transcription and reduced NF-kB nuclear translocation. TEs inhibited also IL-8 secretion induced by TNFα and IL-1β at low concentrations (IC50 range: 0.5–8.8 µg/mL). The effect of an in vitro gastric digestion on TEs activity was also evaluated. Sanguiin H-6, lambertianin C, (the major ET present in Rubus berries) and agrimoniin (ET from Fragaria berries), were found to be responsible, at least in part, for the effect of the mixtures. In vivo the protective effect of TEs was evaluated in a rat model of ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Rats were treated orally for ten days with 20 mg/kg/day of TEs, and ethanol was given one hour before the sacrifice. Gastric mucosa was isolated and used for the determination of IL-8 release, NF-κB nuclear translocation, Trolox equivalents, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. TEs of blackberry and raspberry decreased Ulcer Index by 88% and 75% respectively and protected from the ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. CINC-1 (the rat homologue of IL-8) secretion in the gastric mucosa was reduced in the animals receiving blackberry and raspberry TEs. The effect of TEs on CINC-1 was associated to a decrease of NF-κB nuclear translocation in TEs treated animals. The anti-inflammatory activity exerted by TEs occurs at extremely low concentrations, even below the concentration of 1 μg/mL, values that are considered easy to reach by the ingestion of a portion of berries (approximately 5 mg/mL). These results show that tannins interfere with the metabolic cascade deriving from the activation and translocation of NF-κB that in turn activates the transcription of target genes involved in inflammation, including IL-8. ET do not require any absorption to reach the stomach and their concentrations are not reduced by metabolic processes in this district. In this study was demonstrated for the first time that ET from blackberries and raspberries are able to protect the stomach against the gastric lesions caused by ethanol. The outcome of this research suggests the use of ET as integration in dietary regimens designed for treat or prevent inflammatory gastric diseases.

O câncer de mama caracteriza-se globalmente como a neoplasia de maior incidência e mortalidade na população feminina. Antocianinas e elagitaninos presentes em frutas como as berries destacam-se por seu promissor efeito protetor em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento do câncer de mama. Grumixama (G; Eugenia brasiliensis Lam) é uma espécie de cereja nativa do Brasil que assim como as amora-preta (AP; Rubus spp) e silvestre (AS; Morus nigra L.) contém alto teor de antocianinas e elagitaninos. Poucos estudos focaram na ação anticâncer destas berries no câncer de mama. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de extratos ricos em antocianinas ou elagitaninos de G, AP e AS no crescimento e na expressão de genes e miRNAs das linhagens de células humanas de câncer de mama MCF-7 (receptor de hormônio positiva) e MDA-MB 231 (receptor de hormônio negativa). Não se observou citotoxicidade após 72 e 96 horas de tratamento com os extratos (25-200µg/mL) ricos em antocianinas (ASANT, APANT e GANT) ou elagitaninos (APELA e GELA), em ambas as linhagens celulares. Após 72 horas de tratamento, GANT e APANT induziram parada de ciclo celular em G0/G1 (12,5 e 50µg/mL, p<0,05) em células MCF-7. Após 96h, ASANT, APANT e GANT induziram parada de ciclo celular em G0/G1 (12,5 e 50µg/mL; p<0,05) nessas mesmas células. Entretanto, na concentração de 200µg/mL apenas GANT induziu parada em G0/G1 (72 e 96h; p<0,05). Em células MDA-MB 231, após 96h APANT e GANT induziram parada de ciclo celular em G0/G1 nas concentrações testadas (12,5, 50 e 200µg/mL, p<0,05), assim como ASANT nas concentrações de 12,5 e 50µg/mL (p<0,05). Em células MCF-7, após 72h APELA e GELA induziram aumento da proporção de células em subG0 (200µg/mL, p<0,05). Em MDA-MB 231, após 72 e 96h, APELA e GELA (200µg/mL) induziram aumento da proporção de células em subG0 (p<0,05) e parada em G0/G1 (p<0,05). Em células MCF-7, GANT induziu morte celular por apoptose (p<0,05) após 72 e 96h de tratamento. Entretanto, em MDA-MB 231 os extratos ricos em antocianinas não induziram morte celular. Em células MCF-7, após 96h GELA e APELA induziram principalmente necrose (p<0,05). Em MDA-MB 231, APELA e GELA induziram apoptose (p<0,05) após 72 e 96h. Em células MDA-MB 231, após 72h de tratamento foi observada inibição da proliferação celular por GELA, GANT e APELA (200µg/mL; p<0,05). Em células MDA-MB 231, 48h de tratamento com GELA; GANT e APELA (200µg/mL) aumentaram a expressão 5 genes (ESR2, FOXA1, JUN, PTGS2,VEGFA) e inibiram a expressão de 10 genes (ADAM23, ATM, BCL2, CDH1, EGF, GLI1, ID1, MKI67, SNAI2 e THBS1) correlacionados ao câncer de mama. Adicionalmente, GELA; GANT e APELA (200µg/mL) induziram aumento da expressão de miR- 210(p<0,05) e APELA (200µg/mL) reduziu a expressão de miRNA 19a/b (p<0,05) em células MDAMB 231. Coletivamente estes resultados sugerem que antocianinas de grumixama e elagitaninos de amora preta e grumixama apresentam potencial efeito protetor contra o câncer de mama. Adicionalmente, essa ação anticarcinogênica pode ser mediada por indução de morte celular, mais especificamente apoptose, redução de proliferação celular e modulação da expressão de genes e miRNAs relacionados ao câncer de mama.
Breast cancer is characterized as the neoplasia with the highest incidence and mortality rates in women worldwide. Anthocyanins and ellagitannins present in certain fruits, such as berries, stand out for their promising protective effect at different stages of breast cancer development. Grumixama (G; Eugenia brasiliensis Lam), a cherry species from Brazil, as well as blackberry (AP; Rubus spp) and mulberry (AS; Morus nigra L.) contain elevated concentrations of anthocyanins and ellagitannins. Few studies focused on the anticarcinogenic action of these berries in breast cancer development. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of extracts rich in anthocyanins or ellagitannins from G, AP and AS on cellular growth and genes and miRNAs expression in human MCF-7 (hormone receptor positive) and MDA-MB 231 (hormone receptor negative) cell lines. No cytotoxicity was observed after 72 and 96 hours of treatment with extracts rich in anthocyanin (25-200 µg/mL) (ASANT, APANT and GANT) or ellagitannins (APELA and GELA) in both cell lines. After 72 hours of treatment, GANT and APANT induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 (12.5µg/mL and 50µg/mL, p<0.05) in MCF-7 cells. After 96h, ASANT, APANT and GANT induced cycle arrest at G0/G1 (12.5 and 50µg/mL; p<0.05) in MCF-7 cells. However, at 200µg/mL, only GANT induced G0/G1 (72 and 96h; p<0.05). In MDA-MB 231 cells, after 96h APANT and GANT induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 with the three tested concentrations (12.5, 50 and 200µg/mL, p<0.05), as well as ASANT at concentrations 12,5 and 50µg/mL (p <0.05). In MCF-7 cells, after 72h APELA and GELA induced an increase in the proportion of cells in subG0 (200µg/mL, p<0.05). In MDA-MB 231, after 72 and 96h, APELA and GELA (200µg/mL) induced an increase in the proportion of cells in subG0 (p<0.05) and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 (p<0.05). In MCF-7 cells, GANT induced apoptosis (p<0.05) after 72 and 96h of treatment. However, in MDA-MB 231, extracts rich in anthocyanins did not induce cell death. In MCF-7 cells, after 96h GELA and APELA induced mainly necrosis (p<0.05). In MDA-MB 231, APELA and GELA induced apoptosis (p<0.05) after 72 and 96h. In MDA-MB 231 cells, inhibition of cell proliferation by GELA, GANT and APELA (200?g/mL; p<0.05) was observed after 72h of treatment. In MDA-MB 231 cells, treatment for 48h with GELA, GANT and APELA (200µg) increased expression of 5 genes (ESR2, FOXA1, JUN, PTGS2, VEGFA) and inhibited expression of 10 genes (ADAM23, ATM, BCL2, CDH1, EGF, GLI1, ID1, MKI67, SNAI2 and THBS1) correlated with breast cancer. In addition, GELA; GANT and APELA (200µg/mL) induced increased expression of miR-210 (p<0.05) and APELA (200µg/mL) reduced the expression of miRNA 19a/b (p<0.05) in MDA-MB cells 231. Collectively these results suggest that anthocyanins of grumixama and ellagitannins of blackberry and grumixama have potential protective effect against breast cancer. Additionally, this anticarcinogenic action can be mediated by induction of cell death, more specifically apoptosis, reduction of cell proliferation and modulation of the expression of genes and miRNAs related to breast cancer.

Orientadores: Luiz Antonio Viotto, Lourdes Maria Correa Cabral
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: As amoras-pretas (Rubus spp.), além de serem boas fontes de vitaminas e minerais, são ricas em antioxidantes naturais, como os ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides, entre eles as antocianinas, que também conferem ao suco coloração altamente atrativa, embora o tornem instável a tratamentos térmicos severos, que podem resultar em produtos escurecidos e de sabor alterado. A busca dos consumidores por alimentos que preservem suas características sensoriais e nutricionais após o processamento industrial tem levado as indústrias a investir em novas tecnologias menos agressivas à matéria-prima inicial, para adequar-se a essa nova tendência de mercado. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de suco de amora-preta concentrado em antocianinas, utilizando processos de separação por membranas, especificamente a microfiltração (MF), ultrafiltração (UF) e nanofiltração (NF). O suco foi obtido a partir do despolpamento de frutos de amora-preta (Rubus spp.) em despolpadeira com peneira de 0,8 mm e submetido aos processos de centrifugação e hidrólise enzimática, a fim de padronizar o teor de sólidos insolúveis e reduzir sua viscosidade e consequentemente aumentar o fluxo permeado do processo. Os processos de MF, UF e NF foram avaliados individualmente e acoplados entre si, tendo como variáveis de resposta o fluxo permeado, o teor de antocianinas e a capacidade antioxidante. Todos os processamentos foram realizados em um sistema com módulo quadro e placas com membranas a base de polímero fluorado e com tamanho de poro de 0,15 µm (MF), membranas de polissulfona com cut off de 20 kDa (UF) e membrana composta com rejeição ao MgSO4 maior que 98% (NF), com recirculação da corrente de retido e recolhimento contínuo do permeado, a 35°C e pressão aplicada à membrana de 5 bar (MF), 10 bar (UF) e 20 bar (NF). O fluxo permeado foi menor na ultrafiltração, a retenção de antocianinas foi eficiente na nanofiltração e ocorreu um aumento da capacidade antioxidante na fração retida comparado à alimentação, de aproximadamente 2 vezes na MF e NF e em 2,4 na UF. Observou-se também que o teor de antocianinas foi mantido na micro e ultrafiltração comprovando a eficácia da tecnologia de membranas na manutenção desta importante característica do suco de amora-preta, motivando a continuidade da pesquisa na aplicação deste processo para a obtenção de novos produtos com maior valor agregado
Abstract: Blackberries (Rubus spp.), besides being good sources of vitamins and minerals, are rich in natural antioxidants such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins that causes attractive juice staining, but at the same time, makes it severely unstable to thermal treatment, which can result in dark products and altered taste. The search for food consumers to preserve natural nutritional and sensory characteristics after processing has led food industries to invest in new technologies less harmful to the initial raw material and to adapt to this new market trend. In this context, this study aimed to obtain blackberry juice concentrated in anthocyanins, using membrane separation processes, specifically microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). The juice was obtained by pulping the fruit of blackberry (Rubus spp.) fruits using a removal device with a 0.8 mm sieve. This juice was then subjected to the centrifugation process and enzymatic hydrolysis in order to standardize the amount of insoluble solids, and reduce its viscosity and consequently increase the permeate flux of the process. The processes of MF, UF and NF were evaluated individually and coupled together with response variables such as the permeate flux, the anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity. All the process were carried out in a plate and frame module with membrane-based fluoropolymer and pore size of 0.15 micrometre (MF), polysulfone membranes with cut off 20 kDa (UF) and composite membrane with MgSO4 rejection of greater than 98% (NF), with recirculation of the retentate stream and continuous collection of the permeate at 35 °C as well as pressures applied to the membrane of 5 bar (MF), 10 bar (UF) and 20 bar (NF). The permeate flux was lower in ultrafiltration, and the anthocyanin retention in nanofiltration was effective; there was an increase in antioxidant capacity in the retained fraction compared to food, of approximately two times the MF and NF and 2.4 at UF. Additionally, it was observed that the anthocynanin's content was preserved in the micro- and ultrafiltration, proving the efficiency of the membrane technology to maintain this important feature of the blackberry juice, motivating continued research in applying this process to obtain new products with higher added value
Mestrado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Global climate change and possible drought scenarios have forced researchers, breeders and producers to create new plant patterns that will adapt to changing climate and soil conditions for production of horticultural plants in the future. Here, the most important topic is the shortening of the physiological growth period of plants due to abiotic stress. In other words, reductions experienced in both cooling needs and maturation periods cause negative impacts on flowering times and amounts, and this causes significant loss of yield. In recent years, the production of berry fruits that will adapt to drought conditions has attracted the attention of breeders and producers. The aim of this study is to discuss in detail the possibilities of producing berry fruits that are resistant to drought and negative climate conditions and to present research results and recommendations about this topic. In this study, the production opportunities in arid and negative climate conditions for the berry fruits of strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.), mulberry (Morus spp.), fig (Ficus carica L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.), rosehip (Rosa canina L.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) were researched and recommendations are made about production methods for some varieties and types resistant to drought in berry fruit cultivation.