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1

Tandon, P. K. "A Profile of Rural Indebtedness." Social Scientist 16, no. 4 (1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517259.

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2

Surendran Padmaja, Subash, and Jabir Ali. "Correlates of agrarian indebtedness in rural India." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 2 (2019): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2017-0074.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors determining the incidence and extent of indebtedness among agricultural households in rural India. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a nationally representative survey carried out under the 70th Round of the National Sampling Survey Office (NSSO) across rural India. Data on household characteristics, farming characteristics, indebtedness and extent of outstanding credit have been extracted from the comprehensive survey data. Four research hypotheses have been formulated and tested using simple statistical technique
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3

Standar, Aldona, and Agnieszka Kozera. "Identifying the Financial Risk Factors of Excessive Indebtedness of Rural Communes in Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030794.

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The purpose of this paper is to identify the financial risk factors of excessive indebtedness of Polish rural communes. The objective of this research task is to verify the following research hypothesis: the main determinant of the risk of excessive indebtedness is the rural communes’ own income potential. To meet the objective of this research, an empirical study was carried out in three steps. The first step of the research procedure was the analysis of the operation of Polish rural communes in the context of financial management. In the second step was the analysis of indebtedness of rural
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4

Kumari, Tulika, and Binita Kumari. "Rural Indebtedness in India and its Consequences." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1a (2016): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00072.x.

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5

Toor, Jasdeep Singh, Balwinder Singh Tiwana, and Sukhdev Singh. "Rural Indebtedness in Malwa Region of Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 3 (2016): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00158.x.

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6

Datta, Subhendu, Aviral Kumar Tiwari, and C. S. Shylajan. "An empirical analysis of nature, magnitude and determinants of farmers’ indebtedness in India." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 6 (2018): 888–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2016-0319.

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PurposeAccording to the 70th round of the National Sample Survey published by the Government of India in 2014, the incidence of indebtedness among households in the rural areas of Telangana state, India, is twice that of rural all-India. Around 59 per cent of rural households are indebted in Telangana as against 31 per cent all-India. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and magnitude of indebtedness among rural households in the Medak district of Telangana state. Further, the authors wanted to identify the sources of credit to these households and for what purpose the loans were
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7

Owais Shafique and Maria Habib. "Over-Indebtedness of Rural Micro-credit Financing in Bahawalpur: An Impediment to their Social & Financial Mobility." Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (2020): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v6i2.1254.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of micro-credit finance on over-indebtedness and social & financial mobility of micro-credit finance participants. The objectives of this research is to investigate that micro-credit finance participation leads to over-indebtedness of micro-credit finance and over-indebtedness of micro-credit finance effect the social and financial mobility of micro-credit finance participants. The study also investigates the role of women participation in those financial decisions through which over-indebtedness exist. The study is quantitative and th
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8

Kaur, Veerpal, and Gian Singh. "Determinants of indebtedness among farmers in rural Haryana." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 10, no. 2 (2014): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2322-0430.10.2.040.

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9

Kaur, Pushpinder Jit, and Anupama. "Rural Indebtedness and Farm and Non-farm Credit." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 1a (2018): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00076.8.

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10

Yogeshwari, S., and R. S. Deshpande. "Rural Indebtedness and Distress: Whipping the Wrong Horse." Review of Development and Change 15, no. 1 (2010): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120100102.

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11

Wichowska, Anna. "DETERMINANTS OF DEBT IN RURAL MUNICIPALITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE VOIVODESHIP." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 4 (2019): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.52.

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One of the major consequences of the economic crisis with which the local governments had to deal was growing debt, the implications of which could endanger the continuity of public services. It appears that the largest cities in Poland were especially exposed to the negative effects of the indebtedness, yet the problem affected the village communes as well. Therefore, the main aim of the article was to assess the level of indebtedness of rural communes against other communes as well as to identify the determinants of the debt. As an example for the analysis communes of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie
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12

Kozera, Agnieszka, Aldona Standar, and Łukasz Satoła. "Managing Rural Areas in the Context of the Growing Debt of Polish Local Government Units." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090376.

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Local development is a long-term process of economic transformation. To make it happen, expenditure must be incurred, especially including investments. At a local level, the financial burden involved in the transformation is mostly on local government units. Although a three-level administrative system is in place in Poland, bottom-level units (municipalities) are largely responsible for driving local development. Polish rural areas make up over 90% of the national territory, and rural municipalities alone are home to 11 million people, i.e., 30% of the total population. Poland’s accession to
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13

Kaur, Harvinder. "Indebtedness and Poverty Among Rural Labour Households in Punjab." Agricultural Research Journal 53, no. 1 (2016): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2016.00019.3.

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14

Goyal, Mini. "Financial Inclusion and Indebtedness-A Study of Rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1a (2016): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00067.6.

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15

Kaur, Pushpinder Jit. "Extent of Rural Indebtedness With Special Reference to Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1a (2016): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00082.2.

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16

Kaur, Rupinder, Sukhvir Kaur, Anupama, Gurinder Kaur, and Gian Singh. "Indebtedness among Marginal and Small Farmers in Rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 2 (2018): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00134.8.

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17

Toor, Jasdeep Singh, Naresh Kumar, and Gian Singh. "Indebtedness among rural households of Punjab: An economic analysis." Agricultural Research Journal 60, no. 2 (2023): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2023.00040.6.

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18

Wong, Zun Yuan, Suhal Kusairi, and Zairihan Abdul Halim. "Household consumption and indebtedness: Are there disparities between genders, rural–urban areas, and among income groups?" Economics & Sociology 16, no. 3 (2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-3/2.

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Recently, household debt has been steadily increasing across the globe. Household consumption is an essential factor in household debt, along with households' characteristics, such as their location, the gender of the household head, and their income group. Therefore, this research investigates the disparities in the impacts of households' characteristics on their indebtedness and consumption. The study utilizes the Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted in 2019 by the Department of Statistics of Malaysia, which included a simple random sample of 4,730 households. A simultaneous equ
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19

Kaur, Pawandeep, Gian Singh, and Sarbjeet Singh. "Magnitude and Determinants of Indebtedness Among Farmers in Rural Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1a (2016): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00070.6.

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20

Gerber, Julien-François. "The role of rural indebtedness in the evolution of capitalism." Journal of Peasant Studies 41, no. 5 (2014): 729–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.921618.

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21

Aye, Hnin Pwint, and Yoshiteru Nakamori. "Preparing a Service System of Microfinance for the Unbanked in Myanmar." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 5, no. 2 (2014): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2014040104.

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The objective of this paper is to create a service system to protect the security of financial system of microfinance and over indebtedness by improving the capacity of unbanked instead of strict legal procedures. The service system is one of the sub-systems of the access system. The access system including four sub-systems is constructed to moderate the severe legal procedures of MFI for rural unbanked in Myanmar to be able to easily borrow loans from a microfinance institution and to secure the financial system of MFI and over indebtedness of the clients. This paper applied a literature revi
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22

Deb, Surajit. "Household Assets and Indebtedness in States of India." Social Change 53, no. 3 (2023): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231188099.

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The present contribution makes the seventeenth part of the Social Change Indicators series. We have previously deliberated on several social and economic issues and the topics have included vulnerable households across social classes, poverty, migration, living conditions, social protection, displacement of labour, old-age health and morbidity conditions, women’s time use patterns, and intimate partner violence. In this part, we examine the assets and indebtedness of households across rural and urban areas, occupational types as well as social classes in different states of India.
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23

Kaur, Rupinder, and Gagandeep Kaur. "Indebtedness among Rural Households-A Case for Bathinda district of Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 1a (2018): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00077.x.

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24

Kaur, Rajwant, and Sharanjit Singh Dhillon. "Structure of Credit and Indebtedness among Rural Farm Households in Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 1a (2018): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00117.8.

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25

Kaur, Manvir, R. K. Mahajan, and Rupinder Kaur. "Indebtedness among Weaker Sections in Rural Areas of South-West Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, no. 2 (2018): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00137.3.

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26

Werner, Cynthia. "Household networks and the security of mutual indebtedness in rural Kazakstan." Central Asian Survey 17, no. 4 (1998): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939808401058.

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27

El‐Eini, Roza I. M. "Rural indebtedness and agricultural credit supplies in Palestine in the 1930s." Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 2 (1997): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209708701155.

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28

Ravallion, Martin. "Rural indebtedness in the Punjab 1878: Results of a household survey." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 2 (1990): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90009-n.

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29

Lal, Alpana, and Parvat Singh. "Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness Among Rural Agricultural Households in Uttar Pradesh." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 2 (2024): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n02.024.

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Agriculture is the largest sector of the Indian economy in terms of population dependent on it, where more than 85% of farmers belong to small and marginal categories. In India, agriculture has made commendable progress after the Green Revolution, and with a spectacular rise, the country has become self-sufficient in the case of most of the farm products. Despite it, farmers continued to languish in poverty. As time passes, farming has become less remunerative for most of the farming community, which has led to increasing debt and overall distress. Along with this, the consistent crop failure,
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30

Sajjad, Haroon. "Agrarian distress and indebtedness in rural India: Emerging perspectives and challenges ahead." Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 5, no. 15 (2012): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jgrp11.107.

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31

Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, and Hermann Waibel. "Over-indebtedness and its persistence in rural households in Thailand and Vietnam." Journal of Asian Economics 56 (June 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2018.04.002.

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32

Aytekin, E. Attila. "Cultivators, Creditors and the State: Rural Indebtedness in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire." Journal of Peasant Studies 35, no. 2 (2008): 292–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150802151041.

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33

Vipinkumar, V. P., B. Johnson, P. S. Swathilekshmi, and C. Ramachandran. "Coastal rural indebtedness and impact of microfinance in marine fisheries sector of Tamil Nadu." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 55, no. 1 (2013): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.6024/jmbai.2013.55.1.01752-13.

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34

Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, and Hermann Waibel. "Borrowing from “Pui” to Pay “Pom”: Multiple Borrowing and Over-Indebtedness in Rural Thailand." World Development 98 (October 2017): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.032.

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35

Furió, Antoni. "Rents instead of land. Credit and peasant indebtedness in late medieval Mediterranean Iberia: the kingdom of Valencia." Continuity and Change 36, no. 2 (2021): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000138.

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AbstractThe literature on the rural economy of the high and late Middle Ages has long established a close correlation between three significant features of the period: the spread of rural credit, the dynamism of the peasant land market and the expropriation of peasant land by the creditors, usually yeomen or urban landowners. There has even been talk for some countries (northern Italy) of a deliberate strategy of territorial conquest, insofar as the credit provided by urban lenders would aim at the expropriation of land from insolvent debtors. This article studies for the Mediterranean Spain o
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36

Białek-Jaworska, Anna, and Agnieszka Krystyna Kopańska. "Do fiscal rules of local debt affect municipal off-budget activities? Analysis of various types of municipalities." Meditari Accountancy Research 31, no. 7 (2023): 156–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-11-2021-1491.

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Purpose This paper aims to determine whether local governments (LGs) use non-consolidated municipally owned companies (MOCs), excluded from public sector entities and, consequently, from sub-national debt to avoid fiscal debt limits. This paper contributes to the literature by analysing the fiscal debt rule’s impact on the off-budget municipal activities in total and separate in different types of local government units. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses difference-in-differences and the system general method of moments model with the Blundell–Bond estimator for dynamic panel data an
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37

Morkunas, Mangirdas, and Povilas Labukas. "The Evaluation of Negative Factors of Direct Payments under Common Agricultural Policy from a Viewpoint of Sustainability of Rural Regions of the New EU Member States: Evidence from Lithuania." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060228.

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The present study aims to determine and evaluate the negative consequences of the implementation of the direct payments financial support mechanism under the Common Agricultural Policy on the rural sustainability of Lithuania. Interviews of experts and a combination of the analytic hierarchy process with three different measurement scales and the analytic hierarchy process with triangular fuzzy numbers were employed in order to evaluate and rank the negative effects of the direct payments mechanism of the Common Agricultural Policy. It was revealed that high land prices, decreasing diversifica
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38

Chmelíková, Gabriela, Annette Krauss, and Francois Lategan. "Microfinance as a Mechanism against Financial Exclusion in the European Rural Areas – an Inspiration for the Czech Republic." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 13, no. 4 (2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2021.130406.

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One of the factors influencing the emergence of disparities between rural and urban regions is the varying level of financial inclusion of the population. The system of microfinancing is becoming an important mechanism against poverty and social exclusion in Europe. However, there is available very limited legal, regulatory and historical information on the microfinance system in the Czech Republic. As a result, microfinance institutions are absent and small entrepreneurs tend to use expensive consumer credit products, thereby increasing the risk of over-indebtedness. The aim of this research
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39

KUMAR, NOMITA P. "Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness of Farmer Households in Rural Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Issues and Challenges." Productivity 61, no. 1 (2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2020.61.01.10.

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40

Mohapatra, Bibhuti Bhusan, and A. Jiran Meitei. "For-profit MFIs and indebtedness of rural manufacturing households: implications for India's COVID-19 crisis." International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 30, no. 4 (2023): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2023.136204.

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41

Baykova, O. V., A. V. Troitsky, E. S. Chebotaeva, E. O. Gromyko, and D. S. Chirkina. "Analysis of the state of the electric power industry of the Ural Federal District." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 8 (September 20, 2023): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2023-8-49-55.

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The article studies importance of marketing analysis of electric power industry on the example the Ural Federal District. A brief characteristic of the region under consideration has been given and prevailing branches of specialization and territories of their location reflected. Electricity consumption indicators in dynamics for the decade (2012–2022) for all groups of consumers in the region (industrial consumers, population, non-industrial consumers, budgetary consumers, and agricultural producers) have been analyzed, and electricity consumption structure considered, i.e. electricity shares
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42

Banerjee, Subhabrata Bobby, and Laurel Jackson. "Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh." Human Relations 70, no. 1 (2016): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865.

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In this article we provide a critical analysis of the role of market-based approaches to poverty reduction in developing countries. In particular, we analyse the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation by conducting an ethnographic study of three villages in Bangladesh. Microfinance has become an increasingly popular approach that aims to alleviate poverty by providing the poor new opportunities for entrepreneurship. It also aims to promote empowerment (especially among women) while enhancing social capital in poor communities. Our findings, however, reflect a different picture. We found m
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43

Kernell, Samuel. "Rural Free Delivery as a Critical Test of Alternative Models of American Political Development." Studies in American Political Development 15, no. 01 (2001): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x01010057.

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During roughly the half-century straddling the turn of the twentieth century, America’s national government underwent a dramatic transformation. It proceeded on two fronts, politics and administration. At the beginning of the era, politicians were deeply enmeshed in a system of patronage and graft reflecting their indebtedness to the local and state political parties without whose support their careers would have languished. Local party organizations recruited and sponsored candidates, ran election campaigns, and directed subsequent career moves among its cadre of politicians. In return, these
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LORENZETTI, LUIGI. "Agrarian Debt in Rural Switzerland: Economic Causes and Political Responses (1890–1940)." Rural History 28, no. 2 (2017): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793317000073.

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AbstractThe article seeks to determine the causes of the agrarian debt in rural Switzerland since the First World War and illustrate this growing phenomena in the 1920s and 1930s, by correlating the increase to the costs of the change in production beginning at the end of the nineteenth century, to the cut in the prices of agricultural products and the parallel depreciation of the soil after the war. After having outlined the effects of indebtedness reflected in the increase in the number of distraints, the article focuses on the political responses put in place to ensure the smooth running of
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Owoh, Ngozi. P. and Ozougwu, S.U. "FINANCIAL LITERACY OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN OBIOMA, UDI LGA ENUGU STATE." Nigeria Journal of Home Economics (ISSN: 2782-8131) 10, no. 7 (2022): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.61868/njhe.v10i7.144.

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The study evaluated the financial literacy of the rural women entrepreneurs in Obioma Udi L.G.A. Enugustate. It evaluated the level of the financial knowledge of the rural women entrepreneurs, the consequencesof poor financial literacy and ways of improving the financial literacy of rural women entrepreneurs in thearea of study. Structured questionnaire called financial literacy questionnaire (FLQ) were utilized for datacollection. Population for the study was 206 women. Data were analyzed using mean. Major findingsincludes: the identification of sixteen (16) levels of financial knowledge whic
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Meitei, A. Jiran, and Bibhuti Bhusan Mohapatra. "For-Profit MFIs and Indebtedness of Rural Manufacturing Households: Implications for India’s Covid-19 Crisis." International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2022.10050048.

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47

Mamcarczyk, Mariola, Łukasz Popławski, and Paweł Zieniuk. "Activities of local government units in the popularization and promotion of a healthy lifestyle among an aging rural society – the case of Poland." Economics and Environment 85, no. 2 (2023): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.85.2.598.

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Purpose: Three goals were set in the study, which was met: to present the expected changes in the population of Poland, discuss the concept of "living in health" and prognoses regarding this issue. Methodology: The objects of the study were rural and urban-rural communes of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The statistical analysis of collected survey data was used as the method. Findings: The level of health popularisation and promotion by Local Government Units (LGUs) is varied. The activities related to the popularisation and promotion of a healthy lifestyle are moderate in 47.9% of respondent
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48

Pan, Ming-te. "Rural Credit in Ming-Qing Jiangnan and the Concept of Peasant Petty Commodity Production." Journal of Asian Studies 55, no. 1 (1996): 94–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2943638.

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The rural credit system in traditional agrarian societies has long been associated with “usury,” and therefore often considered a hindrance to rural development. Three aspects of the traditional rural credit system are used to substantiate this assertion. First, traditional rural credit often entailed interest rates above the ceiling set by law. As early as 1790 b.c., the Laws of Hammurabi established annual interest ceilings of 33.3 percent for grain loans and 20 percent for cash loans. Any loan charging interest beyond the ceiling was illegal (Sowards 1983, 5). To many contemporary scholars,
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OBENDIEK, HELENA. "Rural Family Backgrounds, Higher Education, and Marriage Negotiations in Northwest China." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 4 (2016): 1250–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000499.

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AbstractSince the early twentieth century, reforms of the social institution of marriage in China have profoundly curtailed the power of the senior generation to influence the marriage decisions of their offspring. Yet the marriage considerations of graduates from economically deprived rural family backgrounds in China's northwestern Gansu Province reveal a definite impact of feelings of social obligation towards the family as well as of a local understanding of marriage market stratification which (also) reflects these obligations. In this rural region, higher education mainly aims at long-te
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Agrawal, Aditi, Udita Chaudhary, and Raju R. "Estimation of Potential Economic Benefits of Livestock Farming in Rural Madhya Pradesh." Indian Journal of Extension Education 57, no. 4 (2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2021.57411.

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The study was carried out using the secondary data on income, expenditure, productive assets and indebtedness of agricultural households in Madhya Pradesh collected from the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 70th round (2012-13). The household level data on various parameters was first extracted for Madhya Pradesh and brought into suitable form for carrying out analysis in SPSS. Tabular analysis was employed to analyze the potential economic benefits of livestock farming. The findings revealed that marginal and small farmers earned only
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