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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Scythian“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 25. Juli 2025

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1

Slanov, A. A. "Late Scythian fortification." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 1 (March 25, 2025): 47–53. https://doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2025-1-47-53.

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In Central Scythia during the III century BC life ceases in the Kamensky settlement and other settlements, and the Crimea becomes the center of Late Scythia. At the turn of III and II centuries BC in the Crimea, the city of Naples arises, which has become the new capital of Scythia. In addition to it, four more large cities are known in Crimea: Ust-Alma, Bulganak, Zalesye and Krasnoye (Kermen-Kyr). Another center of Late (Little) Scythia remains the lower Dnieper region, although it is considered its periphery, and is regarded by researchers as a local variant of Late Scythian culture. The Scy

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Ivantchik, Askold I. "The Scythian Kingdom in the Crimea in the 2nd Century BC and Its Relations with the Greek States in the North Pontic Region." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 25, no. 2 (2019): 220–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341351.

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Abstract The new data that have become available in the last two decades show that the Scythian Kingdom with its capital in Neapolis Scythica, which existed in the Crimea in the 2nd century BC, was much closer to Hellenistic states ruled by barbarian dynasties than to nomadic kingdom of the Scythians of the 4th century BC. At the same time, these data allow us to return in part to the old view formulated by Rostovtzeff about continuity between the Scythia of the 4th century BC and the Late Scythian Kingdom, which most researchers have rejected during the last thirty years. It turned out that t

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Daragan, Marina N. "Scythian Internecine Feuds." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 22, no. 1 (2016): 96–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341296.

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In the Scythian period burials have been identified, in which metal arrowheads have been found in or among the bones of the deceased which may have been the cause of death. In all such cases, without exception, the arrowheads, which had wounded or killed the deceased, were of specifically Scythian types, used precisely at that time for the weaponry of both Scythians and their contemporaries constituting the military contingents of various tribal alliances in the forest-steppe zone. Analysis of the sample has shown that in most cases those who perished were victims of armed conflicts within the

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Slanov, Alan A. "Early Scythian fortification." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2024): 100–106. https://doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2024-4-100-106.

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Scythian settlements of the 7th-5th centuries BC has not yet been discovered, however, the methods of siege and assault on fortified cities were already known to them much earlier, as can be seen from the campaigns in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. The main archaeological monuments of the fortification of European Scythians IV-III centuries BC Belsk, Kamenskoye and Belozersk settlements on the Dnieper, Nemirovskoye in the basin of the Southern Bug, Nadliman settlement on the Dniester, Elizabethan settlement on the Lower Don, etc. are considered. In Central Scythia during the III century BC life

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Murzin, V. Yu. "THE NOMARCHES BOTHER ME…" Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.10.

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This article is a kind of response to the work of T. M. Kuznetsova, in which she argues that a reliable indicator of the burials of Scythian «kings» and nomarhs is the presence of bronze boilers in the grave goods. We are still confident that quite definitely we can select from the total mass of Scythian burials only the tombs of the supreme «kings» of Scythia (and not so much by the presence of boilers, but by other signs) and the burials of ordinary Scythians. It is impossible to isolate the burials of the Scythian «younger kings» and nomarchs from a significant array of funerary

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Kuznetsova, Tatiana. "The Rulers of the Black Sea Scythia (Chronology and Archaeology)." Revista Arheologică XX, no. 1 (2024): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/ra.xx.1.2024_02.

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Written sources brought to us the names of Scythian rulers and information about their dynasties. For 7-6 centuries BC the names of Ishpakai, Bartatua/Prototius and his son Madius. By 7-4 centuries BC information about two possible Scythian royal dynasties refers: I – Spargapyphus, Likos, Gnur, Anaharsis, Savli and the victor of the Persian king Darius I – Idanfirs (Hdt. IV, 76); II – Ariapith and his sons: Skil, Orik and Oktamasade, who seized the power of Skil by killing his brother (Hdt. IV, 78-80). The names of some have been revealed archaeologically (fig. 1-3). The new variant of the rec

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Guliaev, V. I. "«BUDINIA OR SCYTHIA?» THE ETHNIC AND CULTURAL BELONGING OF THE MIDDLE DON POPULATION DURING 5th—4th centuries BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.03.

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For over half a century (since the end of the 1950s), the Scythology has been discussing the location of the Scythian and non-scythian tribes mentioned by Herodotus on a geographical map. After the Scythian-Sarmatian conference in 1952 and the report of B. N. Grakov and A. I. Melyukova, most of archaeologists supported the idea that only the Black Sea steppe belonged to the Scythians, and non-scythian peoples and tribes inhabited the forest-steppe regions of the Northern Black Sea region. In this regard monuments on the Middle Don dated V—IV centuries BC began to be considered Budinia, belongi

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Gulnar T., Kazhenova, and Dobrovolskiy Lubomir S. "Scythian Burials: The Problem of Localization of the Royal Mounds." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 3 (2021): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-3-176-183.

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The localization of the Scythian Gerros is still completely uncertain. The problems associated with it cover a wide range of currently unresolved topical issues due to both the state of preservation of rich burials and the lack of clear criteria for their definition, in particular, social ranking, i. e. issues related to the identification, number and location of the royal mounds. The study is based on the logic of the general scientific inductive and deductive method as the conceptual core of obtaining the initial and inferred knowledge about the object of our research – the localization of t

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Rudych, T. "SCYTHIANS AND THE POPULATION OF THE LATE BRONZE— EARLY IRON AGE OF UKRAINE (Based on Craniological Materials)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 53, no. 4 (2024): 140–50. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2024.04.09.

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The issue of a possible anthropological link between the populations of the Scythian period and the Bronze Age on the territory of Ukraine in the light of new anthropological data is examined in the paper. The population of Ukraine during the Scythian period, both in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, was anthropologically heterogeneous. The populations had different directions of the links with chronologically close series, as well as with groups from the territory of Ukraine from earlier periods. Most of the steppe Scythian groups were morphologically and statistically distant from the popu

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Kuznetsova, T. M. "On the Time and Context of the Earliest Bronze Mirrors in the Northern Pontic Region." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 4 (2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.4.059-066.

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Attempts to push the Archaic Scythian culture back in time have led to a disagreement between archaeological and written sources relevant to the appearance of Scythians in the region north of the Black Sea. In the recent two decades, this event was moved from the late 7th century BC, as the documents suggest, to the mid-7th century BC. In this study, one of the chronological markers motivating this date is subjected to a critical revision. Based on new facts, the dates of “Scythian” and Greek mirrors found at Northern Pontic sites are analyzed. Importantly, both “Scythian” and Greek specimens

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Rudych, T. O. "LATE SCYTHIANS: THE FORMATION OF THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL MATERIAL." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (2020): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.35.

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In this paper, craniological materials from late Scythian monuments were considered in a wide range of Scythian, Sarmatian groups and series from ancient necropolises. Statistical analysis was performed using several methods of multidimensional statistics. According to the results of the analysis it can be said that the population from the Lower Dnieper settlements and the Late Scythian cemeteries of Crimea is the common anthropological massif which is biologically connected with people from the ancient environment and people from certain Scythian populations. Due to its mixed population

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Kokorina, Julia. "The “Prince” of Steppe Scythia (Children’s Burial from Tovsta Mohyla in the Context of Mythological Picture of the Scythian World)." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 20, 2023): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2332742.

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The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the child’s place in the social universe of the Scythians. The basis for the study was a child burial from the Tovsta Mohyla mound as one of the few not robbed burials of steppe Scythia of the 4 th century BC. Meanwhile, the burial is regarded as a text (in the semiotic sense). The method developed by the author for reconstructing the semantics of images on the costume elements of the buried led to the conclusion that they reflect a complex of ideas about dominion over the midzone of the mythological universe. The article rebuilds the semiotic statu

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Kokorina, Yulia, and Iuliia Likhter. "Characteristics of Scythian Weapon Ornamentation as a Reflection of Peaceful Contacts between Cultures (possibility of using database technology)." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 30, 2024): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2435164.

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Currently, new trends in social sciences have emerged, such as eirenology, paxilology and “anthropology of war”. The role of weapons in rituals associated with peace negotiations is a significant part of semiotic weapon status. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of Scythian weapon ornamentation that can be described as a system of symbols. By analyzing a proprietary database of Scythian weapon ornamentation dating back to the 7th—4th centuries BC, the authors examined the phenomenon of the presence of various artistic traditions, including Scythian, Assyro-Urartian, G

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Ivantchik, Askold. "'Scythian' Archers on Archaic Attic Vases: Problems of Interpretation." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 12, no. 3-4 (2006): 197–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005706779851408.

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AbstractThe article analyses the depictions of archers in so-called 'Scythian' clothes (a high sharp cap or a rounded hood, a caftan and trousers) in Attic archaic vase-painting. The author concludes that these figures were neither conceived as real ethnical Scythians, nor associated by vase painters or their customers with this or any other people. The clothes were rather an iconographic conventionality symbolising a second rank character accompanying a hero. The latter was depicted as a hoplite. The 'Scythian' clothes corresponded to the character's function, not to his ethnical identity. Th

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15

ŞENGÜL, Fatih. "Ares: A Greek God of Turkic Origin." Journal of Old Turkic Studies 7, no. 1 (2023): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35236/jots.1223101.

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The naming Ares, which is the god of war in Greek Mythology and seems to be of the Scythian, occurs in the work of Homeros before the Scythians arrived in the Eastern Europea. This fact confirms that the mentioned word belongs to the language of an indigeneous Scythian community. In this paper, the present-day remnants and equivalents of the Scythian word in Turkic and Slavic languages will be shown.

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Lubomir S., Dobrovolskiy, Kazhenova Gulnar T., and Umitkaliev Ulan U. "“Ethnicity” of the Scythians: Problems in the Aspects of Ontology and Gnoseology." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 3 (2022): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-89-99.

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The work is devoted to the problem of the archaeological definition of the ethnos in connection with the range of questions of the genesis of the Scythians and their anthropological composition in connection with the eastern migration impulses. The objective is to study the development of this set of problems, as well as to consider the possibilities of further research in the aspect of competing hypotheses by systematizing and interpreting the data of history, archeology and physical anthropology. The reason for the unresolved issue of the origin of the Scythians is the lack of a generally ac

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17

Lifantii, Oksana. "Looking at the Evidence of Local Jewelry Production in Scythia." Arts 12, no. 4 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12040151.

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This article considers finds from the Scythian monuments of the North Black Sea area that can be connected to local jewelry production from the 7th century to the end of the 4th century BCE. I wish to draw attention to the problem of prolonged bias in this area of study. The prominence of the famous masterpieces by West Asian artisans (Lyta Mohyla and Kelermes Kurgans) and of the Greco-Scythian goldwork from the North Pontic kurgans (Chortomlyk, Solokha, Tovsta Mohyla, etc.) invited the view that the vast majority of the gold objects that the Scythians used during their lifetime and later took

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18

Trushaj, Aleks. "Vanished civilisation hidden treasure theories analysis." Interdisciplinary Cultural and Humanities Review 2, no. 3 (2023): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59214/cultural/3.2023.25.

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The research relevance is determined by the substantial potential of the scientific search for information and sources on the life of the Scythians. Since the 18th century, researchers have thoroughly begun to approach the excavation of Scythian mounds in search of legendary treasures. Periodic finds with significant accompanying material memos provide more and more reasons to assert that the Scythian Herrhos, about which Herodotus wrote, really existed, but its location is still a mystery. This study presents the main versions and theories about the hidden treasures of the vanished Scythian c

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Trushaj, Aleks. "Vanished civilisation hidden treasure theories analysis." Interdisciplinary Cultural and Humanities Review 3, no. 1 (2024): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59214/cultural/1.2024.25.

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The research relevance is determined by the substantial potential of the scientific search for information and sources on the life of the Scythians. Since the 18th century, researchers have thoroughly begun to approach the excavation of Scythian mounds in search of legendary treasures. Periodic finds with significant accompanying material memos provide more and more reasons to assert that the Scythian Herrhos, about which Herodotus wrote, really existed, but its location is still a mystery. This study presents the main versions and theories about the hidden treasures of the vanished Scythian c

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Koval, Alina. "„Melpomene” by Herodotus as a source on international and military history in the northern Black Sea region in the VI century B. C." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 9 (347) (2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-9(347)-61-71.

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The article considers the peculiarities of the existence of a regional international order in the northern Black Sea region during the Scythian rule based on the analysis of the fourth volume of the work „History”, entitled „Melpomene” by the ancient Greek historian and writer Herodotus. Emphasis is placed on the coverage of the causes, course and results of the Persian king Darius I in Scythia described in the treatise in 513 B. C. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the fourth chapter of Herodotus' „History” of Melpomene allows us to shed light on the ancient international or

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Johnson, James A. "The Spacetimes of the Scythian Dead: Rethinking Burial Mounds, Visibility, and Social Action in the Eurasian Iron Age and Beyond." Arts 13, no. 3 (2024): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts13030087.

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The Eurasian Iron Age Scythians, in all their regional iterations, are known for their lavish burials found in various kinds of tumuli. These tumuli, of varying sizes, are located throughout the Eurasian steppe. Based, at least partially, on the amounts and types of grave goods found within these mounds, the Scythians are usually modeled as militant, patriarchal mobile pastoralists, with rigid social structures. Yet, such interpretations are also due to accounts of Scythian lifeways provided by “classical” societies from the Greeks to the Persians, who saw the Scythians largely as barbarians,

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Daragan, Marina, and Sergei Polin. "Axes in the Funerary Ceremonies of the Northern Pontic Scythians." Arts 12, no. 3 (2023): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12030124.

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Axes were rare among the Scythians but are occasionally found in Scythian kurgans. Like other weapons, axes had practical as well as social and religious roles. The Scythians not only placed axes in burials as burial gifts, but also used them at various stages of the funeral ritual. This article considers several hitherto unknown, highly unusual archaeological contexts featuring axes. These contexts show that axes were used in the ritual preceding the excavation of the grave; they completed the ritual before the filling of the grave; and they were included in the final sealing of the burial. I

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Ognibene, Paolo. "The Ancient Scythian Kings according to Herodotus." Iran and the Caucasus 25, no. 1 (2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20210103.

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In the fourth book of Herodotus’ Histories, in one of the two legends on the origin of the Scythians, we read the name of the progenitor of this people and his descendants. In the following paragraphs, Herodotus recalls names of other Scythian kings. These data cannot be useful in the traditional sense that genealogies have: they do not contribute in any way to date events or to put order in their sequence. They do not even help us to understand the problem of the transmission of power in strict sense. Nevertheless, they are important to enlighten the “Scythian question” and the aspects of the

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Панченко, Кирило. "СКІФСЬКИЙ КУРГАН БІЛЯ КРАСНОГІРКИ IV СТ. ДО Н. Е." Уманська старовина, № 8 (30 грудня 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2519-2035.8.2021.249932.

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Ключові слова: скіфи, курган, Красногірка, катакомба, поховальний обряд, кінська вузда. Анотація Стаття присвячена аналізу матеріалів з розкопок кургану біля с. Красногірка на Кіровоградщині. Пам’ятка була розкопана у 1983 р. археологічною експедицією Кіровоградського державного педагогічного інституту (тепер Центральноукраїнський державний педагогічний університет імені Володимира Винниченка) під керівництвом Н.М. Бокій. У статті здійснена спроба розглянути матеріали пам’ятки у контексті інших старожитностей скіфського часу. Під насипом знаходилось поховання, здійснене у катакомбі степового т

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Medvedev, A. P. "ON SOME PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH SOURCES ON THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SCYTHIAN HISTORY." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (2018): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.30.

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The subject of this article is the problem of correlation and verification of ancient literary sources and archaeological evidence with a view to reconstruct the history and culture of the early Scythians. The author analyzes the current state of affairs in cultural identification of the Cimmerians and the Scythians in Russian archaeological and historical science and shows drawbacks of the hypercritical approach to ancient literary sources on the basis of the early Greek tradition on the Cimmerians and the Scythians in the Northern Black Sea region. If we use the methods that have been recent

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Lukyashko, Sergey. "On the Time When Using Hunting Birds Appeared in Traditional Cultures of Eurasia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.7.

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Introduction. The popularity of images of birds of prey in Scythian art makes us pay more attention to the place of birds of prey in the life of the Scythian world. Birds of prey were actively used in the hunting practice, and hunting with hunting birds was an elite form of hunting common in open spaces. Materials. The first information about nurseries of hunting birds belongs to ancient China of the 7th century BC. Images of hunting birds appear on Hittite basreliefs of the 13th century BC. They are also known in the Assyria of the time of Sargon II. Analysis. The active participation of the

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Zaitseva, Ganna I., Göran Possnert, Andrey Yu Alekseev, Valentin A. Dergachev, and Anatoly A. Sementsov. "The First 14C Dating of Monuments in European Scythia." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018713.

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The first radiocarbon dates for the famous monuments of European Scythia were produced for the Kelermes, Seven Brothers, Solocha and Chertomlyk barrows (burial mounds) by both accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and conventional methods. The obtained 14C dates confirmed the traditional archaeological chronology, which was based on the analysis of written data and typological comparisons of Scythian artifacts with similar objects found in the Ancient East and Greece. The 14C dates for the European Scythian monuments are compared with the Asian ones. The 14C chronology of the European Scythian m

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Симоненко, О. В. "Римські бронзові черпаки у варварів Північного Причорномор’я". Arheologia, № 4 (5 грудня 2023): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2023.04.053.

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The paper examines all known finds of Roman bronze casseroles from the Sarmatian and Late Scythian burials in the territories of Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania. The items were classified according to relevant typological schemes, the dating of the finds was substantiated and a cross-cultural comparative analysis was carried out. Bronze casseroles, which were part of the equipment of a Roman legionary, are probably the most numerous type of Roman metal vessels found in the Sarmatian and Late Scythian burials. The typology and chronology of Roman bronze casseroles is well developed, and they are

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Fialko, Elena. "Scythian female warriors in the south of Eastern Europe." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 22 (July 31, 2018): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2017.22.02.

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The article is devoted to the funerary complexes of Scythian female warriors in the territory of the European Scythia. Types and sizes of graves, as well as the nature of the funeral rite of Amazons correspond to Scythian canons and de facto do not differ from men’s graves The analysis of the funerary inventory allows us to date them within the second half of the 7th till the 2nd centuries BC.

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Zymovets, Roman. "On Some Images of Archaic Coins of Ionia and Asia Minor on Scythian Zoomorphic Bronze Plaques." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 20, 2023): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp23385110.

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The article studies the influence of zoomorphic images on the archaic coinage of Ionia and Asia Minor on the Scythian animal style. The borrowing of ancient coin images and designs by Scythians has long been the subject of a separate study. However, as a rule, the attention of researchers was limited to a circle of prestigious things made of precious metals mainly in the second half of the 5 th—4 th centuries BC. As it will be shown in this article, the influence of the Ionian and Asia Minor coinage on the formation of images of the Scythian animal style can be traced at least from the turn of

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Skoryi, Serhii. "Early Scythian Spearheads with a Socket." Arheologia, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2023.01.006.

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Spears were the second most widespread (after the bow and arrows) weapon of the Scythian warriors. Now more than 1,000 iron spearheads and shafts are known. Some spears were 3 m or more long, i.e. were combat weapons. Spears in Scythia, in contrast to the eastern nomads, the Sauro-Sarmatians and the Saka, were a popular weapon, among both ordinary warriors and the elite. Scythian spears, first of all, their tips, have been studied well. However, some of them have features that need to be explained. That is the presence of horizontal ridges around the ends of the sockets of the spearheads, whic

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Dobrovolskyi, Liubomyr S., Yerlan B. Sydykov, Ulan U. Umitkaliev, and Gulnar T. Kazhenova. "Origin of the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea Region: Issues, Hypotheses and Prospects." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 39 (2022): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.1.39.145.158.

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At the current stage of Scythology, numerous studies of archaeological monuments have been carried out, their historical and cultural interpretation has been given; zones of move- ment and regions that did not have a permanent population were determined; potential initial foci of migration and innovation have been identified. A general methodological approach has been proposed for synchronizing Asian materials with Scythian chronology; the concept of the formation of nomadic cultures in the Asian mountain-steppe regions has been put forward, archaeological materials has been combined into cult

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Topal, Denis. "Golden Swords of the Early Nomads of Eurasia: A New Classification and Chronology." Arts 13, no. 2 (2024): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts13020048.

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The “ceremonial” forms of swords and daggers—that is, bladed weapons decorated with precious metals—occupy a special place in the culture of the early nomads. For the Scythian period, we know at least 76 ceremonial objects from 61 sites, corresponding to 3.5% of the total sample. More than half of the finds come from the northern Black Sea region (mainly Ukraine). Ceremonial forms are represented in all morphological categories (from daggers to extra-long swords), but their distribution is slightly different. Most akinakai belong to the average and long swords. Most Scythian akinakai in Eurasi

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Klochko, L. S. "THE IMAGE OF SPHINX IN THE DECORATION OF SCYTHIAN CLOTHES." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (2018): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.07.

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By V—IV century BC the images which iconography and context originate from Greek-Scythian art are becoming popular among people of Scythia. One of the most popular motive was sphinx. It was depicted on jewelry: earrings, neck rings, bracelets, appliqué-plates. The image of the mythical creature was among symbols of gods, life-giving forces of nature as well as signs of protection against dark forces. Some stories on the artifacts from Scythian kurgans are unique, presumably free interpretations of images from the creations of Greek masters. Often the image of sphinx was included to the heraldi

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West, Stephanie. "The Scythian ultimatum (Herodotus iv 131, 132)." Journal of Hellenic Studies 108 (November 1988): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632648.

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Добровольский, Леонид, та Улан Умиткалиев. "МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПЫ СКИФОВ СЕВЕРНОГО ПРИЧЕРНОМОРЬЯ В АСПЕКТЕ ИХ ГЕНЕЗИСА". РОССИЙСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ АНТРОПОЛОГИИ (RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY), № 4 (30 січня 2023): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2782-5000/2022-4-4/16-33.

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The question of the anthropological composition of the Scythians in connection with the eastern migration impulses is considered in the article by systematizing and interpreting the data of physical anthropology according to the craniological material of the Northern Black Sea region and adjacent territories. Anthropological material does not show the movement from adjacent and more distant eastern territories in the Pre-Scythian and Scythian times of large groups of the population, differing in craniological parameters from the autochthonous population.

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Dzneladze, E. S., and D. N. Sikoza. "FORTIFICATION OF THE LATE SCYTHIANS OF LOWER DNIEPER REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (2020): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.10.

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The Late Scythian hill-forts are placed on the floodplain terraces and high banks of the Dnieper and its creeks. Usually the Late Scythians chose the part of steep bank above the river surrounded by gullies for the erecting of fortress. According the topography and layout of fortification two types of them can be classified: the cape hill-forts and riverside ones. The same types are correct for the Late Scythians of Crimea. The cape type hill-forts are Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Poniativka, Velyka Lepetykha and Kairy. The riverside type hill-forts are Havryl

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Bruyako, Igor. "Seashells and Nomads of the Steppes (Early Scythian Culture and Molluscs of the Cyprea family in Eastern Europe)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 13, no. 3-4 (2007): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092907707x255773.

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AbstractThis article is devoted to the question of the sudden and relatively large-scale spread of pendants made of cowrie shells, which is to be observed in the southern parts of Eastern Europe in the Early Scythian period – the 7th-6th Centuries BC. The traditional use of these shells was characteristic of the population of the cultures and civilizations of the Ancient East starting in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. The appearance of cowrie shells in Eastern Europe is associated with the spread in this part of the world of sites of the Early Scythian Culture: the Early Scythians had

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Khlevnoi, Vladimir Aleksandrovich. "Scythian–Sarmatian art as part of the cultural landscape of Crimea." Человек и культура, no. 3 (March 2024): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2024.3.71010.

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The subject of the study is Scythian–Sarmatian art in the cultural landscape of Crimea, expressed in sculpture, monumental and decorative arts. The object of the study is the Crimean artifacts of the Scythian–Sarmatian culture (details of jewelry, weapons, sculpture, vase painting) in comparison with similar objects from other regions of settlement of the Scythian–Sarmatian nomadic peoples. The author pays special attention to the identification of the main distinctive features of the Scythian and Sarmatian culture, which is complicated by how much mixed culture develops in the Northern Black

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Kokorina, Julia. "On the Semantics of the Decorations of the Ilyichevo Quiver (On the Question of the Ancient Zoomorphic Classifications)." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (2022): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2238999.

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This paper aims at the reconstruction of the Scythians’ ideas of the classification of animals which embodied the structure of the mythological Universe. The research is based on the analysis of the decoration of the Ilyichevo quiver as a unique artefact featuring the scene of torturing by predators of three biological genera: a bird, an animal, and a reptile. The study of the sources supplying information on the ancient Iranians’ zoological classifications and the analysis of a zoological, anatomical, subject, and material codes for reconstruction allow the author to reveal the background of

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Fialko, Olena. "Weapons of long distance combat in the arsenal of Scythian female warriors." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 74, no. 2 (2023): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/74.2022.2.2970.

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Archaeological finds, supported by data from the literary tradition, indicate that women were presented among the Scythian army. 303 burials of Amazons have been recorded on the territory of European Scythia. A characteristic feature of their burials is the mandatory presence of weapons in the accompaniment sets. In the graves of the Amazons there are almost all types of attack weapons, dominated by the items of long-distance combat. The weapons of the female warriors completely corresponded to those in the arsenal of the Scythian army.

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Fialko, O. Ye. "BATTLE AXES OF AMAZONS OF EUROPEAN SCYTHIA." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (2023): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.07.

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Weapons are one of the most important elements of the material culture of the North Pontic nomads. Archaeological finds from the steppe kurhans testify that the Scythians were armed with bows and arrows, spears and javelins, slings, swords and daggers, battle axes, horseman’s picks (pick axe), hammers and maces. However, not all types of weapons were equally common, and battle axes were less popular. Relatively few battle axes came from burial assemblages on the territory of European Scythia — from 50 to 100 items, according to the data of various researchers. By morphological features,

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Romashko, Vladimir, and Sergeï Skorÿï. "Aristocratic Burial-Mound Bliznets-2 on the West Bank of the Dnieper above the Rapids." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no. 2 (2011): 169–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x595121.

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Abstract This article is devoted to the Bliznets-2 Burial-mound which is one of the largest Scythian funerary monuments of the 5th century BC and which was excavated on the southern edge of the town of Dnepropetrovsk in 2007. Along with the structural features of the burial-mound, the funerary rite and range of artefacts discovered in it are analysed. The role of the monument among the Scythian élite burial-mounds in the North Pontic region is defined and certain aspects of the dynastic history of the Scythians are discussed.

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BERK, Mehmet Fatih. "THE SCYTHIANS: THE OTHER OF THE GREEKS." Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 54 (June 13, 2022): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21563/sutad.1129956.

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The Greeks have a distinctive status in historiography. In fact, some historians declared the Greeks as the "inventor of history" and Herodotus, the Greek historian called as “father of history. Following the Greco-Persian Wars, the Greeks gained self-confidence and described the non- Greek- speaking peoples as “barbarian”. This might be the first “othering” movement in historiography. The Scythians, one of the ancient societies of Turkish history, between the 8th and 4th century BC in history timeline. When the Greek historiography began, the Scythians were the neighbors of the Greek societie

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Brandt, Luise Ørsted, Meaghan Mackie, Marina Daragan, Matthew J. Collins, and Margarita Gleba. "Human and animal skin identified by palaeoproteomics in Scythian leather objects from Ukraine." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0294129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294129.

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Leather was one of the most important materials of nomadic Scythians, used for clothing, shoes, and quivers, amongst other objects. However, our knowledge regarding the specific animal species used in Scythian leather production remains limited. In this first systematic study, we used palaeoproteomics methods to analyse the species in 45 samples of leather and two fur objects recovered from 18 burials excavated at 14 different Scythian sites in southern Ukraine. Our results demonstrate that Scythians primarily used domesticated species such as sheep, goat, cattle, and horse for the production

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Fialko, O. Ye, and V. V. Neroda. "SCYTHIAN AMAZON BURIAL IN CHERKASY REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.29.

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The burial complex of an armed woman was investigated in 1988 on the outskirts of the town Gorodyshche in Cherkasy region. The design of the burial complex combines features characteristic of both nomadic Scythians and the local forest-steppe population. The funeral inventory of the deceased is made up of objects typical of the Scythians: meat food on a wooden plate, two spears, a set of 11 arrows with bronze arrowheads; a bone cheek-piece and jewelery — gold earrings, a pendant and neck hryvnia tips. By all indications (a specially erected kurhan, the powerful wooden construction, the size an

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Zuev, Vadim Yu. "Scythian Dagger from Pilyugino village (South Urals) with Zoomorphic and Ornamental Hilt Decorations." Ufa Archaeological Herald 24, no. 2 (2024): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/uav/2024.24.2.020.

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The article publishes information about a series of daggers of the Scythian period from the Urals with zoomorphically decorated and patterned grips. They fit into a series of iron blades with similar decorations. This series has eastern origins, but is closely connected with the Southern Urals. Twelve daggers discovered in different years in the Southern Urals are distinguished by both a unified artistic program for the decoration of iron daggers and swords, and labour-intensive manufacturing. The hilts of the daggers bear heraldic schemes combining predators, traditional Scythian mythology an

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Bielopolska, O. A. "SYMBOLIC MEANING OF METAL CAULDRON IN SCYTHIAN BURIAL PRACTICE FROM ETHNOANALOGY PERSPECTIVE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (2019): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.19.

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As historiography shows, sociocultural aspect is the main perspective commonly analyzed in the interpretation of symbolic meaning of Scythian bronze cauldrons. The deposition of such vessels is typical to burials: average barrows of ordinary members of society as well as unique wealthy graves of Scythians with high social status. The hypothesis of sacral symbolic meaning of a cauldron in social perspective is primarily based on some passages by Herodotus (IV, 61 and IV, 81). These written sources merge with general context of archaeological findings — cauldrons are associated with rich grave g

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Haidamachuk, Olha. "CONFLICT OF INTERPRETATIONS OF THE LETTER FROM SKIFFS TO DARIUS THE FIRST." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 24 (2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2019.24.9.

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Sum of the things as a short letter of the Scythians to Persian King Darius the First, which were collection of a bird, a frog, a mouse and arrows, contains no intonations, because the Scythians themselves refrained to explain its contents. Pure articulation is silent. That’s why the addressee has to become co-author the Scythian message to intonate it in his way. Actually Darius was forced to intone, on the one hand, his imperious desires, and, on the other hand, the plausible Scythians intentions. Such self-split causes internal conflict and pushes Darius to an impasse. His desire to read th

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Makhortykh, S. V. "Scythians and Sarmatians of the Northern Caucasus: Recent Archaeological Finds." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 1 (1995): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005794x00327.

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AbstractFinds of tumuli in the Northern Caucasus show the permanent presence of Scythians in these parts. Tumuli excavated in the Stavropol' region (at Krasnoye Znamya and Novozavedennoe) and in Kabardino-Balkariya (near Nartan) show the influence of the Near East on early Scythian culture (7th-6th c. B.C.). The great Kuban' barrows excavated in the 1980's reveal sacred platforms or sanctuaries of the 4th c. B.C. Scythian graves have also been found in Checheno-Ingushetiya (near Achkhoi-Martan). About 300 Sarmatian complexes have been studied, largely in the NW Caucasus, revealing the penetrat

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