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1
Bartelt, Hartmut. "Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Sensor Arrays." Advances in Science and Technology 55 (September 2008): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.55.138.
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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread application in sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. The concept of fiber Bragg gratings allows also in a simple way the realisation of arrays of such sensors. The development of such optical fiber sensor systems often requires special fibers and grating structures which may go beyond more conventional Bragg grating structures in typical communication fibers. Concerning fibers there is, for example., a need of achieving fiber gratings in small diameter fibers and fiber tapers as well as in microstructured fibers. Special fiber grating structures are of interest e.g. in the visible wavelength range, which requires smaller spatial structures compared to more conventional gratings in the near infrared wavelength region. Examples for such modern developments in fiber Bragg grating technology for sensor applications will be presented and discussed.
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Cheng, Tai Hong, Seong Hyun Lim, Chang Doo Kee, and Il Kwon Oh. "Development of Fiber-PZT Array Sensor System." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.263.
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In this study, array type fiber-PZT senor systems were newly developed with capabilities of detecting both damage location and monitoring of gas or liquid leakage by applying time-frequency analyses. The system consists of two piezoelectric transducers for the signal receiver and generator applications and three optical fibers for wave propagation. The results showed developed fiber-PZT array sensor can accurately measure the position of crack and its intensity. Also the fluid leakage of methyl alcohol as test specimen, on the plate structure has also been investigated employing the fiber-PZT sensors. The ultrasonic wave optical fiber sensor can be used effectively to monitor changes in structural and chemical properties.
3
Han, Yan. "The Building of Optical Fiber Network System Using Hetero-Core Fiber Optic Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.342.
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We proposed a novel optical sensory nerve network using pulse switch sensors. The pulse switch sensor generates light loss similar to pulse signals only when ON/OFF states change. Therefore, it has less influence on communications quality compared with conventional switch sensor modules as sensor multiplicity increases. Our simulated results demonstrated that the proposed system can improve sensor multiplicity while maintaining the communications and measuring performance with the same quality as a conventional system by appropriately adjusting the initial loss of the pulse switch sensors. In particular, where ON/OFF time intervals follow exponential distributions with mean values of 5 and 300 s, respectively, the insertion loss of hetero-core segments inserted into pulse switch sensors is 0.3 dB, and the pulse switch sensors have curvature from 0.05 to 0.18. Under these conditions, our enhanced system can increase sensor multiplicity to 23 while maintaining link availability of almost 100%, a distinction error ratio of less than 1%, and a duplicated error ratio of about 0.5%.
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Kleiza, V., and J. Verkelis. "Some Advanced Fiber-Optical Amplitude Modulated Reflection Displacement and Refractive Index Sensors." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 12, no. 2 (2007): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.2007.12.2.14712.
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Some advanced fiber-optic amplitude modulated reflection displacement sensors and refractive index sensors have been developed. An improved three-fiber displacement sensor has been investigated as a refractive index sensor by computer simulations in a large interval of displacement. Some new regularities have been revealed. A reflection fiber-optic displacement sensor of novel configuration, consisting of double optical-pair fibers with a definite angle between the measuring tips of fibers in the pairs has been proposed, designed, and experimentally investigated to indicate and measure the displacement and refractive index of gas and liquid water solutions. The proposed displacement sensor and refractive index sensor configuration improves the measuring sensitivity in comparison with the known measuring methods. The refractive index sensor sensitivity Snsub = 4 × 10−7 RIU/mV was achieved. The displacement sensor sensitivity is Ssub = 1702 mV/µm in air (n = 1.00027).
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Dakić, Bojan M., Jovan S. Bajić, Dragan Z. Stupar, Miloš P. Slankamenac, and Miloš B. Živanov. "A Novel Fiber-Optic Mass Flow Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.231.
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In this paper a novel fiber-optic mass flow sensor based on coriolis force is presented. As sensing elements two fiber-optic curvature sensors mounted on elastic rubber tube are used. Rubber tube with sensing elements is excited by stepper motor. Produced system has the option of varying angle and speed of excitation. The bending of the fibers at the sensitive zone on curvature sensor changes the intensity of light traveling through the optical fiber. Curvature sensors are attached to the rubber tube so that they can measure phase difference produced by coriolis force. Mass flow rate is obtained by digital signal processing technique for phase difference detection.
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Ivanov, Oleg V., and Alexey A. Chertoriyskiy. "Fiber-Optic Bend Sensor Based on Double Cladding Fiber." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/726793.
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We develop and investigate fiber-optic bend sensor, which is formed by a section of double cladding SM630 fiber between standard SMF-28 fibers. The principle of operation of the sensor is based on coupling of the fiber core and cladding modes at the splices of fibers having different refractive index profiles. We use two sources with wavelengths 1328 and 1545 nm to interrogate the sensor. The dependences of transmission on curvature at these wavelengths are significantly different. We show that the proposed sensor is able to perform measurements of curvature with radii from meters to 26 cm with accuracy of about 3%.
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Chyad, Radhi M., Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri, and Kamarulazizi Ibrahim. "Nano-Optical Fiber Evanescent Field Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.1027.
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The nanofiber optic evanescent field sensor based on a changed cladding part as a sensor presented numerically. The influences of numerical opening, core radius of the fiber, the wavelength is effected on the light source and the submicron fiber on the sensors are promise to studied in this work. The results pointed out the sensitivity of the sensor increases when the numerical opening of the fiber is increases and the core radius is decreases. The NA of the fiber affects the sensitivity of the sensor. In the uniform core fiber, the increase in the NA increases the sensitivity of the sensor. Therefore, one should choose a fiber with high NA for the design of an evanescent-wave-absorption sensor if the core of the sensing segment uniform in diameter, so that the increase in the penetration depth or number of ray reflections or both, increases the evanescent absorption field and hence the sensitivity of the sensors. Keywords:fiber optic sensor, chemical sensors, biosensors, nanofiber optic.
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Lakomski, Mateusz, Grzegorz Tosik, and Przemyslaw Niedzielski. "Optical Fiber Sensor for PVC Sheet Piles Monitoring." Electronics 10, no. 13 (2021): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131604.
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This paper examined the impact of optical fiber sensor design, and its integration to PVC (polyvinyl chloride) sheet piles, on deflection and strain monitoring. Optical fiber sensors based on Brillouin light backscattering (BLS) were prepared, as they can provide accurate strain and deflection measurement results. However, depending on the application of sheet piles systems, high deformation of PVC elements can be observed. Therefore, a fiber sensor design is not trivial. Three types of optical fiber coatings and their integration with PVC sheet piles were investigated. The effect on the value of compressive and tensile strain were analyzed. It has been experimentally proven that PVC sheet piles monitoring, based on BLS method, can be realized using optical fibers with 250 µm, 900 µm, and 3 mm coating diameter. Achieved results are in line with theory. Correction coefficient necessary for 900 µm and 3 mm coatings has been proposed and used to ensure proper strain measurement. It was found that 250 µm coating fiber based sensors can be utilized for PVC strain measurement under low deflection (>1.2 m beam length). On the other hand, sensors based on 3 mm coating fiber, due to a high level of linearity, can be applied to deflection distance measurement under high deformation.
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Zhang, Zhe, Baijie Xu, Min Zhou, et al. "Hollow-Core Fiber-Tip Interferometric High-Temperature Sensor Operating at 1100 °C with High Linearity." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (2021): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030234.
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Over decades, fiber-optic temperature sensors based on conventional single-mode fibers (SMF) have been demonstrated with either high linearity and stability in a limited temperature region or poor linearity and thermal hysteresis in a high-temperature measurement range. For high-temperature measurements, isothermal annealing is typically necessary for the fiber-optic sensors, aiming at releasing the residual stress, eliminating the thermal hysteresis and, thus, improving the high-temperature measurement linearity and stability. In this article, an annealing-free fiber-optic high-temperature (1100 °C) sensor based on a diaphragm-free hollow-core fiber (HCF) Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed sensor exhibits an excellent thermal stability and linearity (R2 > 0.99 in a 100–1100 °C range) without the need for high-temperature annealing. The proposed sensor is extremely simple in preparation, and the annealing-free property can reduce the cost of sensor production significantly, which is promising in mass production and industry applications.
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Wang, Wenyu, Karim Ouaras, Alexandra L. Rutz, et al. "Inflight fiber printing toward array and 3D optoelectronic and sensing architectures." Science Advances 6, no. 40 (2020): eaba0931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0931.
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Scalability and device integration have been prevailing issues limiting our ability in harnessing the potential of small-diameter conducting fibers. We report inflight fiber printing (iFP), a one-step process that integrates conducting fiber production and fiber-to-circuit connection. Inorganic (silver) or organic {PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate]} fibers with 1- to 3-μm diameters are fabricated, with the fiber arrays exhibiting more than 95% transmittance (350 to 750 nm). The high surface area–to–volume ratio, permissiveness, and transparency of the fiber arrays were exploited to construct sensing and optoelectronic architectures. We show the PEDOT:PSS fibers as a cell-interfaced impedimetric sensor, a three-dimensional (3D) moisture flow sensor, and noncontact, wearable/portable respiratory sensors. The capability to design suspended fibers, networks of homo cross-junctions and hetero cross-junctions, and coupling iFP fibers with 3D-printed parts paves the way to additive manufacturing of fiber-based 3D devices with multilatitude functions and superior spatiotemporal resolution, beyond conventional film-based device architectures.
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Zhu, Zhong Yuan, and M. Cecilia Yappert. "Determination of the Effective Depth for Double-Fiber Fluorometric Sensors." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (1992): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124358.
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The relationship between the relative fluorescence signal excited and collected with a double-fiber optic sensor and the sample depth has been investigated. The complexity of the analytical expressions for the relative fluorescence signal and the effective depth was reduced by deriving a set of semi-empirical equations which can be evaluated in a simple fashion. These expressions take into account the configuration of the sensor, i.e., fiber diameter, acceptance angle, and separation between fibers. The expressions were tested with the use of double-fiber sensors with different diameters and separations between fibers. The reduction of the effective depth in solutions with significant absorbance was evaluated.
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Zhao, Jinlei, Tengfei Bao, and Tribikram Kundu. "Wide Range Fiber Displacement Sensor Based on Bending Loss." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4201870.
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A wide range fiber optic sensor system for displacement and crack monitoring is developed. In the proposed fiber optic sensor system, a number of fiber loops are formed from a single fiber and each fiber loop is used as a crack or displacement sensor. The feasibility and the dynamic range of the fiber sensor developed in this manner are investigated experimentally. Both glass fibers and plastic fibers are used in the experiments. Experimental results show that the new fiber optic sensor has a wide range (maximum range is 88 mm) and this sensor also has a high sensitivity for displacement and crack monitoring when an appropriate diameter of the fiber loop is selected as the sensor. Moreover, the proposed method is very simple and has low cost, so in situ application potential of the proposed sensor is high.
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Vašínek, Vladimír, Pavel Šmíra, Vladimira Rasnerova, et al. "Usage of Distributed Fiber Optical Temperature Sensors during Building Redevelopment." Advanced Materials Research 923 (April 2014): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.923.229.
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This contribution describes the novel unique technology with the usage of fiber optical sensors with temperature resolution up to 0.01°C and spatial resolution 1m. This technology is supplemented with fiber optical strain sensor with pressure resolution 1Pa. Fiber optical sensors are based on nonlinear effects within the optical fibers, they behave as distributed sensors making possible to measure temperature and strain with one fiber in many points contemporarily during building redevelopments. For temperature measurements Raman scattering within multimode optical fiber is used. Results from real redevelopments are presented.
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Ben Xu, Ben Xu, Jianqing Li Jianqing Li, Yuanyuan Pan Yuanyuan Pan, Yi Li Yi Li, and Xinyong Dong Xinyong Dong. "Temperature-insensitive fiber cantilever vibration sensor based on a fiber-to-fiber structure." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 2 (2014): 020604–20608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.020604.
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Kwon, Hyunseok, Yurim Park, Pratik Shrestha, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Application of silicon carbide fibers as a sensor for low-velocity impact detection and localization." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 5-6 (2018): 1372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718810398.
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In this study, silicon carbide fiber was proposed as a sensor for detection and localization of low-velocity impacts on composite structures. Semi-conductive silicon carbide fibers have excellent piezoresistivity and good mechanical properties, so their potential as a sensor for low-velocity impact detection and localization was investigated by attaching it on the surface of a composite panel. By measuring the resistance change of the silicon carbide fiber sensor due to low-velocity impacts on the composite material, impacts signals were obtained, and the resistance changes of the silicon carbide fiber sensor were acquired by conversion to voltage using a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The impact signals acquired using the silicon carbide fiber sensors were investigated to analyze the repeatability for impacts at the same location point and impact distinguishability at different points. Finally, impact localization based on a reference database using the silicon carbide fiber sensors attached to the composite panel was performed, and a total of 20 impacts were localized with an average error of 16.2 mm and a maximum error of 39.5 mm for a test section with planar dimensions of 200 mm × 200 mm.
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Seo, Dae Cheol, Il Bum Kwon, and Jung Ju Lee. "Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring by Optical Fiber Sensors in Smart Composite Patch Repairs." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.286.
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The fiber optic smart structures allow engineers to add nerve systems to their designs, giving structures capabilities that would be very difficult to achieve by other means, including continuous assessment of damage processes. In this study, we evaluated the potentiality of the application of the optical fiber sensors to the monitoring of the fatigue crack growth behavior of composite patch repaired structures. The composite patch with embedded optical fiber sensors can be considered as a smart patch which has both repairing and monitoring functions. We used recently developed Transmission-type Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric (TEFPI) optical fiber sensors for the monitoring of fatigue crack growth behavior of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with bonded composite patch. The sensing principle and the senor construction of the optical fiber sensor are presented. The experimental results show that it is possible to monitor the fatigue crack growth behavior of structures repaired with composite patch using the optical fiber sensor
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Lee, Woojin, Won-Je Lee, Sang-Bae Lee, and Rodrigo Salgado. "Measurement of pile load transfer using the Fiber Bragg Grating sensor system." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 6 (2004): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-059.
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A series of laboratory and field tests were performed to evaluate the applicability of an optical fiber sensor system in the instrumentation of piles. A multiplexed sensor system, constructed by arranging several Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors along a single line of optical fiber, is capable of measuring local axial strains as a function of wavelength shifts. The distributions of axial load in three model piles and a field test pile evaluated from the strains measured by FBG sensors are found to be comparable, in terms of both magnitude and trend, with those obtained from conventional strain gauges. This suggests that the FBG sensor system is an effective tool for the analysis of the axial load transfer in piles. The successful instrumentation of a soilcement injected precast (SIP) pile using FBG sensors suggests that the use of these sensors in drilled shafts and other types of cast in situ concrete piles is feasible. With the rapid advance of optical fiber sensor technology, the economics of the use of optical fiber sensors in this type of instrumentation is expected to improve significantly in coming years.Key words: pile foundation, load transfer, fiber optic sensor, Fiber Bragg Grating sensor.
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Park, Chan Hee, Arim Lee, Rinah Kim, and Joo Hyun Moon. "Evaluation of the Detection Efficiency of LYSO Scintillator in the Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/248403.
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The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate fiber-optic sensors for the remote detection of gamma rays in areas that are difficult to access, such as a spent fuel pool. The fiber-optic sensor consists of a light-generating probe, such as scintillators for radiation detection, plastic optical fibers, and light-measuring devices, such as PMT. The (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce(LYSO:Ce) scintillator was chosen as the light-generating probe. The (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce(LYSO:Ce) scintillator has higher scintillation efficiency than the others and transmits light well through an optical fiber because its refraction index is similar to the refractive index of the optical fiber. The fiber-optic radiation sensor using the (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce(LYSO:Ce) scintillator was evaluated in terms of the detection efficiency and reproducibility for examining its applicability as a radiation sensor.
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Et. al., Dr S. Venkateswara Rao,. "Comprehensive Study and Experimental Validation of U-shaped Probe Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor for the Measurement of Refractive Index at Various Temperatures using a Tunable Light Source." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (2021): 679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.399.
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Extensive detection performances due to sensitivity to external and internal perturbations in the fiber structure makes the optical fiber sensors highly superior over the conventional sensors. The fiber optic sensors with clad removed fibers at some portion along its length play a vital role in the determination of refractive index of various liquids at several wavelengths and at several temperatures. In the present paper a refractive index sensor has been developed to investigate the performance and experimental validation in the measurement of R.I. values of liquids at various temperatures using a tunable light source capable of emitting light at the wavelengths of 630nm, 660nm, 820nm and 850nm. The U-shaped glass probe connected between the tunable light source and an optical detector using two multimode PCS fibers of 200/230μm, acts as a clad removed portion of the sensor which is called as sensing zone or sensing region. In the working principle of the sensor, the U-shaped glass rod immersed into each mixture prepared with the combination of Toluene and Acetonitrile, the light launched from the source reaching the detector was noted at various temperatures and by tuning the wavelength of the source to 630nm, 660nm, 820nm and 850nm. From the data obtained, the sensor was calibrated to measure the refractive index of various liquids at different temperatures and wavelengths. Exploiting all the advantages offered by the fiber optic communication systems, the sensor was expected to be rugged, robust, reliable, and durable offering the sensitivity in the range of the order of 10-5.
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Tien, Chuen-Lin, Tzu-Chi Mao, and Chi-Yuan Li. "Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors Fabricated by RF Magnetron Sputtering GZO Thin Film and D-Shaped Fibers." Coatings 10, no. 1 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010029.
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We demonstrate a new refractive index (RI) and salinity sensor based on a lossy mode resonance (LMR) effect which combines fiber-optic side-polishing and radio-frequency (RF) sputtering techniques. The side-polished fiber can enhance optical fibers to generate an evanescent field in sensing applications. Gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films produce a high attenuation lossy mode resonance effect that permits a highly sensitive refractive index and salinity fiber sensor. GZO thin film was prepared by an RF magnetron sputtering method. The thickness of the D-shaped fiber sensing device was 74.7 μm, and a GZO film thickness of 67 nm was deposited on the polished surface of the D-shaped fiber to fabricate LMR type liquid salinity sensors. The sensitivity of 3637.8 nm/RIU was achieved in the RI range of 1.333 to 1.392. To investigate the sensitivities of LMR salinity sensors, the NaCl solution salinities of 0%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, and 250% were measured in this work. The experimental result shows that the sensitivity of the salinity sensor is 0.964 nm per salinity unit (SU).
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Pinto, Ana M. R., and Manuel Lopez-Amo. "Photonic Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications." Journal of Sensors 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/598178.
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Photonic crystal fibers are a kind of fiber optics that present a diversity of new and improved features beyond what conventional optical fibers can offer. Due to their unique geometric structure, photonic crystal fibers present special properties and capabilities that lead to an outstanding potential for sensing applications. A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented. Two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter. Several sensors have been reported until the date, and more are expected to be developed due to the remarkable characteristics such fibers can offer.
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Irawan, Rudi, Tjin Swee Chuan, Tay Chia Meng, and Tan Khay Ming. "Rapid Constructions of Microstructures for Optical Fiber Sensors Using a Commercial CO2 Laser System." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 2, no. 1 (2008): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120700802010028.
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Exposing an optical fiber core to the measurand surrounding the fiber is often used to enhance the sensitivity of an optical fiber sensor. This paper reports on the rapid fabrication of microstructures in an optical fiber using a CO2 laser system which help exposing the optical fiber core to the measurand. The direct-write CO2 laser system used is originally designed for engraving the polymeric material. Fabrications of microstructures such as in-fiber microhole, D-shaped fiber, in-fiber microchannel, side-sliced fiber and tapered fiber were attempted. The microstructures in the fibers were examined using a SEM and an optical microscope. Quality of microstructures shown by the SEM images and promising results from fluorescence sensor tests using in-fiber microchannels of 100μm width, 210μm depth and 10mm length show the prospect of this method for use in optical fiber sensor development. The direct-write CO2 laser system is a flexible and fast machining tool for fabricating microstructures in an optical fiber, and can possibly be a replacement of the time consuming chemical etching and polishing methods used for microstructure fabrications of optical the fiber sensors reported in other literatures.
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Saifeldeen, Mohamed A., Nariman Fouad, Huang Huang, and Zhishen Wu. "Advancement of long-gauge carbon fiber line sensors for strain measurements in structures." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 7 (2016): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16665974.
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This article proposes a new technique that advances long-gauge carbon fiber line sensor technology, with and without post-tensioning of the sensor, to measure changes in strain levels in structural areas. Carbon fiber line sensors were fabricated to produce a slim high-strength sensor with a diameter of less than 1.4 mm using a carbon fiber tow with a width of 6 mm. A theoretical analysis of these sensors as well as several series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of fiber arrangement on the error compensation of the carbon fiber line sensors. The results revealed that using two sets of carbon fiber line sensors, one as an active sensor and the other to compensate the errors of the first, is an effective method when both sensors have a convergent fiber arrangement and change in resistance. A post-tensioning method was implemented to enhance the overall behavior of the sensor. The results showed that the post-tensioning method yields significant improvement in the linearity and cyclic ability up to 6000 microstrains and reduces the fluctuation errors in the change in resistance from ±0.031% to ±0.007%. Finally, the possibility of repairing damaged carbon fiber line sensors is also discussed.
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Christof, Hans, Lena Müller, Simon Küppers, et al. "Integration Methods of Sensors in FRP Components." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.586.
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Structural health monitoring is an important research topic in the field of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). An effective way to detect defects or overloads in these FRP has still not been found. One way to monitor the actual state of FRP components is via integrated sensors. Integrating current standard sensors negatively affects the flux of force. Therefore investigations about integration methods of sensors in FRP components have been made. The integration of an optical fiber sensor into FRP profiles via a pultrusion process was investigated. It could be shown that the pultrusion process is suitable method for the integration of fiber optic sensors for strain measurements. Another investigated sensor principle was the integration of piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibers via a vacuum assisted process. The PVDF fibers were integrated into 3-point bending specimen and the piezoelectric effect was tested with and without polarization. The investigation showed that it is possible to measure the piezoelectric effect of PVDF fibers integrated into a 3-point bending test specimen. It could also be shown that carbon fibers can be used as textile electrodes for the measurement of the generated charge on the PVDF surface.
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Engholm, Magnus, Krister Hammarling, Henrik Andersson, Mats Sandberg, and Hans-Erik Nilsson. "A Bio-Compatible Fiber Optic pH Sensor Based on a Thin Core Interferometric Technique." Photonics 6, no. 1 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010011.
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There is an increasing demand for compact, reliable and versatile sensor concepts for pH-level monitoring within several industrial, chemical as well as bio-medical applications. Many pH sensors concepts have been proposed, however, there is still a need for improved sensor solutions with respect to reliability, durability and miniaturization but also for multiparameter sensing. Here we present a conceptual verification, which includes theoretical simulations as well as experimental evaluation of a fiber optic pH-sensor based on a bio-compatible pH sensitive material not previously used in this context. The fiber optic sensor is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique, where the pH sensitive material is coated on a short, typically 20-25 mm thin core fiber spliced between two standard single mode fibers. The working principle of the sensor is simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulations are used as a guideline for the construction of the sensors that have been experimentally evaluated in different liquids with pH ranging from 1.95 to 11.89. The results are promising, showing the potential for the development of bio-compatible fiber optic pH sensor with short response time, high sensitivity and broad measurement range. The developed sensor concept can find future use in many medical- or bio-chemical applications as well as in environmental monitoring of large areas. Challenges encountered during the sensor development due to variation in the design parameters are discussed.
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Drake, Daniel, Rani Sullivan, and J. Wilson. "Distributed Strain Sensing from Different Optical Fiber Configurations." Inventions 3, no. 4 (2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3040067.
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Strain distributions were obtained from optical fibers arranged in three different configurations on transversely-loaded cantilevered beams. Traditional strain measurement sensors, such as strain gauges, are limited to measuring strain at discrete points on a structural member. However, distributed optical fibers can measure high spatial (<1 mm spacing) strain or temperature distributions. In this study, optical fibers in spiral, grid, and rosette configurations were bonded to aluminum cantilevered beams subjected to tip loads. Strain distributions from optical fiber sensors were measured using a swept wavelength coherent interferometric technique. The optical fiber strain measurements show good agreement with strain gauge measurements. The attributes of each sensor configuration are discussed.
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Nasiri, A., S. Makouei, and T. Y. Rezaii. "Relative humidity FOS design using spherical hydrogel on no-core multimode fiber." Advanced Electromagnetics 8, no. 5 (2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i5.1288.
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In this paper, the design and simulation of a new optical fiber-based relative humidity (RH) sensor formed by spherical hydrogel droplets over the no-core fiber is stablished. The introduced sensor is capable of detecting humidity changes based on Evanescent waves and splice losses. Refractive index of PEGDMA hydrogel sphere changes with variation of humidity which can cause intensity changes in fiber. The sensor structure includes a no-core fiber in the length of 4 mm connected to two multimode fibers which performs sensing by three hydrogel spheres with diameter of 1 mm. The sensor operation wavelength is adjusted at 631nm. The results show that the designed structure has linear response for humidity in the range of 20 to 95%RH. In the meantime, the obtained sensitivity is about 0.13643 mW /% RH. The simulated sensor has some useful advantages in addition to having some associated with the two primary sensors including the simplicity of the structure and the sensor's function which can be explained by reduction of the length of sensing portion and increase in the sensitivity and range of humidity detection.
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Raj, Rajnish, Pooja Lohia, and D. K. Dwivedi. "Optical Fibre Sensors for Photonic Applications." Sensor Letters 17, no. 10 (2019): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4152.
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Recent development in optical fiber and numerous advantages of light over electronic system have boosted the utility and demand for optical fibre sensor in modern era. Optical fibre sensor is used to measure the various parameters like temperature, pressure, vibration, rotation etc. Optical fibre sensor offers a wide spectrum of advantage over traditional sensing system in terms of longer lifetime and small in size. Optical fibre has been considered as not only the substitutes of conventional sensors but also the unique solutions in the field of scientific engineering and industrial research. This paper reports the status of optical fibre sensor and its application in detail.
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Moś, Joanna Ewa, Karol Antoni Stasiewicz, and Leszek Roman Jaroszewicz. "Liquid crystal cell with a tapered optical fiber as an active element to optical applications." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 1 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.879.
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The work describes the technology of a liquid crystal cell with a tapered optical fiber as an element providing light. The tapered optical fiber with the total optical loss of 0.22 ± 0.07 dB, the taper waist diameter of 15.5 ± 0.5 μm, and the elongation of 20.4 ± 0.3 mm has been used. The experimental results are presented for a liquid crystal cell filled with a mixture 1550* for parallel orientation of LC molecules to the cross section of the taper waist. Measurement results show the influence of the electrical field with voltage in the range of 0-200 V, without, as well as with different modulation for spectral characteristics. The sinusoidal and square signal shapes are used with a 1-10 Hz frequency range. Full Text: PDF ReferencesZ. Liu, H. Y. Tam, L. Htein, M. L.Vincent Tse, C. Lu, "Microstructured Optical Fiber Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 16 (2017). CrossRef T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman1, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domański, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, J. Wojcik "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 5 (2006). CrossRef K. Nielsen, D. Noordegraaf, T. Sørensen, A. Bjarklev,T. Hansen, "Selective filling of photonic crystal fibres", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 8 (2005). CrossRef A. A. Rifat, G. A. Mahdiraji, D. M. Chow, Y, Gang Shee, R. Ahmed, F. Rafiq, M Adikan, "Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Selective Analyte Channels and Graphene-Silver Deposited Core", Sensors 15, 5 (2015) CrossRef Y. Huang, Z.Tian, L.P. Sun, D. Sun, J.Li, Y.Ran, B.-O. Guan "High-sensitivity DNA biosensor based on optical fiber taper interferometer coated with conjugated polymer tentacle", Opt. Express 23, 21 (2015). CrossRef X. Wang, O. S. Wolfbeis, "The 2016 Annual Review Issue", Anal. Chem., 88, 1 (2016). CrossRef Ye Tian, W. Wang, N. Wu, X. Zou, X.Wang, "Tapered Optical Fiber Sensor for Label-Free Detection of Biomolecules", Sensors 11, 4 (2011). CrossRef O. Katsunari, Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, (London, Academic Press, (2006). DirectLink A. K. Sharma, J. Rajan, B.D. Gupta, "Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Comprehensive Review", IEEE Sensors Journal 7, 8 (2007). CrossRef C. Caucheteur, T. Guo, J. Albert, "Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: improving the limit of detection", Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 407, 14 (2015). CrossRef S. F. Silva L. Coelho, O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. X.r Malcata, "A Review of Palladium-Based Fiber-Optic Sensors for Molecular Hydrogen Detection", IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 12, 1 (2012). CrossRef H. Waechter, J. Litman, A. H. Cheung, J. A. Barnes, H.P. Loock, "Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy", Sensors 10, 3 (2010). CrossRef S. Zhu, F. Pang, S. Huang, F.Zou, Y.Dong, T.Wang, "High sensitivity refractive index sensor based on adiabatic tapered optical fiber deposited with nanofilm by ALD", Opt. Express 23, 11 (2015). CrossRef L. Zhang, J. Lou, L. Tong, "Micro/nanofiber optical sensors", Photonics sensor 1, 1 (2011). CrossRef L.Tong, J. Lou, E. Mazur, "Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides", Opt. Express 11, 6 (2004). CrossRef H. Moyyed, I. T. Leite, L. Coelho, J. L. Santos, D. Viegas, "Analysis of phase interrogated SPR fiber optic sensors with bimetallic layers", IEEE Sensors Journal 14, 10 (2014). CrossRef A. González-Cano, M. Cruz Navarette, Ó. Esteban, N. Diaz Herrera , "Plasmonic sensors based on doubly-deposited tapered optical fibers", Sensors 14, 3 (2014). CrossRef K. A. Stasiewicz, J.E. Moś, "Threshold temperature optical fibre sensors", Opt. Fiber Technol. 32, (2016). CrossRef L. Zhang, F. Gu, J. Lou, X. Yin, L. Tong, "Fast detection of humidity with a subwavelength-diameter fiber taper coated with gelatin film", Opt. Express 16, 17 (2008). CrossRef S.Zhu, F.Pang, S. Huang, F. Zou, Q. Guo, J. Wen, T. Wang, "High Sensitivity Refractometer Based on TiO2-Coated Adiabatic Tapered Optical Fiber via ALD Technology", Sensors 16, 8 (2016). CrossRef G.Brambilla, "Optical fibre nanowires and microwires: a review", J. Optics 12, 4 (2010) CrossRef M. Ahmad, L.L. Hench, "Effect of taper geometries and launch angle on evanescent wave penetration depth in optical fibers", Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 7 (2005). CrossRef L.M. Blinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, Springftianer, 1994). CrossRef L. Scolari, T.T. Alkeskjold, A. Bjarklev, "Tunable Gaussian filter based on tapered liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibre", Electron. Lett. 42, 22 (2006). CrossRef J. Moś, M. Florek, K. Garbat, K.A. Stasiewicz, N. Bennis, L.R. Jaroszewicz, "In-Line Tunable Nematic Liquid Crystal Fiber Optic Device", J. of Lightwave Technol. 36, 4 (2017). CrossRef J. Moś, K A Stasiewicz, K Garbat, P Morawiak, W Piecek, L R Jaroszewicz, "Tapered fiber liquid crystal hybrid broad band device", Phys. Scripta. 93, 12 (2018). CrossRef Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, J. Bures, "Liquid-crystal-clad tapered fibers", Opt. Lett. 11, 11 (1986). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, K. Garbat, S. Urban, T.R. Woliński, J. Dziaduszek, T. Ogrodnik, A,Siarkowska, "Low-birefringence liquid crystal mixtures for photonic liquid crystal fibres application", Liq. Cryst. 44, (2017). CrossRef S. Lacroix, R. J. Black, Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, "Tapered single-mode fibers: external refractive-index dependence", Appl. Opt., 25, 15 (1986). CrossRef J.F. Henninot, D. Louvergneaux , N.Tabiryan, M. Warenghem, "Controlled Leakage of a Tapered Optical Fiber with Liquid Crystal Cladding", Mol. Cryst.and Liq.Cryst., 282, 1(1996). CrossRef
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Skorobogatiy, Maksim. "Microstructured and Photonic Bandgap Fibers for Applications in the Resonant Bio- and Chemical Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/524237.
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We review application of microstructured and photonic bandgap fibers for designing resonant optical sensors of changes in the value of analyte refractive index. This research subject has recently invoked much attention due to development of novel fiber types, as well as due to development of techniques for the activation of fiber microstructure with functional materials. Particularly, we consider two sensors types. The first sensor type employs hollow core photonic bandgap fibers where core guided mode is confined in the analyte filled core through resonant effect in the surrounding periodic reflector. The second sensor type employs metalized microstructured or photonic bandgap waveguides and fibers, where core guided mode is phase matched with a plasmon propagating at the fiber/analyte interface. In resonant sensors one typically employs fibers with strongly nonuniform spectral transmission characteristics that are sensitive to changes in the real part of the analyte refractive index. Moreover, if narrow absorption lines are present in the analyte transmission spectrum, due to Kramers-Kronig relation this will also result in strong variation in the real part of the refractive index in the vicinity of an absorption line. Therefore, resonant sensors allow detection of minute changes both in the real part of the analyte refractive index (10−6–10−4 RIU), as well as in the imaginary part of the analyte refractive index in the vicinity of absorption lines. In the following we detail various resonant sensor implementations, modes of operation, as well as analysis of sensitivities for some of the common transduction mechanisms for bio- and chemical sensing applications. Sensor designs considered in this review span spectral operation regions from the visible to terahertz.
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Tang, Zhenhua, Shuhai Jia, Xuesong Shi, Bo Li, and Chenghao Zhou. "Coaxial Printing of Silicone Elastomer Composite Fibers for Stretchable and Wearable Piezoresistive Sensors." Polymers 11, no. 4 (2019): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040666.
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Despite the tremendous efforts dedicated to developing various wearable piezoresistive sensors with sufficient stretchability and high sensitivity, challenges remain pertaining to fabrication scalability, cost, and efficiency. In this study, a facile, scalable, and low-cost coaxial printing strategy is employed to fabricate stretchable and flexible fibers with a core–sheath structure for wearable strain sensors. The highly viscous silica-modified silicone elastomer solution is used to print the insulating sheath layer, and the silicone elastomer solutions containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as the core inks to print the conductive inner layer. With the addition of silica powders as viscosifiers, silica-filled silicone ink (sheath ink) converts to printable ink. The dimensions of the printed coaxial fibers can be flexibly controlled via adjusting the extrusion pressure of the inks. In addition, the electro-mechanical responses of the fiber-shaped strain sensors are investigated. The printed stretchable and wearable fiber-like CNT-based strain sensor exhibits outstanding sensitivities with gauge factors (GFs) of 1.4 to 2.5 × 106, a large stretchability of 150%, and excellent waterproof performance. Furthermore, the sensor can detect a strain of 0.1% and showed stable responses for over 15,000 cycles (high durability). The printed fiber-shaped sensor demonstrated capabilities of detecting and differentiating human joint movements and monitoring balloon inflation. These results obtained demonstrate that the one-step printed fiber-like strain sensors have potential applications in wearable devices, soft robotics, and electronic skins.
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Wen, Hsin-Yi, Hsiang-Cheng Hsu, Yao-Tung Tsai, Wen-Kai Feng, Chih-Lang Lin, and Chia-Chin Chiang. "U-Shaped Optical Fiber Probes Coated with Electrically Doped GQDs for Humidity Measurements." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162696.
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The influence of the bending radius on the sensitivity of the graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-coated probe is experimentally investigated for a U-shaped probe. The fiber is bent into a U shape using the optic fiber flame heating method, and the optic fiber is enclosed in a glass tube to increase the stability of the probe. The surface of the U-shaped optical fiber was coated with electrospun fibers formed via electrospinning. Polymer materials doped with GQDs are applied to U-shaped optical fiber as humidity sensors. Graphene quantum dot nanofibers on the U-shaped optical fiber sensor to form a network structure of graphene quantum dots U-shape fiber sensor (GQDUS). The polymer network structure absorbs water molecules, which in turn affects the bending radius of the optical fiber, and changes the optical fiber spectrum. Graphene quantum dots provide optical enhancement benefits, which in turn increase the sensitivity of fiber optic sensors. The spectra monitoring system consists of an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) and an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). This system can be used to detect humidity changes between 20% RH and 80% RH in the chamber. Our results indicate promising applications for quantum dots probe sensors from electrospun nanofibers increasing sensitive environmental monitoring. As such, it could be of substantial value in optical sensors detection.
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Hirsch, Marzena. "Fiber optic microsphere with ZnO thin film for potential application in refractive index sensor – theoretical study." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 3 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i3.835.
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Optical fiber sensors of refractive index play important role in analysis of biological and chemical samples. This work presents a theoretical investigation of a spectral response of fiber optic microsphere with zinc-oxide (ZnO) thin film deposited on the surface and evaluates the prospect of using such structure for refractive index sensing. Microsphere is fabricated by optical fiber tapering method on the base of a single mode fiber. A numerical model is described and simulation was conducted to assess the influence of the ZnO layer deposition on a reflected signal. The results indicate that ZnO film improves the performance in terms of a potential application in refractive index sensor. Full Text: PDF ReferencesY. Qian, Y. Zhao, Q. Wu, Y. Yang, Review of salinity measurement technology based on optical fiber sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 260, 86–105 (2018). CrossRef M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, Response of a New Low-Coherence Fabry-Pérot Sensor to Hematocrit Levels in Human Blood, Sensors, 14, 4, 6965–6976, (2014). CrossRef F. Sequeira et al., Refractive Index Sensing with D-Shaped Plastic Optical Fibers for Chemical and Biochemical Applications, Sensors, 16, 12, 2119, (2016). CrossRef M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska et al., ALD thin ZnO layer as an active medium in a fiber-optic Fabry–Pérot interferometer, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 221, 88–94, (2015). CrossRef M. Hirsch, D. Majchrowicz, P. Wierzba, M. Weber, M. Bechelany, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, Low-Coherence Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensors with Potential Applications as Biosensors, Sensors, 17, 2, 261, (2017). CrossRef M. Hirsch, P. Wierzba, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, Application of thin dielectric films in low coherence fiber-optic Fabry-Pérot sensing interferometers: comparative study, Proc. SPIE 10161, 101610D (2016). CrossRef J. Pluciński, K. Karpienko, Fiber optic Fabry-Pérot sensors: modeling versus measurements results, Proc. SPIE 10034, 100340H (2016). CrossRef F. Goldsmith, Quasioptical systems: Gaussian beam quasioptical propagation and applications. (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press 1998). CrossRef
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Ran, Zengling, Xiu He, Yunjiang Rao, et al. "Fiber-Optic Microstructure Sensors: A Review." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 2 (2021): 227–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0632-7.
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AbstractThis paper reviews a wide variety of fiber-optic microstructure (FOM) sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors, Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensors, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensors, Michelson interferometer (MI) sensors, and Sagnac interferometer (SI) sensors. Each FOM sensor has been introduced in the terms of structure types, fabrication methods, and their sensing applications. In addition, the sensing characteristics of different structures under the same type of FOM sensor are compared, and the sensing characteristics of the all FOM sensors, including advantages, disadvantages, and main sensing parameters, are summarized. We also discuss the future development of FOM sensors.
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Manuylovich, Egor, Kirill Tomyshev, and Oleg V. Butov. "Method for Determining the Plasmon Resonance Wavelength in Fiber Sensors Based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings." Sensors 19, no. 19 (2019): 4245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194245.
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Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber-optic sensors are of increasing interest in modern sensory research, especially for chemical and biomedical applications. Special attention deserves to be given to sensors based on tilted fiber Bragg gratings, due to their unique spectral properties and potentially high sensitivity and resolution. However, the principal task is to determine the plasmon resonance wavelength based on the spectral characteristics of the sensor and, most importantly, to measure changes in environmental parameters with high resolution, while the existing indirect methods are only useable in a narrow spectral range. In this paper, we present a new approach to solving this problem, based on the original method of determining the plasmon resonance spectral position in the automatic mode by precisely calculating the constriction location on the transmission spectrum of the sensor. We also present an experimental comparison of various data processing methods in both a narrow and a wide range of the refractive indexes. Application of our method resulted in achieving a resolution of up to 3 × 10−6 in terms of the refractive index.
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Lin, Liang, Jin, and Wang. "Dual-Polarized Fiber Laser Sensor for Photoacoustic Microscopy." Sensors 19, no. 21 (2019): 4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214632.
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Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) provides high-resolution, label-free and non-invasive functional imaging for broad biomedical applications. Dual-polarized fiber laser sensors have high sensitivity, low noise, a miniature size, and excellent stability; thus, they have been used in acoustic detection in OR-PAM. Here, we review recent progress in fiber-laser-based ultrasound sensors for photoacoustic microscopy, especially the dual-polarized fiber laser sensor with high sensitivity. The principle, characterization and sensitivity optimization of this type of sensor are presented. In vivo experiments demonstrate its excellent performance in the detection of photoacoustic (PA) signals in OR-PAM. This review summarizes representative applications of fiber laser sensors in OR-PAM and discusses their further improvements.
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Dorosz, J. "Novel constructions of optical fibers doped with rare – earth ions." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (2014): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0067.
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Abstract. In the paper the research on rare-earth doped and co-doped optical fibre conducted in the Laboratory of Optical Fiber Technology at the Bialystok University of Technology is presented. Novel active fibre constructions like multicore, helical-core and side detecting ribbon/core optical fibers were developed with a targeted focus into application. First construction i.e. multicore RE doped optical fibers enable supermode generation due to phase - locking of laser radiation achieved in a consequence of exchanging radiation between the cores during the laser action. In the paper a far - field pattern of 19 - core optical fiber-doped with Yb3+ ions, registered in the MOFPA system, showed centrally located peak of relatively high radiation intensity together with smaller side-lobes. Another new construction presented here is helical-core optical fibers with the helix pitch from several mm and the off-set ranging from 10 μm to 200 μm. The properties of helical-core optical fiber co-doped with Nd3+/Yb3+ were also discussed. In the field of sensor applications novel construction of a sidedetecting luminescent optical fiber for an UV sensor application has been presented. The developed optical fiber with an active core/ribbon, made of phosphate glass doped with 0.5 mol% Tb3+ ions, was used as a UV sensing element.
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Vahdati, Nader, Xueting Wang, Oleg Shiryayev, Paul Rostron, and Fook Fah Yap. "External Corrosion Detection of Oil Pipelines Using Fiber Optics." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030684.
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Oil flowlines, the first “pipeline” system connected to the wellhead, are pipelines that are 5 to 30.5 cm (two to twelve inches) in diameter, most susceptible to corrosion, and very difficult to inspect. Herein, an external corrosion detection sensor for oil and gas pipelines, consisting of a semicircular plastic strip, a flat dog-bone-shaped sacrificial metal plate made out of the same pipeline material, and an optical fiber with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, is described. In the actual application, multiple FBG optical fibers are attached to an oil and gas pipeline using straps or strips or very large hose clamps, and, every few meters, our proposed corrosion detection sensor will be glued to the FBG sensors. When the plastic parts are attached to the sacrificial metals, the plastic parts will be deformed and stressed; thus, placing the FBG sensors in tension. When corrosion is severe at any given pipeline location, the sacrificial metal at that location will corrode till failure and the tension strain is relieved at that FBG Sensor location, and therefore, a signal is detected at the interrogator. Herein, the external corrosion detection sensor and its design equations are described, and experimental results, verifying our theory, are presented.
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Zhou, Ying Wu, and Sheng Yu Chen. "A Novel In-Line Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Temperature Sensor Made of Thermally Expanded Core Fiber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.856.
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A novel in-line fiber temperature sensor by splicing a piece of single mode fiber between two thermally expanded core fibers at their core-expanded ends is proposed and demonstrated. This structure forms an all fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer due to the interference between the core mode and the cladding modes of the single mode fiber. The fabricated sensor is applied to measure temperature changes. The temperature sensitivity of the sensor at a length of 6.3cm is about 65.3 pm/°C. The proposed sensor is low cost, easily fabricated, and may be useful for detection of temperature.
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Luo, Ying-Jie, Shao-Yi Wu, Qin-Sheng Zhu, Xiao-Yu Li, Yong-Xin Li, and De-Shuang Zhao. "Theoretical research of the medical U-type optical fiber sensor covered by the gold nanoparticles." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 76, no. 5 (2021): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2020-0218.
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Abstract Previous studies of the gold-nanoparticles-covered U-type medical optical fiber sensor with millimeter size were mainly confined to the experimental aspect, while the corresponding theoretical studies were only for bare fibers based on geometrical optics or those for micron level photonic crystal fibers based on wave optics. Combining wave and geometrical optics, the gold-nanoparticles-covered U-type optical fiber sensor was simulated with millimeter size. The localized surface plasmon resonance absorption peak near 540 nm is obtained in the simulation, very close to that (≈560 nm) of the experimental value for the gold nanoparticles of 37 nm size. Compared with the refractive index (RI) sensitivity (≈7.10/RIU) for the plain, U-type optical fiber (≈43.50/RIU) exhibits more than 610% enhancement in the gold-nanoparticles-covered sample. Present studies would be helpful to the further simulation and design for various noble metal nanoparticles covered optical fiber sensors with different shapes.
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TSUTSUI, Teruaki, and Satoshi YAMAMOTO. "Optical fiber sensor." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 53, no. 12 (1987): 1847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.53.1847.
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Lobodzinski, Suave M., and M. M. Laks. "Biopotential fiber sensor." Journal of Electrocardiology 39, no. 4 (2006): S41—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2006.05.016.
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KIM, KYONG-WOO, WOO-SEONG CHE, and HYU-SANG KWON. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A NOVEL NONCONTACT VIBRATION SENSOR USING INCLINED-CUT OPTICAL FIBER." Modern Physics Letters B 22, no. 11 (2008): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984908016030.
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This optical fiber sensors are being widely used alternative to conventional sensors in various applications because of small size, relatively light weight, high sensitivity and wide bandwidth. Also it has immunity to electromagnetic interferences, because of their dielectric, glass, or plastic nature, they are usually small and light, and they allow remote electric signal opto-electronic conversion and processing. In various uses of optical fiber, intensity modulation type sensor due to misalignment has practical usefulness because it can be realized in ease with low cost and simple structure. To overcome low sensitivity problem in intensity modulation type optical fiber sensor, inclined-cut optical fiber is considered here. Based on optical geometry, the inclined-cut optical fiber sensor is designed and fabricated. The experiments are carried out to evaluate sensor performance. The optical fiber sensor developed in this paper has sufficient precisions and therefore it is available to measure the vibration without contact.
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Dragic, Peter, and John Ballato. "A Brief Review of Specialty Optical Fibers for Brillouin-Scattering-Based Distributed Sensors." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101996.
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Specialty optical fibers employed in Brillouin-based distributed sensors are briefly reviewed. The optical and acoustic waveguide properties of silicate glass optical fiber first are examined with the goal of constructing a designer Brillouin gain spectrum. Next, materials and their effects on the relevant Brillouin scattering properties are discussed. Finally, optical fiber configurations are reviewed, with attention paid to fibers for discriminative or other enhanced sensing configurations. The goal of this brief review is to reinforce the importance of fiber design to distributed sensor systems, generally, and to inspire new thinking in the use of fibers for this sensing application.
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Fu, Y. L., and H. T. Di. "Simultaneous Measurement of Torsion and Curvature Using Curvature Fiber Optic Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.448.
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Curvature fiber optic sensors are a kind of novel low cost sensors that can detect curvature directly and distinguish the positive bending and negative bending. This kind of sensor is used to detect torsion deformation of shaft in this paper. The optimal direction of curvature fiber optic sensor was analyzed in osculating plane and rectification plane and maximal sensitivity was gained. The results show that sensor response to the torsion angle is linear approximately. Torsion angle, curvature and bending direction of shaft were measured simultaneously by using curvature fiber optic sensors.
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Her, Shiuh Chuan, Bo Ren Yao, Shien Chin Lan, and Chun Yen Liu. "Stress Analysis of a Resin Pocket Embedded in Laminated Composites for an Optical Fiber Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.293.
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Optical fiber sensors have a number of advantages over conventional electronic sensors such as light weight, small diameter and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Despite all the advantages of optical sensors, one must recognize that optical fibers are foreign entities to the host structure, therefore will induce stress concentration in the vicinity of the embedded sensor. As an optical sensor is embedded between plies, a lenticular resin pocket exists in the composite plies. The resin pocket acts as a crack-like region, and can form the site of the initiation of the delamination under mechanical loads. In this investigation, the geometry of the lenticular resin pocket around the optical sensor is derived basing on the principal of minimum potential energy. It shows that the geometry of the resin pocket is dependent on the stiffness of the plies, the stacking sequence, the diameter of the optical fiber and the curing pressure. The stress distributions in the resin pocket and in the laminated composites are obtained by using the finite element method. The numerical results demonstrate that the stress increases rapidly in the vicinity of the optical fiber sensor, causing a high stress concentration factor. The high stress field may produce delamination and fracture in the composite.
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Zhong, Tianting, Zhipeng Yu, Huanhao Li, Zihao Li, Haohong Li, and Puxiang Lai. "Active wavefront shaping for controlling and improving multimode fiber sensor." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 12, no. 04 (2019): 1942007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545819420070.
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Wavefront shaping (WFS) techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media, including multimode fibers. In this paper, we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fiber-based sensors. The use of a single multimode fiber alone, without any special fabrication, as a sensor based on the light intensity variations is not an easy task. The twist effect on multimode fiber is used as an example herein. Experimental results show that light intensity through the multimode fiber shows no direct relationship with the twist angle, but the correlation coefficient (CC) of speckle patterns does. Moreover, if WFS is applied to transform the spatially seemingly random light pattern at the exit of the multimode fiber into an optical focus. The focal pattern correlation and intensity both can serve to gauge the twist angle, with doubled measurement range and allowance of using a fast point detector to provide the feedback. With further development, WFS may find potentials to facilitate the development of multimode fiber-based sensors in a variety of scenarios.
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Young, Stephen, Dayakar Penumadu, Darren Foster, et al. "Smart Adhesive Joint with High-Definition Fiber-Optic Sensing for Automotive Applications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030614.
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Structural health monitoring of fiber-reinforced composite-based joints for automotive applications during their manufacturing and on-demand assessment for its durability in working environments is critically needed. High-definition fiber-optic sensing is an effective method to measure internal strain/stress development using minimally invasive continuous sensors. The sensing fiber diameters are in the same order of magnitude when compared to reinforcement (glass, basalt, or carbon fibers) used in polymer composites. They also offer a unique ability to monitor the evolution of residual stresses after repeated thermal exposure with varying temperatures for automotive components/joints during painting using an electrophoretic painting process. In this paper, a high-definition fiber-optic sensor utilizing Rayleigh scattering is embedded within an adhesive joint between a carbon fiber-reinforced thermoset composite panel and an aluminum panel to measure spatially resolved strain development, residual strain, and thermal expansion properties during the electrophoretic paint process-simulated conditions. The strain measured by the continuous fiber-optic sensor was compared with an alternate technique using thermal digital image correlation. The fiber-optic sensor was able to identify the spatial variation of residual strains for a discontinuous carbon fiber-reinforced composite with varying local fiber orientations and resin content.
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Budinski, Vedran, and Denis Donlagic. "A Miniature Fabry Perot Sensor for Twist/Rotation, Strain and Temperature Measurements Based on a Four-Core Fiber." Sensors 19, no. 7 (2019): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071574.
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In this article, a novel miniature Fabry-Perot twist/rotation sensor using a four core fiber and quadruple interferometer setup is presented and demonstrated. Detailed sensor modeling, analytical evaluation and test measurement assessment were conducted in this contribution. The sensor structure comprises a single lead-in multicore fiber, which has four eccentrically positioned cores, a special asymmetrical microstructure, and an inline semi-reflective mirror, all packed in a glass capillary housing. A four core fiber positioned in front of a special asymmetrical microstructure and the inline semi reflective mirror defines four Fabry-Perot interferometers. Rotation of the sensors’ asymmetrical microstructure around the axis of the in-line four core fibers´ modulates the path lengths of all four interferometers simultaneously. Proper processing of path length changes of all four interferometers allows for unambiguous and temperature independent determination of the sensor’s rotation angle.
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Hardiantho, Willy, Bidayatul Arminah, and Arifin Arifin. "Detection of Mercury Ions in Water using a Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor." Indonesian Physical Review 4, no. 2 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v4i2.82.
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Research has been carried out on the detection of mercury ions in water using plastic optical fibers. Detection of mercury ions is done by immersing the optical fiber sensor in the HgCl2 solution, where both ends of the sensor are connected to an LED and a phototransistor. LED as a light source will emit light along with the optical fiber which will be received by the phototransistor. The optical light received by the phototransistor is converted into an electric voltage and given a gain in the differential amplifier. The output voltage in the form of an analog signal is converted into a digital signal on the Arduino UNO so that it can be read on a computer. The optical fiber as a sensor is made in two configurations, namely U configuration and spiral spring configuration. The jacket and the fiber optic cladding are peeled off and then covered with chitosan. Each configuration will be given a variation of the curve to analyze the characteristics of the sensor. The curvature can cause a large power loss resulting in attenuation of the light intensity of the LED received by the phototransistor. Apart from the effect of indentation on optical fibers, the output voltage measurement results are also influenced by the level of HgCl2 concentration. The best measurement results for mercury ion sensors in water using plastic optical fibers are obtained in a spiral spring configuration with a chitosan cladding with a variation of 6 coils which has a sensitivity of 104.065 mV/ppm.