Thematische Bibliographien / SENT (Single Edge Notch Tension)

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „SENT (Single Edge Notch Tension)“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 10. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "SENT (Single Edge Notch Tension)"

Kayamori, Yoichi, S. Hillmansen, P. S. J. Crofton und Roderick A. Smith. „Ductile Crack Propagation Characteristics in Steel Thin Single Edge Notched Tension Specimens“. Materials Science Forum 539-543 (März 2007): 2180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2180.

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Static and dynamic ductile crack propagation tests were carried out using thin single edge notched tension (SENT) specimens of carbon-manganese steel, each of which had a fatigue pre-crack or a sharp V-notch as a crack initiator. The crack tip opening angle (CTOA) was measured using digital images on the surface of the SENT specimens, and the critical values of CTOA for crack propagation decreased with increasing crack length while initial crack growth was still small. After the initial crack growth up to the distance of the specimen thickness, the critical CTOA remained almost constant. These tendencies were common in static and dynamic crack propagation specimens as well as fatigue pre-cracked and sharp V-notched specimens. There was no particular difference in the static crack propagation characteristics of both fatigue pre-cracked and sharp V-notched specimens. On average, it was observed that higher crack speeds affected the constant values of the critical CTOA by slightly reducing them. The constant CTOA tends to decrease with an increasing global constraint factor, and this suggests that the factor is insensitive to a crack starter, fatigue pre-crack or a sharp V-notch, but relatively sensitive to crack speed.

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IGI, Satoshi. „Single Edge Notch Tension Test and its Application to Strain-Based Design“. JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 85, Nr. 7 (2016): 633–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.85.633.

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Van Minnebruggen, Koen, Dries Van Puyvelde, Wim De Waele, Matthias Verstraete, Stijn Hertelé und R. Denys. „Implementation of an unloading compliance procedure for measurement of crack growth in pipeline steel“. International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 2, Nr. 3 (06.11.2011): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v2i3.20538.

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As the demand for fossil fuels increases, pipelines are constructed in inhospitable areas. Underthese conditions, not only the strength but also the deformability of the pipelines becomes crucial. A strainbased design (SBD) procedure needs to be established. Traditional stress based approaches to evaluatedefect tolerance lead to conservative predictions. There is a need to accurately define the fracturetoughness of the pipeline steel and assess the criticality of weld defects under strain based conditions. Thispaper focuses on the implementation of the unloading compliance method to determine stable crackgrowth. The standardized test procedure described in ASTM E1820 is applied. This method is a handy toolto obtain the J-resistance curves which can forecast ductile failure in pipeline girth welds. Preliminaryexperiments have been performed on Single Edge Notch Bend (SENB) specimens of plain pipe metal.Using the implemented procedure, it was possible to obtain a good fit between calculated and measuredcrack size. The most important result is the smoothness of the calculated crack growth and the rathermonotonic increase of crack size. Since testing on SENB is well known to provide conservativemeasurements, Single Edge Notch Tension (SENT) specimens will be evaluated in future work

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Ohms, Nicholas, Diego Belato Rosado und Wim De Waele. „Evaluation of ductile tearing for API-5L X70 pipeline grade steel using SENT specimens“. International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 6, Nr. 3 (07.10.2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v6i3.1129.

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Pipelines in harsh environments may be subjected to large deformations. Classic stress-based design needs to be complemented with strain-based design. An important parameter in the design is the crack growth resistance. SENT testing (Single Edge Notch Tension) allows to determine the so-called material’s tearing resistance curve. Very recently the first standard on SENT testing, BS 8571:2014, has been published. SENT testing is however still subject to extensive research and different approaches with respect to eg. notch placement, crack extension measurement and analysis exist. In this paper two methods for calculating crack extension based on the unloading compliance procedure are used and compared, proving that they show little difference. This is performed on an API-5L X70 steel grade and this for different configurations, namely an inner diameter notch and a through thickness notch. The results showed little difference between the different configurations, although the inner diameter showed higher crack growth resistance. Furthermore, the results are compared to visual observations of the fracture surfaces and a hardness map. The fracture surfaces corresponded to the obtained resistance curves. However, no real correlation between the hardness map and the other results could be seen.

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Shen, Lin, Hui Chen, Xiaoli Che und Lidong Xu. „Corrosion–fatigue crack propagation of aluminum alloys for high-speed trains“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, Nr. 16-19 (26.07.2017): 1744009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921744009x.

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A modified single-edge notch tension (SENT) specimen exposed to saline environment was utilized to investigate the corrosion–fatigue crack growth behaviors of 5083, 6005 and 7N01 aluminum alloys. The fatigue crack propagation life, corrosion–fatigue crack rate ([Formula: see text]) were tested. The microstructures and fracture surfaces of specimens were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that fatigue crack propagation rate of 7N01 in 3.5% NaCl was significantly higher than 6005 and 5083 alloys. The mechanisms of anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement are used to explain the results.

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CHAHBOUB, YASSINE, und SZAVAI Szabolcs. „Determination of GTN Model Parameters Based on Artificial Neutral Network for a Ductile Failure“. Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering 2, Nr. 1 (15.01.2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jmcie.2021.2.1.1.

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The Gurson – Tvergaard – Needleman (GTN) mechanical model is widely used to predict the failure of materials based on laboratory specimens, direct identification of Gurson – Tvergaard – Needleman parameters is not easy and time-consuming, and the most used method to determine them is the combination between the experimental results and those of the finite elements, the process consists of repeating the simulations several times until the simulation data matches the experimental data obtained at the specimen level.This article aims to find GTN parameters for the Compact Tension (CT) and Single Edge Tensile Test (SENT) specimen based on the Notch Specimen (NT) using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach. . This work presents how the ANN could help us determine the parameters of GTN in a very short period of time. The results obtained show that ANN is an excellent tool for determining GTN parameters.

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Turtelboom, Robin, Pieter Vandenbroucke, Koen Van Minnebruggen, Stijn Hertelé, Matthias Verstraete und Wim De Waele. „Influence of notch orientation on ductile tearing in SENT specimens“. International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 5, Nr. 1 (07.07.2014): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v5i1.1116.

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There is a growing interest for the use of spiral welded pipes in strain based design related applications. Since the influence of the spiral weld on the plastic behaviour of the pipe is not yet fully understood, further research on this topic is required. An important aspect of this plastic behaviour is the effect of mixed mode loading on weld defects located in the helical weld. This paper elaborates on the first experimental trials to evaluate ductile tearing by means of single edge notched tensile specimen (SENT) testing with slanted notches. Tests were performed on two SENT specimens, one with a slanted notch and another with a straight notch in order to investigate the influence of mixed mode loading. The crack mouth opening displacement and crack extension were determined experimentally by means of digital image correlation and potential drop measurements respectively. The crack extension and the potential drop measurements were related by means of finite element simulations.

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Cornet, Christophe, Li Guo Zhao und Jie Tong. „Modelling of Damage Development and Strain Ratchetting Using a Viscoplastic Constitutive Formulation“. Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (Oktober 2009): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.117.

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Simulation of both damage development and strain ratchetting in uniaxial loading conditions has been presented for a nickel-based superalloy at 650°C using the unified Chaboche viscoplastic model. A third kinematic hardening component was employed to simulate strain ratchetting; and a damage variable, based on plastic strain development, was also incorporated to simulate the damage evolution behaviour. Good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results was obtained for both damage evolution and strain ratchetting. The model was then utilised to investigate the cyclic deformation behaviour near a crack tip for a single edge notch tension (SENT) specimen. Finite element analyses showed that strain ratchetting is seems to be a characteristic of the fatigue crack tip, which has been used as a criterion to predict the crack growth rates.

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Geldhof, Nick, Joeri Van Iseghem, Matthias Verstraete, Stijn Hertelé, Koen Van Minnebruggen und Wim De Waele. „R-curve evaluation of pipeline girth welds using advanced measurement techniques“. International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 5, Nr. 1 (07.07.2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v5i1.1117.

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A strain-based flaw assessment procedure is recommended for girth welded pipelines subjected to large deformations. To evaluate the allowable defect dimensions, the tearing resistance needs to be characterized. This paper investigates the effect of weld metal strength mismatch on the resistance curve using Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimens. Several advanced measurement techniques are applied during the tests in order to obtain a continuous measurement of crack extension and to visualize the deformation fields near the crack. The resistance curves are determined using a single specimen technique. The unloading compliance method and the potential drop method result in similar predictions of ductile crack extension, yielding similar resistance curves. Next to these measurements, the full field deformations are determined using digital image correlation. The experiments indicate that the position of the applied notch in the weld has the potential to influence the strain fields.

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Verstraete, Matthias, Stijn Hertelé, Wim De Waele und Rudi Denys. „Influence and evaluation of constraint on fracture toughness in pipeline research“. International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 3, Nr. 1 (06.11.2012): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v3i1.20553.

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Accessing nowadays fossil fuel reserves requires a strain-based design approach. Within suchdesign, the ductile tearing resistance is a key parameter in assessing the defect tolerance. To determinethis tearing resistance, full scale (pressurized) tests can be performed. However, such approach would becostly and time consuming. Consequently, effort is made to select appropriate small scale test specimens.Most research has focused so far on the single edge notch bend (SENB) and tensile (SENT) specimen. Toevaluate the suitability of these test specimens, the crack tip stress fields can be examined or theresistance curves compared with full scale structures. This paper aims at comparing the trends observedusing these techniques. Furthermore, the suitability of the small scale test specimens is evaluated. It isconcluded that sufficiently long (length-to-width ratio equal to ten) clamped SENT specimens have thepotential to predict the tearing resistance of full scale pipes. In addition, the internal pressure does notsignificantly affect the fracture toughness. These conclusions are stated by both experimental results andfinite element simulations.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "SENT (Single Edge Notch Tension)"

Hossain, Md Nur. „INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND STRESS RATIO ON FATIGUE AND FRACTURE RESPONSE OF HPDC AM60B MAGNESIUM ALLOY“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13080.

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The mechanical behavior of a high pressure die cast AM60B Mg alloy is studied. Constant load amplitude fatigue tests were conducted at room, elevated and cold temperatures, with a stress ratio of R=0.1, and frequency of 30 Hz. The objective was to identify the possible effects of temperature on fatigue life cycle. In addition, fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted to ascertain the fatigue response of the alloy and determine its fatigue crack growth rate as a function of the applied stress ratio, experimentally, analytically and computationally, using Walker’s model. The results demonstrated that temperature had a significant influence on the fatigue life, and that the life increased at cold temperature but decreased at elevated temperature as compared to that evaluated at room temperature. In this study, the limit for applicability of LEFM was established for AM60B magnesium alloy. In addition, fatigue crack propagation test results were used to evaluate the coefficients of the Paris model.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "SENT (Single Edge Notch Tension)"

Moore, Philippa L., und Andreea M. Crintea. „Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) Testing at Low Temperatures“. In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64021.

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Much of the established data from SENT tests has been generated on ductile materials in the form of tearing resistance curves (R-curves) in terms of J. The testing of SENT specimens is now standardised in BS 8571 [1] and there is potential to use SENTs for high and low temperature tests, but there is little recently published data showing SENT behaviour at low temperature. This paper presents a comparison of fracture toughness data for equivalent SENT and SENB specimens in three different steels as ductile-to-brittle transition curves over a range of temperatures. SENT specimens in comparison to SENBs show higher fracture toughness on the upper shelf, lower transition temperature, but also a much steeper transition from ductile to brittle behaviour. It is therefore important to characterise SENT behaviour at the lowest anticipated service temperatures to ensure that this sudden change in fracture behaviour will be avoided in service. This paper also describes methods for carrying out SENT tests at very low temperatures, including the use of threaded ends to allow testing inside a temperature controlled test chamber, while preventing the specimen from yielding at locations away from the intended notch tip.

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Nyhus, Ba˚rd, Erling O̸stby, Hans Olav Knagenhjelm, Scott Black und Per Arne Ro̸stadsand. „Fracture Control — Offshore Pipelines: Experimental Studies on the Effect of Crack Depth and Asymmetric Geometries on the Ductile Tearing Resistance“. In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67532.

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Engineering critical assessment of offshore pipelines is usually very conservative if standardized single edge notch bend (SENB) specimens are used for the fracture mechanics testing. It is commonly accepted that the fracture toughness is dependent on the geometry constraint at the crack tip. The standardized SENB specimens have a high geometry constraint, and give lower bound fracture toughness for all geometries. For circumferential flaws in pipes the single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens is taken more into use, to establish more correct fracture toughness for the pipe in question. In this paper the effect of crack depth, misalignment and different wall thicknesses in SENT specimens have been studied. In addition the effect of crack depth and internal pressure in pipes have been studied with FE simulations.

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Pisarski, Henryk G., und Colin M. Wignall. „Fracture Toughness Estimation for Pipeline Girth Welds“. In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27094.

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The relationship between fracture toughness estimated using standard single edge notch bend (SENB), single edge notch tension (SENT) test specimens and fracture toughness associated with a circumferential flaw in a pipe girth weld is explored in terms of constraint using the Q parameter. It is shown that in the elastic-plastic regime, use of standard deeply notched SENB specimens provides a conservative assessment of fracture toughness, for both weld metal and HAZ, because of the high constraint associated with this specimen geometry. Use of specimen geometries and loading modes associated with lower constraint (e.g. SENT and shallowed notched SENB specimens), allow for improved estimates of fracture toughness to be made that are appropriate for the assessment of circumferential flaws in pipe girth welds. Recommendations are given on the specimen designs and notch orientations to be employed when evaluating weld metal and HAZ fracture toughness.

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Nyhus, Ba˚rd, Mario Loria Polanco und Oddvin O̸rjasæther. „SENT Specimens an Alternative to SENB Specimens for Fracture Mechanics Testing of Pipelines“. In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37370.

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During installation operations offshore pipes are often strained beyond yielding. Due to the high loading condition and the high costs of these operations it is important with accurate defect assessment analysis to avoid delays caused by unnecessary repairs or failure because of flaws that should have been detected and repaired. There is therefore a need for an accurate assessment procedure that can be a tool for defect assessment analysis for this application. It is commonly accepted that the fracture toughness is dependent on the geometry constraint at the crack tip. The traditional single edge notch bend (SENB) specimens have a high geometry constraint, and give lower bound fracture toughness for all geometries. For reeling operations these fracture toughness values are often too low to be used in defect assessment of reeling operations. The same is the assumption of plastic collapse when the net section stress is equal to the average between the yield strength and tensile strength. In this paper, the single edge notch tension specimen (SENT) is presented as an alternative fracture mechanics specimen. This specimen has a geometry constraint that is much closer to flaws in pipes than SENB specimens, which will give more realistic fracture properties of the pipe. In the procedure for defect assessments we present, both the fracture toughness and plastic collapse properties are taken from testing of SENT specimens. FE simulations and full scale testing verify the procedure.

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Van Minnebruggen, Koen, Matthias Verstraete, Rudi Denys, Philippe Thibaux und Wim De Waele. „Determination of CTOD Resistance Curves in SENT Specimens With a Tilted Notch“. In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33571.

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The Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT) specimen is a common tool for the determination of tearing resistance in pipeline steels and welds. However, it assumes pure mode I crack tip loading, which is unrepresentative for the evaluation of spiral seam weld flaws. To this purpose, the authors have performed SENT tests using specimens with a tilted notch. This paper evaluates experimental techniques to obtain the tearing resistance of such specimens. Mixed-mode crack opening displacement and ductile tearing are successfully measured using digital image correlation and direct current potential drop, respectively. The latter technique involves a calibration on the basis of a thermo-electric finite element model. Tearing resistance tends to increase with increasing notch tilt angle. Based on the limited number of tests performed, tilted notch SENT testing appears to be a promising tool for the assessment of spiral seam weld flaws.

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Jin, Helena, Wei-Yang Lu, Soonsung Hong, Kevin Connelly und John Korellis. „Fracture Behavior of Polyurethane Foams“. In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42732.

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Due to their high energy absorption capabilities, polyurethane (PU) foams have been widely used in many applications. The mechanical behavior of Polyurethane (PU) foams has been attracting the attention from engineers and researchers. But most of work was to study the compressive behavior of PU foams. Very little knowledge is available about the fracture behavior of the PU foams. In this paper, single edge notch bend (SENB) and single edge notch tension (SENT) tests are conducted to study the mode-I fracture behavior of a rigid closed cell PU foam, PMDI 20, with a nominal density of 20 pcf (320 kg/m3). The stress intensity factor KIC is calculated from the loading curves. The displacement and strain field around the crack tip is obtained using digital image correlation (DIC) technique.

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Igi, Satoshi, Takahiro Sakimoto, Shigeru Endo, Ryuji Muraoka und Takekazu Arakawa. „Tensile Strain Capacity of X80 Girth Welded Linepipes and Crack Growth Analysis“. In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84076.

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This paper examines the tensile strain capacity of girth welded pipelines. A pressurized and no pressurized full-pipe tension tests were conducted together with FE analyses in order to investigate the strain behavior of pipe under large axial loading with high internal pressure. The critical tensile strain drastically decreased under a high internal pressure condition. Single edge notch tension (SENT) tests with shallow notched specimens were also performed to obtain the material resistance curve (R-curve), and a series of FE analyses was conducted to obtain the crack driving force for ductile crack propagation. The R-curve and crack driving force curve were used in predicting the tensile strain limit of X80 girth welded pipe with a surface defect in the HAZ. The predicted critical tensile strain showed good agreement with that obtained in the pressurized and no pressurized full-pipe tension test.

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Prakash, Raghu V., Chandan K. Mukhopadhyay, Prathmesh Pokharkar und Manuel Thomas. „Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Fatigue Crack Growth in Standard C(T) and Miniature Single Edge Notch Tension Specimens“. In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21416.

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Abstract The fatigue crack growth rate studies in a structural alloy has been carried out using ASTM E-647 standard compact tension (C(T)) specimens and miniature single edge notch tension specimens (SEN(T)) at two different stress ratios of 0.1 and 0.7. Standard C(T) specimen had a dimension of 63.5 × 61 × 8 mm thickness while the miniature SEN(T) specimen had a size of 20 mm effective length × 10 mm wide and 0.7 mm thickness. A starter notch of 0.5 mm was cut using wire EDM process to initiate fatigue crack growth in miniature SEN(T) specimen. A special fixture was designed for testing the miniature SEN(T) specimen. During the fatigue crack growth experiments, Acoustic Emission (AE) activity was monitored on-line using AE sensors from Physical Acoustics, Mistras Group, USA. For the experiments on standard C(T) specimens, a standard probe (R15A) of 15 mm diameter was used, while for small size compact tension specimen, a Nano30 AE probe was used. The crack growth was monitored by visual methods as well as by compliance technique. The cumulative counts and absolute energy information obtained during fatigue crack growth testing was used to correlate the crack growth rate with acoustic emission activity. Empirical fit of data was used to obtain cross-correlation between crack growth rate and AE parameters for both the specimen geometries. The study suggested that suitable selection and placement of sensors is essential to obtain good results using AE sensor technique.

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Moore, Philippa. „The Effect of Notch Sharpness on the Fracture Toughness Determined From SENT Specimens“. In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24663.

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Fracture toughness test standards require specimens to be fatigue precracked to generate conservative values of fracture toughness. Nonetheless, it is believed that for ductile steels on the upper-shelf, whether or not the electro-discharge machined (EDM) notch is subsequently fatigue precracked does not affect the value of fracture toughness obtained. Avoiding fatigue precracking during single edge notched tension (SENT) specimen preparation would reduce the testing time, and improve notch placement accuracy and straightness. However, there are circumstances when using EDM notches causes the fracture toughness to be overestimated. It is important to know when fatigue precracking affects the fracture toughness and when it does not. In the work presented here, SENT testing was performed on EDM notched specimens, and on specimens which were subsequently fatigue precracked. Tests were conducted at +20°C, −20°C and −80°C to compare ductile and brittle behaviour. The full tearing resistance curves (R-curves) were reasonably independent of the fatigue precracking, but the initiation value of δ0.2 was higher when EDM notches were used. At lower test temperatures, the difference in fracture behaviour between both notch types was more significant. EDM notches can therefore be most justified for the assessment of fracture toughness determined from the maximum load in the load-displacement curve, i.e. upper shelf behaviour. The upper shelf can be determined from standard fracture toughness testing or estimated using Charpy data, without performing additional fracture toughness tests. Several Charpy-based criteria for determining the temperature of the upper shelf were also evaluated in this work.

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Mohr, William, und Tom McGaughy. „Comparing Fracture Toughness Transition Curves for Girth Welds in X70 Pipe“. In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78147.

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Most materials for offshore applications are tested for brittle fracture resistance at a single temperature related to the minimum design temperature and by a single fracture test method. It is much rarer to perform tests at multiple temperatures to compare the fracture performance across a range of temperatures and testing methods. EWI recently compared the fracture toughness transition behaviors for an X70 steel pipe across Charpy V-notch (CVN), single-edge notched bending (SENB) crack-tip open displacement (CTOD), and single-edge notched tension (SENT) CTOD test geometries. This showed variability of the material behavior better described by the inhomogeneous behavior models considered for welded joints. It also suggested the possibility that near the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, the toughness under SENT CTOD may be higher than for SENB CTOD testing where the failure mode is brittle fracture. The testing methods used full-size CVN and nearly full-thickness CTOD specimens in bending, as limited by the pipe curvature of the 219-mm diameter pipe with 35.4-mm wall thickness. The SENT CTOD specimens were pre-cracked in bending with the same dimensions as the SENB specimens, but are then cut down to place the pre-cracked crack tip at approximately one quarter of the thickness through the resulting specimen. This modification places the tip in the higher constraint region for the tension test. Girth welds in the same X70 pipe were prepared using a pulsed GMAW process with ER80S-D2 welding wire. Similar testing was performed with weld centerline notches for the CVN and CTOD specimens. The transition behavior was related between the three testing methods for the weld centerline at the mid-wall of the pipe thickness. Using representative values equivalent to the minimum of three tests, the SENT values were 4.8 to 4.9 times the values for the SENB tests.

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