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Thematische Bibliographien / Single Kidney / Bücher

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Bücher zum Thema „Single Kidney“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 5. Juni 2025

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 2. August 2025

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1

Maxwell, Patricia Anne Ponder. Clay. MIRA, 2010.

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2

Brenner. Brenner And Rector's The Kidney: Single User Version (KIDNEY (BRENNER) (CD-ROM ONLY VERSION)). 6th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, 2001.

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3

Reynard, John, and Ben Turney. Kidney stones. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0019.

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This chapter summarizes the variety of ways in which kidney stones can present, clinical findings in patients with renal stones, and the diagnostic tests used to identify them. Plain radiography remains a good way of identifying renal stones if calcified, will identify cysteine stones which are relatively radiolucent, but cannot ‘see’ non-calcium-containing stones (e.g. uric acid, triamterene, indinavir). The sensitivity of ultrasound for detecting renal calculi is variably reported at between 50–95%. Unenhanced computed tomography (CT) is nowadays regarded as the diagnostic gold standard for

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4

Bergmann, Carsten, and Klaus Zerres. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0313.

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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an important cause of childhood renal- and liver-related morbidity and mortality with variable disease expression. Many patients manifest peri- or neonatally with a mortality rate of 30–50%, whereas others survive to adulthood with only minor clinical features. ARPKD is typically caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene that encodes a 4074-amino acid type 1 single-pass transmembrane protein called fibrocystin or polyductin. Fibrocystin/polyductin is among other cystoproteins expressed in primary cilia, basal bodies, and centrosomes, but its

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5

Ronco, Pierre M. Kidney involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0150.

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Monoclonal proliferations of the B-cell lineage are characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled expansion of a single clone of B cells at different maturation stages, with a variable degree of differentiation to immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Therefore, they are usually associated with the production and secretion in blood of a monoclonal immunoglobulin and/or a fragment thereof which may become deposited in tissues. These deposits can take the form of casts (in myeloma cast nephropathy), crystals (in myeloma-associated Fanconi syndrome), fibrils (in light-chain and exceptional heavy-ch

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6

Chopra, Bhavna, and Stanley Goldfarb. Approach to the patient with kidney stones. Edited by Mark E. De Broe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0200.

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A detailed history can identify some risk factors and narrows down the potential causes of kidney stone formation. Radiological investigations confirm the diagnosis and give information on likely stone type. Urine and serum biochemistry is invaluable, but a more comprehensive investigation is reserved for recurrent stone formers. In that case at least two 24h collections, remote from any acute event are recommended, measuring volume, pH, calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid and phosphate. Urinary crystals can shed light on some stone types.For single or recurrent stones, analysis of stones the

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Márquez-Peláez, Sergio, Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro, and Mª José Aguado-Romeo. Incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (an update). AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/kpnf6027.

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Background This report responds to a need to update the available information about incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) previously published in 2014 which, based on 14 case series and 1 cohort study, concluded that this type of transplants could be a therapeutic option with survival, graft and patient outcomes, adequate and similar to a compatible living-donor kidney transplant, however, these report only included ABO-incompatible information. Objective The purpose of the report is to provide updated evidence on effectiveness and safety in terms of graft survival and surviv

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8

Biggar, Patrick, Hansjörg Rothe, and Markus Ketteler. Epidemiology of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone disturbances in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0109_update_001.

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Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD), calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone are biomarkers of mortality and cardiovascular risk. Hyperphosphataemia is a prominent and pathophysiologically most plausible risk indicator. Calcium balance and load appear to be more important than serum concentrations. Parathyroid hormone is a less reliable marker with a relatively wide range extending above that applicable for a normal population especially when used as a singular laboratory parameter without additional assessment of bone metabolism, for example, bone-specific alkaline

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9

Bramham, Kate, and Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Specific renal conditions in pregnancy. Edited by Norbert Lameire and Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0298.

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Pre-pregnancy glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and blood pressure are usually more important in determining the risk of pregnancy in patients with chronic kidney disease, but some diseases may be exacerbated in pregnancy, or appear more liable to complications. This chapter considers immunoglobulin A nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus (which may also be associated with some manifestations in the infant), diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, reflux nephropathy, single kidney, urological disorders, and angiomyolipomata. Distinguishing underlying renal disease exacerbat

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10

Upadhyay, Ashish, Lesley A. Inker, and Andrew S. Levey. Chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0094.

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The conceptual model, definition, and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were first described in the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines in 2002 and have had a major impact on patient care and research. Since this publication there has been an increased recognition that the cause of CKD influences progression and complications. In addition, epidemiologic reports from diverse populations have consistently shown graded relations between higher albuminuria and adverse kidney outcomes and complications, in addition to, and independ

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11

Bonaventura, Lorenzo Di, Knate Lee, and Luis Prieto. Kidnap. 2017.

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12

The Reuse of hemodialysis devices labeled "for single use only". Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment, 1988.

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13

Bonaventura, Lorenzo Di, Knate Lee, and Luis Prieto. Kidnap. 2017.

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14

Neary, John, and Neil Turner. The patient with haematuria. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0046.

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Haematuria is a common presenting feature of diseases of the kidney or the renal tract. It is also common in screening tests, single dipstick tests being positive in perhaps 5% of individuals. Age and whether the blood is visible (macroscopic) or non-visible (microscopic) impact largely on whether the explanation is likely to be broadly urological or nephrological. Origins are most commonly simple or urological. Macroscopic bleeding is rare in renal disease, and urine colour is then usually more rather smoky than red except when there is very acute inflammation. The chief urological causes are

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15

Sever, Mehmet Şükrü, and Raymond Vanholder. Acute kidney injury in polytrauma and rhabdomyolysis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0252_update_001.

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The term ‘polytrauma’ refers to blunt (or crush) trauma that involves multiple body regions or cavities, and compromises physiology to potentially cause dysfunction of uninjured organs. Polytrauma frequently affects muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis. In daily life, it mostly occurs after motor vehicle accidents, influencing a limited number of patients; after mass disasters, however, thousands of polytrauma victims may present at once with only surgical features or with additional medical complications (crush syndrome). Among the medical complications, acute kidney injury (AKI) deserves spec

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16

Lameire, Norbert. Yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and H1N1 influenza infections. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0190_update_001.

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Serious yellow fever infections are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) on the basis of haemorrhagic shock with acute tubular necrosis, although a direct viral effect on renal tissue has been suggested. A single yellow fever vaccination provides sufficient immunity against the disease, negating the need for booster vaccinations every 10 years; vaccination failures are extremely rare. Severe SARS infections may be complicated by multi-organ dysfunction syndrome including AKI. Hypotension caused by nosocomial infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, or SARS per se, and rhabdomyolysis were as

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17

Ray, Komal, and Mark Bellamy. Hepatic and renal disease and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0085.

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Anaesthesia for the patient with liver or renal disease may seem daunting, not least because of the multisystem nature of these seemingly single-system conditions. Both kidney and liver disease are associated with systemic manifestations, and often with multiple co-morbidities. There are inherent complexities in patient assessment and risk stratification. The process of preoperative optimization is a complex one, and has to be tailored to the individual, based on a detailed understanding both of the pathophysiology of the organ dysfunction, and its clinical implications. The practical conduct

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18

Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Oliguria and anuria. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0056.

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Oliguria can be caused by any factor that affects renal function, or the free passage of urine down the urinary tract. Complete anuria most commonly occurs in men as a consequence of bladder outlet obstruction from an enlarged prostate. It can also arise in patients who have a single functioning kidney which then becomes obstructed or loses its vascular supply. Oliguria occurs commonly in hospitalized patients, is usually secondary to impaired renal perfusion, and is often predictable. The elderly and more unwell patients, for example, those in critical care settings, are most at risk. The pre

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19

Ehninger, Dan, and Alcino J. Silva. Tuberous Sclerosis and Autism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0009.

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Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a single-gene disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes (Consortium, 1993; van Slegtenhorst et al., 1997). In 70% of cases, TSC gene mutations arise de novo. The remaining 30% of cases are familial with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Tuberous sclerosis belongs to the group of phakomatoses (neurocutaneous disorders) and is associated with characteristic manifestations in various organ systems, including the brain, skin, kidney, lung, heart, and liver (Crino, Nathanson, & Henske, 2006; Curatolo, Bombardieri & Joz

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Dhandapani, Ramya, and Sobhan Vinjamuri. Radioisotopes in diagnostic imaging in nephrology. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0016.

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Radioisotopes play a key role in diagnostic imaging of the renal tract. Various functions of the kidneys can be assessed by different radiopharmaceuticals and the choice of a particular test depends on the clinical question. This chapter describes the routine functions of the kidneys that can be assessed by isotope renography and a clinical decision table is provided. The use of isotopes in imaging specific conditions such as infection, trauma, hypertension, and after renal transplant are included. Positron emission tomography and single-positron emission computed tomography of the kidneys off

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21

D’Haese, Patrick C., Benjamin A. Vervaet, and Anja Verhulst. Heavy metal-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0088.

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Environmental and occupational exposure to heavy metals should be considered an important health hazard, even more so since evidence has been provided in recent literature for toxic effects occurring even at low levels. The kidney is highly vulnerable to metal toxicity and the extent of renal damage depends on the nature, dose, route, and duration of exposure. Both acute and chronic intoxication have been demonstrated to cause kidney injury, with various levels of severity, ranging from tubular dysfunctions to severe chronic kidney disease. The epidemiology of heavy metals poisoning, their ren

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22

Cassiman, David, and Wouter Meersseman. Tyrosinemia Type I. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0013.

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Tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) is a rare metabolic disorder affecting degradation pathways of the amino acid tyrosine. HT-1 presents with liver, kidney and/or bone disease and can cause acute porphyria attacks. Biochemical diagnosis is made by measuring raised plasma tyrosine and detection of succinylacetone in urine. Long-term management with diet and nitisinone leads to excellent short term results, but since long term effects are largely unknown, life-long treatment and follow-up for liver malignancy, bone disease and kidney disease seem necessary. HT-1 is treatable by liver transplantation.

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23

Shirali, Anushree, and Mark A. Perazella. Drug-induced nephropathies. Edited by William G. Bennett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0362.

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Pharmacological therapy with prescription medications and other drugs is the mainstay of modern medical practice. In addition, an increasing number of people use over-the-counter and complementary treatments for management of acute and chronic disease. The kidney faces constant exposure to some of these medications and drugs since it receives significant blood flow from the systemic circulation and importantly participates in excretion of many of these substances. Some of these agents have the innate potential for nephrotoxicity, which is modified by patient- as well as drug-related factors. A

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Lewis, Keir. Smoking. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0338.

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The UK government, in its White Paper in 1998, declared that ‘smoking is the greatest single cause of preventable illness and premature death in the UK’. Cigarette smoke is inhaled because it contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine itself has some adverse physiological effects but it is mainly the 4000+ chemicals (including acetone, arsenic, paint stripper, pesticides, and over 60 known carcinogens), added to make the cigarette such an extremely potent nicotine delivery device, that cause so much damage.A smoker dies on average 8–10 years before a non-smoker does. The commonest

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Burdmann, Emmanuel A. Syphilis. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0192.

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Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The transmission route is usually sexual, but prenatal contamination (congenital syphilis) and transmission by infected blood can also occur. The most frequent presentation of syphilis nephropathy is proteinuria, and the most common form of associated glomerular disease is membranous glomerulopathy. Kidney disease usually reverts with antibiotic therapy. Syphilis must always be considered in proteinuric HIV-infected patients. Renal biopsy is necessary to differentiate between HIV-associated nephropathy and syphilis-i

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Grau, Josep M., and Esteban Poch. Pathophysiology and management of rhabdomyolysis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0355.

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Rhabdomyolysis is a potentially life-threatening syndrome characterized by the breakdown of skeletal muscle. It is associated with myalgia, muscle tenderness, swelling, and/or stiffness, accompanied by weakness and raised levels of creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, phosphate and potassium, sometimes with acute kidney injury (AKI). There are multiple causes of this syndrome, traumatisms and myotoxic effect of drugs being the most frequent in developed countries. The pathophysiology involves direct trauma, as well as energy (ATP) depletion with disruption of sarcolemma integrity and muscle destru

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27

Clay. DH Audio, 2001.

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28

Fine, Derek M., and Sana Waheed. Renal Complications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0042.

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Renal disease in persons with HIV has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality since the onset of the epidemic. HIV nephropathy (HIVAN) was the most common form of kidney disease initially seen, but in the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era it is much less common. Other renal conditions associated with HIV infection include immune complex disease and classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The pathologic spectrum of renal disease in patients with HIV is extensive. Some conditions, including HIVAN, improve following treatment of the virus with ART. Acute kidney injury is much more c

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Haymann, Jean-Philippe, and Francois Lionnet. The patient with sickle cell anaemia. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0167.

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In sickle cell anaemia (SCA) a single mutation in the haemoglobin beta-globin gene is responsible for a pleomorphic phenotype leading to acute and chronic life-threatening complications. Healthcare management programmes, patient and family education, infection prophylaxis (especially in childhood), and long-term treatment for some patients (such as hydroxyurea) have significantly improved survival, giving rise to some new long-term issues.Sickle cell-associated nephropathy (SCAN) leads in some cases to chronic renal failure with a significant impact on survival. SCAN is characterized by an inc

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Macdougall, Iain C. Iron management in renal anaemia. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0126.

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Although erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy is the mainstay of renal anaemia management, maintenance of an adequate iron supply to the bone marrow is also pivotal in the process of erythropoiesis. Thus, it is important to be able to detect iron insufficiency, and to treat this appropriately. Iron deficiency may be absolute (when the total body iron stores are exhausted) or functional (when the total body iron stores are normal or increased, but there is an inability to release iron from the stores rapidly enough to provide a ready supply of iron to the bone marrow). Several markers of ir

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Wenzel, Ulrich, Thorsten Wiech, and Udo Helmchen. The effect of hypertension on renal vasculature and structure. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0211.

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The concept of hypertensive nephrosclerosis was introduced by Volhard and Fahr in 1914 and has been extensively used in the literature since then, but its existence is controversial. While it is indisputable that malignant hypertension is a cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), there remains controversy as to whether the so-called benign nephrosclerosis can also lead to ESRD.Pressure, if it is great enough, will eventually disrupt any structure. Obviously, this is also true of blood pressure. It is therefore not surprising that an experimentally induced great increase in pressure disrupts t

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Bieber, Scott D., and Jonathan Himmelfarb. Haemodialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0258.

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The development of haemodialysis for the treatment of chronic kidney disease was a remarkable step in medicine that moved what was once a universally fatal organ failure to a condition that is regarded as treatable. Over the decades since that remarkable advancement, mechanical methods of blood purification to correct the uraemic condition have gained a prominent and often expected role in the care of the patient with end-stage kidney failure. Even so, patients with end-stage kidney disease still experience high rates of morbidity and mortality, at times surpassing other chronic conditions suc

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Sakkas, Giorgos K., and Christoforos D. Giannaki. Sleep in chronic renal insufficiency. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0043.

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Chronic kidney disease is a significant and growing medical and public health problem, responsible for a substantial burden of illness and premature mortality. Renal disease has a dramatic impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL), with sleep disorders contributing significantly and 80% of the renal population reporting symptoms of disturbed sleep, including insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue. Many patients with sleep disorders remain underdiagnosed, since many of the signs and symptoms related to poor sleep are thought to be an unavoidable consequen

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Macdougall, Iain C. Clinical aspects and overview of renal anaemia. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0123.

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Anaemia is an almost ubiquitous complication of chronic kidney disease, which has a number of implications for the patient. It is associated with adverse outcomes, an increased rate of red cell transfusions, poor quality of life, and reduced physical capacity. Severe anaemia also impacts on cardiac function, as well as on platelet function, the latter contributing to the bleeding diathesis of uraemia. Renal anaemia occurs mainly in the later stages of chronic kidney disease (stages 3B, 4, and 5), and up to 95% of patients on dialysis suffer from this condition. It is caused largely by inapprop

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Pinkhasov, Arkadiy, Michael J. Germain, and Lewis M. Cohen. Dialysis withdrawal and palliative care. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0261.

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This chapter discusses why dialysis withdrawal is so common in the United States, when dialysis withdrawal and withholding is appropriate, and the role of palliative care in the renal patient. It discusses guidelines that were created to aid in dialysis withdrawal, dialysis initiation, and prognostic calculation. Factors contributing to the phenomenon of dialysis discontinuation include variability in the criteria for initiation of renal replacement therapy, increasing numbers of incident and prevalent geriatric patients, new emphasis on autonomy and quality of life, the development of improve

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Jayasumana, Channa, Carlos Orantes, and Marc E. De Broe. Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0366_update_001.

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Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in Agricultural Communities (CINAC) has been increasingly recognized since the early 1990s. It has been called epidemic chronic kidney disease unknown cause (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, and meso-American nephropathy in Central America. CINAC occurs regionally in the Tropics, predominantly in rural/agricultural zones. It is increasingly recognized, but also believed to be increasing in incidence. Men are affected up to three times more often than women. Its incidence increases with age, and a number of other epidemiological factors impact on it. In some areas, such as the

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37

Stealing Margo. Create Space, 2009.

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38

Pirson, Yves, and Dominique Chauveau. Management of intracranial aneurysms. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0310.

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An asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm (ICA) is found by screening in about 8% of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), with a trend to cluster in some families. Though most ICAs will remain asymptomatic, a minority of them may rupture, causing subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Given the grave prognosis of ICA rupture, screening and prophylactic repair of unruptured ICAs have to be considered, with the aim to identify patients with a risk of ICA rupture that exceeds the risk of a prophylactic procedure, surgical or endovascular. Relying on a decision analysis model e

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Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Women's Art of the British Empire. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881829353.

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The spread of the British Empire around the globe made vast changes in the relationship of peoples to places. Because the logistics of colonization varied, countries passed in and out of the empire, some rapidly and others slower or by degrees. Multiculturalism broadened the world’s ability to read the English language and understand and adopt England’s ethics and morals. Into the early twentieth century, the posting of the British army and navy and the establishment of English-style embassies and police forces in remote colonies freed single travelers, especially women and children, of the fe

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Elliott, Paul. Studying the British Crime Film. Liverpool University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733742.001.0001.

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Ever since its inception, British cinema has been obsessed with crime and the criminal. One of the first narrative films to be produced in Britain, the Hepworth's 1905 short Rescued by Rover, was a fast-paced, quick-edited tale of abduction and kidnap, and the first British sound film, Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail (1930), centred on murder and criminal guilt. For a genre seemingly so important to the British cinematic character, there is little direct theoretical or historical work focused on it. The Britain of British cinema is often written about in terms of national history, ethnic diversit

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Vaheri, Antti, James N. Mills, Christina F. Spiropoulou, and Brian Hjelle. Hantaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0035.

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Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are rodent- and insectivore-borne zoonotic viruses. Several hantaviruses are human pathogens, some with 10-35% mortality, and cause two diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Hantaviruses are enveloped and have a three-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The L gene encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M gene encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the S gene encodes a nucleocapsid protein. In addition, the S genes of some

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