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1

Paweloszek, Raphaël, Stéphanie Briançon, Yves Chevalier, Nicole Gilon-Delepine, Jocelyne Pelletier, and Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger. "Skin Absorption of Anions: Part Two. Skin Absorption of Halide Ions." Pharmaceutical Research 33, no. 7 (March 21, 2016): 1576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-1898-0.

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2

Im, Jueng-Eun, Hyang Yeon Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Jin-Ju Park, Kyung-Soo Kang, and Kyu-Bong Kim. "Effect of Application Amounts on In Vitro Dermal Absorption Test Using Caffeine and Testosterone." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050641.

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Dermal absorption of chemicals is a key factor in risk assessment. This study investigated the effects of different amounts of application on dermal absorption and suggested an appropriate application dose for proper dermal absorption. Caffeine and testosterone were chosen as test compounds. An in vitro dermal absorption test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell. Different amounts (5, 10, 25, and 50 mg (or µL)/cm2) of semisolid (cream) and liquid (solution) formulations containing 1% caffeine and 0.1% testosterone were applied to rat and minipig (Micropig®) skins. After 24 h, the concent
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3

Florence, T. M., S. G. Lilley, and J. L. Stauber. "SKIN ABSORPTION OF LEAD." Lancet 332, no. 8603 (July 1988): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90702-7.

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4

Hostýnek, Jurij J., and Philip S. Magee. "ModellingIn VivoHuman Skin Absorption." Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 16, no. 6 (1997): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qsar.19970160606.

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5

TSURUTA, Hiroshi. "Skin Absorption of Solvent Mixtures. Effect of Vehicles on Skin Absorption of Toluene." INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 34, no. 4 (1996): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.34.369.

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6

Hikima, Tomohiro, and Kakuji Tojo. "Skin models for percutaneous absorption." Drug Delivery System 16, no. 3 (2001): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.16.179.

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7

Diembeck, Walter, Chantra Eskes, Jon R. Heylings, Gill Langley, Vera Rogiers, Johannes J. M. van de Sandt, and Valérie Zuang. "3.5. Skin Absorption and Penetration." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 33, no. 1_suppl (July 2005): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290503301s11.

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8

CHEVILLARD, L., R. CHARONNAT, and G. GIONO. "Skin Absorption of Nicotinic Esters." Acta Medica Scandinavica 139, S259 (April 24, 2009): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1951.tb13342.x.

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9

Tsuruta, H. "Risk assessment of skin absorption by skin uptake solvents." SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 40, Special (1998): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.kj00001990221.

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10

Halling-Overgaard, A. S., S. Kezic, I. Jakasa, K. A. Engebretsen, H. Maibach, and J. P. Thyssen. "Skin absorption through atopic dermatitis skin: a systematic review." British Journal of Dermatology 177, no. 1 (June 11, 2017): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15065.

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11

Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A., John P. Van Miller, Glenn Simon, Ronald L. Joiner, James D. Brooks, and Jim E. Riviere. "Comparative in vitro percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE-4 and NPE-9) through human, porcine and rat skin." Toxicology and Industrial Health 16, no. 2 (March 2000): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823370001600201.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol (NP) and the nonylphenol ethoxylates, NPE-4 and NPE-9, in human, porcine and rat skin. In vitro studies with the NPEs were conducted for 8 h in flowthrough diffusion cells using topical solutions of 0.1, 1.0 and 10% in PEG-400 or 1% in water (NPE-9 only). NP absorption was assessed as a 1% solution in PEG-400. All compounds were 14C ring-labeled and radioactivity in perfusate was monitored over time. Skin deposition was measured at the termination of the experiment. Absorption into perfusate and total penetratio
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12

Lin, Hong-Ting Victor, Po-Han Hou, and Wen-Chieh Sung. "Kinetics of Oil Absorption and Moisture Loss during Deep-Frying of Pork Skin with Different Thickness." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123029.

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We have investigated different properties (thickness, moisture loss, oil uptake, breaking force, color, puffing ratio during 0.5–5 min frying, microstructure, and sensory evaluation) of raw pork skins with varying thickness (2, 3, and 4 mm) after drying, intended as deep-fried snacks. We have found that the oil content, breaking force, and puffing ratio of fried pork skin with different raw skin thickness have no significant difference under similar water content (1.68–1.98 g/100 g wet weight basis, wb) after 3–5 min of deep-frying at 180 °C. Additionally, sensory score results have shown that
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13

Zhang, Alissa, Eui-Chang Jung, Hanjiang Zhu, Ying Zou, Xiaoying Hui, and Howard Maibach. "Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 5 (July 19, 2016): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716656119.

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This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles—ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)—on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, del
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14

Kim, Hyung Ok, Ronald C. Wester, James A. McMaster, Daniel A. W. Bucks, and Howard I. Maibach. "Skin absorption from patch test systems." Contact Dermatitis 17, no. 3 (September 1987): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02701.x.

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15

Kraeling, Margaret E. K., Robert L. Bronaugh, and Connie T. Jung. "Absorption of Lawsone Through Human Skin." Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 26, no. 1 (January 2007): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569520601183856.

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16

SURBER, C., and F. SCHWARB. "WS042 Percutaneous absorption in psoriatic skin." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 9 (September 1997): S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9959(97)89200-8.

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17

Poet, Torka S., and James N. McDougal. "Skin absorption and human risk assessment." Chemico-Biological Interactions 140, no. 1 (April 2002): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00013-3.

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18

Kezic, Sanja, and J. B. Nielsen. "Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 82, no. 6 (February 24, 2009): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-009-0405-x.

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19

HIRATSUKA, Takeshi, Dai-heng CHEN, and Kuniharu USHIJIMA. "Energy absorption of double-skin cylinder." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2004 (2004): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2004.0_623.

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20

Potts, Russell. "Skin Barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption." Archives of Dermatology 133, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1997.03890430146031.

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21

Kim, Sun Yae, Sang Hoon Jeong, Eun Young Lee, Yoon-Hee Park, Hyun Cheol Bae, Yeon Sue Jang, Eun Ho Maeng, Meyoung-Kon Kim, and Sang Wook Son. "Skin absorption potential of ZnO nanoparticles." Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 2011): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-011-0100-7.

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22

WESTER, RONALD C., JOSEPH MELENDRES, ROBERT SARASON, JAMES MCMASTER, and HOWARD I. MAIBACH. "Glyphosate Skin Binding, Absorption, Residual Tissue Distribution, and Skin Decontamination." Toxicological Sciences 16, no. 4 (1991): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/16.4.725.

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23

WESTER, R. "Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 16, no. 4 (May 1991): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(91)90158-z.

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24

Vishwas, M., Sharnappa Joladarashi, and Satyabodh M. Kulkarni. "Finite element simulation of low velocity impact loading on a sandwich composite." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814401010.

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Sandwich structure offer more advantage in bringing flexural stiffness and energy absorption capabilities in the application of automobile and aerospace components. This paper presents comparison study and analysis of two types of composite sandwich structures, one having Jute Epoxy skins with rubber core and the other having Glass Epoxy skins with rubber core subjected to low velocity normal impact loading. The behaviour of sandwich structure with various parameters such as energy absorption, peak load developed, deformation and von Mises stress and strain, are analyzed using commercially ava
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25

Benis, Marilyn. "Newborn Percutaneous Absorption: Hazards and Therapeutic Uses." Neonatal Network 18, no. 8 (December 1999): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.18.8.63.

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THE SKIN ACTS AS A VITAL BARRIER between an individual and the environment by limiting water loss and by protecting against the entry of harmful substances. Various material can pass through the skin barrier, a process called percutaneous absorption. Although the skin’s permeability can lead to harmful effects, it can be beneficial in making the skin a possible route for the delivery of therapeutic drugs. Differences between adult and neonatal skin, especially preterm skin, expose the neonate to a greater potential for percutaneous absorption.1 Neonatal nurses need to be familiar with the char
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26

Simoneaux, B. J., and T. G. Murphy. "Skin Penetration of Pesticides." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 5 (September 1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909018042.

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In vivo dermal penetration studies on rats have been investigated at Ciba-Geigy since 1981. Eleven different pesticides have been evaluated for dermal absorption during this time. Selected compounds with varying degrees of dermal absorption are discussed. An overview of the test protocol and nonocclusive appliance is shown. Data are presented to help evaluate whether bound skin residues after washing are permanently sequestered in skin.
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27

Smith, J. G. "Paraquat Poisoning by Skin Absorption: A Review." Human Toxicology 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700103.

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All reported cases of paraquat poisoning by absorption through the skin are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that, while paraquat cannot be absorbed significantly through intact human skin, damage to the skin, either by paraquat itself or by other means, will permit greater systemic absorption and possibly poisoning. The lowest known concentration of paraquat to result in fatal poisoning through the skin is 5 g/l. Animal experiments with paraquat are also reviewed. The fact that the reported lethal dermal dose of paraquat in rats is slightly less than the oral dose is probably due to the lack
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28

Gajinov, Zorica, Milan Matić, Sonja Prćić, and Verica Đuran. "Optical properties of the human skin / Optičke osobine ljudske kože." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10249-011-0029-5.

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Abstract Visual perception of human skin is determined by the light that reflects off the skin surface to retina and interpretation of these information by visual centers in the brain cortex. Skin has a partly translucent and turbid structure and visual perceptions depend on interactions between the light and structures of the skin surface and below it, through absorption, reflection and scattering. Light absorption by the skin depends on the composition, absorption spectra and amount (volume fraction) of chromophores. Subsurface scattering occurs within the skin layers: Rayleigh scattering (s
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29

Gerrett, Nicola, Katy Griggs, Bernard Redortier, Thomas Voelcker, Narihiko Kondo, and George Havenith. "Sweat from gland to skin surface: production, transport, and skin absorption." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00872.2017.

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By combining galvanic skin conductance (GSC), stratum corneum hydration (HYD) and regional surface sweat rate (RSR) measurements at the arm, thigh, back and chest, we closely monitored the passage of sweat from gland to skin surface. Through a varied exercise-rest protocol, sweating was increased slowly and decreased in 16 male and female human participants (25.3 ± 4.7 yr, 174.6 ± 10.1 cm, 71.3 ± 12.0 kg, 53.0 ± 6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1). ∆GSC and HYD increased before RSR, indicating pre-secretory sweat gland activity and skin hydration. ∆GSC and HYD typically increased concomitantly during rest in a
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30

Schreiber, S., A. Mahmoud, A. Vuia, M. K. Rübbelke, E. Schmidt, M. Schaller, H. Kandárová, et al. "Reconstructed epidermis versus human and animal skin in skin absorption studies." Toxicology in Vitro 19, no. 6 (September 2005): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.004.

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31

Kao, J., J. Hall, and G. Helman. "In vitro percutaneous absorption in mouse skin: Influence of skin appendages." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 94, no. 1 (June 1988): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(88)90340-7.

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32

Mancini, Anthony J. "Skin." Pediatrics 113, Supplement_3 (April 1, 2004): 1114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.s3.1114.

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Human skin provides a barrier between the host and the physical, chemical, and biological environment. It is also a potential portal of entry for hazardous or infectious agents and a potential target of environmental toxins. Cutaneous vulnerability may take on many forms in the embryo, infant, child, and adolescent. Teratogenic agents may occasionally target skin, as appreciated in the proposed association of the antithyroid medication methimazole, with the congenital malformation known as aplasia cutis congenita. Percutaneous absorption of topically applied substances and the potential for re
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33

Bajza, Ágnes, Dorottya Kocsis, Orsolya Berezvai, András József Laki, Bence Lukács, Tímea Imre, Kristóf Iván, Pál Szabó, and Franciska Erdő. "Verification of P-Glycoprotein Function at the Dermal Barrier in Diffusion Cells and Dynamic “Skin-On-A-Chip” Microfluidic Device." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090804.

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The efficacy of transdermal absorption of drugs and the irritation or corrosion potential of topically applied formulations are important areas of investigation in pharmaceutical, military and cosmetic research. The aim of the present experiments is to test the role of P-glycoprotein in dermal drug delivery in various ex vivo and in vitro platforms, including a novel microchip technology developed by Pázmány Péter Catholic University. A further question is whether the freezing of excised skin and age have any influence on P-glycoprotein-mediated dermal drug absorption. Two P-glycoprotein subst
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34

Litchman DO, MS, Graham H., Ryan M. Svoboda, and Darrell S. Rigel. "Is Absorption of Sunscreen Truly a Problem? A Careful Review Suggests it is Not." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 3, no. 5 (September 13, 2019): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.3.5.2.

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35

Jürgens, Franziska M., Fabian C. Herrmann, Sara M. Robledo, and Thomas J. Schmidt. "Dermal Absorption of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Arnica Tincture." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040742.

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Arnica tincture is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat blunt injuries, e.g., bruises and squeezes. In addition, a potential new use in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is currently under investigation. Therefore, detailed information about the dermal absorption of the tincture and especially its bioactive constituents, sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) of the helenalin- and 11α,13-dihydrohelenalin type, is mandatory. Consequently, this article reports on dermal absorption studies of Arnica tincture using diffusion cells and porcine skin as well as two human skin samples with differ
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36

Rehal, Balvinder, and Howard Maibach. "Percutaneous absorption of vapors in human skin." Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 30, no. 2 (November 20, 2010): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2010.534522.

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37

Kim, Kyung Won, Kwang-Sung Kim, Hyeongmun Kim, Sang Hun Lee, Jae-Hak Park, Ju-Hee Han, Seung-Hyeok Seok, et al. "Terahertz dynamic imaging of skin drug absorption." Optics Express 20, no. 9 (April 10, 2012): 9476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.009476.

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38

Hanke, Janusz, Tadeusz Dutkiewicz, and Jerry Piotrowski. "The Absorption of Benzene through Human Skin." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 6, no. 2 (April 2000): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2000.6.2.104.

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39

Gambrell,, R. Don. "Progesterone skin cream and measurements of absorption." Menopause 10, no. 1 (2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200301000-00001.

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40

Gambrell,, R. Don. "Progesterone skin cream and measurements of absorption." Menopause 10, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200310010-00001.

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41

Haltner‐Ukomadu, Eleonore, Manuel Sacha, Andrea Richter, and Khaled Hussein. "Hydrogel increases diclofenac skin permeation and absorption." Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 40, no. 7 (July 2019): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2194.

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42

Larese Filon, F., A. Fiorito, G. Adami, P. Barbieri, N. Coceani, R. Bussani, and E. Reisenhofer. "Skin absorption in vitro of glycol ethers." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72, no. 7 (October 6, 1999): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050402.

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43

Chiang, Audris, Emilie Tudela, and Howard I. Maibach. "Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview." Journal of Applied Toxicology 32, no. 8 (January 10, 2012): 537–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.1773.

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44

Goldsmith, Lowell A. "Skin Effects of Air Pollution." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670169-9.

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The skin is a target organ for pollution and also allows the penetration of exogenous agents into the body. About 700,000 new cases of skin cancer were diagnosed in 1993, and 9100 people died of cancer; 76% of the deaths were due to melanoma. Skin cancers are most closely associated with exposure to UVB (290 to 320 nm) irradiation. For every 1% decrease in ozone there is a 2% increase in UVB irradiance, and therefore a 2% increase in skin cancer is predicted. Therefore the atmospheric pollution by ozone-depleting chemicals is a major concern to dermatologists. In addition to being a target org
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45

Varga-Medveczky, Zsófia, Dorottya Kocsis, Márton Bese Naszlady, Katalin Fónagy, and Franciska Erdő. "Skin-on-a-Chip Technology for Testing Transdermal Drug Delivery—Starting Points and Recent Developments." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111852.

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During the last decades, several technologies were developed for testing drug delivery through the dermal barrier. Investigation of drug penetration across the skin can be important in topical pharmaceutical formulations and also in cosmeto-science. The state-of- the-art in the field of skin diffusion measurements, different devices, and diffusion platforms used, are summarized in the introductory part of this review. Then the methodologies applied at Pázmány Péter Catholic University are shown in detail. The main testing platforms (Franz diffusion cells, skin-on-a-chip devices) and the major
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46

Jakasa, I., and S. Kezic. "Evaluation of in-vivo animal and in-vitro models for prediction of dermal absorption in man." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 4 (April 2008): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107085826.

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Risk assessment of dermal exposure to chemicals requires percutaneous absorption data to link the external exposure to the systemic uptake. The most reliable data on percutaneous absorption are obtained from in-vivo human volunteer studies. In addition to ethical constrains, the conduct of these studies is not feasible for the large number of industrial chemicals in use today. Therefore, there is an increasing need for alternative methods to determine percutaneous absorption such as in-vitro assays and methods performed in vivo in experimental animals. In this article, recent comparative in-vi
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47

Kłyszejko, Bernard, and Władysław Ciereszko. "Absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through gills and skin of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 29, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1999.29.2.09.

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48

Ayanga, Mayaka Augustine, Johana K. Sigey, Jeconiah A. Okelo, James M. Okwoyo, and Kang’ethe Giterere. "Numerical Analysis of a Mathematical Model for Absorption of Cosmetic Drugs Formulations through the Skin." SIJ Transactions on Computer Science Engineering & its Applications (CSEA) 04, no. 01 (February 23, 2016): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijcsea/v4i1/04010020101.

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Lotte, C., C. Patouillet, M. Zanini, A. Messager, and R. Roguet. "Permeation and Skin Absorption: Reproducibility of Various Industrial Reconstructed Human Skin Models." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 15, no. 1 (2002): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000066679.

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Filon, Francesca Larese, Mark Boeniger, Giovanni Maina, Gianpiero Adami, Paolo Spinelli, and Adriano Damian. "Skin Absorption of Inorganic Lead (PbO) and the Effect of Skin Cleansers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48, no. 7 (July 2006): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000214474.61563.1c.

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