Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Sleep macrostructure“

The effects of emotionally valenced events on sleep physiology are well studied in humans and laboratory rodents. However, little is known about these effects in other species, despite the fact that several sleep characteristics differ across species and thus limit the generalizability of such findings. Here we studied the effect of positive and negative social experiences on sleep macrostructure in dogs, a species proven to be a good model of human social cognition. A non-invasive polysomnography method was used to collect data from pet dogs ( n = 16) participating in 3-hour-long sleep occasions. Before sleep, dogs were exposed to emotionally positive or negative social interactions (PSI or NSI) in a within-subject design. PSI consisted of petting and ball play, while NSI was a mixture of separation, threatening approach and still face test. Sleep macrostructure was markedly different between pre-treatment conditions, with a shorter sleep latency after NSI and a redistribution of the time spent in the different sleep stages. Dogs' behaviour during pre-treatments was related to the macrostructural difference between the two occasions, and was further modulated by individual variability in personality. This result provides the first direct evidence that emotional stimuli affect subsequent sleep physiology in dogs.

Abstract Introduction While intake of specific macronutrients has been associated with changes in sleep parameters in humans – such as sleep macrostructure – direct interventional evidence is lacking. Thus, we conducted a randomized trial to examine how consumption of an unhealthy, Western diet impacts sleep at the macrostructure to microstructure level in humans. Methods In a crossover study, 15 healthy normal-weight men consumed two isocaloric diets in random order: an unhealthy high-fat, high-sugar diet, and a healthy, low-fat, low-sugar diet. Following each week-long diet, in-lab sleep was recorded using polysomnography (PSG), during a full night of sleep, and after recovery sleep occurring after extended wakefulness. Sleep duration, macrostructure and microstructure (sleep oscillatory pattern and slow waves) were investigated using machine learning-based algorithms. Results Sleep duration did not differ across the diets, based on actigraphy and the in-lab PSG. Sleep macrostructure was similar after one week on each diet. Compared with the healthy diet, the Western diet resulted in reduced delta power and slow-wave amplitude, but increased alpha and theta power, during NREM sleep. Furthermore, the Western diet also impacted the sleep oscillatory pattern in a similar direction during the recovery sleep. Conclusion Short-term consumption of an unhealthy, Western diet modulates restorative properties of sleep, and these changes persisted even into recovery sleep. Whether such changes can mediate adverse health outcomes of an unhealthy diet warrants further investigation. Support (if any) This work was supported by the Swedish Society for Medical Research (SSMF), the Swedish Research Council, and the following foundations: Diabetesfonden (2019-489), Diabetes Wellness Sverige (25-2231), Familjen Ernfors, Göran Gustafsson (2019-1941), Selander, the Swedish Cancer Foundation (19 0269 Pj); the Swedish Brain Foundation (FO2022-0704). The study sponsor/funding agencies were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.

Sleep and epilepsy share some common mechanisms. The objective of the present investigation was to study the macrostructure of sleep in patients with idiopathic epilepsies, focal and generalized, comparing these two groups to each other and to a control group of 12 individuals without epilepsy. A total of 35 polysomnographies were performed, 12 of them in the control group, 10 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, and 13 in patients with idiopathic focal epilepsies. Antiepileptic medications were maintained for ethical reasons. The group with idiopathic focal epilepsy showed an increase in the total recording time (p = 0.04) and the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy had a reduction of phase 4 NREM sleep. The efficiency of total sleep period and of total sleep time was also lower in the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (p = 0.03 in both cases). We concluded that the group with idiopathic generalized epilepsy presents sleep of poorer quality, whereas the group with idiopathic focal epilepsy presents a tendency toward an excessive somnolence.

Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease present sleep disorders with a higher frequency than the general population. The sleep architecture in these patients shows variations with respect to the normal population, so in this work it was decided to investigate the characteristics of the macroarchitecture of sleep in patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. A polysomnographic study was carried out on 77 patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. All the studies were processed according to the AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events v.2.2, and to the criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd ed. (2014). Processing was carried out using descriptive statistics, as well as non-parametric analysis for comparison between cases and controls. The group of patients showed significant reductions of the N2, N3, and REM sleep stages when compared with a control group, as well as a significant increase in intra-sleep wakefulness. The number of REM–NoREM sleep cycles and sleep efficiency showed marked reduction compared to the control group. There was a statistically significant difference in the macroarchitecture of sleep between patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and healthy controls.

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is considered to be abnormal motor skills learning, identified by clumsiness, slowness, and/or motor inaccuracy impairing the daily-life activities in all ages of life, in the absence of sensory, cognitive, or neurological deficits impairment. The present research focuses on studying DCD sleep structure and Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) parameters with a full overnight polysomnography and to study the putative correlations between sleep architecture and CAP parameters with motor coordination skills. The study was a cross-sectional design involving 42 children (26M/16F; mean age 10.12 ± 1.98) selected as a DCD group compared with 79 children (49M/30F; mean age 9.94 ± 2.84) identified as typical (no-DCD) for motor ability and sleep macrostructural parameters according to the MABC-2 and polysomnographic (PSG) evaluations. The two groups (DCD and non-DCD) were similar for age (p = 0.715) and gender (p = 0.854). More significant differences in sleep architecture and CAP parameters were found between two groups and significant correlations were identified between sleep parameters and motor coordination skills in the study population. In conclusion, our data show relevant abnormalities in sleep structure of DCD children and suggest a role for rapid components of A phases on motor coordination development

Polysomnography is the most comprehensive sleep study, a multi-parametric recording test (electroencephalography, electrooculogram, chin and limbs electromyogram, respiratory and cardiac functions and permanent video-recording), used as an important diagnostic tool for the sleep disorders. Sleep architecture or the sleep macrostructure is a term used to describe the divisions of sleep into specific sleep stages using electro encephalographic (EEG), electrooculographic (EOG) and electromyographic (EMG) criteria: NREM (non-rapid eye movements) stages – N1, N2 and N3, and REM (rapid eye movements) stage.

Le sommeil est essentiel pour maintenir une santé optimale. Le sommeil problématique se retrouve avec une plus grande fréquence et sévérité chez les enfants atteints de troubles neurodéveloppementaux et psychiatriques. De plus, le sommeil problématique est associé à un fonctionnement psychosocial plus faible pendant la journée. Le syndrome de Rett (RTT), en tant que l'un des handicaps multiples génétiques les plus courants et les plus graves chez la femme, est fortement lié au gène mutant de la protéine de liaison méthyl-CpG 2 (MECP2) sur le chromosome X. Les formes phénotypiques variantes de l'RTT présentent un spectre de symptomatologie similaire à celui de l'RTT classique, mais présentent des différences subtiles dans certaines caractéristiques cliniques, variante d’épilepsie précoce (variante de Hanefeld, liée au gène mutant X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5, CDKL5), variante congénitale (variante de Rolando, liée au gène forkhead box G1, FOXG1) et variante de la parole préservée (variante de Zappella, également liée à MECP2). Le syndrome de Rett concerne 1 naissance sur 10 000 à 15 000, ce qui représente 40 à 50 nouveaux enfants malades chaque année en France. Le RTT se caractérise par un arrêt du développement environ 6 à 18 mois après la naissance, la présence de mouvements stéréotypés de la main et des anomalies de la démarche coïncidant avec la perte des compétences acquises de la main intentionnelle et du langage parlé. L’enfant se retire socialement. D'autres signes également décrits dans les profils cliniques du RTT comprennent les crises d'épilepsie, les difficultés respiratoires, le tonus musculaire anormal, la scoliose, ainsi que les troubles du sommeil. En général, les résultats physiopathologiques du RTT suggèrent des activités corticales anormales et une dysmaturité de la fonction du tronc cérébral, ce qui est essentiel pour maintenir un état adéquat pendant le sommeil ou l'éveil. Cependant, il n'existe pas d'étude scientifique sur la relation entre les anomalies du sommeil et les troubles sociaux dans le RTT. Ainsi, ce travail de doctorat s'est orienté vers ce sujet pour lier le jour et la nuit en RTT. Premièrement, nous avons entrepris au total cinq revues systématique de toutes les études précédentes sur les performances sociales non verbales et le sommeil réalisé sur des personnes atteintes de RTT. Deuxièmement, nous avons analysé les enregistrements polysomnographiques dans un échantillon clinique d'individus atteints de RTT présentant les mutations MECP2. Nous avons étudié leur macrostructure du sommeil et leur respiration pendant le sommeil. En outre, nous avons examiné les traits phénotypiques possibles via une approche analytique stratifiée par caractéristiques cliniques et génétiques. Pour examiner les profils sociaux chez les personnes atteintes de RTT, nous avons extrait 25 items liés au comportement social du questionnaire ‘Rett Syndrome Behavior Questionnaire’, qui étaient corrélés à leur sommeil.De manière générale, nous pouvons conclure que le sommeil dans le phénotype social des individus atteints de RTT est lié à des déficiences sensorimotrices progressives. Par conséquent, à l'avenir, la physiopathologie du système sensorimoteur devrait faire l'objet d'une plus grande attention dans l'étude du sommeil et de la vie sociale des personnes atteintes de RTT. En outre, nous attendons avec impatience de nouvelles recherches sur la démonstration des effets des thérapies sensorimotrices sur les troubles du sommeil et les déficiences sociales
Sleep is essential for maintaining optimal health. In children with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, problematic sleep is found with greater frequency and severity. Furthermore, problematic sleep is associated with poorer psychosocial functioning during the daytime. Rett Syndrome (RTT), one of the most common and severe genetic multi-disabilities in females, is strongly linked to the mutant methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) on the X chromosome. Variant phenotypic forms of RTT present a spectrum of symptomatology similar to that of classical RTT but show subtle differences in some clinical features, including the Early Seizure Variant (ESV, Hanefeld variant, linked to mutant gene X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5, CDKL5), congenital variant (CV, Rolando variant, linked to the forkhead box G1 gene, FOXG1) and preserved speech variant (PSV, Zappella variant, also linked to MECP2). RTT affects 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 births, which represents 40 to 50 new cases each year in France. RTT is characterized by developmental arrest around 6-18 months after birth, the presence of stereotypical hand movements, and gait abnormalities coinciding with the loss of acquired purposeful hand skills and spoken language. The child withdraws socially. Other signs also described in RTT clinical profiles include epileptic seizure, breathing difficulties, abnormal muscle tone, scoliosis/kyphosis, as well as disturbed sleep. Accumulating pathophysiological findings in RTT suggest abnormal cortical activities and dysmaturity of the brainstem function, which is key in maintaining proper status during sleep or wakefulness. However, there is no scientific study investigating the relationship between sleep abnormalities and social impairments in RTT. Therefore, this doctoral work is subjected to this topic to link the day and night together in RTT. First, we undertook five systematic reviews of all previous studies on non-verbal social performance and sleep in RTT. Then, we analyzed polysomnographic recordings in a clinical sample of RTT individuals with MECP2 mutations. We studied their sleep macrostructure and respiration during sleep. In addition, we examined possible phenotypic traits via a stratified analytical approach to clinical and genetic characteristics. Lastly, to examine social profiles in RTT individuals, we extracted 25 social behavior items from the Rett Syndrome Behavior Questionnaire, and correlated them to their sleep. Overall, we can conclude that sleep in the social phenotype of individuals with RTT is related to progressive sensorimotor impairments. Therefore, in the future, the pathophysiology of the sensorimotor system should receive more attention in the study of sleep and the social life of individuals with RTT. In addition, we look forward to furthering research demonstrating the effects of sensorimotor therapies on sleep and social impairments