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Gnauck, Brian, Claudia Hart und Larry Pagel. „Blackrocks: Craft Brewing From Hobby To Business: Applying Strategic Management To The Small Firm“. Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 10, Nr. 2 (28.03.2014): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v10i2.8499.
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Blackrocks, a craft beer start-up company, first opened in Marquette, Michigan, a town of 20,000 residents, in 2010. The business evolved around a friendship and a mutual interest in craft beer and is located in Marquettes Village, an area close to the local university consisting of several full-service restaurants, sandwich shops, bars, and retail shops. The Village considers itself an independent retail section of Marquette.The ambience of Blackrocks is fun and good times. People of all ages are attracted to the bar to enjoy craft beer with their family and friends. The physical setting is rustic with a current capacity of 50 customers (soon to expand to 100 customers). Customers can bring in their own food or call a local eatery for pizza or sandwich delivery.Blackrocks has a very loose organizational structure which has worked well in the past. This case will allow students to identify the problems faced by Blackrocks in todays economy; to describe the internal and external environment of Blackrocks; to identify their core competencies; to identify Blackrocks strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats; and to develop management strategies which could further enhance the business and help them attain their mission and goals.
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Yee, Michelle. „On Tehching Hsieh’s Disappearance: Interrupting the Prevailing Narratives of the Artworld“. Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas 8, Nr. 1-2 (22.05.2023): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23523085-08010003.
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Abstract In the Clinton Hill neighbourhood of Brooklyn, New York, sits a nondescript eatery called The Market. The restaurant, like many small New York City restaurants, is unremarkable. Little evidence exists to capitalize on the reputation of its owner, famed performance artist Tehching Hsieh. This article examines Tehching Hsieh’s The Market as a continuation of the artist’s renowned oeuvre to consider how the restaurant might represent Hsieh’s lifelong negotiation of the boundary between art and life. By examining the restaurant as a continuation of Hsieh’s work, I consider how understandings of Hsieh’s life and work are constructed upon binaries of immigrant idealism and art world genius, which exemplify the tension between artistry and livelihoods. In arguing that The Market represents a full collapse of art and life, I consider how the restaurant both refuses such binaries and continues the interrogations of labour, withdrawal, and repetition that are present in Hsieh’s lifeworks.
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Oluseye, MOKUOLU Joseph. „Electronic Banking: A Panacea to Corporate Customers’ Satisfaction in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria“. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, Nr. XI (2023): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.1011046.
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The study investigated the effect of electronic banking as a panacea to corporate customers’ satisfaction in Nigeria sighting Ekiti State as a case study with a view to establish whether electronic banking tools of ATM, mobile banking, POS, e-banking implementation, awareness of e-banking and service availability of e-banking significantly enhance corporate customers’ satisfaction in Nigeria. This study made use of survey research design that allow for the use of questionnaires to elicit data using Multistage sampling technique to select two hundred and forty (240) respondents from the population covering all the Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) firms in Ekiti State by first selecting all SMEs firms in Ado-Ekiti and later reduced them to five (5) purposively selected SMEs namely; Laundry, Printing, Bakery, Eatery and Electronics houses all in Ado-Ekiti. The data obtained from the field was processed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer software and analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis which involved regression analysis. The result revealed that 0.792 which depicted that 79% of the changes in the corporate customers’ satisfaction is accounted for by the explanatory variables (E-banking tool of ATM, MB, POS, E-banking implementation, Awareness of e-banking and Service availability). It was further discovered that the E-banking tools (ATM, Mobile banking and POS) have positive significant effect which bring about 8.1%, 34.5% and 9.4% increase respectively on the customers’ satisfaction in Nigeria. While the E-banking implementation and awareness of e-banking also have positive and significant effect and can positively increase customers’ satisfaction by 12.3% and 37.5% respectively. The coefficient of service availability on the other hand showed a significant negative effect on customers’ satisfaction (-0.087) implying that a percentage change in service availability will bring about a decrease in corporate customers’ satisfaction by 8.7%. The study therefore concluded premised on the results that electronic banking has significant effect on corporate customers’ satisfaction among Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria
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Oh, Hee Jang. „An Annlysis on the Small Store Name Language Type about the Entry Area into Metropolis and the Residue of Small City : The Case of Eatery Stores and Private Tutoring Shops Transferred to the Sigi District in Daegu Metropolis from Gyeongsan“. Korean Journal of Social Science 39, Nr. 2 (31.08.2020): 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18284/jss.2020.08.39.2.127.
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Utama, I. Gusti Bagus Rai, I. Wayan Ruspendi Junaedi, Ni Putu Dyah Krismawintari, Jaya Pramono und I. Nengah Laba. „New Normal Acceleration Strategy for Bali Tourism Destination Recovery with E-Tourism and Special Health Protocol for the Tourism Sector“. Technium Social Sciences Journal 10 (28.07.2020): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v10i1.1332.
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Virtual tourism is accepted make an advantage for bosses small scale of travel industry through the offer of access administrations, however, all in large scale virtual tourism will affect essentially on the travel industry goals in the truth of the experience since they can't be provided by the supplier. Virtual tourism just give looks and impressions, yet unfit to give a taste, smell, feeling, fulfillment, dedication, and dependability. Arranging a traveler visit may utilize different proposals offered by different suppliers. For booking travel tickets inside the nation, traveloka will be their decision with different advantageous installment choices gave. For booking global travel tickets they may pick TripAdvisor. For the choice of goals to be visited, potential sightseers will no doubt utilize the suggestions offered by Indonesia Virtual Tour, and Tripadvisor may be for determination of facilities, imminent travelers get more suggestions, however, who can show evaluations that are probably going to be trailed by expected voyagers. Regardless of how straight forward virtual tourism is, they have a significant job as an extension between the travel industry makers and likely voyagers. E-tourism created in Indonesia right now has not addressed the most significant part of giving data and assurance to sightseers when they decide to visit vacationer goals. The vast majority of the suppliers that fabricate virtually the travel industry frameworks have the point of building up a business association or business affiliations with entrepreneurs, for example, convenience administrations, tagging administrations, eatery administrations, and different administrations focused on business. Another technique arranged to quicken the recuperation of Bali's travel industry is to make and set explicit wellbeing gauges. Explicit Health Standards arranged for the travel industry as expressed in Circular Letter Number 3355 of 2020 concerning the new ordinary Protocol for the Bali Tourism Sector.
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Munjidah, Annif, und Esty Puji Rahayu. „PENGARUH PENERAPAN FEEDING RULES SEBAGAI UPAYA MENGATASI KESULITAN MAKAN PADA ANAK (PICKY EATER, SELECTIVE EATER DAN SMALL EATER)“. JKM (Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat) Cendekia Utama 8, Nr. 1 (04.09.2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31596/jkm.v8i1.564.
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Masalah makan pada balita mencakup picky eater, selective eater dan small eater. Saat anak menunjukkan kondisi tersebut tidak jarang orang tua mencari solusi dengan memberikan anak multivitamin, bahkan tidak sedikit orang tua beranggapan bahwa makan dapat diganti dengan minum susu. Pemahaman yang salah ini tanpa disadari oleh orang tua dapat mengakibatkan anak kekurangan gizi. Mengetahui pengaruh penerapan feeding rules terhadap kesulitan makan anak (picky eater, selective eater dan small eater). Analitik quasi eksperimental one group pre post test desain. Populasi adalah anak dengan picky eater, selective eater dan small eater yang berusia dibawah 3 tahun di Surabaya dan Gresik. Tehnik pengambilna sample dengan Purposive sampling lokasi pengambilan data di Surabaya dan Gresik dan waktu pengumpulan data bulan April sd Juni 2020. Uji analisis pre post tes penerapan feeding rules terhadap kelompok picky eater menggunakan uji paired t-test didapatkan nilai P = 0,03. Pada kelompok selective eater nilai P = 0,07, dan pada kelompok small eater P = 0,02. Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara penerapan feeding rules terhadap kesulitan makan kelompok picky eater dan small eater. Dan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara penerapan feeding rules terhadap kesulitan makan kelompok selective eater. Penerapan feeding rules pada pemberian makan anak berdampak positif, hal tersebut dapat diberikan sejak pengenalan MPASI pertama kali oleh orang tua atau pengasuh. Kata Kunci : Feeding Rules, Kesulitan makan, Selective Eater, Small Eater
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George, V., A. Tremblay, J. P. Despres, M. Landry, L. Allard, C. Leblanc und C. Bouchard. „Further evidence for the presence of “small eaters” and “large eaters” among women“. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, Nr. 2 (01.02.1991): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.2.425.
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McNeill, G., A. McBride, J. S. Smith und W. P. T. James. „Energy expenditure in large and small eaters“. Nutrition Research 9, Nr. 4 (April 1989): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(89)80113-7.
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Cros, Michele. „Bat portraits in times of pandemic“. Medicine Anthropology Theory 7, Nr. 2 (08.09.2020): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.726.
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In this Photo Essay, photographs are combined with drawings collected in Burkina Faso in the years following the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak. Portraits of bats are shown. The blacklisting of these animals following the recommendations of health authorities collides with local realities, where it is not possible to talk about bats in a ‘general’ sense. The same is true today in the period of COVID-19, when chiropterans are once again in the etiological hot seat: bats are behind the pandemic, according to Ridley's shock phrase (2020). In Burkina Faso's Lobi country, between the red and black fruit-eaters (which have always been eaten) and the small insectivores (which have never been eaten as such, but are very useful to animist healers), there is a chasm of representation that is unveiled by these images.
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Fricker, J., D. Baelde, L. Igoin-Apfelbaum, J. M. Huet und M. Apfelbaum. „Underreporting of food intake in obese “small eaters”“. Appetite 19, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1992): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(92)90167-5.
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Clark, Dallas, Frank Tomas, Robert T. Withers, Sally D. Neville, Stephen R. Nolan, Menno Brinkman, Colin Chandler et al. „No major differences in energy metabolism between matched and unmatched groups of ‘large-eating’ and ‘small-eating’ men“. British Journal of Nutrition 70, Nr. 2 (September 1993): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930134.
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Rates of energy expenditure (J/kg fat-free mass (FFM) per min) in normal weight, ‘small-eating’ men were compared with those obtained for normal weight (n 8) and underweight (n 5) ‘large-eating’ men. For the matched groups of ‘large-’ and ‘small-eaters’ there were no differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurements but during controlled daily activities there was a small but significant increase (P < 0.05) in energy expenditure in the ‘large-eaters’. These results contrast with those obtained for the unmatched groups where energy requirements were about 10 % (P < 0.01) higher in the underweight ‘large-eaters’ at rest but were not different during the more energetic (walking) activities. However, after adjustment for differences in FFM between these two groups, the resting energy expenditures of the ‘large-eaters’ (82·54 (SE 1·51) J/kg FFM per min) were similar to those of the ‘small-eaters’ (81·87 (SE 1·51) J/kg FFM per min). Oral temperatures were significantly higher in the matched (0·35–0·65°) and unmatched (0·7–0·9°) ‘large-eaters’ both at rest and during the different activities, but the thermic effect of food (50 kJ/kg FFM) was one fifth lower (not significant) in both groups of ‘large-eaters’. These results provide little evidence for any major metabolic differences between groups of ‘large-eating’ and ‘small-eating’ men.
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Meyers, C. J. „A Visitor from another Planet: The Case of D. J.“ Journal of Psychiatry & Law 15, Nr. 3 (September 1987): 373–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318538701500303.
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D. J., a white female, killed R. W., a black male, because of his race and because he was small—he was four years old. She was in favor of genocide, she said, and one “had to start somewhere” and with a victim weak enough to ensure success. The killer also was an advocate of cannibalism—whites the eaters, darker races the eatees. She believed she was the descendant, as were all whites, of extraterrestrial beings, and she hoped that the killing of the lesser creature would awaken her fellow humans to this forgotten truth. She had a documented history of paranoid schizophrenia. The article discusses the problems of mounting and combating a mental defense in the ensuing trial, where the defendant, but for her obvious craziness, appears to have committed an unforgivable crime.
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Bertal, Mileva, Eric Norman Carmel, Alessia Diana, Loic Desquilbet, Swan Specchi und Pascaline Pey. „Association between ultrasonographic appearance of splenic parenchyma and cytology in cats“. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, Nr. 1 (21.03.2017): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17697483.
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of a splenic mass or a diffusely moth-eaten parenchyma on ultrasonographic scans could represent potential criteria of malignancy in the feline spleen. Methods Feline patients with ultrasonographic images and cytological analysis of the spleen obtained by fine-needle aspiration were retrospectively included in a multicentre study. Results One hundred and ninety-five cats met our inclusion criteria. There was a lack of agreement between the moth-eaten ultrasonographic appearance of the spleen and the presence of a malignant neoplasia on cytological analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of a moth-eaten parenchyma for predicting malignant neoplastic disease were 13.2% and 84.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a splenic mass >1 cm for predicting malignant neoplastic disease were 21.0% and 94.7%, respectively. A marbled appearance of the splenic parenchyma was significantly more frequent among patients examined with a high-frequency transducer (11–18 MHz) than among those examined with a low-frequency transducer (6.6–10 MHz) (27.6% vs 11.1%, respectively; P = 0.004). Similarly, although not statistically significant, a moth-eaten parenchyma was more frequent in the high-frequency transducer group than in the low-frequency group (17.1% vs 8.9%, respectively; P = 0.09). Conclusions and relevance Based on our findings, a moth-eaten ultrasonographic appearance of the spleen in cats does not necessarily reflect a lymphoma or another malignant neoplastic process on cytological analysis. The presence of a splenic mass >1 cm on ultrasound is suggestive of malignancy in cats. Finally, the transducer frequency must be taken into account when assessing the splenic parenchyma, as a high-frequency transducer seems to improve the detection of a marbled or moth-eaten parenchyma.
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Foster, Carl. „Evidence for the Existence of Small Eaters and Large Eaters of Similar Fat-Free Mass and Activity Level“. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 9, Nr. 7 (Juli 1989): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-198907000-00008.
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Clark, Dalas, Frank Tomas, Robert T. Withers, M. Brinkman, Colin Chandler, John Phillips, F. John Ballard, Michael N. Berry und Paul Nestel. „Differences in energy metabolism between normal weight ‘large-eating’ and ‘small-eating’ women“. British Journal of Nutrition 68, Nr. 1 (Juli 1992): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920064.
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Nine ‘large-eating’ (approximately 12 MJ/d) and nine ‘small-eating’ (approximately 5.3 MJ/d) women were selected from the population on the basis of diet and activity diaries. At rest and in the post-absorptive state the rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2)/kg fat-free mass (FFM) and rate of carbon dioxide production (Vco2)/kg FFM were 9–17% higher (P < 0.05) in the ‘large-eaters’ than in the ‘small-eaters’. As energy expenditure was increased by walking at 2.4, 3.9 and 5.4 km/h the differences between the two experimental groups for both Vo2/kg FFM and Vco2/kg FFM were decreased to negligible values, but energy expended on a body-weight basis (MJ/kg per min) remained significantly higher (5–10%) in ‘large-eaters’. Oral temperature was also consistently higher (up to 0.5°) in this group both at rest and during sitting, standing and walking activities. Although the average thermic effect of a standardized liquid meal tended to be higher (27%; not significant) in the ‘small-eaters’, the other results demonstrate that the ‘large-eating’ females had a markedly higher rate of energy expenditure at rest and during light physical activities.
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Clark, Dallas, Frank Tomas, Robert T. Withers, Colin Chandler, Menno Brinkman, John Phillips, Michael Berry, F. John Ballard und Paul Nestel. „Energy metabolism in free-living, ‘large-eating’ and ‘small-eating’ women: studies using 2H218O“. British Journal of Nutrition 72, Nr. 1 (Juli 1994): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940006.
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The doubly-labelled water (2H218O) technique was used to assess the long-term rates of energy expenditure and, after accounting for any changes in body composition, the derived rates of energy intake in weight-stable ‘large-eating’ (n 6) and ‘small-eating’ (n 6) women. The self-reported energy intakes (approximately 11.2 v. 5.6 MJ/d) and energy expenditures (approximately 8.5 v. 12.4 MJ/d) for the ‘large-eating’ and ‘small-eating’ groups respectively, should not be sustainable without significant body-weight changes. 2H218O-assessed rates of energy expenditure for the ‘large-eaters’ (approximately 8.5 MJ/d) and ‘small-eaters’ (approximately 11.3 MJ/d) were in close agreement with the results obtained using 5 d, self-reported activity diaries but the derived rates of energy intake for the ‘large-’ (approximately 8.5 MJ/d) and ‘small-eaters’ (approximately 10.8 MJ/d) were markedly different from those obtained using self-reported, weighed food diaries. When two ‘small-eaters’ were supplied with their self-reported energy intakes (approximately 5 MJ/d) for up to 28 d both subjects lost about 0.75 kg body-weight/week. These results provide no support for the existence of ‘metabolically efficient’ women in the community.
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Byrgesen, Nanna, Johannes Gulmann Madsen, Christina Larsen, Niels Jørgen Kjeldsen, Malene Skovsted Cilieborg und Charlotte Amdi. „The Effect of Feeding Liquid or Dry Creep Feed on Growth Performance, Feed Disappearance, Enzyme Activity and Number of Eaters in Suckling Piglets“. Animals 11, Nr. 11 (04.11.2021): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113144.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two dietary treatments (liquid creep feed (LCF) and dry creep feed (DCF)) offered during the suckling period on feed disappearance, number of eaters, and intestinal enzymatic development at weaning in an on-farm study with 347 piglets. Piglets were allocated to either the DCF or LCF treatment from day 10 to day 24 postpartum for 9 h a day. Red ferric oxide (1%) was added to the diet to categorize piglets into eating categories (good eaters, moderate eaters, or non-eaters) via faecal swabs. At weaning, 40 piglets were sampled for intestinal enzymatic development. The LCF treatment increased the dry matter disappearance from day 10–18 (p < 0.001). The percentage of good eaters, moderate eaters and non-eaters did not differ between treatments (p > 0.05). The DCF pigs displayed greater average daily gain (ADG) pre-weaning (p = 0.024), and a greater body weight (BW) at day 61 (p < 0.001). The activity of lactase, maltase and sucrase in the proximal part of the small intestine were greatest (p < 0.001) in the DCF pigs.
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Bruininx, E. M. A. M., A. B. Schellingerhout, G. P. Binnendijk, C. M. C. van der Peet-Schwering, J. W. Schrama, L. A. den Hartog, H. Everts und A. C. Beynen. „Individually assessed creep food consumption by suckled piglets: influence on post-weaning food intake characteristics and indicators of gut structure and hind-gut fermentation“. Animal Science 78, Nr. 1 (Februar 2004): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053856.
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AbstractIndividual food intake characteristics and indicators of gut physiology of group-housed weanling pigs were measured in relation to pre-weaning consumption of creep food. Additionally, the effects of creep food consumption on pre-weaning body weight and gain were assessed. A total of 48 litters was used in two trials. From 11 days of age until weaning (day 28), all 48 litters were given a creep food (12·7 MJ net energy (NE) per kg, 15·2 g lysine per kg) supplemented with 10 g chromium III oxide per kg. Piglets showing green-coloured faeces on three sampling days were designated as good eaters, whereas piglets that never showed green faeces were labelled as non-eaters. Piglets having green faeces once or twice were designated as moderate eaters. Based on availability, body weight, litter origin, genotype and gender 29 good eaters, 32 moderate eaters and 29 non-eaters were selected in the first trial. In the second trial there were 30 good eaters, 33 moderate eaters, and 27 non-eaters. In each trial eight piglets of each creep-food eating type were immediately killed to serve as a reference group. The remaining piglets of each eating type were weaned and placed in pens equipped with computerized feeding stations so that distributions of body weight, litter origin, and gender were similar within pens. In each trial, eight pigs of each eating type were killed 5 days after weaning in order to determine villous heights and crypt depths in the proximal small intestine and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the colon. While being suckled, body weight was not related to the pre-weaning consumption of creep food (P > 0·1) whereas average daily gain of the good eaters during the creep feeding period was higher (P 0·05) than that of the moderate and non-eaters. Both morphology measures and VFA concentrations on the day of weaning were unaffected (P > 0·1) by the pre-weaning food consumption. After weaning, food intake and gain of the total group of good eaters were higher (P 0·05) than that of the non-eaters, whereas villous height and villous height: crypt depth ratios did not differ (P > 0·1). Neither total VFA concentration nor the proportion of branched-chain VFA were affected by creep food consumption while being suckled. Total VFA concentration in the colon was positively associated with body-weight gain (P 0·001). This study confirms earlier findings that consumption of creep food while being suckled stimulates food intake and growth after weaning. However, the beneficial effects were not associated with a prevention of damage to morphology of the small intestine.
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Cochoy, Franck. „“Making people buy and eat differently”: lessons from the modernisation of small independent grocery stores in the early twentieth century“. Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies 99, Nr. 1 (29.06.2017): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41130-017-0046-5.
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Abstract Food studies teach us much about foods and eaters, but despite their impressive coverage and richness, they pay little attention to what occurs between the two: they tend to neglect the many market professionals and “market-things” that act as a bridge between food products and consumers. This paper proposes to fill the gap by examining how the transformation of the grocery business and related techniques contributed to reshaping the food industry’s strategies, the content of foods and the identity of eaters. This investigation was conducted by studying the trade magazine Progressive Grocer over the period 1922–1959. It shows how the journal promoted a new art of “making people buy and eat”. Grocers were invited to modify their practices, hence the eaters’ experience, by implementing two different strategies: a movement of “betterment” of their previous service know-how and then a more radical movement of “replacement” of this know-how by the new “self-service” arrangement. By following these two movements, we understand how grocery professionals and techniques made us buy and eat, but made us do so differently, to the extent that the grocery business and related devices changed foods as well as consumers’ identities.
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Fry, C. H. „THE RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF VENOMOUS AND NON-VENOMOUS INSECTS BY SMALL BEE-EATERS“. Ibis 111, Nr. 1 (03.04.2008): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1969.tb01601.x.
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van der Westhuizen, L., G. S. Shephard, W. C. A. Gelderblom, O. Torres und R. T. Riley. „Fumonisin biomarkers in maize eaters and implications for human disease“. World Mycotoxin Journal 6, Nr. 3 (01.08.2013): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2013.1589.
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Maize is the predominant food source contaminated by fumonisins and this has particular health risks for communities consuming maize as a staple diet. The main biochemical effect of fumonisins is the inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis causing an increase in sphingoid bases and sphingoid base 1-phosphates and a depletion of the complex sphingolipids, thereby disrupting lipid metabolism and sphingolipid-mediated processes and signalling systems. Attempts to use the elevation of sphinganine as a human biomarker of fumonisin exposure have to date been unsuccessful. Consequently, recent research has focussed on developing a urinary exposure biomarker based on the measurement of the nonmetabolised toxin. In animals, fumonisins are poorly absorbed in the gut and are mostly excreted unmetabolised in faeces, with only a small percentage (0.25-2.0%) in urine. This appears to also be true in humans were fumonisin B1 (FB1) is detectable in urine soon after exposure, but in very small amounts relative to total intake. However, with modern sensitive and selective analytical methods such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, these low levels can be readily determined. The first study to show a positive correlation between consumption of maize and urinary FB1 was conducted in a Mexican population consuming tortillas as a staple food. Further validation of this relationship was achieved in a South African subsistence farming community with a positive correlation between urinary FB1 and fumonisin exposure, as assessed by food analysis and food intake data. The most recent developments are aimed at measuring multiple mycotoxin biomarkers in urine, including FB1. Current exposure studies in Guatemala are combining the urinary biomarker with measurement of sphinganine-1-phosphate in blood spots as a measure of biochemical effect. Thus, the urinary FB1 biomarker could contribute considerably in assessing the adverse health impact of fumonisin exposure.
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Taylor, Caroline M., und Pauline M. Emmett. „Picky eating in children: causes and consequences“. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 78, Nr. 02 (05.11.2018): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665118002586.
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Picky eating is a common behaviour in early childhood. There is neither a universally accepted definition of picky eating, nor is there agreement on the best tool to identify it. Causes of picky eating include early feeding difficulties, late introduction of lumpy foods at weaning, pressure to eat and early choosiness, especially if the mother is worried by this; protective factors include the provision of fresh foods and eating the same meal as the child. The consequences for the child's diet include poor dietary variety and a possible distortion of nutrient intakes, with low intakes of iron and zinc (associated with low intakes of meat, and fruit and vegetables) being of particular concern. Low intakes of dietary fibre, as a result of low intakes of fruit and vegetables, are associated with constipation in picky eaters. There may be developmental difficulties in some children with persistent picky eating. There is little evidence, however, for a consistent effect of being a picky eater on growth trajectories. There may be a small subgroup of children in whom picky eating does not resolve who might be at risk of thinness during adolescence, or of developing an eating disorder or adult picky eating: these children need to be identified at an early age to enable support, monitoring and advice to be offered to parents. Strategies for avoiding or ameliorating picky eating include repeated exposures to unfamiliar foods, parental modelling of eating fruit and vegetables and unfamiliar foods, and the creation of positive social experiences around mealtimes.
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Borgohain, Parinita, und Shyama Prasad Biswas. „Prospect of Small Indigenous Fish (SIF) Culture in Assam“. Spectrum: Science and Technology 7, Nr. 1 (15.12.2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54290/spect/2020.v7.1.0004.
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Assam is an abode of hundreds of small indigenous fish species (SIF) which are used as highly nutritious food and preparation of traditional dishes by the ethnic groups. As most of the population are fish eaters, the demand for fish is ever increasing. Rampant fishing, destruction as well as shrinkage of fishing habitats and above all, our ignorance about the true value of so called ‘trash fish’ have already wiped out many of our indigenous small fish species. People in general, are not aware of the importance of small fish other than their food value. The sub-tropical climate and rich water resources of the state provide good opportunity for small fish culture. This status paper highlights the importance of SIF as food, aesthetic, bio-controlling agent and therapeutic values and also their rearing prospects in captive conditions.
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Sazima, Ivan, Cristina Sazima und José Martins da Silva-Jr. „Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: an update and overview“. Neotropical Ichthyology 4, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2006): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252006000400009.
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An update is presented for fish species associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic, providing a general view of their diversity. The associates are mostly reef-dwelling fishes that feed on the dolphin wastes. Twelve species are habitual or occasional plankton-eaters and two species are herbivores that occasionally forage on floating pieces of algae. One species is a strict carnivore, one species is a hitchhiker that forages on a variety of foods including parasites and dead tissue from the dolphins, and one species is a carnivore that joins the dolphin groups to forage on schools of small fishes or squids. We predict that the list of fish associated with spinner dolphins will expand mostly with addition of habitual or occasional plankton-eaters.
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Chapman, Angela, und Christopher P. Kofron. „Tropical Wet Sclerophyll Forest and Bird Diversity in North-east Queensland, Australia“. Pacific Conservation Biology 16, Nr. 1 (2010): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100020.
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Wet sclerophyll forest (also called tall open forest) is unique to Australia, being dominated by tall trees of the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). In this paper, we refer to the wet sclerophyll forest in north-east Queensland as tropical wet sclerophyll forest. Tropical wet sclerophyll forest is a threatened ecosystem which is maintained by fire. Our study describes the community, relative abundance and trophic structure of birds using the tropical wet sclerophyll forest. We surveyed the birds and recorded 100 taxa, of which = 29% (n = 29) are endemic to north-east Queensland. The community is comprised predominantly of insect-eaters (58% of the species) and nectar-feeders (26%), along with smaller guilds of fruit-eaters (11%) and seed-eaters (5%). Despite comprising only a small geographic area (82 800 ha), tropical wet sclerophyll forest supports a high diversity of birds. We believe it is essential that the tropical wet sclerophyll forest be conserved and managed to maintain the full range of its biodiversity. Because the tropical wet sclerophyll forest is fire-adapted and fire-dependent, the use of prescribed fire as a modern management tool is imperative. Unless fire has a central role in managing tropical wet sclerophyll forest, then this forest type and its dependent species will cease to exist.
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Bernier, Martine, Valérie Fournier, Les Eccles und Pierre Giovenazzo. „Control of Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) using in-hive traps“. Canadian Entomologist 147, Nr. 1 (26.06.2014): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2014.28.
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AbstractThe small hive beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a non-native pest of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) newly introduced to Canada. The effectiveness of three in-hive traps was tested in springtime in West-Montérégie (southern Québec, Canada) and in late summer in Essex County (southern Ontario, Canada): AJ’s Beetle Eater™ (AJ’s Beetle Eater), Beetle Barn™ (Rossmann Apiaries), and Hood™ trap (Brushy Mountain Bee Farm). Traps were placed in the brood chamber of 12 colonies in West-Montérégie, and in 48 colonies in the top honey super in Essex County. In-hive traps were effective in reducing SHB populations without compromising the bee population or colony weight gain. In West-Montérégie, the Beetle Barn™ was the most effective trap during the first week, when SHB populations were high. It was less effective when honey bees sealed trap openings with propolis. In Essex County, the AJ’s Beetle Eater™ was the most effective throughout the trial. There was no difference in efficacy between the various solutions used in the Hood™ trap (mineral oil versus mineral oil and apple cider vinegar).
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Asokan, S., A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali und R. Manikannan. „Breeding biology of the Small Bee-eater Merops orientalis (Latham, 1801) in Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2, Nr. 4 (26.04.2010): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2273.797-804.
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Wu, Jianing, Yichao Zhao, Yunshu Zhang, David Shumate, Stephanie Braccini Slade, Scott V. Franklin und David L. Hu. „Elephant trunks form joints to squeeze together small objects“. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, Nr. 147 (Oktober 2018): 20180377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0377.
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Wild African elephants are voracious eaters, consuming 180 g of food per minute. One of their methods for eating at this speed is to sweep food into a pile and then pick it up. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we elucidate the elephant’s unique method of picking up a pile of food by compressing it with its trunk. To grab the smallest food items, the elephant forms a joint in its trunk, creating a pillar up to 11 cm tall that it uses to push down on food. Using a force sensor, we show the elephant applies greater force to smaller food pieces, in a manner that is required to solidify the particles into a lump solid, as calculated by Weibullian statistics. Elephants increase the height of the pillar with the force required, achieving up to 28% of the applied force using the self-weight of the pillar alone. This work shows that elephants are capable of modulating the force they apply to granular materials, taking advantage of their transition from fluid to solid. In the future, heavy robotic manipulators may also form joints to compress and lift objects together.
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Ward, S. J. „Possible Predation on Feathertail Gliders (Acrobates pygmaeus) by Agile Antechinus (Antechinus agilis).“ Australian Mammalogy 21, Nr. 2 (1999): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00173.
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A series of observations of the remains of partially eaten feathertail gliders Acrobates pygmaeus and three other small forest vertebrates is reported. All were made while checking nest-boxes erected for an ecological study of A. pygmaeus, and each nest-box had a restricted entrance hole. The delicacy with which some of these animals had been killed and eaten and the small size of the entrances to the nest-boxes indicated a small- sized predator was responsible, and the most likely species in the area is the agile antechinus Antechinus agilis. These small dasyurid marsupials were also captured from the nest-boxes on several occasions. Based on faecal analysis, they had previously been considered almost totally insectivorous.
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Lill, Alan, und Peter J. Fell. „Aspects of the Ecological Energetics of Development in Rainbow Bee-eaters“. Australian Journal of Zoology 45, Nr. 3 (1997): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96065.
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Prefledging developmental energetics of rainbow bee-eaters were investigated by comparing the mass, water fraction and energy density of the egg, hatchling and fledgling, determining the growth rate and pattern of the nestling and documenting the reproductive time investments of breeders. The incubation and nestling periods greatly exceeded allometric predictions. On average, the egg contents contained 26% yolk, 80% water and had an energy density of 25·82 kJ g -1 dry mass. The 3·3-g hatchling contained 83% water and had an energy density of 21·28 kJ g-1 dry mass; its size and composition suggested that it was not exceptionally mature and thus that embryonic growth was inherently slow, but no extra energy loading was evident in the egg to meet the predicted high maintenance costs. Nestling growth was also inherently slow, K for the logistic growth model being 0·266 and t10-90 16·5 days. Nestlings attained asymptotic mass after about two- thirds of the nestling period had elapsed, exceeded adult mass by up to 3·5-g and then underwent a 15% prefledging mass recession. Fledglings contained 67% water, had a mean energy density of 23·33 kJ g -1 dry mass and were capable of efficient flight. Nestling growth was highly labile and intrabrood mass hierarchies and brood reduction through nestling starvation were common and may be adaptations to short-term food shortages. The mean incubation constancy (54% of daytime) and the mean nestling feeding rate of 4 meals per nestling h of breeders were comparatively low; the former probably reflects the insulation of the burrow from ambient temperature oscillations and the latter the slow nestling growth rate. Members of breeding pairs often contributed to feeding the brood quite disparately and auxiliaries’ contributions in the 24% of breeding units that contained them were relatively small. The unpredictable nature of the species’ aeroplankton diet may have favoured slow nestling growth through its influence on breeders’ food gathering capacity and by favouring a relatively high degree of physiological maturity and self-sufficiency in fledglings.
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Naska, Androniki, Michail Katsoulis, Philippos Orfanos, Carl Lachat, Kurt Gedrich, Sara S. P. Rodrigues, Heinz Freisling et al. „Eating out is different from eating at home among individuals who occasionally eat out. A cross-sectional study among middle-aged adults from eleven European countries“. British Journal of Nutrition 113, Nr. 12 (24.04.2015): 1951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000963.
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Eating out has been linked to the current obesity epidemic, but the evaluation of the extent to which out of home (OH) dietary intakes are different from those at home (AH) is limited. Data collected among 8849 men and 14 277 women aged 35–64 years from the general population of eleven European countries through 24-h dietary recalls or food diaries were analysed to: (1) compare food consumption OH to those AH; (2) describe the characteristics of substantial OH eaters, defined as those who consumed 25 % or more of their total daily energy intake at OH locations. Logistic regression models were fit to identify personal characteristics associated with eating out. In both sexes, beverages, sugar, desserts, sweet and savoury bakery products were consumed more OH than AH. In some countries, men reported higher intakes of fish OH than AH. Overall, substantial OH eating was more common among men, the younger and the more educated participants, but was weakly associated with total energy intake. The substantial OH eaters reported similar dietary intakes OH and AH. Individuals who were not identified as substantial OH eaters reported consuming proportionally higher quantities of sweet and savoury bakery products, soft drinks, juices and other non-alcoholic beverages OH than AH. The OH intakes were different from the AH ones, only among individuals who reported a relatively small contribution of OH eating to their daily intakes and this may partly explain the inconsistent findings relating eating out to the current obesity epidemic.
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Carlson-Bremer, Daphne, Terry M. Norton, Felicia J. Sanders, Brad Winn, Mark Spinks, Batsheva A. Glatt, Lisa Mazzaro, Patrick Jodice, Tai C. Chen und Ellen S. Dierenfeld. „Circulating Fat-Soluble Vitamin Concentrations and Nutrient Composition of Aquatic Prey Eaten by American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus palliatus) in the Southeastern United States“. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 28, Nr. 3 (September 2014): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2013-033.
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Hamper, Beth A., Claudia A. Kirk und Joseph W. Bartges. „Apparent nutrient digestibility of two raw diets in domestic kittens“. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 18, Nr. 12 (10.07.2016): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x15605535.
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Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate overall dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and gross energy digestibility of a feline commercial raw diet and a homemade raw diet compared with a canned, heat-processed diet. Methods Six domestic shorthair kittens (20–28 weeks old) were fed three different diets in a Latin square crossover design. Diet A was a commercially available, canned, heat-processed diet. Diet B was a complete commercial, prefrozen, raw diet (commercial raw), and diet C was a raw diet supplement mixed with ground raw meat obtained locally (homemade raw). Both diets A and B were formulated to meet nutritional profile levels for cats at all life stages. Kittens were given specific diet amounts to maintain a 2–4% weight increase per week. Food was measured before and after feedings to determine the amount eaten, and all feces were collected, weighed and frozen prior to submission. Composite food samples and all feces were submitted to a national laboratory for proximate analysis of crude protein, crude fiber, ash, crude fat, moisture and caloric density. Results Significantly higher digestibility of dry matter ( P <0.001), organic matter ( P <0.001), crude protein ( P <0.001) and gross energy ( P <0.001) was seen in the raw diets compared with the heat-processed diets. This difference resulted in significantly less fecal matter ( P <0.001) despite similar levels of intake and kcal ingested, and evidence of no difference in fecal scores. Conclusions and relevance Higher dry matter, organic matter and protein digestibility was seen in two commercial raw diets compared with a heat-processed diet. Digestibility differences could have been due to variance in dietary protein, fat and carbohydrate concentrations between the diets, variance in dietary ingredients or quality, alterations in protein structure secondary to heat processing, as well as alterations in gastrointestinal flora. Future research examining digestibility in diets with the same macronutrient proportions and ingredients, and mechanisms for any differences, is warranted.
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Soy-Massoni, Emma, Kathleen Uyttewaal, Núria Prat-Guitart und Elsa Varela. „Fire Eaters: Exploring Consumer Preferences for Labeling Extensive Livestock Products Providing Wildfire Prevention Services“. Land 11, Nr. 5 (07.05.2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050700.
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Extensive livestock grazing has proved to be a valuable tool to reduce wildfire risk in Mediterranean landscapes. Meat from herds providing wildfire prevention services exhibit sustainability traits that can appeal to ethical consumers and find a suitable niche in local markets. This study assesses the preferences of a consumer sample in the province of Girona (north-eastern Spain) for different lamb meat labeling options from herds providing wildfire prevention services. The aim is to disentangle consumer profiles, providing evidence for improved product labeling. This may increase the added value and the viability of small farms providing this service. Employing a latent class modeling approach, we explore how meat consumption patterns and socioeconomic features may contribute to explain preferences for different meat labeling options. Our results have identified three consumer profiles: traditional rural consumers relying on trust with producers, younger consumers more akin to new labeling schemes, and urban consumers that support local butchers as a trusted information source. Different labeling mechanisms may work in a complementary way to arrive to different audiences of potential consumers. Geographical indication labels can serve as a good departure point, complemented with information cues on environmental factors related to wildfire protection.
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Lambert, Frank. „Fig-eating by birds in a Malaysian lowland rain forest“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, Nr. 4 (November 1989): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003850.
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ABSTRACTSixty bird species ate the figs of 29 Ficus taxa at a lowland forest site in Peninsular Malaysia. Although most bird-eaten figs were brightly coloured, four Ficus species produced dull-coloured ripe fruits. Whilst there was tremendous overlap in the sizes of figs eaten by different bird species, data presented show that the fig resource was partitioned by birds. Large birds were commoner visitors to large-fruited Ficus, but small birds tended to eat small figs. Within two avian genera, the Treron pigeons and Megalaima barbets, there was distinct partitioning of figs consumed according to fig size.
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Millar, John S., Debbie A. L. Burkholder und Terri L. Lang. „Estimating age at independence in small mammals“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, Nr. 4 (01.04.1986): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-137.
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Age at weaning as indicated by weight change with isolation from the natal nest, age at behavioural independence as indicated by age of leaving the natal nest, and age at nutritional independence as indicated by age at which solid food was eaten were compared between two populations of Peromyscus maniculatus. Age at weaning was much earlier in P. m. nebrascensis (19.2 days) than in P. m. borealis (25.3 days). However, age at nutritional independence was earlier in P. m. borealis than P. m. nebrascensis and age at behavioral independence did not differ between the two populations. We conclude that age at weaning does not reflect true independence and suggest that age at independence should not be based on single developmental events.
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Yu, Fei, Xiaoxiao Shi, Kailu Wei und Dexiang Wang. „Leaf litter affects the survival and predation rates for large and small Pinus seeds in the Qinling Mountains, China“. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 61, Nr. 3-4 (05.05.2015): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2016.1176689.
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It is generally accepted that leaf litter covers seeds, which may be beneficial for their survival, but it is unclear whether leaf litter contributes in different ways to the survival of plant seeds with contrasting sizes. In this study, we examined the effect of different levels of leaf litter coverage on seed predation and foraging/caching for small-seeded Pinus tabulaeformis and large-seeded Pinus armandii in the Qinling Mountains, China. Our results showed that leaf litter failed to protect P. armandii seeds from being removed by small rodents, whereas it improved seed survival for P. tabulaeformis. P. tabulaeformis were eaten in situ, whereas more P. armandii seeds were eaten in the high leaf litter coverage plots. Therefore, we propose that leaf litter affects the survival and predation rates for large and small Pinus seeds in the Qinling Mountains, China.
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Bendell, Barry E., und Donald K. McNicol. „The diet of insectivorous ducklings and the acidification of small Ontario lakes“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, Nr. 11 (01.11.1995): 2044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-240.
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We examined the diet of insectivorous ducklings of four species of waterfowl, Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris), Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), and American Black Duck (Anas rubripes), collected from small lakes covering a range of acidity in northeastern Ontario. The numbers of Odonata larvae, aquatic Hemiptera, aquatic Coleoptera, and Trichoptera larvae eaten by the ducklings were estimated from combined esophageal and gizzard contents and analysed with respect to differences in lake acidity and fish presence. Ducklings of all species, especially Common Goldeneye and Hooded Merganser, ate significantly more nektonic prey, especially Notonectidae (Hemiptera) and Dytiscidae (Coleoptera), from lakes without fish than from lakes with fish. Ducklings of species other than American Black Duck ate more Anisoptera larvae on acidic lakes. American Black Duck ducklings ate more teneral Odonata on acidic lakes. There was a tendency for more Trichoptera larvae to be eaten on non-acidic lakes than on acidic lakes. All four species adjusted, to some extent, for the absence of acid-sensitive prey in acidified lakes by feeding on prey that are most abundant under acidic, Ashless conditions. Differences in diet among species were related to differences in diving and foraging behaviour, and to hatch date.
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Wooller, RD, und MC Calver. „Changes in an Assemblage of Small Birds in the Understorey of Dry Sclerophyll Forest in Southwestern Australia After Fire“. Wildlife Research 15, Nr. 3 (1988): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880331.
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Changes in the numbers and types of small birds caught in mist-nets in the understorey of dry sclerophyll forest in south-western Australia were recorded for three years after a low intensity fire. There were few changes in the species composition of the assemblage but abundances of the 6-8 most numerous and relatively sedentary species were approximately halved. Many marked individuals (22%) were recaptured up to three years after the fire. After the fire, the number of prey taxa recorded from the faeces of birds caught fell from twelve to six, and the birds ate proportionately more ants and fewer beetles. Ants eaten after the fire were smaller than those eaten before it.
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Hu, Kai, Jiamin Cheng, Jinge Li, Shan Ye, Huaixia Yang, Yanju Liu und Jinming Kong. „Perfluorosulfonic acid polymer based eATRP for ultrasensitive detection of CYFRA21-1 DNA“. Analytical Methods 12, Nr. 22 (2020): 2827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay00328j.
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Uskova, S. S. „Changes in Ecosystems of Bodies of Water Resulting from of the Aaggregates Extraction“. Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, Nr. 9 (08.09.2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-9-44-49.
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The evaluation issues on the aggregate’s extraction on the ecosystem of bodies of water has been considered. The dredgers' impact of various capacities on bodies of water of different capacities have been compared, as well as on food supply change of bodies of water for benthos eater. The research findings have showed the dragger's impact of a higher capacity is bigger on a large body of water than this of a lower capacity on a small body of water. The impact manifests itself in decreasing the number and biomass of macrozoobenthos in the area used for the oil and lubricants extraction and the downstream flow. It has been found that the complete destruction of macrozoobenthos at the site of hydraulic engineering activities has not been detected either in small rivers or in large reservoirs.
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Keeley, Ernest R., und James WA Grant. „Prey size of salmonid fishes in streams, lakes, and oceans“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, Nr. 6 (01.06.2001): 1122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-060.
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The growth rate of salmonid fishes is typically fastest in oceans, intermediate in lakes, and slowest in streams. We compiled literature data to test whether differences in the size of prey eaten by salmonids in the three habitats could account for these differences in growth rate (i.e., the prey-size hypothesis). In all three habitats, salmonid fishes exhibited ontogenetic niche shifts from feeding primarily on invertebrates when small to feeding on fishes when large. Contrary to the prey-size hypothesis, invertebrates eaten in streams were larger than those eaten in lakes or oceans, whereas fish eaten in oceans were smaller than those eaten in streams or lakes. Consistent with the prey-size hypothesis, salmonids began eating fish at a smaller size in oceans (8 cm) than in lakes (15 cm) or streams (27 cm). However, the size at which salmonids became predominantly piscivorous (31 cm) did not differ significantly between habitats. We suggest that the difference in growth potential between the three habitats is partly related to the size at which fish first enter the diet.
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HOI, H., J. KRIŠTOFÍK, A. DAROLOVÁ und C. HOI. „Experimental evidence for costs due to chewing lice in the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster)“. Parasitology 139, Nr. 1 (29.09.2011): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001727.
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SUMMARYAnimals frequently host organisms on their surface which can be beneficial, have no effect or a negative effect on their host. Ectoparasites, by definition, are those which incur costs to their host, but these costs may vary. Examples of avian ectoparasites are chewing lice which feed exclusively on dead feather or skin material; therefore, costs to their bird hosts are generally considered small. Theoretically, many possible proximate effects exist, like loss of tissue or food, infected bites, transmission of microparasitic diseases or reduced body insulation due to loss of feathers, which may ultimately also have fitness consequences. Here, we experimentally examined a possible negative impact of 2 feather-eating louse species (Meropoecus meropisandBrueelia apiastri) on male and female European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) by removing or increasing louse loads and comparing their impact to a control group (lice removed and immediately returned) after 1 month. A negative effect of chewing lice was found on body mass and sedimentation rate and to a lesser extent on haematocrit levels. Males and females lost more weight when bearing heavy louse loads, and were more susceptible to infestations as indicated by the higher sedimentation rate. Our results further suggest differences in sex-specific susceptibility.
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Kessler, Jenő Eugen. „Pigeons, sandgrouse, cuckoos, nightjars, rollers, bee-eaters, kingfishers and swifts in the European fossil avifauna and their osteological characteristics“. Ornis Hungarica 27, Nr. 1 (01.06.2019): 132–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2019-0009.
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Abstract In the article, the author describes the presence of fossil records of the pigeons (Ord. Columbiformes, Fam. Columbidae), sandgrouse (Ord. Pteroclidiformes, Fam. Pteroclididae), cuckoos (Ord. Cuculiformes, Fam. Cuculidae), nightjars (Ord. Caprimulgiformes, Fam. Caprimulgidae), rollers (Ord. Coraciiformes, Fam. Coraciidae), bee-eaters (Ord. Coraciiformes, Fam. Meropidae), (Ord. Coraciiformes, Fam. Upupidae), kingfishers (Ord. Coraciiformes, Fam. Alcedinidae) and swifts (Ord. Apodiformes, Fam. Apodidae) in Europe, particularly the Carpathian Basin, during the Tertiary and Quaternary, as well as their osteological characteristics. These orders generally contain a small number of species in Europe, most of them consisting of thermophilic, migratory species. Their fossil and subfossil remains provide precious information about the climatic conditions of their respective areas of origin. The text is supplemented by 15 figures and 2 tables.
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Howatt, Victoria, Anna Prokop-Dorner, Claudia Valli, Joanna Zajac, Malgorzata Bala, Pablo Alonso-Coello, Gordon Guyatt und Bradley Johnston. „Values and Preferences Related to Cancer Risk among Red and Processed Meat Eaters: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study with Semi-Structured Interviews“. Foods 10, Nr. 9 (14.09.2021): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092182.
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Introduction: Over the last decade, the possible impact of meat intake on overall cancer incidence and mortality has received considerable attention, and authorities have recommended decreasing consumption; however, the benefits of reducing meat consumption are small and uncertain. As such, individual decisions to reduce consumption are value- and preference-sensitive. Consequently, we undertook a pilot cross-sectional study to explore people’s values and preferences towards meat consumption in the face of cancer risk. Methods and analysis: The mixed-method pilot study included a quantitative questionnaire followed by qualitative evaluation to explore the dietary habits of 32 meat eaters, their reasons for eating meat, and willingness to change their meat consumption when faced with a potential risk reduction of cancer over a lifetime based on a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. We recruited a convenience sample of participants from two Canadian provinces: Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. This project was approved by the Research Ethics Board for Health Sciences research at Dalhousie University, Canada. Results: The average weekly consumption of red meat was 3.4 servings and the average weekly consumption of processed meat was 3 servings. The determinants that influenced meat intake were similar for both red and processed meat. Taste, cost, and family preferences were the three most commonly cited factors impacting red meat intake. Taste, cost, and (lack of) cooking time were the three most commonly cited factors impacting processed meat intake. None of the participants were willing to eliminate red or processed meat from their diet. About half of participants were willing to potentially reduce their meat consumption, with one third definitely willing to reduce their consumption. Strengths and limitations: This study is the first that we are aware of to share data with participants on the association of red meat and processed meat consumption and the risk of cancer mortality and cancer incidence, including the certainty of evidence for the risk reduction. The limitations of this study include its small sample size and its limited geographic sampling. Conclusions: When presented explicit information about the small uncertain cancer risk associated with red and processed meat consumption, study participants were unwilling to eliminate meat, while about one-third were willing to reduce their meat intake.
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Zhang, Hongmao, Zhenzhen Wang, Qinghuan Zeng, Gang Chang, Zhenyu Wang und Zhibin Zhang. „Mutualistic and predatory interactions are driven by rodent body size and seed traits in a rodent–seed system in warm-temperate forest in northern China“. Wildlife Research 42, Nr. 2 (2015): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14211.
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Context Mutualistic interactions between animals and plants shape the structure of plant–animal systems and, subsequently, affect plant-community structure and regeneration. Aims To assess the effects of plant and rodent functional traits on the formation of mutualistic and predatory interactions regarding seed dispersal and predation in a warm-temperate forest. Methods Seed scatter-hoarding and predation by six sympatric rodent species on seeds belonging to five sympatric tree species were tested under enclosure conditions. Key results Functional traits (i.e. rodent body size and seed traits) are important to mutualism/predation in this seed–rodent system. The rodent–seed network is highly nested: large-sized rodents have mutualistic or predatory interactions with both large- and small-sized seed species, but small-sized rodents interacted with small-sized seed species only. Large seeds or seeds with hard coats enhanced mutualism and reduced predation. Conclusion Body size of rodents and seed traits such as handling time and nutritional value are key factors in the formation of mutualistic and predatory interactions within seed–rodent systems. Implications To promote seedling establishment in degenerated forests, introducing or protecting large-sized scatter hoarders and reducing the density of pure seed eaters are needed.
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Cao, Deborah. „A Positive Small Step in the Treatment of Animals in China“. Journal of Animal Ethics 11, Nr. 2 (01.10.2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/janimalethics.11.2.0001.
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Abstract Due to the suspected link between the coronavirus pandemic and the consumption of free-living animals, the Chinese legislature imposed a comprehensive ban on the illegal trade and eating of terrestrial free-living animals in February 2020. This was followed by a revised national list of animals that can be farmed and eaten and a landmark ban of cat and dog eating in the cities of Shenzhen and Zhuhai, the first such bans in China. These recent developments in China may have a far-reaching impact on Chinese people’s attitudes and treatment of animals in the years to come. They should give us hope that Chinese culture and its traditional cultural practices toward animals can change in response to contemporary circumstances and ethical standards and sensitivities.
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Recher, Harry F., und William E. Davis Jr. „Response of birds to a wildfire in the Great Western Woodlands, Western Australia.“ Pacific Conservation Biology 19, Nr. 4 (2013): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130188.
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In December 2005, a wildfire burnt a large area of semi-arid eucalypt woodland along ~10 km of the Norseman- Coolgardie Road north of Norseman in the Great Western Woodlands (GWW), Western Australia. Few birds used the burnt area in the first year after the fire and these were mainly ground and shrub foraging insectivores. There was no influx of seed-eaters or open-country species as reported for post-fire habitats elsewhere in southern Australia. The greatest number of individuals and species of birds occurred in the second year post-fire when ground and shrub vegetation was floristically most diverse. Canopy foragers were attracted to the burnt area in the second year by an outbreak of psyllid insects on seedling eucalypts. At the same time, bark dwelling arthropods associated with the standing stems of fire-killed eucalypts attracted bark-foragers. From the third year, small insectivorous ground, shrub, and canopy foragers dominated the avifauna on the burnt area. These foraged on fire-killed shrubs, as well as living vegetation, including the lignotuberous regrowth of eucalypts. Bark foragers were uncommon after the second year. Throughout the study, the burnt area had fewer species and individuals than adjacent unburnt habitats. Compared with unburnt woodlands there were few differences in how species foraged on the burnt plots, but most species foraged lower reflecting the stature of the vegetation in the burnt woodland. Nectar-feeders, fruit-eaters, large insectivores, raptors, and parrots, although common in the unburnt woodland, were absent or rare in the burnt area. This reflected the limited regrowth of vegetation on the burnt area, which lacked the structural and floristic complexity of nearby unburnt woodlands. Ground foragers probably commenced nesting on the burnt area in the first year, with shrub and canopy foragers nesting from the second year. However, after five years, there was no evidence of large insectivores, nectar-feeders, raptors, seed-eaters, or foliage-eaters (i.e., parrots) nesting despite their abundance in adjacent unburnt woodland. Some of the unburnt woodlands monitored in this study were even-aged regeneration estimated to be 30–50 years post-fire or logging. Regardless of origin, these even-aged plots lacked the diverse avifauna associated with mature woodlands and suggest that post-fire recovery of birds and vegetation in these woodlands is likely to take decades and probably more than 100 years. If so, human activities that increase fire frequency in the GWW, including climate change and fuel-reduction burns, will have long-term adverse impacts on regional biodiversity exceeding those associated with wildfires in less arid forests and woodlands where rates of recovery are more rapid.
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Guinan, Daniel M., und Spencer G. Sealy. „Diet of house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) and the abundance of the invertebrate prey in the dune-ridge forest, Delta Marsh, Manitoba“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, Nr. 7 (01.07.1987): 1587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-248.
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The diet of house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) was determined from gut contents of wrens collected on the forested dune ridge, Delta Marsh, Manitoba, in 1981 and 1982. Despite a preponderance of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the food resources that were available to the wrens, the wrens consumed representatives of most of the invertebrate taxa that were sampled by sweep netting in the feeding habitat. The ranked importance of 13 taxa in the wren diet was correlated most closely with the ranks of their biomass available. When larger individuals within a taxa were available they were consumed in greater proportion by wrens. Chironomids were an exception; small individuals were usually eaten in greater proportion than expected from their abundance in sweep-net samples. The percentage of small chironomids eaten, however, decreased as their abundance increased. Prey selection apparently depended on abundance, size, and ease of capture. House wrens apparently were less selective when suitable prey were abundant.
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Makanya, A. N., J. N. Maina, T. M. Mayhew, S. A. Tschanz und P. H. Burri. „A stereological comparison of villous and microvillous surfaces in small intestines of frugivorous and entomophagous bats: species, inter-individual and craniocaudal differences.“ Journal of Experimental Biology 200, Nr. 18 (01.09.1997): 2415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.18.2415.
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The extents of functional surfaces (villi, microvilli) have been estimated at different longitudinal sites, and in the entire small intestine, for three species of bats belonging to two feeding groups: insect- and fruit-eaters. In all species, surface areas and other structural quantities tended to be greatest at more cranial sites and to decline caudally. The entomophagous bat (Miniopterus inflatus) had a mean body mass (coefficient of variation) of 8.9 g (5%) and a mean intestinal length of 20 cm (6%). The surface area of the basic intestinal tube (primary mucosa) was 9.1 cm2 (10%) but this was amplified to 48 cm2 (13%) by villi and to 0.13 m2 (20%) by microvilli. The total number of microvilli per intestine was 4 x 10(11) (20%). The average microvillus had a diameter of 8 nm (10%), a length of 1.1 microns (22%) and a membrane surface area of 0.32 micron 2 (31%). In two species of fruit bats (Epomophorus wahlbergi and Lisonycteris angolensis), body masses were greater and intestines longer, the values being 76.0 g (18%) and 76.9 g (4%), and 73 cm (16%) and 72 cm (7%), respectively. Surface areas were also greater, amounting to 76 cm2 (26%) and 45 cm2 (8%) for the primary mucosa, 547 cm2 (29%) and 314 cm2 (16%) for villi and 2.7 m2 (23%) and 1.5 m2 (18%) for microvilli. An increase in the number of microvilli, 33 x 10(11) (19%) and 15 x 10(11) (24%) per intestine, contributed to the more extensive surface area but there were concomitant changes in the dimensions of microvilli. Mean diameters were 94 nm (8%) and 111 nm (4%), and mean lengths were 2.8 microns (12%) and 2.9 microns (10%), respectively. Thus, an increase in the surface area of the average microvillus to 0.83 micron 2 (12%) and 1.02 microns 2 (11%) also contributed to the greater total surface area of microvilli. The lifestyle-related differences in total microvillous surface areas persisted when structural quantities were normalised for the differences in body masses. The values for total microvillous surface area were 148 cm2g-1 (20%) in the entomophagous bat, 355 cm2g-1 (20%) in E. wahlbergi and 192 cm2g-1 (17%) in L. angolensis. This was true despite the fact that the insecteater possessed a greater length of intestine per unit of body mass: 22 mm g-1 (8%) versus 9-10 mm g-1 (9-10%) for the fruit-eaters.