Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Soft wheat grains“

The article presents an analysis of genotypic correlations between the yield of 33 variety samples of spring soft wheat and elements of its structure in the conditions of Penza region, the degree of variability of agronomic valuable traits during the years of research (2018-2020) has been determined. It has been established, that the low-varying agronomic valuable traits (CV = 7.8-9.9 %) include the wheat ear length, number of spikelets in the ear, weight of 1000 grains; moderately varying traits (СV = 13.8-15.6 %) include productive bushiness capacity, the number of grains in the ear and weight of grains in one ear; highly-varying traits (СV = 21.7-22.7 %) include the number of grains per ear and weight of the grain per ear. A strong positive interrelation has been established between the yield of spring soft wheat and the number of grains per ear (r = 0.706...0.816) and weight of grain per ear (r = 0.754...0.875). There has been revealed an average positive interrelation between the yield and the weight of ears (r = 0.467...0.621), the number of spikelets per ear (r = 0.358...0.582), the number of grains per plant (r = 0.446...0.541) and the weight of grain per plant (r = 0.309...0.608). The correlation dependence of yield on productive bushiness (r = 0.091…0.415), ear length (r = 0.074…0.503) and weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.193…0.583) turned out to be unstable. Thus, the formation of grain yield was influenced by the number of grains per ear and the weight of grain per ear. The analysis showed the degree of influence of various elements of productivity on the formation of yield of spring soft wheat variety samples that provides a more targeted selection in the breeding process.

The experimental data on effect of Bloom & Grow and Immune System fertilizers on growth, development, yield and grain quality of spring durum and soft wheat in light gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic are presented. The results of two research years revealed that in plants treated with fertilizers, the growth period ‘seedling-ripening’ is reduced by 7-8 days, height of the treated soft wheat plants exceeded the control variant by 12.5 cm, length of the main spike - by 0.4 cm, number of grains per spike - by 6.1, and grain mass per spike - by 0.23 g. Plants of spring durum wheat treated with micronutrient fertilizers exceeded the control variant by 25.1 cm in plant height, length of the main spike, number of grains in it and grain weight significantly exceeded the control variant. The 1000 seed mass exceeded the control variant by 7.28 grams. The increase in the yield of spring soft wheat was 0.89 t/ha (26.3%), and durum wheat - 0.93 t/ha (28.6%). Application of Bloom & Grow and Immune System fertilizers led to an increase in gluten content in spring soft and durum wheat grains, and an improvement in gluten deformation rate to group 1 with the accumulation of minerals.

A new semi-intensive variety of spring soft wheat Bulyak, bred in Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, by intraspecific hybridization, the method based on the principle of expected transgressions was based on the selection of parental forms for the creation of the cultivar. The variety has a realized yield potential at the level of 5.5 tons per hectare, the advantage over the three-year test (2014-2016) over the standard Simbirtsit variety in the differing pressure of abiotic and biotic environmental factors is 0.93 tons per hectare, standard in all years of the test. The variety forms a valuable grain in quality. The technological parameters of grain meet the requirements for valuable and strong wheat: nature - 809-815 gramms per litre, vitreousity - 55-87%, protein content in grain – 11.7-13.9%, gluten in grain – 28.2-31.1% of the first and second quality groups. Rheological properties of the dough: strength of flour - 308 units, valorimetric evaluation - 71.3 units, which meets the requirements for strong varieties. The bakery quality is excellent. The variety is medium-ripening, it belongs to the erythospermum (estivum) variety. Middle-growing, height – 82.2 cm, resistance to lodging in the cultivar was not marked below 8 points. The variety has a high-grain ears - 25.6 grains and a high mass of 1000 grains, an average of 42.5 g, in 2014, it reached 47 g. The variety has a low productive bushiness - 1.08 pieces per plant, which is also characteristic of other varieties of selection of the Tatar SRIA. The variety was transferred to the State Variety Test in the Middle Volga and Central regions of the Russian Federation in 2016.

Abstract This research is dedicated to the study of the morphogenetic index of productivity of winter soft wheat. While studying, the number of spikelets in the ear, grains in the ear and the mass of grains in the ear were measured, the morphogenetic index of productivity was calculated according to the main indicators of the shoot. In selection practical work the morphogenetic productivity index is a convenient criterion for evaluating the morphogenetic potential and the yield of the cultivar. 8 (eight) cultivars of winter soft wheat of Saratov selection were taken as study material. The study reveals that the morphogenetic productivity index (MPI) for the number of spikelets per ear varies from 2.36 (Lutescens 230) to 5.43 (Saratovskaya 17). According to the number of grains in the ear, Saratovskaya 17 shows the variety of 2.31 while Kalach 60 shows the variety of 3.9. The Pearl of Povolzhe, Mironovskaya 808, and Kalach 60 demonstrate high values of MPI according to the weight of grains in the ear. The analyzing of the obtained data allows to find out that the MPI values of each of the productivity elements for the same cultivar can greatly differ over the growing years, which, in our opinion, indicates the wide plasticity of the variety in specific weather conditions of the growing season. The analysis of the correlation of MPI indicators with productivity shows that cultivars which have high morphogenetic productivity index (Guberniya, Saratovskaya 90, Kalach 60) are characterized by high productivity.

Grain produced from doubled-haploid (DH) wheat lines, developed from a hard- and a soft-grained wheat cultivar, were bulked according to Pinb (puroindoline b) genotypes for an assessment of Chinese fresh noodle texture by a trained taste panel. Each DH line was designated as ‘soft’ or ‘hard’ grained, based on a PCR amplification of the wildtype, soft allele, or the mutant, hard allele. Theoretically, the soft and hard grain bulks represented respective Pinb alleles and an independent assortment of unlinked alleles from the parents, Sunco and Chuanyu 12. Grains from the parents and DH lines were grown at 2 locations in Queensland, Australia, and one in Sichuan, China. The grains were milled and processed for a taste panel evaluation in Chengdu, Sichuan. Results suggest the Pinb alleles had a significant effect on noodle softness and explained 30% of the variation; the ‘soft’ Pinb allele conferred a softer noodle texture. Location had a significant effect on noodle smoothness; wheat grain grown at Biloela, Queensland, produced a smoother noodle texture than grain grown in Sichuan. The effect of location confirms the importance of environment as a variable for this quality character. This investigation exemplifies the utility of Pinb markers for specifically altering Chinese Fresh Noodle texture.

Wheat is a leading agricultural plant with one of most gross grain harvest in the world. It is a valuable raw material for producing the wide assortment of food products. That is why little studied peculiarities of it need specification, and processing technologies – improvement. The aim of the conducted studies was in specifying of processing regimes of solid and soft wheat grains into peeled ones that allowed to choose rational regimes of water-thermal processing for attaining their maximal output, boiling coefficient and decrease of a preparation duration. It was proved, that the effect of heat and moisture mostly influences the output of grains and duration of their boiling, despite the solidity. The boiling coefficient depends on the solidity type more. The optimal mode as to thermal processing at production of peeled grains of soft wheat is is steaming during 10 min with hydration during 10–12 min. It is rational to steam solid wheat during 10 min with further hydration during 12–13 min at processing.

The main task of wheat production is to obtain high grain yields, with minimal quality losses. It is distinguished by a number of useful properties for breeding, which was used in the creation of shot winter wheat Sharada. This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of morphostructural and production characteristics, including grain quality, of the initial Sharada wheat and the macromutant forms isolated from it: "Soft from Sharada" and "Line 1/10- 17", against the background of the indicators of the zoned varieties. It is shown that the selected macromutant forms significantly exceed the original Charade in their morphostructural parameters. At the same time, the "1/10- 17 line" of spherical wheat occupies an intermediate place between the cleaved "Soft from Sharada " of wheat and the original Sharada, both in plant height and in the area of the flag leaf. According to the production characteristics of the "1/10- 17 Line", in particular, according to such an important indicator as the weight of grain from the ear, it is already closer to the "Soft from the Sharada" than to the original Charade and the zoned varieties are rising. The increase in the production indicators of the "1/10- 17 Line" and its proximity to the indicators of the macromutant "Soft from the Sharada" wheat, provides its somewhat larger grains and a large number of them. The production indicators of the grain of the macromutant "1/10- 17 Line" in 2021 significantly exceeded the initial Sharada: the number of grains in the ear - 51.6 pieces; the weight of grain from the ear - 2.16 g; M1000 - 41.36 g. and qualitative indicators: protein content 16.4%; gluten content - 41.2%; IDC - 79 units. At the same time, the increase in the production characteristics of the "1/10- 17 Line" practically did not change the qualitative characteristics of the grain, compared with the original fine-grained Sharada and other varieties of spherical wheat, which makes it and the isolated macromutant "Soft from Sharada" wheat quite valuable starting material for use in breeding practice.

The article presents the main methods of creating and the results of studying a new variety of winter soft wheat Alyonushka. The variety was created at the FSBRI OP Penza Research Institute of Agriculture by the method of intraspecific hybridization of varieties with subsequent individual selection from the hybrid population F3 Kazanskaya 237 // Moshinskaya 2 / Zolushka. The characteristics of the new variety are given according to the most important economically valuable traits and properties. The new variety Alyonushka in terms of grain yield and the elements composing it, during the years of research (2015–2018), significantly exceeded the standard variety Fotinya. The average increase in grain to the standard for these years was 0.78 t / ha. The high yield of the new variety is formed due to the high mass of 1000 grains, the number and weight of grain per spike. It has high winter hardiness (88% on average), high lodging resistance (9 points) and grain quality at the level of valuable wheat. The new variety Alyonushka stably forms a completed grain (grain nature is 756-797 g / l), the content of crude protein in the grain is 14.8-16.2%, gluten is 28.2-30.2% with a gluten quality of 50-85 units. ... IDK (I-II group), baking strength of flour - 296 units, volumetric yield of bread from 100 g of flour - 780 cm3, overall assessment of bread - 4.7 points. The economic efficiency of cultivation of the Alyonushka variety in comparison with the Fotinya standard was 3780 rubles / ha. The profitability level of the new variety was 135%, which is 21% higher than that of the standard.

The article highlights the problems of forming the economically valuable features which affect the productivity of soft spring wheat varieties. The structural analysis data reveal that the number of spikelets in the investigated varieties of wheat ears ranged within 15.4 pcs. In the Triso variety to 20.1 pcs. in the Kharkivska 30, the rate for the variety standard was registered 16.0. The variability amplitude rate varied from 2.0 spikelets in Hordynya and Simkoda Myronivska varieties to 5.0 in the Kharkivska 30 and standart Elhiya Myronivska varieties. The variability range of spikelets number in an ear in the Hordynya, Simkoda Myronivska and Speranza varieties and the average one in all the other varieties was revealed. It was established that grains number in soft spring wheat varieties ranged from 41.1 grains in the Tria variety to 52.6 in the Hordynya variety, in the standard variety of Elehiya Myronivska the rate leveled 36.3. Thus, in all the studied varieties the number of grains in an ear exceeded the standard. The variability of grains number in an ear was significant in the Speranza variety, while in other varieties as well as in the standard sort of Elehiya Myronivska it was medium. It was shown that an ear grains weight in the varieties ranged from of 1.6 g in the Triso variety to 2.2 g in the Hordynya variety. This feature varied in the varieties by the variability range. The largest (1.1 g) it was in the the Hordynya and Speranza varieties, the smallest (0.5 g) – in the variety of Simkoda Myronivska. The variation factor proved significant variability of the trait in the Trizo and Speranza varieties and in the variety standard. All the other studied varieties were the average variability of grain weight in an ear. It was found that all but wheat varieties of soft spring wheat had high indices of 1000 seeds and this trait variation was insignificant indicated by the variation ratewhich was below 10 %. The correlation of crop yield and the basic economically valuable traits are analyzed; positive and negative correlations are established. It was noted that the crop yield of the studied soft spring wheat varieties correlates most closely with the number of grain in an ear (r = 0.77 ± 0.06) and the number of spikelets in an ear (r = 0.61 ± 0.07), and therefore it is necessary to pay attention to these data uppermost. Thus, the study of economically valuable traits of modern varieties of soft spring wheat reveals different variability nature and correlation degrees which enables to define the sources of economically valuable traits in the studied varieties and to further use them in research and selection programs as valuable parent material. Key words: spring wheat, varieties, productivity, ears number, grains number, grain weight, weight of 1000 seeds, correlation.

Resorcinolic lipid contents and homologue compositions in extracts isolated from soft winter, soft spring and hard (durum) wheat grains were evaluated by both instrumental and chromatography means. Resorcinol concentrations determined in wheat were diverse and varied in samples harvested within two consecutive vegetative years, whereas their homologue profiles were found to be rather invariable. The predominant alkylresorcinols identified in wheat grains were saturated 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-heneicosylbenzene and 1,3-dihydroxy-5-nnonadecylbenzene. 1,3-Dihydroxy-5-n-heptadecylbenzene and 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-tricosylbenzene were also determined, whereas 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-pentadecylbenzene and 1,3-dihydroxy- 5-n-pentacosylbenzene were present in these extracts only in spurious amounts. Furthermore, our results show that alk(en)ylresorcinols may be useful as chemotaxonomic markers for a distinction between soft and hard wheat plants. Cluster analysis with Ward’s amalgamation algorithm and five different distance linkage types clearly discriminated particular wheats into species- and cultivar-specific clusters, whereas the use of principal component analysis allowed us to specify, which of the variables analysed were decisive. This approach may be useful for both plant breeders and taxonomists to classify wheat species/ cultivars.

Dans cette étude, nous rapportons les effets du traitement des grains de blé tendre par l'ozone gazeux sur leurs constituants biochimiques majeurs. Les grains de deux variétés de blé tendre, choisies pour leur composition en sous-unités gluténiques de haut poids moléculaire (SG-HPM) différente, ont été traités grâce à un dispositif pilote semi-industriel. Un plan d’expérience de type de Box-Benhken a ainsi permis d’étudier les effets de la concentration d’ozone utilisée, du temps de traitement et du niveau de pré-humidification des grains avant traitement. L’ozonation des grains en amont de leur mouture entraine des modifications significatives des propriétés techno-fonctionnelles des farines et/ou pâtes fabriquées (baisse de la force et la consistance des pâtes, augmentation importante de rapport P/L). Ces modifications résultent majoritairement d’un renforcement de l’état associatif des prolamines en raison de (i) la formation de nouvelles liaisons disulfures intermoléculaires au niveau des sous-unités gluténiques, (ii) la formation de ponts dityrosine au niveau des domaines répétables de ces mêmes sous-unités et (iii) des changements significatifs de leur structure secondaire (baisse du ratio hélices α/feuillets β). Dans le même temps, l’ozone gazeux ne provoque pas de modifications moléculaires significatives au niveau de la population des granules d’amidon présents. Enfin, il semble que l’ozone soit susceptible de modifier quelque peu la signature nutritionnelle des produits fabriqués en entrainant, notamment, une augmentation de la solubilité et disponibilité des fibres totales et une dépolymérisation des β–glucanes totaux
In this study, we report the effects of treatment of soft wheat grains with ozone gas on their major biochemical constituents. Two wheat cultivars differing on their HMW-GS composition and technological properties were treated in a semi-industrial ozone reactor. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to investigate the effects of (i) humidification rate (during grain preparation), (ii) the ozone concentration in the ozone inlet and (iii) the reaction time. The ozone treatment (before milling) leads to significant changes on techno-functional properties of flours and doughs (decrease of W and increase of P/L ratio). These modifications mainly result from a strengthening of the prolamin network through the formation of new covalent bonds (disulfide and dityrosine) and other non-covalent bonds. In the same time, significant changes were observed in the secondary structure (decrease of α helix / β sheets ratio). On the contrary, starch analysis didn’t show any modification, as structural, thermal andrheological properties remained the same after treatment. Finally, it appears that ozone could alter the nutritional properties of the final products. Results showed an increase of total fiber solubility mainly due to the β-glucan depolymerisation

In multiple species, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have become an increasingly prevalent method of identifying the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie complex traits. Despite this, relatively few GWA analyses using high-density genomic markers have been carried out on highly quantitative traits in wheat. We utilized single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data generated via a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) protocol to perform GWA on multiple yield-related traits using a panel of 329 soft red winter wheat genotypes grown in four environments. In addition, the SNP data was used to examine linkage disequilibrium and population structure within the testing panel. The results indicated that an alien translocation from the species Triticum timopheevii was responsible for the majority of observed population structure. In addition, a total of 50 significant marker-trait associations were identified. However, a subsequent study cast some doubt upon the reproducibility and reliability of plant QTLs identified via GWA analyses. We used two highly-related panels of different genotypes grown in different sets of environments to attempt to identify highly stable QTLs. No QTLs were shared across panels for any trait, suggesting that QTL-by-environment and QTL-by-genetic background interaction effects are significant, even when testing across many environments. In light of the challenges involved in QTL mapping, prediction of phenotypes using whole-genome marker data is an attractive alternative. However, many evaluations of genomic prediction in crop species have utilized univariate models adapted from animal breeding. These models cannot directly account for genotype-by-environment interaction, and hence are often not suitable for use with lower-heritability traits assessed in multiple environments. We sought to test genomic prediction models capable of more ad-hoc analyses, utilizing highly unbalanced experimental designs consisting of individuals with varying degrees of relatedness. The results suggest that these designs can successfully be used to generate reasonably accurate phenotypic predictions. In addition, multivariate models can dramatically increase predictive accuracy for some traits, though this depends upon the quantity and characteristics of genotype-by-environment interaction.
Ph. D.

Participants in the agricultural marketing system include commodity producers, grain elevators, feed processors, flour millers, bakers, exporters, and retail outlets. Every firm in the marketing system is concerned with creating expectations regarding supply, demand, quality, and price in the physical market. The role of market information plays in the agricultural marketing system is considered in the three chapters of this thesis. Chapters 1 and 2 were completed with financial support from the Virginia Small Grains Board and the Virginia Agricultural Council. The futures market is used by a number of firms, private and public, to create price expectations. Firms rely on the futures market to provide market signals and manage risk. Chapter 1 examines what might happen in the soft red winter wheat marketing system if the price signals from the futures market become less accurate because Federal grades fail to account for all of the grain characteristics desired by millers and bakers. Expected returns from competing crops are a factor in a producer's decision-making process. Chapter 2 examines the role first-level handlers play in expanding the market share of grain sorghum and barley in Virginia. The objective of the first-level handler survey was to determine if factors, such as limited market information, prevented the expansion of the grain sorghum and barley markets. Contrary to a priori expectations that price risk would be the limiting factor, results showed that inconsistent local supply was the main barrier to the expansion of grain sorghum and barley. Chapter 3 is an example of a pricing guide written for Virginia cotton producers. It uses a balance sheet approach, which illustrates how information regarding the cotton crop can be translated into price expectations.
Master of Science

This chapter takes up a well-known objection to the compatibilist position, which is “the manipulation argument” and related arguments based on covert control. It is argued that we should reject soft compatibilist responses to cases of this kind that rely on considerations of “history” to exclude manipulated or covertly controlled agents from responsible agency. Instead a modified form of hard compatibilism is defended, one that grants something problematic about cases of this kind but rejects the claim that agents in these conditions are not responsible. The relevant issue is not that these agents are not responsible but that their manipulators or covert controllers are not entitled to hold them responsible. Selective hard compatibilism maintains that what is compromised in these circumstances is not the moral responsibility of the agent (where robust compatibilist conditions of a relevant kind are satisfied) but the participant stance or moral standing of their manipulators.

The term ‘Gettier case’ is a technical term frequently applied to a wide array of thought experiments in contemporary epistemology. What do these cases have in common? It is said that they all involve a justified true belief which, intuitively, is not knowledge, due to a form of luck called ‘gettiering.’ While this very broad characterization suffices for some purposes, it masks radical diversity. We argue that the extent of this diversity merits abandoning the notion of a ‘Gettier case’ in favor of more finely grained terminology. We propose such terminology, and use it to effectively sort the myriad Gettier cases from the theoretical literature in a way that charts deep fault lines in ordinary judgments about knowledge.

Our capacity for language is a central aspect of what it means to be human and sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Given that language does not fossilize, one way to understand how and when it first evolved is to examine the communicative capacities of our closest living relatives, the great apes. This chapter reviews recent research exploring natural communication in our least understood but closest living relative, the bonobo (Pan paniscus). It primarily focuses on what natural bonobo communication can tell us about their underlying social awareness and how this relates to the evolution of language. Examining vocal and gestural communication, we report findings that highlight considerable communicative complexity, flexibility, and intentionality which, cumulatively, suggest that many of the building blocks for language are deeply rooted in our primate past. Notre qualité de langage est un aspect central d’être humain, et nous sépare du reste de l’univers animal. Vu que le langage ne fige pas, les qualités communicatives des grands singes nous peuvent aider à expliquer comment et quand est-ce-que nos langues ont évolué. Ici nous révisons les recherches plus récentes explorant la communication naturelle chez notre plus proche relatif vivant, le bonobo (Pan paniscus). Nous nous concentrons sur ce que la communication naturelle des bonobos nous peut dire à propos de leur conscience sociale et comment cela se rapporte à l’évolution des langues. En examinant la communication vocale et gestuelle, nous signalons des trouvailles qui soulignent la complexité, la flexibilité et l’intentionnalité dans la communication. Ces aspects suggèrent que les fondations de notre langue sont enracinées dans notre passé primate.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

The purpose of the research is to develop a system of methods for assessing the adaptability of the selection material of spring barley and winter wheat, to create varieties with a high yield potential in conditions of unstable moisture. During 2016-2020, the Donetsk State Agricultural Science Station of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine conducted research in the direction of creating high-yielding varieties of soft winter wheat and spring barley, adapted to the conditions of the northeastern region of Ukraine. The research was carried out according to the method of field work by B. A. Dospekhov and the method of state variety testing of agricultural crops. Research methods: general scientific, field, laboratory, statistical. Based on the analysis of the biological potential of the productivity elements of spring barley, the parameters of the promising variety were determined. A method for assessing the adaptability of spring barley breeding material when grown in conditions of unstable moisture has been developed. The highest yield was formed by the varieties Stalyy, Bravyy and Repriz – 3,74 t/ha, 3,78 t/ha and 3,74 t/ha, respectively (standard variety Stalker – 3,12 t/ha). To obtain highly productive genotypes of winter wheat in drought-resistant conditions of the Donetsk region, the selection of forms was carried out, the selection of forms was carried out on the basis of early earing According to the results of competitive variety testing of winter wheat, the best hybrid combinations were gk784/1 x Povaha and gk94 / 117 x Dosvid, which formed the grain yield 7,52 and 7,77 t/ha, that is, they exceeded the standard Donetskaya 48 (6,78 t/ha) by 0,74 and 0,99 t/ha. Two samples were identified according to the indicator of early maturity gk491 (gk704 / 1 x Povaha) and gk598 (Lan25 x gk789/1), which vikoloshuyut 2-4 days earlier than the standard Donetskaya 48 and during three years of study stably showed this sign.

We can infer the chemical nature of dust in space by comparing abundances of elements in stars (which are too hot for dust grains to exist) with elements in the gas of interstellar space. Some elements are apparently missing from the gas in interstellar space, and we may assume that those elements are locked up in dust grains. A more direct way is to collect cosmic dust grains in the Solar System, return them to Earth, and sort them into interplanetary dust grains and true interstellar dust grains. These methods give compositions that suggest that interstellar grains are mainly silicates and carbons.

As the high performance computing (HPC) community continues to push towards exascale computing, HPC applications of today are only affected by soft errors to a small degree but we expect that this will become a more serious issue as HPC systems grow. We propose F-SEFI, a Fine-grained Soft Error Fault Injector, as a tool for profiling software robustness against soft errors. We utilize soft error injection to mimic the impact of errors on logic circuit behavior. Leveraging the open source virtual machine hypervisor QEMU, F-SEFI enables users to modify emulated machine instructions to introduce soft errors. F-SEFI can control what application, which sub-function, when and how to inject soft errors with different granularities, without interference to other applications that share the same environment. We demonstrate use cases of F-SEFI on several benchmark applications with different characteristics to show how data corruption can propagate to incorrect results. The findings from the fault injection campaign can be used for designing robust software and power-efficient hardware.

Going down to the front door, I met the Sergeant on the steps. It went against the grain with me, after what had passed between us, to show him that I felt any sort of interest in his proceedings. In spite of myself, however, I...

This chapter explains why grand strategy must be comprehensive: because every issue in international politics has a political, economic and military dimension, the great powers need to pursue a comprehensive approach that combines political, economic and military power. Russia’s over-reliance on an exclusively military approach is showing its limits, even though the EU and the US overestimate the innovation of its “hybrid warfare”. China makes better use of its different sources of power, and remains reluctant to use military power unless what it defines as the national territory is at stake. The US is prone to use the military instrument, whereas the EU’s military power is too limited, for lack of an integrated European defence, to project power without American support.

There are times when decisions need to be made about what sort of future we want for the world. Golden Rice, the rice that is a golden colour because it contains vitamin A, is still a focus for anti-GM activists. They cannot abide the release of a GM plant. In some ways, Golden Rice is a harbinger of change driven by GM and synthetic biology. A naturally-occurring plant biochemical pathway has been targeted to synthesize beta-carotene in the grain. That grain, once cooked and eaten, can go a long way towards providing the daily requirement of vitamin A for a child. Golden Rice is about to be deployed in Bangladesh. The World Health Organization estimates that 250 million children are vitamin A deficient. Without that vitamin A, up to 500 000 children go blind every year, and half of those die within a year of becoming blind. Yet the anti-GM activists (calling themselves Stop Golden Rice) are still meeting in luxury hotels in places like the Philippines (Mark Lynas, April 2018, Cornell Alliance for Science) to prevent the release of this life-saving rice. Is that the sort of world you want to live in?

Developing a methodology is everything in a science. Once you have it, you can go on to extract information, facts—a narrative—from the natural world. To human scientists and non-scientists alike, the use of fossils as evidence of past events on Earth is now taken for granted, is indeed ingrained into popular culture. Dinosaurs, for instance, stalk through our TV screens and cinemas and shopping malls, as virtual animations and plastic models and soft fluffy toys and comic book covers. An Age of Dinosaurs is widely accepted as a long-vanished era, a world lost within deep time. Our extraterrestrial investigators will, at some stage in their studies, be ready to try to recreate for themselves the eras of long-vanished animal and plant dynasties on this planet, to construct a coherent history out of the scattered relics preserved in the Earth’s abundant strata. By coming to understand the Earth’s marvellously regulated heat-release engine, that drives the tectonic plates, they will appreciate the continuous creation and preservation of strata. By getting to grips with the more subtle puzzle of how sea level has risen and fallen, they will have some idea of the finer controls on the preservation of the stratal record. And, as they grapple with these problems, they would undoubtedly try to put the strata themselves into some sort of order, just as did our Victorian and pre-Victorian predecessors. These pioneering geologists, after all, could recognize a prehistory when they saw one, even as they were still far from divining the workings of the Earth machine that lay at the heart of the story they were pursuing. What kind of strata will be available for study, one hundred million years from now? Many, if not all, of the classic fossil localities that we treasure today will have gone forever, eroded into scattered grains of sedimentary detritus that will ultimately accumulate on sea floors of the future. The Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, that yielded the archaeopteryx, will likely be gone. The Burgess Shale of British Columbia, with its wonderful array of early soft-bodied organisms from the Cambrian Period, half a billion years back, is almost certain to disappear, perched as it is high up a fast-eroding mountainside.

В статье рассматривается возможность применения цельнозерновой муки, полученной из пророщенного зерна пшеницы мягких сортов местного сорта для производства национальных видов хлеба, с целью обогащения их пищевыми волокнами, витаминами и минеральными веществами. Исследование направлено на получение изделий, полученных с использованием цельнозерновой муки, по качеству не только не уступающих по потребительским характеристикам контрольным образцам, но и превосходящих их. The article discusses the possibility of using whole grain flour obtained from sprouted grains of soft wheat varieties of local varieties for the production of national types of bread, in order to enrich them with dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. The study is aimed at obtaining products obtained using whole grain flour, not only not inferior in quality to control samples in terms of consumer characteristics, but also surpassing them.

Determination the photoperiod-insensitive allele (Ppd-D1a) in wheat cultivars is necessary for use in breeding development of newly wheat cultivars. The aim of our study was to select breeding material by screening Ppd-D1 gene alleles and estimation value and the degree of heterosis in F1. Using these two methods, it is possible to select genetic material for increased breeding of new wheat lines that combine earliness and increased productivity. In this study 26 varieties of spring soft wheat were screened for the Ppd-D1 gene alleles. The Ppd-D1a allele was detected in 12 wheat varieties (ITMI 10, 29, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 89, 94, AFI-91, AFI-177, Opata 85), the recessive Ppd-D1b allele was detected in 14 wheat varieties (ITMI 7, 31, 32, 44, 80, 88, 83, 115, Zlata, Lisa, Agata, Lubava, W7984). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, parental pairs were chosen and 10 recombinants were obtained. Based on estimation value and the degree of heterosis of the main ear traits in F1, such as "ear length", "number of grains from the ear" and "weight of grains from the ear" were identified 4 crosses as initial to create wheat cultivars that combine earliness and increased productivity.

The aim of the research was to create durum wheat variety of an alternative growing cycle with genetically determined increased plasticity and adaptability. Created variety “Cordon” is characterized by high immunity to leaf diseases; it is affected by spike fusarium weaker than the standard one. In terms of yield, the studied variety was close to the highly productive varieties of winter soft wheat ‘Tanya’ and ‘Yuka’. In competitive variety testing in 2016 and 2017, its advantage in productivity compared to varieties of spring durum wheat was noted; high grain quality parameters were saved, too. The frost resistance was also not inferior to the standard variety ‘Krupinka’.

Triticum durum is second most widely cultivated wheat grown at more than 17 million hectares annually (Colasuonno P., 2019). Some farms in the Crimea also cultivate winter durum wheat. Moreover, there is a pasta factory at the peninsula, however, the pastas are made, as a rule, from soft wheat flour. The aim of this research was to study the influence of nitrogen fertilizers (in the ammonium nitrate (AN) form) on the quality of grain of winter Triticum durum variety ‘Amazonka’ in the foothill-steppe zone of the Crimean Peninsula. In 2016-2018, field trials were conducted in the foothill zone of the Crimea on the experimental field of the Academy of Bioresources and Environmental Management (Academic Unit) of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. AN was applied in autumn during seedbed preparation and early in spring when soil was freezing and melting at the same time; the dozes were equal according to the active ingredient: N0+0 (control), N20+20, N40+40, N60+60. The analysis of the experimental data shows that, on average, for the period of three-year studies, variant N60+60 was the most effective one; yield response to nitrogen fertilizer was expressed in the next quality parameters: gluten content – 27.0 % (control 16.3%, LSD05=0.14); protein content – 15.3% (control – 10.4%, LSD05=0.72); vitreousness – 83.6% (control – 54.7%, LSD05=0.71); grain unit – 849.4 g/l (control – 743.2 g/l, LSD05=1.4). It should be mentioned that the larger grain was also formed in the aforesaid variant (1000-grain weight – 42.3 g; control – 32.7g). Thus, cultivation of winter Triticum durum in the foothill-steppe zone of the Crimean Peninsula with N60+60 will contribute to obtaining high-quality products, which can be used for the specific needs of our pasta factory.

The article presents the results of a study of 14 samples of spring soft wheat from the CIMMYT collection (Mexico) in the conditions of the Moscow region in 2020. It was found that all studied varieties are not suitable for breeding for yield. Samples numbered 1, 24, 41, 107, 178 and 214 have complex resistance to lodging and major fungal diseases. In terms of protein content, sample No. 87 turned out to be the most valuable in terms of quality. We recommend including the above varieties in breeding programs, since they have good yields along with high quality indicators.