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1
Sessions, John, John C. Balcom und Kevin Boston. „Road Location and Construction Practices: Effects on Landslide Frequency and Size in the Oregon Coast Range“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 2, Nr. 4 (01.10.1987): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/2.4.119.
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Abstract The effects of road location and construction practices on landslide frequency and size were studied in a 300,000-ac area of the Oregon Coast Range. Roads were divided into two groups. Roads in Group I had been built using a combination of steep road grades and full-bench, endhaul construction to minimize slide risk. Group II roads were built using location and construction practices typical of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Using steep road grades to maintain ridgetop locations and full-bench end-haul construction did reduce landslide frequency and size on Group I, as compared to Group II, roads. The marginal cost of reducing slide volumes/road-mile from the volumes found on Group II roads to the volumes found on Group I roads was six times greater in more plastic than in less plastic soils when roads crossed slopes of equal steepness. When roads crossed slopes with a sideslope steeper than 50%, the estimated cost of reducing the volume/road-mile of slide from Group II to Group I levels ranged from $81/yd³ ($154/ac) to over $12,000/yd³ ($3675/ac), depending on landtype, sideslope, and endhaul distance. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):119-124, October 1987.
2
Friedlingstein, Pierre. „A steep road to climate stabilization“. Nature 451, Nr. 7176 (Januar 2008): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06593.
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3
Bont, Leo. „Entwurf eines optimalen Seillinienlayouts für die Holzernte in steilem Gelände“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, Nr. 11 (01.11.2013): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0321.
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Designing an optimal cable road layout for harvesting in steep terrain Cable-based technologies are a backbone when designing harvesting systems for steep slopes. However, layout and placement of the cable roads are challenging. To guarantee that harvesting costs are minimized and that the process has the least environmental impact on the remaining forest, one must carefully locate both cable towers and cable roads. Our study objectives were to 1) develop an approach of mixed integer linear programming for planning an optimal harvesting and cable road layout and 2) test this methodology on a specific site, then observe its behaviour with single- and multi-objective alternatives and evaluate its practicality. In doing so, we determined that fitting the model to terrain units up to 35 ha provided the best results and within a reasonable timeframe. The approach presented here is the first to consider both environmental and economic objectives, and can determine the optimal cable road layout within the shortest time.
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Septiawan, Muhammad, Illy Yanti und Sigit Hartono. „Coals transportation's steep route to realization“. Sustainability (STPP) Theory, Practice and Policy 1, Nr. 1 (12.10.2021): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/sdgs.v1i1.905.
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This research is motivated by the unrealized specific road for transporting coal mining products in Jambi Province which has been delayed for 9 years. This study uses a qualitative research approach. The data sources used in the study were selected by purposive sampling method. The results showed that the construction of a specific road for coal transportation in Jambi Province had not yet had an impact on people's lives. These impacts are economic, social and road safety impacts. The unrealized policy is caused by several factors including the budget, political pressure, the complexity of licensing, and the dynamics of land acquisition.
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Papa, Ivica, Rodolfo Picchio, Mihael Lovrinčević, David Janeš, Tibor Pentek, Dino Validžić, Rachele Venanzi und Andreja Đuka. „Factors Affecting Earthwork Volume in Forest Road Construction on Steep Terrain“. Land 12, Nr. 2 (02.02.2023): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020400.
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Forest roads, as a prerequisite for high-quality forest management, should be optimally distributed in order to avoid negative environmental impacts and to best fulfill their task. In the design phase of forest roads, it is necessary to know which factors influence most the volume of earthworks to enable the designer to best adapt to the terrain requirements. In this paper the impact of an average cross terrain slope and carriageway value of a forest road on cut and fill volume is analyzed. The research was carried out in the area of the management unit Trovrh–Kik, characterized by irregular terrain with slopes ranging between 27 and 58%, and on some micro locations even up to 84%. On eight forest roads, based on standard cross-section profiles, the influence of the average cross terrain slope and carriageway value (difference between ground level and grade level) of the forest road on the cut and fill volume per 1 m of the forest road route was analyzed. The obtained coefficients of determination indicate a strong correlation between the cut volume and carriageway value (R2 = 0.6841), and a moderate correlation between the fill volume and carriageway value (R2 = 0.5619). Unlike the influence of carriageway value on the cut and fill volume, the correlation between the cross terrain slope and fill volume is weak (R2 = 0.2076) or moderate in the case of the cut volume (R2 = 0.3167). On the basis of the analyzed standard cross-section profiles, it was determined that the carriageway value was 0.051 m, where the difference between the cut and fill volume was minimum and the average actual carriageway value was determined to be −0.09 m. It can be concluded that, on terrains with large and varying slopes, there is no unique model or terrain factor that could describe the earthworks required in the construction of a forest road. However, it is beyond doubt that the increase in the carriageway value and cross terrain slope caused the increase in the aforementioned volumes.
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Fan, Liang, und Zhi Xiang Zhou. „Lattice Slope Foundation-Cantilever Structure Complex Road for the Roadway Widening in Steep-Sloped Mountainous Areas“. Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (Mai 2011): 3272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3272.
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In view of good geological condition non-cliff side slope road widening or new road construction, after contrasting and analyzing the characteristics of widening pattern of roads that have been built, lattice slope foundation cantilever structure complex road is proposed. Using slope foundation column which is casted depending on hillside, its top connect with deck of bridge supporting on the cantilever beam ,thus forms the flank roadway structure. This complex road can avoid deep-digging and high filling, lower construction cost.The construction method is simple, slope is also stable. Moreover, in the course of road widening, vehicle traffic will basically not be affected. In this paper, the method of construction technology, working principles, engineering application and economic, technical efficiency and environmental effectiveness have been analyzed, it shows that in road widening under appropriate condition, this method is safe and reliable, can significantly simplify the process, lower cost, and also maximize the protection of natural ecological environment.
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Naufal, M. H., und H. Setiawan. „Characteristics of Engineering Geology in Talegong Road, Talegong, Garut, West Java, Indonesia“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071, Nr. 1 (01.08.2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012036.
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Abstract Talegong road, Garut, West Java, is provincial road with a length of 7 kilometers that connects Garut and Bandung. The road segment KM 2.3 – KM 7 is located between the steep slope of high hills and has potential for landslide. To find out the landslide potential, determining the characteristics of geology and engineering geology at this road segment are needed. The methods used in this research are engineering geology mapping (geomorphology, lithology, structural geology and rock mass quality) and laboratory analyses of soil and rock properties index, shear strength test, petrographic analysis and uniaxial compressive strength test. The results of geological mapping show the aspect geomorphological in the area consists of high hills with rather steep to very steep slopes. Lithological, the area consists of aphanitic andesite and porphyritic andesite. The area is dominated by Northeast – Southeast stress regime. In term of rock mass quality, the study area consists of three class with value in Rock Mass Rating classification, which are good rock, fair rock, poor rock and no value rock (soil). The study area is divided into three units in the engineering geological map: (1) unit A has fair – good rock (II – III) with rather steep - very steep slope with low landslide potential, (2) unit B has fair rock (III) with steep – very steep slope with medium landslide potential, and (3) unit C has poor – no value rock or soil (IV – 0) with a very steep slope with high landslide potential.
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Volkov, Vladimir, Evgenii Lebedev und Elena Nabatnikova. „THE ABILITY OF THE MAIN ROAD TRAIN TO OVERCOME STEEP ROAD CLIMBS“. Voronezh Scientific-Technical Bulletin 1, Nr. 1 (16.01.2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2311-8873-2022-56-62.
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The analysis of changes in the dynamic characteristics of the transport operation of a trunk road train in road conditions with overcoming sections of obstructed traffic characterized by the presence of steep ascents is considered. The solution of the problem under consideration is presented in the variants of determining the maximum angle of elevation of the road that can be overcome by a road train with the specified operational characteristics and the cost of engine power spent on overcoming these road sections.
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Hernandez-Juarez, Daniel, Lukas Schneider, Pau Cebrian, Antonio Espinosa, David Vazquez, Antonio M. López, Uwe Franke, Marc Pollefeys und Juan C. Moure. „Slanted Stixels: A Way to Represent Steep Streets“. International Journal of Computer Vision 127, Nr. 11-12 (14.09.2019): 1643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-019-01226-9.
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Abstract This work presents and evaluates a novel compact scene representation based on Stixels that infers geometric and semantic information. Our approach overcomes the previous rather restrictive geometric assumptions for Stixels by introducing a novel depth model to account for non-flat roads and slanted objects. Both semantic and depth cues are used jointly to infer the scene representation in a sound global energy minimization formulation. Furthermore, a novel approximation scheme is introduced in order to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the Stixel algorithm, and then achieve real-time computation capabilities. The idea is to first perform an over-segmentation of the image, discarding the unlikely Stixel cuts, and apply the algorithm only on the remaining Stixel cuts. This work presents a novel over-segmentation strategy based on a fully convolutional network, which outperforms an approach based on using local extrema of the disparity map. We evaluate the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time on four publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach maintains accuracy on flat road scene datasets while improving substantially on a novel non-flat road dataset.
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Sessions, John, Jeff Wimer, Forrest Costales und Michael G. Wing. „Engineering Considerations in Road Assessment for Biomass Operations in Steep Terrain“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, Nr. 3 (01.07.2010): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.3.144.
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Abstract With the increasing interest in the use of biomass for energy, conventional and alternative delivery systems are being evaluated for transporting biomass generated from harvest residuals on steep terrain in the Pacific Northwest. Conventional delivery systems include chipping or grinding of harvest residues (comminution) at the landing or a satellite yard in the forest and transporting the material with chip trucks to a power facility. To address some of the challenges of conventional methods of transporting biomass in steep terrain, chip van manufacturers have been making trailer modifications to increase vehicle maneuverability on forest roads. To evaluate the proper van configurations for implementing a successful biomass transportation system, planners should understand the limitations of the various chip van options. We present guidelines for designing new roads and evaluating existing road systems for chip truck access to forest residuals, as well as some practical field assessment procedures to evaluate accessibility on existing roads.
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Corbett, Matt, und Juan Gaviria. „Integration of Comprehensive Environmental and Social Measures into Low-Volume Road Design for the Hills of Nepal“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-18.
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Road construction through Nepal’s hilly and mountainous terrain has historically had a significant impact on the local environment and land-owners, primarily because of the steep and often unstable terrain traversed, monsoonal climate, necessity for low-cost roads, and no landowner compensation for compulsorily acquired land. The design phase of the Road Maintenance and Development Project sought to incorporate comprehensive environmental and social measures into the design of low-cost roads in the western hills of Nepal to achieve more stable and lower-impact roads. The project involved the design of 196 km of new roads and 253 km of upgrading to existing roads by integrating engineering, environmental, social, and economic factors throughout the design process. The project began with the screening of candidate project roads on the basis of economic, environmental, and social factors by using a weighted scoring system to select those roads that would be most advantageous in relation to passenger and goods transport and associated economic development, while minimizing adverse environmental and social impacts. Proposed new road alignments were refined primarily through a walkover survey by a multidisciplinary team, ensuring that environmental and social issues were incorporated into this key stage of road design, when significant impacts can be avoided. Detailed road design incorporated comprehensive environmental management and social planning through integrated planning. Project outcomes include road designs that would increase road stability and have fewer construction impacts and the first comprehensive land and property compensation program for road construction in Nepal.
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Sidle, R. C., M. Ghestem und A. Stokes. „Epic landslide erosion from mountain roads in Yunnan, China – challenges for sustainable development“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, Nr. 6 (03.06.2014): 3887–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-3887-2014.
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Abstract. Expanding mountain road networks in developing countries significantly increase the risk of landslides and sedimentation, as well as create vulnerabilities for residents and aquatic resources. We measured landslide erosion along seven road segments in steep terrain in the upper Salween River basin, Yunnan, China and estimated sediment delivery to channels. Landslide erosion rates along the roads ranged from 2780 to 48 235 Mg ha−1 yr−1, the upper end of this range being the highest rate ever reported along mountain roads. The two roads with the highest landslide erosion (FG1 = 12 966 Mg ha−1 yr−1 ; DXD = 48 235 Mg ha−1 yr−1) had some of the highest sediment delivery rates to channels (about 80 and 86%, respectively). Overall, three times more landslides occurred along cutslopes compared to fillslopes, but fillslope failures had a combined mass >1.3 times that of cutslope failures. Many small landslides occurred along road cuts, but these were often trapped on the road surface. Given the magnitude of the landslide problem and the lack of attention to this issue, a more sustainable approach for mountain road development is outlined based on an analysis of landslide susceptibility and how thresholds for landslide trigger mechanisms would be modified by road location and construction techniques.
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Sobrino, Natalia, und Andres Monzon. „Towards Low-Carbon Interurban Road Strategies: Identifying Hot Spots Road Corridors in Spain“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 11 (31.10.2018): 3963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113963.
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Reducing traffic emissions is key in transport planning and infrastructure management in order to achieve a sustainable transport system. This paper contributes to this topic in two ways. The first step describes a comprehensive methodology for identifying hot spots road segments and corridors with problems of GHG emissions to enable low-carbon actions. The Highway Energy Assessment (HERA) methodology is applied to the national road network of Spain in order to estimate interurban traffic emissions and calculate the emissions index to assess strategies. The results are shown graphically on a GIS, allowing to identify seven corridors with emissions problems comprising 25% of the network and being responsible for 51% of the total GHG emissions in 2012. Inefficient corridors were those with high rates of heavy vehicles, high speeds and steep gradients. The second step consists of the application of a set of strategies to reduce their emissions and their comparison to the reference scenario. The Mediterranean corridor—the most inefficient corridor—was selected to apply a set of abatement strategies. The most effective strategy was speed enforcement for light vehicles. A speed reduction of 10 km/h could produce a 3.5% savings in emissions compared to the reference scenarios, and decrease emissions intensity from 254 gCO2eq/veh-km to 246 gCO2eq/veh-km.
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Wang, Yi, Wei He, Ting Zhang, Yani Zhang und Longxi Cao. „Adapting the WEPP Hillslope Model and the TLS Technology to Predict Unpaved Road Soil Erosion“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 15 (28.07.2022): 9213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159213.
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Unpaved road erosion have been recognized as important sediment sources in a watershed. To evaluate where and when road erosion occurs, the soil loss along road segments should be precisely predicted with process-based erosion models. Methods: The hillslope version of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) was used to estimate soil loss from 20 typical road segments in the red soil region of South China. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)-measured soil losses were used to validate the model simulations. The results showed that the WEPP model could reasonably predict the total soil loss in relatively short (less than 100 m) and gentle (slope gradient lower than 10%) road segments. In contrast, soil loss would be underestimated for long or steep road segments. Detailed outputs along roads revealed that most of the peak soil loss rates were underestimated. It might due to the linear critical shear stress theory in the WEPP model. Additionally, the lack of upstream flow was found to be connected to the relatively low model efficiency. Nevertheless, the WEPP simulation could accurately fit erosion trend and predict the peak soil loss positions along road segments. Conclusions: The WEPP model could be adopted to evaluate the erosion risk of unpaved roads in the red soil region of South China.
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Stückelberger, Jürg, Hans Rudolf Heinimann und Woodam Chung. „Improved road network design models with the consideration of various link patterns and road design elements“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, Nr. 11 (November 2007): 2281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-036.
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The success of an automatic road network layout over steep terrain mainly depends on the model design. Most previous models have used a grid representation that considers only eight adjacent cells when evaluating feasible road links. Here, we present improved models and alignment constraints mapped on a mathematical graph for better designs that are more applicable under field conditions. We have refined the link pattern by considering up to 48 neighbouring cells and have introduced 16 directional classes per grid cell. Optimization techniques, such as shortest path, minimum spanning tree, and Steiner minimum tree algorithms, are used on the graph to derive a road network that is optimal in terms of its construction costs. These improved models have been applied to different mountainous project areas. Our results show that, by considering various link patterns and alignment constraints, one can determine more appropriate and cost-effective locations for road networks, especially in steep terrain.
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Sidle, R. C., M. Ghestem und A. Stokes. „Epic landslide erosion from mountain roads in Yunnan, China – challenges for sustainable development“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, Nr. 11 (27.11.2014): 3093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3093-2014.
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Abstract. Expanding systems of mountain roads in developing countries have significantly increased the risk of landslides and sedimentation, and have created vulnerabilities for residents and aquatic resources. We measured landslide erosion along seven road segments in steep terrain in the upper Salween River basin, Yunnan, China and estimated sediment delivery to channels. Landslide erosion rates along the roads ranged from 2780 to 48 235 Mg ha−1 yr−1, the upper end of this range being the highest rate ever reported along mountain roads. The two roads with the highest landslide erosion (FG1 = 12 966 Mg ha−1 yr−1; DXD = 48 235 Mg ha−1 yr−1) had some of the highest sediment delivery rates to channels (about 80 and 86%, respectively). Overall, 3 times more landslides occurred along cut slopes compared to fill slopes, but fill slope failures had a combined mass > 1.3 times that of cut slope failures. Many small landslides occurred along road cuts, but these were often trapped on the road surface. Given the magnitude of the landslide problem and the lack of attention to this issue, a more sustainable approach for mountain road development is outlined based on an analysis of landslide susceptibility and how thresholds for landslide trigger mechanisms would be modified by road location and different construction techniques.
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Rivas, Todd. „Improved Erosion Control Selection for Steep Slopes with the USDA Forest Service Erosion Control Selection Guide“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-26.
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Low-volume forest roads are a significant source of erosion and can be challenging and expensive to control because of the steep (greater than 50% slope gradient) slopes. Most erosion control documents lack guidance on treatment selection, emphasize temporary erosion control, and do not adequately address steep slopes. To address the deficiency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service San Dimas Technology and Development Center created the USDA Forest Service Erosion Control Selection Guide. The primary focus of the guide is technical information to assist long-term erosion control treatment selection on steep slopes, particularly road cut and fill slopes. This guide is a synthesis of information encompassing erosion control fundamentals, erosion and sediment yield prediction models, treatment parameters, erosion control treatments, selection tips, installation tips, and additional resources. Treatments include grading, seeding, mulch, soil amendments, rolled erosion control products, soil bioengineering, and biotechnical stabilization. Significant advantages of the guide include general treatment selection guidance, inclusion of permanent treatment methods, and consideration of steep slopes. The guide is limited because of the complex nature of erosion; it does not address nontechnical issues, and it may need updating as new information becomes available. Despite these limitations, the guide is a valuable new tool for reducing erosion and sediment yield on steep slopes of low-volume roads.
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Lee, Juho, Hyeoung-Deok Lee, Jong-Keol Song und Jiho Moon. „Design and Static-Performance Evaluation of Concrete-Filled-Tube Rock Shed Structure“. Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, Nr. 5 (31.10.2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.165.
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Rockfall protection facilities are necessary to reduce damages from rockfall or debris flow on roads near steep cut slopes. In Korea, rockfall protection fences and rock sheds are widely utilized for rockfall protection facilities. The rock shed is made of reinforced concrete or steel in the shape of a tunnel, and it is used for protecting the road from massive rockfall (up to 3,000 kJ of rockfall energy). In this study, a new type of rock shed comprising a Concrete-Filled-Tube (CFT) was designed. First, the proposed CFT rock shed could resist up to 3,000 kJ rockfall energy. Next, the performance of the CFT was verified through static analysis in which the 3,000 kJ rockfall energy was considered as the equivalent static load.
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Navarro-Hevia, Joaquín, Teresa Raquel Lima-Farias, José Carlos de Araújo, Catalina Osorio-Peláez und Valentín Pando. „Soil Erosion in Steep Road Cut Slopes in Palencia (Spain)“. Land Degradation & Development 27, Nr. 2 (08.12.2015): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2459.
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Putra, Dewandra Bagus Eka, und Tiggi Choanji. „Preliminary Analysis of Slope Stability in Kuok and Surrounding Areas“. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 1, Nr. 1 (01.12.2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2016.11.5.
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The level of slope influenced by the condition of the rocks beneath the surface. On high level of slopes, amount of surface runoff and water transport energy is also enlarged. This caused by greater gravity, in line with the surface tilt from the horizontal plane. In other words, topsoil eroded more and more. When the slope becomes twice as steep, then the amount of erosion per unit area be 2.0 - 2.5 times more. Kuok and surrounding area is the road access between the West Sumatra and Riau which plays an important role economies of both provinces. The purpose of this study is to map the locations that have fairly steep slopes and potential mode of landslides. Based on SRTM data obtained, the roads in Kuok area has a minimum elevation of + 33 m and a maximum + 217.329 m. Rugged road conditions with slope ranging from 24.08 ° to 44.68 ° causing this area having frequent landslides. The result of slope stability analysis in a slope near the Water Power Plant Koto Panjang, indicated that mode of active failure is toppling failure or rock fall and the potential zone of failure is in the center part of the slope.
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Wang, Shuai, Zhen Lu, Xinhui Liu, Yue Cao und Xuefei Li. „Active control of hydropneumatic suspension parameters of wheel loaders based on road condition identification“. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 15, Nr. 6 (01.11.2018): 172988141881742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881418817425.
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Wheel loader is off-road vehicle and works on uneven terrain, unexpected banks or steep slopes. In order to improve the ride and stability of the vehicle, this study mainly focuses on how to adjust the parameters of hydropneumatic suspension through the identification of road conditions. Firstly, the multibody model of a wheel loader with hydropneumatic suspension is developed by RecurDyn in a co-simulation with MATLAB/Simulink. Secondly, a method of road level recognition based on learning vector quantization neural network is proposed to accurately identify the level of roads on which the wheel loader travels. Then, the hydropneumatic suspension parameters are optimized by using the particle swarm algorithm. A fuzzy controller is established based on the optimized parameters of the hydropneumatic suspension to realize the active adjustment of the suspension parameters under different road levels and driving speeds. Finally, a virtual prototyping model is used to analyse the influence of the active adjustment of suspension parameters on the vertical vibration under different driving conditions. Results show that the fuzzy controller can reasonably adjust the parameters of hydropneumatic suspension according to the identified road condition and effectively reduce the vertical vibration of the wheel loader.
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Mayomi, Ikusemoran, John Abdullahi und Anthony Dami. „Terrain Analysis of Biu Plateau, for Road Transport Development, Borno State, Nigeria“. Journal of Geography and Geology 6, Nr. 2 (01.04.2014): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v6n2p28.
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Among all the means of transportation, road has been described as the most important, probably because of its flexibility and its low cost in terms of construction, maintenance and usage. However, in Nigeria, road is considered to be the most dangerous means of transportation because of their bad nature such as sharp bends, narrow bridges, steep slopes and other related problems which are associated with the terrain where these roads are constructed. Road transportation therefore needs proper planning and development through the use of geo-information technologies that would ease accessibility reduces human energy and yet brings reliable and accurate information on the terrain. In this paper, Ilwis 3.5 was used to create Digital Elevation Modelling (DEM), Shadowing, 3-Dimentional View, Slope maps and river direction maps of Biu plateau to analyze the use of GIS on road planning and development on the plateau. It was revealed that the technique has great capabilities of terrain analysis as features which are deemed humanly impossible to assess are viewed as if one is at the scene which may enhance quick analysis on road transportation. It was therefore, recommended that all the stake holders in road transportation should employ the use of this geo-information techniques in terrain analysis to ease transport planning and development in the area.
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Wu, Yezhen, Yuliang Xu, Jianwei Zhou, Zhen Wang und Haopeng Wang. „Research on Starting Control Method of New-Energy Vehicle Based on State Machine“. Energies 13, Nr. 23 (27.11.2020): 6249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236249.
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In order to improve the starting smoothness of new-energy vehicles under multiple working conditions and meet the driving intention better, and to make the control strategy have high portability and integration, a starting control method for vehicle based on state machine is designed. Based on inclination, starting of vehicle is divided into three working conditions: flat road, slight slope and steep slope. The method of vehicle starting control is designed, which includes five control states: default state control, torque pre-loading control, anti-rollback control, pedal control and PI (Proportion-Intergral) creep control. The simulation is carried out under the conditions of flat road, slight slope and steep slope. In terms of flat road and light slope, the vehicle travels below 3 km/h according to the driver’s intention, the speed is stable at 8 km/h during the creeping control phase and the jerk is lower than 5 m/s3. In terms of steep slope, the speed is controlled at 0 km/h basically and the 10 s-rollback distance is less than 0.04 m. The results show that the strategy can fully meet the driver’s intention with lower jerk, better dynamic and stability, and the method can achieve the demand of new-energy vehicle starting control.
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Hasegawa, Hisashi, Azwar Azmillah Sujaswara, Taisei Kanemoto und Kazuya Tsubota. „Possibilities of Using UAV for Estimating Earthwork Volumes during Process of Repairing a Small-Scale Forest Road, Case Study from Kyoto Prefecture, Japan“. Forests 14, Nr. 4 (24.03.2023): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040677.
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Although forest road networks are an important infrastructure for forestry, recreation, and sustainable forest management, they have a considerable effect on the environment. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the various benefits and associated costs of road network construction is needed. The cost of earthwork in road construction can be estimated based on the change in topography before and after construction. However, accurate estimation of the earthwork volume may not be possible on steep terrain where soil placement is limited. In this study, an unmanned aerial vehicle was flown under the tree canopy six times during a road repair work to measure the changes in topography using structure from motion analysis. Comparing the obtained 3D model with the measurement results from the total station, the average vertical error and root mean square error were −0.146 m and 0.098 m, respectively, suggesting its good accuracy for measuring an earthwork volume. Compared to the amount of earthwork estimated from the topographic changes before and after the repair work, the actual earthwork volume was 3.5 times greater for cutting and 1.9 times greater for filling. This method can be used to calculate the earthwork volume accurately for designing forest road networks on steep terrain.
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G, Saraswathi, Abirami P, Harish Kumar N N, Praveen Kumar R und N. Meyyappan. „Plastic Roads As An Alternative Solution To Solid Waste Management: A Review“. ECS Transactions 107, Nr. 1 (24.04.2022): 18799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18799ecst.
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Plastics are one of the most abundant material found across the globe. Due to the rapid urbanization and over population, the usage of plastics increased dramatically. The handling of municipal plastic wastes has always been a big problem to the society. These plastic wastes lead to steep increase in various types of pollution. The disposal of municipal plastic waste has become more difficult process than its production. Many researches across the globe have proven that these plastic wastes can be use in specific proportion along with bitumen in the laying of roads. The wastes are grounded or shredded into powder; nearly small quantity of plastics is blended with the bitumen by suitable techniques like dry/wet processes. By this process, road life has increased significantly. Due to this there would be a notable reduction in level of plastic waste generated. This paper reviews about the various types of plastics such as e - plastic wastes, municipal plastic wastes etc., used for the construction of roads. The composition, durability, strength, economy of road construction and the comparative results of bituminous and plastic-mixed road have been discussed in this paper.
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Arpriyanita, V. P., und T. Tjahjono. „Design of climbing lane on provincial road study case in Magetan Districts East Java“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1000, Nr. 1 (01.04.2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1000/1/012032.
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Abstract The roads from Magetan Districts (East Java) to Surakarta Districts (Central Java) have high climbing conditions. This is because the location is in the mountains. This study, discusses the design of then climbing lane on road Magetan Districts, precisely on Tawangmangu-Plaosan. A climbing lane is a path that is used as an additional route added to a single or multiple traffic lane which serves to increase capacity and/or safety due to a steep gradient. The method of collecting data is by conducting a field survey to review vehicle speed, vehicle volume, road dimensions, and elevation. The results of the study were used to determine the exact location of the climbing lane, to design the climbing lane using the England Standard concept combined with literature studies.
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Hu, Li Wei, und Yu Long Pei. „Analysis of Driver’s Physiological Characteristics under Ice-Snow Conditions Base on Driving Simulator“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (Oktober 2011): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.547.
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In road traffic circumstance, the ice-snow pavement brings obvious adverse influence to the motor vehicles safety. This paper analyzes the relationships between friction coefficient and temperature, and between friction coefficient and relative humidity, and between friction coefficient and thickness, and between friction coefficient and compaction degree through a large number of experimental. Then base on these fundamental analyses, to use the experimental methods which are composed by simulations and actual test, to analyze the influence to driver’s physiology & psychology under different ice-snow roads conditions (as different ice-snow road alignment, etc.). Experimental studies have shown that when driving on the ice-snow pavement, ice-snow steep slope or ice-snow continuous curve, the drivers’ physiological load and physical burden are increased obviously; this indicates that it is unfavorable driving under these conditions.
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Sidle, Roy C. „Dark Clouds over the Silk Road: Challenges Facing Mountain Environments in Central Asia“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 22 (13.11.2020): 9467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229467.
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Central Asia is a vital link in the huge Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that follows much of the ancient Silk Road routes in this region. Other than the economic expansion and trade benefits associated with this complex infrastructure system, little is known about the many of the exogenous issues and direct environmental and socioeconomic impacts surrounding the BRI in Central Asia. This opinion paper takes a sharper look at some of these externalities and potential effects through a sustainability lens. Major environmental concerns focus on the proliferation of spur roads that will develop off upgraded or new Belt Roads to promote exploitation of natural resources. Steep, high-elevation landscapes in the Pamirs and Tien Shan pose problems for road location and construction, and the history of road building in less formidable terrain in Yunnan, China is unsustainable, leading to epic landslide and gully erosion, which degrade river systems. Furthermore, many socioeconomic issues may arise like debt dependencies of poor countries, spread of communicable diseases into remote communities, depletion of mineral resources, and implicit compliance with pro-China policies. While some of the poorer post-Soviet nations can reap short-term benefits from BRI plans, it is urged that they assess the long-term sustainability of BRI development and play an active role in determining the conditions for implementation.
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Matinnia, Benyamin, Aidin Parsakhoo, Jahangir Mohamadi und Shaban Shataee Jouibary. „Study of the LiDAR accuracy in mapping forest road alignments and estimating the earthwork volume“. Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 11 (03.12.2018): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2018-jfs.
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Today, differential geographical position system and total station devices are improving the accuracy of positioning information, but in critical locations such as steep slopes and closed canopy cover, the device accuracy is limited. Moreover, field surveying in this technique is time-consuming and expensive. For this reason, remote sensing technique such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanner should be used in field measurements. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare precision and time expenditure of total station and airborne LiDAR in producing horizontal and vertical alignments and estimating earthwork volume of two proposed forest roads in a deciduous forest of Iran. To investigate this task, the geographical position of proposed forest roads were detected by differential geographical position system and then marked on land. Mentioned roads were taken again with Leica Total Station (LTS) on control points with same 5 m intervals from start point. Recent data served as a reference value for comparison with LiDAR measurements. The data were processed in Civil 3D, Fusion and Leica geo office software. Results showed that in comparison to field-surveyed routes by LTS, the LiDAR-derived routes exhibited a horizontal accuracy of 0.23 and 0.47 m and vertical accuracy of 0.31 and 0.66 m for road 1 and road 2, respectively. The LiDAR-derived sections every 1 m exhibited cut and fill accuracy of 2.39 and 3.18 m<sup>3</sup> for road 1 and 2.98 and 5.60 m<sup>3</sup> road 2, respectively. In this study, it was proved that the road project can be prepared faster by LiDAR than that of LTS. Therefore, high accuracy of road projection by LiDAR is useful for terrain analysis without the need for field reconnaissance.
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Jalali, Aghil Moradmand, Ramin Naghdi und Ismael Ghajar. „Potential Evaluation of Forest Road Trench Failure in a Mountainous Forest, Northern Iran“. Croatian journal of forest engineering 43, Nr. 1 (24.11.2021): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2022.1330.
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After road construction in steep and mountainous areas, there is always a risk for trench failure. Estimation of this probability before forest road design and construction is urgent. Besides, to decrease failures costs and risks, it is necessary to classify their occurrence probabilities and identify the factors affecting them. The present study compares three statistical models of logistic regression, frequency ratio, and maximum entropy. The robust one was applied to generate trench failures susceptibility map of forest roads of two watersheds in Northern Iran. Also, all failures repairing costs were estimated, and subsequently, all existing roads were surveyed in the study area, detecting 844 failures. Among the recorded failures, 591 random cases (70%) were used in modeling, and others (30%) were used as validation data. The digital layers, including failure locations, were prepared. Three failure susceptibility maps were simulated using the outputs of the mentioned methods in the GIS environment. The resulted maps combined with repair cost prices were analyzed to statistically evaluate the repair cost unit per meter of forest road and per square meter of failure. The results showed that the logistic regression model had an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 74.6% in identifying failure-sensitive areas. The probabilistic frequency ratio and Entropy models showed 68.2 and 65.5% accuracy, respectively. Based on the logistic regression model, the distance to faults and terrain slope factors had the highest effects on forest road trenches failures. According to the result, about 43.25% of the existing road network is located in »high« and »very high« risky areas. The estimated cost of regulating and profiling trenches and ditches along the existing roads was approximately 108,772 $/km.
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Raftrey, David, Aurelio Hierro-Rodriguez, Amalio Fernandez-Pacheco und Peter Fischer. „The road to 3-dim nanomagnetism: Steep curves and architectured crosswalks“. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 563 (Dezember 2022): 169899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169899.
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Mukhlis, M., N. Nazsir, M. Rahmatunnisa und Y. N. Yuningsih. „A LONG, WINDING AND STEEP ROAD FOR COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN INDONESIA“. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 76, Nr. 4 (30.04.2018): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-04.19.
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Reiners, Dirk, und Gerrit Voss. „Climbing Longs Peak: The Steep Road to the Future of OpenGL“. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 27, Nr. 4 (Juli 2007): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2007.79.
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Faishal Nur, Ahmad, und Orien Effendi. „The Steep Road to Renewal of Islamic Law through Maqasid Values“. Jurisprudensi : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, Perundangan-Undangan dan Ekonomi Islam 15, Nr. 2 (29.08.2023): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jurisprudensi.v15i2.6415.
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Hukum Islam secara substantif berasal dari ajaran agama Islam. Sebagai ajaran agama, hukum Islam bersumber dari Allah yang digali langsung dari al-Qur’an dan al-Sunnah. Hukum Islam ini kemudian dinilai sebagai suatu yang sakral dan tidak dapat diubah. Pikiran inilah yang kemudian menjadikan hukum Islam itu menjadi kaku bahkan statis dan pada akhirnya tidak siap menjawab berbagai persoalan, padahal hukum Islam dalam realitas kehidupan manusia menuntut terjadinya dinamisasi dan perkembangan secara terus menerus. Dinamisasi hukum Islam akan tercapai manakala terjadi dialektika antara teks dan realitas, dengan begitu selalu menemukan inovasi baru dalam rangka penemuan hukum, tujuannya agar meraih kemaslahatan. Artikel ini menggunakan studi analisis melalui penelitian pustaka berdasarkan data primer dan sekunder dengan pendekatan normatif yuridis. Hasil penelitian menujukan bahwa masih terdapat kalangan umat Islam yang menganggap kesakralan hukum Islam klasik sebagai sebuah kebenaran absolut yang tidak dapat diubah, sikap sebagian kalangan tersebut menjadikan Islam terasa asing bagi lingkungan yang melingkupinya. Keadaan semakin diperparah ketika mereka tidak menerima sepenuhnya terhadap pembaharuan hukum Islam seperti hadirnya konsep atau nilai maqashid kontemporer
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Ramos Scharron, Carlos E., Efrain E. Alicea, Yasiel Figueroa Sanchez, Matthew C. LaFevor, Preston McLaughlin, Lee H. MacDonald, Kynoch Reale-Munroe, Edivaldo L. Thomaz und Roberto Viqueira Rios. „Three Decades of Road and Trail Runoff andErosion Work in the Northeastern Caribbean –a Research Program Perspective“. Journal of the ASABE 66, Nr. 1 (2023): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15078.
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Highlights The infiltration capacities of unsurfaced roadways are frequently exceeded by rain intensity, promoting overland flow. Erosion rates from unsurfaced roadways and cut slopes are 101 to 104 times greater than on undisturbed hillslopes. Roads in steep, subtropical wet terranes may increase landslide erosion by a factor of 5 relative to areas without roads. The hydro-geomorphic impact of roads is so prominent that they must be explicitly considered in watershed assessments. ABSTRACT. Erosion is a key environmental concern in the northeastern Caribbean because it can diminish soil productivity, damage infrastructure, and threaten human life. Additionally, sediment released by erosion can be delivered to streams where it can degrade water quality and aquatic habitat, reduce reservoir storage capacity, and threaten critical marine resources such as sea grass beds and coral reefs. Road erosion has been a concern in the region since the 1990s, and a considerable body of research has been conducted over the last ~30 years. This article reviews the key findings and identifies additional research needs. In some tropical dry coastal watersheds of the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, unpaved roads and foot or off-road vehicle trails are the primary sediment sources. Watershed scale sediment production rates in these tropical dry settings are 0.3 to 3.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1, depending on unpaved road density, and these are 3 to 40 times greater than under undisturbed conditions. In wetter settings, like the forested and actively cultivated landscapes of highland Puerto Rico, sediment contributions include those from unpaved farm roads but also those from croplands, streambanks, and landslides. Watershed scale sediment production rates in actively cultivated tropical wet settings are 15 to 60 Mg ha-1 yr-1, with road-induced surface erosion and landslides accounting for 50% to 95% of total sediment production. Designing management alternatives will require additional research to improve our understanding of road-to-stream and road-to-coast connectivity, develop effectiveness metrics of applied management practices, and establish the specific causes of road-induced landslides. Keywords: Connectivity, Coral reefs, Landslides, Puerto Rico, Sedimentation, Surface erosion, Virgin Islands.
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Juanda, Ari, Muhammad Isya und Noer Fadhly. „Hubungan Volume, Kecepatan Dan Kepadatan Dengan Model Greenshields, Greenberg, Dan Underwood Pada Ruas Jalan Luar Kota Kawasan Gunung Geurutee“. Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 2, Nr. 4 (10.12.2019): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v2i4.14945.
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In Indonesia, Karl-L Bang research in 1994 on the relationship between traffic parameters was included in the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual 1997. The research has undergone many changes between 1994 and 2018 in the growth of traffic that may affect traffic flow and volume, speed and density all urban roads, roads outside the city in an area, In Aceh studies have also been conducted into the relationship between traffic parameters on different roads. On this basis, it is very necessary to know the characteristics of traffic flows that occur on the Banda Aceh - Meulaboh section 65 + 450 is located in Aceh Jaya Regency, in the province of Aceh. Given that this road is located in an extremely mountainous area, where there are many very steep curves and ravines and rocks on the cliff side of the road. Analysis using models Greenshields, Greenberg, and Underwood. The results of the study show that the Greenshields model is the most satisfying compared to the Greenberg model and the Underwood model with a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.88. The model is in accordance with the traffic conditions on the Outer City Road. Then the traffic flow obtained can not reach optimum conditions, namely in a stable traffic flow condition. The relationship between speed and density (S-D) with the model equation is S = 36,525 - 0,815 D; The volume-density (V-D) relationship with the model equation is V = 36,525 D - 0,815 D2; The relationship of volume - speed (V-S) with the model equation is V = 44,835 S - 1,228 S2
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Rossi, Domiziana. „A Road to Fīrūzābād“. Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 3 (31.12.2018): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v3i0.382.
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A serpentine path created by the river Tang-āb through the Zagros Mountains has always been the only access from north to the city of Ardašīr-Xwarrah, located at five kilometers west from the modern Fīrūzābād, in Iran. This inaccessibility prompted the king of Fārs Ardašīr to found his stronghold against the Arsacid power here. This path endured the fall of the Sasanian Empire throughout Islamic times as a crossroads of the routes connecting the port of Sīrāf to other cities. The impervious path allowed both the coup d'État that marked the rise of the Sasanian dynasty and the development of trades through Fīrūzābād. The reliefs of Ardašīr's victory over the Arsacid King and his investiture by the god Ohrmazd are carved in the gorge, ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Furthermore the rose-water produced in Fīrūzābād travelled on the steep path farsakh by farsakh (literally, parasang by parasang) so it could spread through the entire dār al-Islam. The movement of goods and populations on this road has survived with the Qashqaii nomads, who travel along this path even today, during their seasonal migration.
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González-Jorge, H., L. Díaz-Vilariño, S. Lagüela, J. Martínez-Sánchez und P. Arias. „INFLUENCE OF THE PRECISION OF LIDAR DATA IN SURFACE WATER RUNOFF ESTIMATION FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (19.08.2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-3-2015.
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Roads affect the natural surface and subsurface drainage pattern of a hill or a watershed. Road drainage systems are designed with the objective of reducing the energy generated by the flowing water and the presence of excess water or moisture within the road. A poorly designed drainage may affect to road maintenance causing cut or fill failures, road surface erosion and degrading the engineering properties of the materials with which it was constructed. Surface drainage pattern can be evaluated from Digital Elevation Models typically calculated from point clouds acquired with aerial LiDAR platforms. However, these systems provide low resolution point clouds especially in cases where slopes with steep grades exist. In this work, Mobile LiDAR systems (aerial and terrestrial) are combined for surveying roads and their surroundings in order to provide complete point cloud. As the precision of the point clouds obtained from these mobile systems is influenced by GNSS outages, Gaussian noise with different standard deviation values is introduced in the point cloud in order to determine its influence in the evaluation of water runoff direction. Results depict an increase in the differences of flow direction with the decrease of cell size of the raster dataset and with the increase of Gaussian noise. The last relation fits to a second-order polynomial Differences in flow direction up to 42º are achieved for a cell size of 0.5 m with a standard deviation of 0.15 m.
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Metallinos Log, Markus, Maren Helene Rø Eitrheim, Kelly Pitera, Trude Tørset und Tomas Levin. „Operational and Infrastructure Readiness for Semi-Automated Truck Platoons on Rural Roads“. Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University 30 (15.08.2023): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.td.v30i.7908.
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On highways, truck platooning may reduce fuel consumption, improve road safety and streamline trucking operations. However, most roads worldwide are two-way, two-lane rural roads, i.e., conditions for which truck platooning should be tested to explore the extent of those advantages. This paper reports findings from a field study undertaken in Northern Norway, testing a platoon of three semi-automated trucks on rural roads with tunnels, mountain passes and adverse geometries. Fleet management and distance data, videos, interviews and conversations between participants were used to assess whether platooning was feasible on such roads. The platooning system was used without interventions through most road conditions, and worked well on flat and wide roads with 90 km/h speed limits. However, it struggled in sharp horizontal curves, where the following trucks would speed up before regaining connection to their preceding truck and then brake abruptly to regain the prescribed distance. Moreover, steep uphills were problematic due to inconsistent gear shifting between the trucks. Seemingly, no fuel savings were achieved, due to excessive following distances and suboptimal speed profiles on crest curves. To obtain further insights into the benefits of truck platooning on rural roads, we suggest redoing the field study with V2V-communication, allowing for shorter following distances, and also performing a manual-driven baseline first.
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Sastrawan, Febrian Dedi, Liliana Rossa, Rahmania Rahmania, Meidi Arisalwadi und Adrian Rahmat Nur. „IDENTIFICATION OF THE HARD LAYER USING WENNER CONFIGURATION RESISTIVITY METHOD (CASE STUDY: JALAN SAMBOJA – SEPAKU)“. Jurnal Neutrino:Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 15, Nr. 2 (13.04.2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/neu.v15i2.17278.
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Samboja – Sepaku road is a land transportation route that can be used from the cities of Balikpapan and Samarinda to the new capital city. There is a problem with this road. Namely cracks appear on several roads due to subsidence. This is because the layer of soil that supports this road is thick and has young sediment. The hilly topography and steep ravines that dominate this road area also contributed to the subsidence. Efforts that can be made to deal with the occurrence of land subsidence are geotechnical engineering, such as making siring. In the construction process, the siring foundation must be planted in a dense layer of soil that is not easily shifted or unstable, which is also known as a hard layer. Determining the position of the hard layer can be done by identifying the subsurface stratigraphy using the resistivity method. The results of the subsurface lithology depiction obtained two types of soil layers that dominate the roadside area, namely clay layers with resistivity values of 2.31 Ωm – 15.1 Ωm and sandy clays with resistivity values of 38.7 – 253 Ωm. The clay layer is the recommended layer as a hard layer at a depth of 15-20 meters.
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Zhou, Zhi Xiang, und Liang Fan. „An Idea of T-Shaped Integer Cantilevered Road“. Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (Mai 2011): 4051–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.4051.
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A new method of widening mountainous highway with T-shaped Integer Cantilevered Road was proposed for steep mountainous areas. Its design principle is casting an integral wall upon the exiting stable roadbed to widen the road without considerable cut and fill. Then the construction technique and work principle were introduced, and the technical, economic and environmental benefits were discussed. Engineering application shows that this method is not only simple, economical, and on the safe side in construction, but also protecting environment further compared with the existing techniques.
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Köbis, Nils C., Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Francesca Righetti und Paul A. M. Van Lange. „The Road to Bribery and Corruption“. Psychological Science 28, Nr. 3 (12.01.2017): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616682026.
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Major forms of corruption constitute a strong threat to the functioning of societies. The most frequent explanation of how severe corruption emerges is the slippery-slope metaphor—the notion that corruption occurs gradually. While having widespread theoretical and intuitive appeal, this notion has barely been tested empirically. We used a recently developed paradigm to test whether severely corrupt acts happen gradually or abruptly. The results of four experimental studies revealed a higher likelihood of severe corruption when participants were directly given the opportunity to engage in it (abrupt) compared with when they had previously engaged in minor forms of corruption (gradual). Neither the size of the payoffs, which we kept constant, nor evaluations of the actions could account for these differences. Contrary to widely shared beliefs, sometimes the route to corruption leads over a steep cliff rather than a slippery slope.
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Momon, Bayu Martanto Adji, Desi Widia Kusuma, Elsa Yolarita, Vivi Ukhwatul, K. Masbiran und Arian Dodi. „Study analysis of landslide vulnerability of mining area in the sub-district Lembah Gumanti, Solok regency (lubuk selasih street– surian)“. E3S Web of Conferences 331 (2021): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133106007.
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Open access land mining activities on the Lubuk Selasih – Surian national road have in floods and landslides that have, in losses to the community and the imposition of costs for maintenance and rehabilitation of federal roads along the mining area. This study aims to determine the existing condition of mining and analyze the vulnerability of erosions in mining areas. The data used is secondary data, using descriptive quantitative methods with photogrammetric analysis of the maps obtained. The results showed that this mining area has the characteristics of rocks that are easily crushed and tend to be unstable, as well as steep and very steep slopes. This area is also located on the active Semangko fault and volcanic mountains. The environmental carrying capacity of disaster prevention and protection ecosystem services is mainly in the shallow categories. Based on these findings, the mine site is at a very high level of vulnerability to erosions. Thus, it is necessary to mitigate mining management administratively and operationally to minimize environmental damage
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Bai, Shumin, Xiaofeng Ji, Bingyou Dai, Yongming Pu und Wenwen Qin. „An Integrated Model for the Geohazard Accident Duration on a Regional Mountain Road Network Using Text Data“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 19 (29.09.2022): 12429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912429.
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A mountainous road network with special geological and meteorological characteristics is extremely vulnerable to nonrecurring accidents, such as traffic crashes and geohazard breakdowns. Geohazard accidents significantly impact the operation of the road network. Timely and accurate prediction of how long geohazard accidents will last is of significant importance to regional traffic safety management and control schemes. However, none of the existing studies focus on the topic of predicting geohazard accident duration on regional large-scale road networks. To fill this gap, this paper proposes an approach integrated with the Kaplan–Meier (K-M) model and random survival forest (RSF) model for geohazard accident duration prediction based on text data collected from mountainous road networks in Yunnan, China. The results indicate that geohazard accidents in road networks have a strong aggregation in tectonically active, steep mountainous, and fragmented areas. Especially the time of the rainy season, and the morning peak, brings high incident occurrences. In addition, accident type, secondary accidents, impounded vehicles or personnel, morning rush hour, closed roads, and accident management level significantly affect the duration of road geohazards. The RSF model was 0.756 and 0.867 in terms of the C-index and the average area under the curve, respectively, outperforming the traditional hazard model (Cox proportional hazards regression) and other survival machine learning models (survival support vector machine). Without censored data, the mean absolute error and mean squared error of the RSF model were 11.32 and 346.99, respectively, which were higher than the machine learning models (random forest and extreme gradient boosting model).
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Akay, Abdullah E. „Determination of the Safest Route for Logging Trucks Based on Road Types and Conditions“. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, Nr. 1 (13.11.2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08068.
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Hauling of wood-based forest products is a complex problem that requires evaluation of many alternative routes. Forest transportation has been generally done by using logging trucks with high carrying capacity. Logging truck driving is one of the dangerous occupations in forestry, particularly in Turkey, where forest lands are mostly located in mountainous regions with steep slopes. The safety risk of truck driving mainly depends on the road standards and conditions. The majority of the forest roads in Turkey have low standards that limit the maneuverability of logging trucks. In such conditions, forest transportation should be planned by considering not only transportation costs but also the safety of logging truck driving. In this study, the GIS-based network analysis method was used to develop the optimum transportation plans for two scenarios. In the first scenario, an optimum plan that minimized the total transportation cost was developed, while a transportation plan that ensured the safest logging truck driving was optimized in the second scenario. A safety score was assigned to each road section based on the road type (asphalt, gravel, forest road) and road conditions (good, medium, poor). In the study area, located in the city of Bursa in Turkey, there were three forest depots and five landings. The results indicated that the transportation cost increased by 15.76% when the safety of logging truck driving was prioritized. In this scenario, forest products from three landings were transported to different depots, compared to the first scenario.
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Mourtzas, N. D., K. Symeonidis, N. Passas, E. Alkalais und E. Kolaiti. „SLOPE STABILIZATION ON CHALKOUTSI – DILESI ROAD, AT PIGADAKIA LOCATION, ATTICA PREFECTURE“. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, Nr. 3 (24.01.2017): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11305.
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A series of ongoing landslides occurred at the steep coastal slopes at Pigadakia location, on the road connecting Chalkoutsi and Dilesi towns, at NE Attica. These landslides caused severe disruption on local traffic. Engineering geological study revealed the local geological conditions and the complex mechanism of the landslides. Site is located on the Neogene deposits composed mainly by layers of sandy or silty clays, marly clays with thin layers of conglomerates. Multiple landslides occurred on the steep costal slopes at a length of 280m parallel to the coast line. On the upper slopes which are composed by loose clayey materials typical circular failures occurred while on the lower ones, composed by hard clays and marls, discontinuities delineate failures under the weathering influence of sea waves. Six boreholes were drilled with piezometers and inclinometers installed in order to investigate the progress of the failures. The stabilization of the upper slopes included the use of soil nails covered with geocells. The lower slopes stabilization included the protection from sea wave erosion by covering slopes with a rock fill embankment.
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Diep, Bao Tri, Hiep Le Dai, Duy Quoc Bui, Quoc Khai Tran, Minh Huy Huynh und Quoc Hung Nguyen. „Designing, Manufacturing and Testing the Cycling Training System Featuring Magnetorheological Brake“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (März 2019): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.346.
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In this study, a dual-disc magneto-rheological brake (MRB) with two coils placed on each side housing is proposed for a cycling training system. The cycling training system is integrated a positioning system to simulate the cycling process in different slope ranging from 0 to 150. By adjusting position of the bicycle, braking torque of the brake, a cyclist can experience different riding condition such as riding on flat road or steep road with the slope up to 15o.
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Pastukhov, Maksim. „Road Infrastructure of the Region As a Rental Factor“. Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, Nr. 1 (April 2022): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2022.1.14.
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One of the important components of agriculture is the transport network, which affects the productivity of agricultural production along with other spatial factors. This influence of road infrastructure is of a rental nature and is a rental factor, and there were factors that affect both the road infrastructure and agriculture, such as terrain conditions (steep slope) that do not allow any agricultural activities and hinder road construction. It is possible to assess the influence of the road infrastructure by means of zoning of geographic information systems. The article studied the districts and urban areas of Krasnodar Krai, including the analysis of the share of suitable land for row farming and the ratio of cultivated areas to the area of land actually suitable for agriculture in terms of geomorphology. The share of the area of the districts involved in the production of crop products in the agriculture of Krasnodar Krai was also determined. The ratio of the total inter-settlement roads to agricultural land and the total productivity of agricultural land were determined. Based on these data, it was revealed that the productivity of agricultural production depends on transport infrastructure. Taking into consideration all factors mentioned above public authorities could decide to improve the efficiency of land use, and agricultural producers can increase economic efficiency as well.
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Howarth, David, und Lucia Quaglia. „The Steep Road to European Banking Union: Constructing the Single Resolution Mechanism“. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52 (03.07.2014): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12178.
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Pappalardo, G., S. Mineo und F. Rapisarda. „Rockfall hazard assessment along a road on the Peloritani Mountains (northeastern Sicily, Italy)“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, Nr. 10 (10.10.2014): 2735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2735-2014.
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Abstract. A hazard assessment has been performed on rock slopes impending over a segment of the Taorminese Road, which connects two popular tourist destinations in northeastern Sicily: the urban centers of Taormina and Castelmola. The road crosses steep rock slopes with a complex geological and tectonic history. The section of the road close to Castelmola is often affected by rockfall phenomena, causing injury to people and serious damage to buildings and traffic. The study analyzes the geostructural setting of the unstable rock masses, by evaluating their mechanical properties and the kinematics of potential failures. Rockfall simulations confirm that falling rocks would involve the Taorminese Road with different kinetic energy rates and prove useful for suggesting the most suitable mitigation technologies for future remedial works. The modified Rockfall Hazard Rating System has been applied to highlight the different levels of hazard along the road. The compiled hazard map shows that portions of the slopes need urgent remedial works, especially because Taorminese is the only access road to Castelmola and its interruption would lead to the isolation of the village.