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1
Fecser, Nikolett, und István Lakatos. „Developing water supply system in Szőgye“. Pollack Periodica 17, Nr. 1 (25.03.2022): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2021.00467.
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Abstract The deteriorative processes occurring in the environment, the growth of population, the water demand of industry and agriculture, point out day after day the increasing role of water management. The economical use of drinking-water consumption as well as the cost reduction is becoming more and more important. In this research, the measure of a water supplier of Győr was examined in terms of implementing the purposes above.
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Agbaba, Jasmina, Malcolm Watson, Marijana Kragulj Isakovski, Uglješa Stankov, Božo Dalmacija und Aleksandra Tubić. „Water Supply Systems for Settlements with Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater—Making the Right Choice“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 17 (23.08.2023): 9557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179557.
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The environmentally and economically sustainable provision of safe drinking water remains one of the most significant public health challenges facing society. It is particularly difficult in small municipalities that lack the human and financial resources to maintain complex and/or expensive water treatment systems, especially in regions where the water is naturally contaminated with toxic substances such as arsenic. This paper analyses two municipalities (Kanjiža and Senta) in northern Serbia with groundwater arsenic concentrations significantly higher than the 10 µg/L maximum allowable concentration. Two different water supply approaches are compared: (1) local supply, where each settlement has their own treatment plant using existing sources; (2) creation of a centralised network, which connects several settlements together with better quality water sources. The analysis considers techno-economical aspects and the quantity and quality of available water, as well as the yields investment and exploitation cost projections for both approaches. The results demonstrate that for small municipalities, a holistic approach to decision making is necessary to find the best solutions for drinking water supply, which in the case of the two municipalities studied is connection to a centralised system supplied from better quality water sources and the creation of connections beyond municipal administrative boundaries.
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Farok, G. M. G. „Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a challenge for Global Water Supply System Management: A case study of Dhaka Water Supply System Management“. Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, Nr. 1 (11.05.2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v46i1.32520.
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Non-revenue Water (NRW) is an important component of commercial water system management. NRW is the result of pipelines leakage, improper, illegal service connections and theft water. NRW contributes system loss that is a buzzword. Actually, NRW is uncounted water that has been produced but it is confirmed to be lost before it consumes the customer. This matter agitates for all concern and specially it affects the whole economy. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is one of the main utilities in Dhaka City and it is the mostimportant sector of the Government of Bangladesh. The potable water distribution network has been installed at the whole area of the city and it covers periphery of the city and its extension is going from N. Gonj to Tongi as well as surrounding area of this city. Non-revenue water surveys were conducted on specific fields and areas that were selected randomly. It would be gradually becoming a serious issue affecting the interest of all concerned andwould be one of the major crises to be solved with techno-managerial concept.
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Vieira, F., und H. M. Ramos. „Optimization of the energy management in water supply systems“. Water Supply 9, Nr. 1 (01.03.2009): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.768.
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Water supply systems frequently present high-energy consumption, which correspond to the major expenses of these systems. Energy costs are a function of real consumption and the daily energy tariff. This paper presents a model of optimization to guarantee the delivery of enough water to populations, for each day. Although, in order to achieve that, energy for pumping is needed, representing the main cost for the companies that operate the systems. The model, developed in MATLAB®, provides the best solution to take in each time step. Simultaneously the population water consumption must be guaranteed, and the hydraulic system restrictions fulfilled. The definition of optimal pumping schedules allows the reduction of operation and maintenance costs associated with pumping energy, as well as the increase of global hydraulic system efficiency. The rules are subsequently introduced into a hydraulic simulator (EPANET), to verify the system behaviour along the simulation period. In addiction, a water turbine is introduced in one of the system's branches. The economical benefits from the generated energy from the water turbine can not be neglected and the wind complementary turbine for pumping supply provides also significant economical savings.
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Girma, Zelalem. „Techno-economic analysis of photovoltaic pumping system for rural water supply in Ethiopia“. International Journal of Sustainable Energy 36, Nr. 3 (04.03.2015): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2015.1017498.
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Senapti, Sucharita, D. T. Santosh und L. P. Pholane. „Techno economic feasibility of drip irrigation for vegetable cultivation“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, Nr. 2 (15.06.2021): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/636-643.
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Vegetable cultivation is a highly practised agricultural activity in India.Commercial horticulture includes the cultivation of both indigenous and exotic vegetables. Vegetable cultivation under the drip irrigation system provides favourable environment for crops growth to achieve higher yield and good quality produce. Adaption of improved irrigation method and supply of precision amount of irrigation water and nutrients to crops are the important in achieving greater yield and avoiding loss of water and nutrients. Micro irrigation can be used to irrigate vegetable crops efficiently in the greenhouse and open field conditions. Both the pan evaporation and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith methods have been adopted to estimate the water requirement of crops under greenhouse structures and in an open field condition. The fertilizer application along with micro irrigation system optimizes the water and fertilizer use efficiency. Vegetables require precision amount of irrigation and fertilizers application and suitable climatic conditions. A very limited information is available on the supply and management of these important inputs.This report presents the role of micro irrigation forthe cultivation of vegetable crops. The design and installation of micro irrigation system, estimation of irrigation requirement of various vegetable crops using micro irrigation are also presented in this manuscript of the report.
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Toumi, Sana, Yassine Amirat, Elhoussin Elbouchikhi, Zhibin Zhou und Mohamed Benbouzid. „Techno-Economic Optimal Sizing Design for a Tidal Stream Turbine–Battery System“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, Nr. 3 (22.03.2023): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030679.
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This article deals with the techno-economic optimal sizing of a tidal stream turbine (TST)–battery system. In this study, the TST system consists of a turbine rotor and a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) associated with a three-phase converter coupled to a DC bus. A battery is used within the system as an energy storage system to absorb excess produced power or cover power deficits. To determine the optimal sizing of the system, an iterative approach was used owing to its ease of implementation, high accuracy, and fast convergence speed, even under environmental constraints such as swell and wave effects. This technique is based on robust energy management, and the recursive algorithm includes the deficiency of power supply probability (DPSP) and the relative excess power generation (REPG) as technical criteria for the system reliability study, and the energy cost (EC) and the total net present cost (TNPC) as economic criteria for the system cost study. As data inputs, the proposed approach used the existing data from the current speed profile, the load, and economic parameters. The desired output is the system component optimal sizing (TST power, and battery capacity). In this paper, the system sizing was studied during a one-year time period to ensure a more reliable and economical system. The results are compared to well-known methods such as genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and software-based (HOMER) approaches. The optimization results confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach in sizing the system, which was simulated using real-world tidal velocity data from a specific deployment site.
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Kanareykin, Aleksandr. „Improving the energy efficiency of the solar heat supply system of buildings based on vacuum collectors“. E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340205007.
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Currently, many residential buildings and businesses use solar water heating systems. This is an economical and reliable type of hot water supply. Heating water for domestic purposes or heating using solar energy is a natural and simple method of saving energy and preserving fossil fuel reserves. The use of renewable energy sources is relevant for all countries of the world. The article deals with the issue of improving the energy efficiency of the solar heat supply system of buildings based on vacuum collectors with natural circulation of the coolant.
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McLean, R., und P. McManamon. „An innovative approach to small town water quality improvements“. Water Supply 3, Nr. 3 (01.06.2003): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0028.
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Innovative solutions are required to meet the conflicting criteria of service level, community need, community desire, cost and risk to the supply authority in the delivery of water quality improvements to small regional communities. Grampians Region Water Authority services 74 towns in North-Western Victoria, an area of generally low rainfall, sparse settlement and few natural waterways. Town populations range from 10 to 13,000, with 56 towns having less than 500 people. A Water Quality Improvement Plan was recently developed by Grampians Water to address these natural difficulties. The plan examined a broad range of alternatives beyond the single-pipe reticulated supply system, including dual-pipe reticulation, rainwater sources and household water treatment systems for achieving target quality levels. The key findings were:• regional treatment plants are not economical if towns are more than 25 km apart• salinity is a major influence on strategy• for low salinity supplies, conventional treatment is most economical• for marginal salinity supplies, a two stage process involving conventional treatment and desalination is appropriate• desalination provides a total solution for high salinity groundwater supplies• drinking quality can only be economically achieved in very small towns by using household treatment of rainwater in a dual supply system. The resultant strategies and implementation issues outlined reveal some significant variations to the conventional approach.
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Xuan, Xiao Yi, und Hui Xuan Zhang. „Application of Rainwater Garden in Economical Ecological Urban Landscape“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.800.
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With the acceleration of global sustainable development, the shortage of water resources especially the city has become the focus of attention in all countries since water is the key to build a resources-saving ecological city. The article improved the existing "rain garden" project and replenished the purification of the rain in order to realize the urban water cyclic utilization ,through recycling rainwater, which can manage rainstorm effectively , improve the urban water cycle system, as well as supply urban irrigation and underground water. Besides, the combination of urban landscape and stormwater management system, if widely accepted, will not only improve the urban water problem, but also improve the urban environment, alleviating the urban heat island effect and improving the local climate. It can shape a new resources-saving ecological city and then realize the sustainable development of resources.
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Andreas, Andreas. „Utilization Of Exhaust Air Conditioning In Apartments For Hot Water Supply: Overview Of Economic Aspects“. Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia (JIM-ID) 1, Nr. 01 (15.01.2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58471/esaprom.v1i01.1404.
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The economic crisis that has hit almost all parts of the world has forced everyone to rethink their own economic arrangements. One thing to consider is the use of hot water. Not by eliminating it, but by looking for other alternatives to produce hot water. The heat-generating system that is widely used by the community is the electric water heater. On the one hand, this system works effectively because it can produce hot water with a maximum temperature of 750C. But on the other hand this system is not economical, because the electricity costs are very large. An alternative that can be given is the use of Air Conditioning Water Heater. Compared to the use of other types of water heaters, hot water produced by ACWH can be said to be "free hot water" because it is produced by utilizing the exhaust heat of the air conditioner and does not require additional electricity costs. The purpose of this research is to determine the most economical type of water heater. The research includes variations in the price of water heaters on the market and the electricity costs paid. From the results of the research, it was found that the most economical type of water heater is ACWH PK with an accumulated electricity cost of Rp. 5.010.300,- in the first year to Rp. 15.003.008,- in the 10th year. The results of this study are expected to be a solution to the economic crisis that hit almost the whole world. In addition, the ACWH system is also environmentally friendly and can reduce global warming because it does not consume energy and utilizes waste heat as its energy source.
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Amir, Nizar. „Techno-Economic Feasibility Assessment of Solar PV Water Pumping System In Dryland: Case Study In Madura“. Rekayasa 14, Nr. 2 (03.08.2021): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/rekayasa.v14i2.10442.
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Indonesia has enormous solar radiation potential, and it can be converted to electrical energy by utilizing solar PV systems. Mainly the irrigation of paddy rice fields in Indonesia dependent on a diesel-powered water pumping system. A solar PV system can replace this method, and it generates several benefits. The present study proposed the utilization of a solar PV system to drive the water pump based on a 100% renewable power supply. The technological and economic viability assessment of solar PV water pumping system to irrigate paddy rice filed at Telang village, Bangkalan, Indonesia, is investigated. The HOMER software has been used to generate the optimal configuration of a renewable system. Initial capital, net present cost, and cost of energy will evaluate as economic assessment criteria. The solar PV and diesel generator water pumping system also compared. The results showed that for water pumping systems, a solar PV system is more cost-effective than a diesel generator. It has lower annual operational and maintenance costs, 100% renewable energy penetration, and free energy cost.
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Ohmer, R., und J. Dandl. „EDP-supported development of economically optimized line renewal strategies by damage analyses“. Water Supply 2, Nr. 4 (01.09.2002): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0118.
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The criterion for the replacement of lines in many water supply enterprises is still their age. Economically aligned strategies of the network renewal do still not exist in many places. In the context of a federal research project at the ESWE Supply PLC in Wiesbaden, a software for economical rehabilitation planning as well as the appropriate database are created. From damage data and the use of economical algorithms this program sets up damage prognoses for individual line sections of the supply network. By inclusion costs of renewal and sanitation measures the expected costs in the future can be calculated on the basis of these damage prognoses. The line sections can be sorted according to different criteria in the program. Thereby, the network planner has the possibility to quickly and efficiently finding the exact line sections of the network which must be renewed or sanitized. In parallel to the software development, investigations into the causes of damage like aggressive soils or earth movements were executed. They supply further important information for the specification of the decisions of the network planner. This information was integrated into the resource information system and can be recalled for planning purposes. Thus the combination of an economical rehabilitation program and resource information system, provides an optimal package for decision making to aid the network planner.
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Dushin, Aleksei S. „Identification of priority areas for ensuring reliable and efficient operation of existing water supply and distribution systems“. «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, Nr. 4 (2022): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-4-546-559.
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This paper addresses a method for determining priority areas for ensuring and maintaining the suffi-cient reliability and efficiency of existing water supply and distribution systems, based on previously obtained mathematical models of water sampling (cross-section method) and flow distribution. The main task of the organisations, operating water supply and distribution systems, involves a high-quality water supply to consumers. Regardless of the wear of water supply and distribution systems, as well as changes in their structural state, the water having suitable parameters must be supplied to the con-sumer in the required quantity. Given the variety of regimes, modelling the operation of water supply and distribution systems indicates a wide range of their possible behaviour, for example, poor quality of supply to consumers during trouble-free operation or no impact of shutdowns of some sections on the quality of supply. It is necessary to analyse the systems and model their operation regimes using a mathematical tool. Here, probabilistic nodal reliability indices of water supply to consumers were used in mathematical models. They include Kj and Pj, decomposed into components characterising the wear of elements (sections) in the system and the reliability of supply to consumers in each of its structural states. The need to adjust the system parameters to ensure the required level of reliability of its opera-tion was assessed, with various solutions being outlined. The technical and economical comparison of possible measures allows an optimum option to be determined, prioritising the replacement of outdated elements and the construction of additional elements (sections) of the system. All stages of the sug-gested method, which can be widely used by organisations, maintaining water supply and distribution systems, are shown in the example of a system.
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Rahman, Sadia, M. T. R. Khan, Shatirah Akib, Nazli Bin Che Din, S. K. Biswas und S. M. Shirazi. „Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting System in terms of Water Quality“. Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/721357.
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Water is considered an everlasting free source that can be acquired naturally. Demand for processed supply water is growing higher due to an increasing population. Sustainable use of water could maintain a balance between its demand and supply. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the most traditional and sustainable method, which could be easily used for potable and nonpotable purposes both in residential and commercial buildings. This could reduce the pressure on processed supply water which enhances the green living. This paper ensures the sustainability of this system through assessing several water-quality parameters of collected rainwater with respect to allowable limits. A number of parameters were included in the analysis: pH, fecal coliform, total coliform, total dissolved solids, turbidity, NH3–N, lead, BOD5, and so forth. The study reveals that the overall quality of water is quite satisfactory as per Bangladesh standards. RWH system offers sufficient amount of water and energy savings through lower consumption. Moreover, considering the cost for installation and maintenance expenses, the system is effective and economical.
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Swetha Reddy, P., K. V.Chanakya, B. Eswari und Ch Bhupati. „Water leakage detection monitoring and controlling system using IOT“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 2.7 (18.03.2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10276.
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The Water is the most valuable because it is a basic need of all humans, in these days water supply department are facing problem because of less amount of water due to less rainfall, lowering of ground water in spite of all these problems water leakage from pipelines while supplying and also no monitoring of water distribution and controlling. With increment in population, neighborhoods have expanded as a result of this reason water has turned into a major issue which influences in distribution, conservation, consumption and also the quality so, to overcome all these problems and create system economical there’s want of correct observance and dominant system. In this paper, we are proposing a system which can detect the leakages, monitoring and controlling if water supply in pipelines. Sensors places in the tank which continuously informs the water level of water in the tank. The motor functioning will be automatically turn on and when tank is about to fill up it will cut off.
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Moreira, Daniel F., und Helena M. Ramos. „Energy Cost Optimization in a Water Supply System Case Study“. Journal of Energy 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/620698.
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The majority of the life cycle costs (LCC) of a pump are related to the energy spent in pumping, with the rest being related to the purchase and maintenance of the equipment. Any optimizations in the energy efficiency of the pumps result in a considerable reduction of the total operational cost. The Fátima water supply system in Portugal was analyzed in order to minimize its operational energy costs. Different pump characteristic curves were analyzed and modeled in order to achieve the most efficient operation point. To determine the best daily pumping operational scheduling pattern, genetic algorithm (GA) optimization embedded in the modeling software was considered in contrast with a manual override (MO) approach. The main goal was to determine which pumps and what daily scheduling allowed the best economical solution. At the end of the analysis it was possible to reduce the original daily energy costs by 43.7%. This was achieved by introducing more appropriate pumps and by intelligent programming of their operation. Given the heuristic nature of GAs, different approaches were employed and the most common errors were pinpointed, whereby this investigation can be used as a reference for similar future developments.
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Klein, Svetlana V., S. A. Vekovshinina und A. S. Sboev. „Priority risk factors of drinking water and the related with it economical loss“. Hygiene and sanitation 95, Nr. 1 (28.10.2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-1-10-14.
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The inadequate water quality of utility and drinking water supply system has been shown to be able to contribute to the additional cases of mortality (approx. 11,0 thousand cases) and morbidity (over 2900 thousand cases) and be the second most important environmental factor. Elevated levels of arsenic, copper, cadmium, organochlorine compounds, nitrates, nitrites and other detrimental impurities can give rise the development of adverse effects on skin and subcutaneous tissue; musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; blood, hematopoietic organs and separate disorders involving the immunity mechanism; urogenital, nervous, endocrine systems, blood circulatory system, digestive organs, both in the population of adults and children. The list of priority risk factors incoming with drinking water and forming negative tendencies of the health state of the population of the Russian Federation changes insignificantly over time. The economic loss due to the negative influence of the priority factors of drinking water pollution on the population’s health accounted for over 50 billion rubles in 2014.
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Soliman, A. M., Mohamed A. Sharaf Eldean und Imed Miraouia. „Experimental and Economical Analysis of an Autonomous Renewable Power Supply System for Water Desalination and Electric Generation“. Modern Applied Science 13, Nr. 9 (23.08.2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n9p43.
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Solar-Wind systems are growing as a vital option to power different types of membrane desalination processes. It is becoming very important to use renewable power sources because of zero emissions to the environment. In this work, solar photovoltaic (PV) system is used to power on the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process. Meanwhile, Vertical Wind Turbine (VWT) system has been used as a recovery system during sun absence periods. Moreover, the possibilities to operate a hybrid system of PV-VWT combined with RO system has also investigated. The system is designed to desalinate a low rate of fresh water at a scale capacity of 0.1-1m3/day. The system is contained as a mobile unit which can be used to serve rural areas during safari and tourism travels in deserts with some features such as, compactness, stability, and ease of maintenance. The unit product cost (UPC, $/m3) is found in the range of 1.51$/m3.
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Pazushkina, O. V., M. V. Zolin und D. S. Morozov. „Using the heat of deaerator flash steam for additional heating of return system water in boiler installations“. Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 15, Nr. 3 (14.11.2022): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2022-15-3-158-165.
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Reliable and economical operation of the equipment of thermal heat supply systems and boiler installations is an important and challenging task. High-quality water treatment directly affects the efficiency of boiler installations. The main stages of water treatment at thermal power plants are pretreatment, desalination and thermal deaeration — removal of aggressive gases that lead to corrosion of equipment. Currently, there are a significant number of manufacturing enterprises that are equipped with their own boiler plants. In boiler houses used for steam generation, as well as heating boilers serving heating system, water deaeration is a mandatory process. The article is dedicated to the development of a technology to make the boiler installations more economical and efficient due to additional heating of the return system water with deaerator flash steam. In this paper, the process of water deaeration is considered on the example of the boiler room of the AB InBev Efes brewery in Ulyanovsk, where the heating station is equipped with automation systems, and the regulation of steam supply for heating is carried out automatically depending on the temperature of the return system water. Due to the designed arrangement and depending on the amount of flash steam of the atmospheric deaerator, the return water of the heating system can be heated by 3 - 10°C. Besides, during periods of warm winters at the Ulyanovsk-based brewery of AB InBev Efes, with minimal loads of the boiler plant, heating of the return system water in the heat exchanger with the flash steam of the atmospheric deaerator may be used as the main or additional stage of heating.
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Karhe, Prof R. R., und Ms Vaishali Dilip Kachawa. „IoT based Water Management System“. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, Nr. 9 (05.10.2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i9.5358.
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The conventional technique of measuring the quality of water is to gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis, but this technique is time overwhelming and not economical. Since it is not feasible to take the water sample to the laboratory after every hour for measuring its quality. The water quality measuring system can measure the essential qualities of water in real time. The system consists of multiple sensors to measure the standard of water, microcontroller and wifi modem to send the information to the watching center. It's a true time system which is able to endlessly measure the standard of water and can send the measured values to the watching center when each predefinedtime.
During the past decade, water needs have increased unpredictably in India. Increasing demand of water supply has become a major challenge for the world. Wasteful usage of water, climatic changes and Urbanization has further depleted the resource. Conservation and management of the resource must be given utmost importance. In this paper, we present an IoT design for water monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection on real time bases. This paper proposes a system that addresses new challenges in the water sector -flow rate measuring and the need for a study of the supply of water in order to curb water wastage and encourage its conservation. We also measure the quality of water distributed to every household by deploying pH and conductivity sensors. The traditional water metering systems require periodic human intervention for maintenance making it inconvenient and often least effective. This system is designed to overcome for shortcoming of the existing models for a ubiquitous usage of wireless systems for smart quality monitoring and communicate datawirelessly.
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Staben, N., A. Hein und T. Kluge. „Measuring sustainability of water supply: performance indicators and their application in a corporate responsibility report“. Water Supply 10, Nr. 5 (01.12.2010): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.346.
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For many water supply companies, the sustainable exploitation of water resources has always been an integral part of their business, voluntarily accepting tasks and responsibility which benefit society and the environment in general, e.g. in resource protection, environmental monitoring, and encouragement of sustainable farming practices. However, these voluntary activities are often not sufficiently recognised internally and externally due to a missing sustainability framework and a less developed communication strategy. Therefore, a comprehensive framework for the measurement and reporting of corporate responsibility (CR) in water supply was developed, comprising the environmental and sustainability issues of resource protection and water supply, social responsibility and long-term economical development. This framework was successfully applied in a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach and served as basis for a CR report of a German regional water and wastewater company. The CR Performance Indicator system was imbedded in the IWA framework of Performance Indicators (PI), and as such is universally applicable in water and wastewater systems.
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Yamagata, H., M. Ogoshi, Y. Suzuki, M. Ozaki und T. Asano. „On-site water recycling systems in Japan“. Water Supply 3, Nr. 3 (01.06.2003): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0020.
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Non-potable urban water reuse is Japan's main water reuse practice, which includes water for environmental uses, in-stream flow augmentation, toilet flushing, and industrial reuse. On-site water recycling systems reclaim wastewater on site as well as harvest rainwater in one or more large buildings and distributing the reclaimed water within the buildings for non-potable reuse. Based on our survey conducted in 1999 on current status of on-site water recycling systems in 23 wards of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government District, the following findings are reported in this paper: (1) on the average, 61% of non-potable water demand is met by reclaimed water, and the deficit is made up by tap water from city water supply, (2) biological treatment or ultrafiltration processes can provide reliable treatment and suitable water quality. Some technical problems such as odor from on-site treatment facilities have occurred in a few buildings, (3) there has been no serious accident involving human health by accidentally ingesting reclaimed water, and (4) there is a scale merit in the construction cost of on-site water recycling systems. An on-site wastewater recycling system larger than 100 m3/d is more economically justifiable when compared to a conventional domestic water supply system. An on-site water recycling system can provide an effective, safe, and economical urban water resource for non-potable water reuse applications.
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Szabo, S., T. Kovacs, G. L. Ionescu, K. I. A. Cziszter, Daniela-Smaranda Ionescu und A. F. Sărăcuț-Ardelean. „Comparative Studies and Research on Optimizing Electric Consumption of Water Supply Systems“. Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, Nr. 1 (01.05.2022): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0014.
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Abstract Water Supply Systems (WSS) can very well be dubbed as the backbone of every major human settlement for thousands of years at this point as every major human settlement throughout history has, regardless of time period or rural/urban erection or evolution has had its emplacement close to if not dead center over a significant water source that can provide this valuable and desperately needed resource to the populace. Of course, with the passage of time and the ever increasing number of the population and their life style, new techniques and technologies were incorporated within the grand design of the water supply pipeline, mainly automation and operation reliability boosts by means of electricity. It is a given that electrical current is not cheap to produce and maintain, although it is a field of ongoing study and research when it comes to optimizing the energy consumption of any system that runs on this costly resource, both for making the overall operation of the entire system more reliable but also more economical, all the while taking inspiration of multiple specialty works published within this field and, of course, already established local and European Union standards within Romania.
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Khan, Salah Ud-Din, Zeyad Almutairi und Meshari Alanazi. „Techno-Economic Assessment of Fuel Cycle Facility of System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART)“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 21 (26.10.2021): 11815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111815.
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The economic assessment of advanced nuclear power reactors is very important, specifically during the early stages of concept design. Therefore, a study was performed to calculate the total cost estimation of fuel cycle supply for a system modular advanced reactor (SMART) by using the Generation-IV economic program called G4-ECONS (Generation 4 Excel-based Calculation of Nuclear Systems). In this study, the detailed description of each model and methodology are presented including facility, operations, construction matrix, post-production model, and fuel cycle cost estimation model. Based on these models, six Generation-III+ and Generation-IV nuclear reactors were simulated, namely System 80+ with benchmark data, System 80+ with uranium oxide (UOx) and mixed oxide (MOx) fuel assemblies, fast reactor, PBMR (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor), and PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor), with partially closed and benchmarked cases. The total levelized costs of these reactors were obtained, and it was observed that PBMR showed the lowest cost. The research was extended to work on the SMART reactor to calculate the total levelized fuel cycle cost, capital cost, capital component cost, fraction of capital spent, and sine curve spent pattern. To date, no work is being reported to calculate these parameters for the SMART reactor. It was observed that SMART is the most cost-effective reactor system among other proven and advanced pressurized water-based reactor systems. The main objective of the research is to verify and validate the G4-ECONS model to be used for other innovative nuclear reactors.
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Big-Alabo, A., und C. Isaac. „Automatic water level control system using discretized components“. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, Nr. 10 (03.11.2020): 1781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i10.11.
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This study is based on the design of a portable automatic water level control switch that is capable of switching on the pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level to prevent dry-run of the pump in case the level in the underground tank goes below the suction level. The water in the tank is measured by the conductive probes and displaced via the LED indicators. At maximum-set capacity the pump is de-energized to automatically switch off, thereby stopping the inflow of water into the tank. The design approach involves three major stages which are: the power supply unit, the sensing unit, and the motoring and relay unit. The uniqueness of this work is the use of discrete components such as transistors to achieve water level control. This approach is more economical, simpler and easier to implement than the sophisticated programmable logic controllers and computerized microprocessors.
Keywords: discrete components; conductive probes; sensors; relays; pump
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Adhav, Nikita, Vishal Zerikunthe, Aishwarya Sasane und Arpan Deshmukh. „Analysis and Redesign of 24/7 Water Distribution Network using Watergem Software“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 6 (30.06.2022): 2054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44100.
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Abstract: A continuous water supply system has generated significant interest in India due to its many advantages. Also it is useful for conserving water and its quality. Now-a-days demand for drinking water is increasing day by day with corresponding increase in population. The present study shows the remodelling of existing network and also designing the water distribution network using a programming tool, which performs the extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behaviour within the pressurized network of pipes called watergems. This paper demonstrates the use of watergems for the hydraulic study of the distribution network. The studies present the hydraulic design and analysis of rural water distribution system (WDS) for Nighoj village of the state of Maharashtra, India. Water distribution system is designed for this study for population estimated for future 30 years watergems software have been used and the results are compare to determine the economical size of pipes for distribution system. The economical size of pipes of water display system is designed by considering the constraints; residual pressure at each node velocity of flow in pipe, head loss in pipes, material of pipes, elevated service reservoir level, peak factor and available commercial pipe diameter
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Dahab, M. F., und S. Sirigina. „Nitrate removal from water supplies using biodenitrification and GAC-sand filter systems“. Water Science and Technology 30, Nr. 9 (01.11.1994): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0462.
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In this paper, a study on using fixed-film biological denitrification to remove nitrates from water supplies is reported. Fixed-film biological systems have not been used in water supply systems in the U.S. although they are proven to be efficient and economical for removing nitrates with the reason being the possibility of imparting residual organics, suspended solids and bacteria to the treated water. In this research, fixed-film upflow biodenitrification columns were operated under carbon-starved conditions and the effluent was treated with a granular activated carbon (GAC) and sand filter system (combined in one unit) to remove residual organics and suspended matter. The system resulted in an average effluent turbidity of 0.8 NTU, and COD and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations of 5.7 and 0.6 mg/L, respectively.
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Al-Smairan, Mohammad, Moayyad Shawaqfah und Fares AlMomani. „Techno-Economic Investigation of an Integrated Boiler–Solar Water Heating/Cooling System: A Case Study“. Energies 14, Nr. 1 (22.12.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010001.
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With the increase in oil prices, developing nations end up paying expensive electricity and heating bill. This leading study investigates the experimental development of a new energy-saving system by integrating a solar water heater and solar cooling absorption cycle with a conventional boiler for domestic hot water and heating purposes. The heating and cooling load calculations for space heating of the building were calculated using TRNSYS 14.1 computer software and the results were used in calculating the energy-saving value. A 65 flat plate solar collector-chiller system with a total surface area of 130 m2 was integrated with the boiler and used to supply heating and cooling for a three-story building (1500 m2) in Al Bayt University, Jordan. The integrated system helped to save energy, reduced the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, supplied hot water, and space heating/cooling requirements to the building year-round, and reduced the overall energy cost of heating and cooling by 55% and 48%, respectively. Moreover, the techno-economic analysis showed that the payback period of the combined system with a total cost of $18,650 is roughly 2.5-year. The solar water heating/cooling system has the potential to provide more than 50% of the house energy demand free of charge with a significant reduction in carbon footprint.
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Sargentis, G. Fivos, Romanos Ioannidis, Georgios Karakatsanis, Stavroula Sigourou, Nikos D. Lagaros und Demetris Koutsoyiannis. „The Development of the Athens Water Supply System and Inferences for Optimizing the Scale of Water Infrastructures“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 9 (09.05.2019): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092657.
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Modern organized societies require robust infrastructures, among which hydraulic projects, such as water supply and drainage systems, are most important, particularly in water-scarce areas. Athens is a unique example because it is a big city (population 3.7 million) located in a very dry area. In order to support the development of the city, large hydraulic projects had to be constructed during its history and, as a result, Athens currently has one of the largest water supply systems in the world. Could Athenians choose smaller scale infrastructures instead? Analyzing social, technical and economical historical data, we can see that large capital investments were required. In order to evaluate these investments this paper presents a technical summary of the development. An economic analysis displays historical values of these investments in present monetary values. The cost of existing infrastructure is compared to the cost of constructing smaller reservoirs and a model is created to correlate the price of water and the cost of water storage with the size of reservoirs. In particular, if more and smaller reservoirs were built instead of the large existing ones, the cost of the water would significantly increase, as illustrated by modelling the cost using local data.
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Kiseleva, A. V., Yu V. Korchevskaya, S. N. Shelest und I. A. Trotsenko. „On the need to optimize the main parameters of the pumping station of the water supply system“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1154, Nr. 1 (01.03.2023): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1154/1/012077.
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Abstract The article considers the need to optimize the parameters of pumps on the example of the pumping station of the first rise in the rural settlement of Troitskoye, Omsk region. A desk and field survey was carried out, options for optimizing the parameters of the pumping station were proposed: complete replacement of pumping equipment and pipelines, replacement of pumping equipment. The comparative analysis carried out showed that the second option is the most economical option for optimizing the main parameters, but the first option is the most efficient in terms of operating conditions.
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Yatindra, Gaurav, Nigam Sauhard, Kumar Verma Mithilesh, Chauhan Rajesh, Kumar Maurya Prashant und Bhaskar Shantanu. „NodeMCU integrated irrigation system“. i-manager’s Journal on Embedded Systems 10, Nr. 2 (2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jes.10.2.18764.
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Agriculture is one of India's most important and fastest-growing industries. About 70% of people living in rural areas make their living from agriculture. One of the most important things to do is to implement the latest innovations. Irrigation is difficult in dry places or when there is insufficient rainfall. So, it has to be controlled by the machine to get the right crop, and it has to be done from afar to keep the farmer safe. This will accelerate the transition from traditional to modern farming. The rising cost of energy and the depletion of water resources indicate that water management needs to be improved. The aim of the paper is to use water more efficiently, which is one of the most important and used natural resources. In irrigated agricultural systems, the rational use of water resources is very important to save money. Drip irrigation systems are another economical way to manage water. These systems have automatic control to turn the control values on and off, which helps farmers manage the water supply to the fields and keep the soil moist, resulting in increased yields. Thus, this project gives farmers the best way to water their crops at an affordable cost. This increases their productivity and facilitates the care of crops.
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Okakwu, Ignatius K., Akintunde Samson Alayande, Titus O. Ajewole und Olakunle E. Olabode. „Techno-economic analysis of utilizing a directly-coupled photovoltaic water pumping system for domestic application in Nigeria“. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, Nr. 2 (03.04.2023): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2302.20.
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This paper presents a techno-economic application of a directly-coupled PV-pumping system for domestic application in some selected rural communities in Nigeria. Four different rural communities were considered in Ogun State, Nigeria and data of volume of water requirement per household per day were obtained through the use of interview scheduled for the rural households. The system is properly sized such that the pump energy requirement is in tandem with the PV-system of the location. Six different submersible pumps of different ratings were considered for this study. The number of PV-arrays, controllers and the tank storage capacities for various pumps were also determined. MATLAB tool is used to simulate the system. The economic assessment of the system, which includes life cycle cost, energy cost of pumps and the cubic meter cost of water were also determined. The result reveals that the life cycle cost ranges from unit cost of energy ranges from unit cost of water per cubic meter ranges from for the various submersible pumps considered. The maximum power and voltage and the efficiency of the PV module selected for the analysis are 250 W, 24 V and 14%. Also, the result also reveals that the proposed system is more cost effective than the conventional public utility water cooperation in Nigeria. The study provides the design and simulation of PV-based water pumping system, which can be used for understanding planning water supply system for rural areas.
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Ramaker, T. A. B., A. F. M. Meuleman, L. Bernhardi und G. Cirkel. „Climate change and drinking water production in The Netherlands: a flexible approach“. Water Science and Technology 51, Nr. 5 (01.03.2005): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0104.
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Climate change increases water system dynamics through temperature changes, changes in precipitation patterns, evaporation, water quality and water storage in ice packs. Water system dependent economical stakeholders, such as drinking water companies in The Netherlands, have to cope with consequences of climate change, e.g. floods and water shortages in river systems, upconing brackish ground water, salt water intrusion, increasing peak demands and microbiological activity. In the past decades, however, both water systems and drinking water production have become more and more inflexible; water systems have been heavily regulated and the drinking water supply has grown into an inflexible, but cheap and reliable, system. Flexibility and adaptivity are solutions to overcome climate change related consequences. Flexible adaptive strategies for drinking water production comprise new sources for drinking water production, application of storage concepts in the short term, and a redesign of large centralised systems, including flexible treatment plants, in the long term. Transition to flexible concepts will take decades because investment depreciation periods of assets are long. This implies that long-term strategies within an indicated time path have to be developed. These strategies must be based on thorough knowledge of current assets to seize opportunities for change.
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Rajaonison, Andriamahefasoa, und Hery Tiana Rakotondramiarana. „Life Cycle Analysis of the Raseta Pump Using OpenLCA“. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 58 (11.01.2022): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.58.139.
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Developed and crafted in Madagascar, the Raseta pump is a novel hydraulic ram (hydram) pump using a springs system. It operates differently from other pumps by the exclusive use of water energy due to the water hammer phenomenon induced by the sudden stop of the water flow. The present study initiates the investigation of the environmental impacts of this new type of hydram pump through a life cycle analysis using OpenLCA 1.8. It was found that, when operating in a small-scale water pumping system, the choice of the pump supply pipe material has small differences of environmental impacts, whether the material is made of steel or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Moreover, compared to a solar pump for the same pumping flow rate, the use of the Raseta pump is more environmentally friendly and less harmful to human health. However, the actual advantageous utilization of such a system needs further studies such as social and techno-economic analysis.
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Al Gahtani, Osama Saad, und Mehdi Mrad. „An integer linear programming model to optimize the hub and spoke-based water desalinated transmission system“. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, Nr. 6 (16.07.2020): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.007.
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Abstract Desalinated water is becoming a significant resource in many countries. With limited water supply, several high-demand sites located far from the desalination plant and an efficient and cost-effective transmission and storage network have become critical. In many areas, desalinated water is not delivered efficiently through a pipeline and storage tank system capable of providing safe and cost-effective coverage to a wide range of demand sites. In addition, due to the limitation of transmission and storage distribution, many desalination plants are unable to achieve full production capacity. Many high-demand sites are at risk of disruption or water contamination due to single-source pipelines or desalination plants. In this study, the conceptual framework for an economically viable transmission and storage system helps decision-makers to define the requirements for the proper design of the system. The definition is introduced here to describe strategic tanks for efficient and economical supply allocation. The key aspects of setting up effective transmission and storage systems were outlined in the framework presented. To develop an efficient and cost-effective transmission and storage system, an integer linear program was constructed to solve the hub and spoke issue. A hypothetical example is presented and discussed to illustrate the advantages of the proposed model.
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Irandoostshahrestani, Misagh, und Daniel R. Rousse. „Photovoltaic Electrification and Water Pumping Using the Concepts of Water Shortage Probability and Loss of Power Supply Probability: A Case Study“. Energies 16, Nr. 1 (20.12.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010001.
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In this paper, a techno-economic investigation of a small-scale solar water pumping system combined with power generation is conducted numerically. $igation and power production for a typical small-size citrus farm located in southern Iran is simulated. The system consists of monocrystalline photovoltaic panels (CS3K-305MS, 305 W), absorbent glass material batteries (8A31DT-DEKA, 104 Wh), inverters (SMA Sunny Boy 2.0, 2000 W), and a pumping storage system. The key concepts of water shortage probability (WSP) and loss of power supply probability (LPSP) are used in conjunction with users’ tolerances and sizing of the system. A genuine MATLAB code was developed and validated before the simulations. A specific electricity consumption pattern for a rural home and a variable $igation water profile were considered. The main objective of the study is to size a system that provides both electricity for domestic use of a home as well as the energy required for running the $igation pumps with respect to investment cost, LCOE, WSP, and LPSP. The main findings of the research are that LPSP and WSP threshold tolerances can have a preponderant effect on the cost and sizing of the system. Interestingly, results reveal that there is a minimum variation of the capital expenditure (CAPEX) versus the number of PV panels. For the optimal configuration, the study indicates that shifting from an LPSP of 0% to 3% (or about ten days of potential yearly shortage) makes the LCOE drop by about 55%, while the WSP decreases by about 36%.
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Zhou, Jin, Zhikai Cui, Feng Xu und Guoqiang Zhang. „Performance Analysis of Solar-Assisted Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage to Supply Domestic Hot Water for Campus Buildings in Southern China“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 15 (27.07.2021): 8344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158344.
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The supply of domestic hot water (DHW) on college and university campuses is indispensable and is also one of the main components of campus energy consumption. The density of residential patterns and similar occupancy behavior of college students make it economical to use centralized systems to cover the DHW demand, and utilization of solar energy can make the systems more economical. Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) is a promising key technology that can minimize the imbalance between the availability of solar energy and thermal energy demand. In this paper, a solar-assisted ground-coupled heat pump (SAGCHP) system that meets the DHW demand of 960 students was investigated by means of dynamic simulation and energy-economic analysis. The simulation results in terms of the underground heat balance are compared with a standalone GCHP system and a SAGCHP system without STES. Results show that heat recharging operations during university summer and winter breaks (when there are minimal students on campus) lead to improved underground heat balance and energy performance. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on system performance was carried out by varying solar collector arrays. It was found that there exists an optimal value of solar collector area to achieve the lowest system lifecycle cost (LCC).
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Haider, Husnain, Rehan Sadiq und Solomon Tesfamariam. „Performance indicators for small- and medium-sized water supply systems: a review“. Environmental Reviews 22, Nr. 1 (März 2014): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0013.
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Water supply systems (WSSs) are one of the most important and expensive core public infrastructures. The primary objective of a water supply utility is to have this valuable asset operate at its maximum possible efficiency with minimum cost throughout its design period. To achieve this objective, the first step is to evaluate the existing efficiency of all the components of the WSS using suitable performance indicators (PIs). Various agencies and organizations worldwide have developed detailed performance evaluation frameworks including several indicators to comprehensively cover all the aspects (e.g., physical asset, staffing, operational, customer satisfaction, economical) of the WSSs. Most of these frameworks and indicators have been developed for large-sized WSSs. Small- and medium-sized water supply systems (SM-WSSs) have specific performance-related issues, ranging from difficulties in collecting the data required to use the available systems of PIs to lack of skilled personnel and financial resources for efficient operations. A comprehensive review of the literature has been carried out to assess the suitability of reported performance evaluation systems for SM-WSSs in terms of their simplicity (easy and simple data requirements) and comprehensiveness (i.e., all the components of a WSS). This review also evaluates the individual PI with respect to its understandability, measurability, and comparability (i.e., within and across utility comparisons). On the basis of this detailed review, a conceptual performance evaluation system for SM-WSSs, consisting of a list of PIs grouped into their respective categories, has been proposed. The proposed system provides a stepwise approach, starting the performance evaluation process with the most significant and easy to measure PIs for small-sized WSSs and moving to a relatively complex set of indicators for SM-WSS depending on the availability of resources and specific operating conditions.
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Meuleman, A. F. M., G. Cirkel und G. J. J. Zwolsman. „When climate change is a fact! Adaptive strategies for drinking water production in a changing natural environment“. Water Science and Technology 56, Nr. 4 (01.08.2007): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.545.
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Climate change increases water system dynamics through temperature changes, changes in precipitation patterns, evaporation, and water quality and water storage in ice packs. Water system dependent economical stakeholders, such as drinking water companies in the Netherlands, have to cope with consequences of climate change, e.g. floods and water shortages in river systems, upcoming of brackish ground water, salt water intrusion, increasing peak demands and microbiological activity due to temperature rise. In the past decades, however, both water systems and drinking water production have become more and more inflexible; water systems have been heavily regulated aiming at maximum security and economic functions and the drinking water supply in the Netherlands has grown into an inflexible, but cheap and reliable, system. At a water catchment scale, flexibility and adaptation are solutions to overcome climate change related consequences. Flexible adaptive strategies for drinking water production comprise new sources for drinking water production, application of storage concepts in the short term, and a redesign of large centralized systems, including flexible treatment plants, in the long term. Transition to flexible concepts will take decades because investment depreciation periods of assets are long. These strategies must be based on thorough knowledge of current assets to seize opportunities for change.
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Guan, Zhen Zhong, Chong Jie Wang und Yi Bing Xue. „The Application of Solar District Heating and Water Heating Integrated System in Residential Quarter“. Advanced Materials Research 935 (Mai 2014): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.97.
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A solar district heating and water heating integrated system has been designed and installed in a 5000m2 residential quarter. The integrated system uses vacuum glass tube solar collector to collect solar radiation energy, and uses water as heat medium. Solar energy provides almost 50% of the total heating energy consumption in winter. The inadequate part of energy can be provided by a steam heater which steam is provided by exhaust steam of the turbine from a power station nearby. The integrated system is operating automatically according to the solar radiation and working condition. Low-temperature floor radiation system is used as indoor heat radiator. At the same time, the system can provide 24h hot water supply. The integrated system has operated for 3 years, saves a large amount of energy, and receives good profit in both economical and environment.
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Andres, Nelson S. „Development of Solar-Powered Water Pump with 3D Printed Impeller“. Open Engineering 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0015.
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Abstract This study discusses a solar-powered water pump system with 3D printed impeller which was developed to serve as water irrigation to small and medium farms in Bataan, Philippines. One kW solar PV system was used to power an electric motor that drives the centrifugal pump with impeller. In order to minimize the power consumption of the pump, the material of its impeller was changed from brass to plastic using 3D printing technology. The water system was also made automatic so that the water pump will run and stop at the desired schedule of the farmer. Furthermore, in order to provide power at night, storage batteries which are enough to supply the load, were incorporated in the system. Through a series of testing, it is concluded that it is more economical to use a 3D printed plastic impeller than metal impeller in watering small and medium farms considering that there were appreciative changes observed in relation to their water output and power consumption.
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Razakov, Muhammet, Olesya Chuvilina und Semen Frid. „Economic features of services and energy cost for engineering systems“. E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 05024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337105024.
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There are the results of some municipal services actual specific cost for residential apartment building. These services consist of cold water supply system; drainage and sewage systems; electricity; collection and disposal of municipal solid waste system. Authors did not indicate the specific operating cost for hot water supply and heating systems because their cost was constant. Research period: from 1st quarter of 2018 year to the 2nd quarter of 2022 year. This period was acute phase of Covid-19 pandemic period. Authors have written the dynamics changes in the cost of considered services. Researchers have presented additional factors which affect to the unit cost of municipal services in this paper. There is a brief overview of management companies types which could be in municipal service system. Also it has been considered their capabilities and limitations in creating tariffs process. Authors have identified different trends in the engineering service unit cost changing process. This article could be interested for management companies and tariffs planning departments of public municipal service system in different parts of Russian Federation. Results which were presented in this paper could be used in predictive mathematical models of municipal services economical parts in critical as pandemic or other emergency situations.
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Yu, Jiawen, Yanqiu Yan, Yiqiang Jiang und Jie Ge. „Renewable energy configuration scheme of data center in cold area. A case study“. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac014.
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ABSTRACT The core of building energy allocation is to reduce the power load and power consumption through the reasonable allocation of energy equipment, so as to reduce the capacity of the supply side and save investment. In this way, the configuration of energy schemes in data center is conducted in this paper. According to the results of load forecasting, the energy supply scheme of each building in the planning area is determined, including ground source heat pump (GSHP) system, solar water heating system and heat pipe air conditioning system. In addition, feasibility analysis and economic analysis of each configuration scheme are carried out, and the relatively reasonable scheme is selected. It is found that GSHP system can be used in canteen building, solar hot water system can be used as auxiliary for apartment buildings and joint operation of heat pipe air conditioning unit and traditional machine room air conditioning unit is the most economical for data room. Through the research of this paper, a feasible method for the reasonable allocation of energy is provided in the data center planning stage.
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Blumberga, Dagnija, Raimonds Gulbis, Linda Ievina, Valdis Vitolins, Girts Vigants, Jevgenijs Selivanovs und Dzintars Jaunzems. „Empirical Model of Cost Reduction in Local DH Systems. Low Temperature Approach“. Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, Nr. 3 (01.12.2019): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0089.
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Abstract Improving the efficiency of heating systems can give a tremendous contribution towards the EU energy efficiency target for 2030. Significant heat losses are one of the main disadvantages of the dominating high temperature district heating (DH). Even in summer, the high retention time of water in the network leads to thermal losses from domestic hot water reaching up to about 30 %. An empirical model based on experimental data of heat energy consumption in multi-apartment buildings is created for economical optimization of the operation of DH systems. A methodology has been developed that allows estimating the total energy cost savings (including losses) of buildings associated with the reduction of heat loss in the system, by reducing the supply flow temperature, and increasing electricity consumption by increasing the mass flow rate of water in the network.
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Ljubenkov, Igor. „Water resources of the island of Korčula (Croatia): availability and agricultural requirement / Zasoby wodne wyspy Korčula (Chorwacja): dostępność i potrzeby rolnictwa“. Journal of Water and Land Development 17, Nr. 1 (01.12.2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-012-0028-6.
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Abstract The island of Korčula is located along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It has Mediterranean climate with mild and wet winters and hot and dry summers. The island's water supply has been managed in two ways: through a pipeline from the mainland and by drawing groundwater. The island's water is mainly used for drinking and for sanitary needs of the population and tourists, and only a small part is used in industrial production. Tourism causes high seasonal water needs which can hardly be met with the existing water supply system. Agriculture has long tradition on the island. Today, 3 500 ha are cultivated which is about 12.7% of island area, while only 20 ha are irrigated. Therefore total agricultural production is variable and mainly depends on climate. Due to more often and stronger droughts, yields are decreased which causes high economical losses. This paper deals with island's natural features, water needs especially for agriculture, water resources management and finally it suggests measures and activities to improve existing water use.
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Lee, Jinkwang, Younseok Choi und Jungho Choi. „Techno-Economic Analysis of NH3 Fuel Supply and Onboard Re-Liquefaction System for an NH3-Fueled Ocean-Going Large Container Ship“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, Nr. 10 (15.10.2022): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101500.
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This study proposed the integrated design of an NH3 fuel supply system and a re-liquefaction system for an ocean-going NH3-fueled ship. The target ship was a 14,000 TEU large container ship traveling from Asia to Europe. The NH3 fuel supply system was developed to feed the liquid fuel at 40 °C and 80 bar and cope with the re-circulated fuel with the sealing oil. Its power consumptions and SECs ranged from 56.4 to 157.5 kW and from 0.0063 to 0.009 kWh/kg, respectively. An onboard re-liquefaction system with a vapor compression refrigeration cycle was also designed to liquefy the BOG from the fuel tank. The re-liquefaction system’s exergy efficiency and SEC were 34.71% and 0.224 kWh/kg, respectively. The equipment with the most exergy destruction was the heat exchangers, accounting for 60% of the total exergy destruction. NPV analysis found that it is recommended to introduce the re-liquefaction system to the target ship. At the NH3 price of USD 250/ton, the reasonable cost of the re-liquefaction system is less than USD 1 million. According to LCC, NH3 fuel is economically feasible if the carbon tax is more than USD 80/ton and the NH3 price is around USD 250/ton.
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Zhao, Jianhui, Jiamei Chen und Panxue Liu. „Simulation Study on Heating Stability of PV/T-GSHP Automatic Control Heating System Based on TRNSYS“. Energies 16, Nr. 11 (26.05.2023): 4341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114341.
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The PV/T-GSHP heating control system is proposed to address the energy consumption problem of building heating in northern China. By using TRNSYS to establish an automatic control model, the control of the heat pump start/stop, water supply temperature on the load side of the tank, and high temperature water return to the building can achieve the purpose of being energy saving, providing stable heating, and providing control of high temperature heating. The results show that the PV/T-GSHP control system has an annual fluctuation range of 0.01~0.17 kW in the heating period for a typical building heat supply and building heat load, and the system energy efficiency and energy consumption are increased by 14.5% and 33.91%, respectively, compared with the GSHP system, and the annual value of cost is reduced by 8.49% and 19.09% compared with the GSHP and traditional coal-fired boiler system, which shows that the PV/T-GSHP control system is more economical. It can be seen that the PV/T-GSHP control system has better heating stability, energy efficiency, and economy, and it provides theoretical significance for the current clean heating automatic control scheme in Chinese northern areas.
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Muharomah, Riani, Budi Indra Setiawan und Tsugihiro Watanabe. „A Model and Its Performance of Evapotranspirative Irrigation Tested to Grow Water Lettuces“. Academic Society for Appropriate Technology 9, Nr. 1 (30.04.2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37675/jat.2022.00185.
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Efficient use of irrigation water is crucial to face the uncertain trend of a declining water resource. Ensuring a supply of water that matches crop evapotranspiration (<i>ETc</i>) while optimizing soil moisture is challenging. This study aimed to come up with a model of an irrigation system that can supply water immediately to meet <i>ETc</i> without using electricity. To test the proposed water balance model a trial was established in water lettuces. The system consisted of 15 pots connected in serial using water pipes and hoses through the bottoms of the pots. The first pot was used as a water level controller and the last pot used as a drain water collector. Irrigation water would flow immediately to the pots that had water levels lower than the setting level. Testing carried out on rainy days resulted in considerably higher rainwater (99.8%) being utilized compared to the irrigation water (0.2%). For water lettuces, the yield was 258.9 g/m<sup>2</sup>, water use efficiency reached 95% while the economical and physical water productivity were 2.17 g/L and 2.28 g/L, respectively. The water level in the pots could be maintained within the expected range while the soil moisture maintained an unsaturated condition. Further tests however are still needed, which currently is underway.
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Narayanasamy, Rajamani, Pandiyarajan Vellaichamy, Mangat Sharma und Velraj Ramalingam. „Experimental investigation on packed bed cool storage system for supply-demand management in building air conditioning system suitable for micro thermal grid“. Thermal Science, Nr. 00 (2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180901265n.
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In most of the developed nation, the increase in percentage share of renewable power in the total power generation causes major concerns over the integration of these renewable power with the grid resulting grid instability. Energy storage is a new frontier technology which is considered as the ultimate solution in developing micro smart grid with distributed renewable power generation. Most of the hot countries like India spend nearly 24% of the electricity generated on air conditioning and food preservation. Under such scenario, among the various types of storage systems, the cool thermal storage plays a viral role to promote renewable power in an economical way. Considering the importance in the present renewable energy scenario, in the present work, an experimental investigation was performed on a packed bed cool storage system integrated with a chiller system which has major advantages in central air conditioning system for demand management strategies. The storage system consists of encapsulated spherical balls filled with a mixture of distilled water and pseudomonas (nucleating agent) as phase change material and a mixture of distilled water and Mono-ethylene glycol as heat transfer fluid. The essential parameters such as reduction in subcooling, instantaneous and cumulative heat transfer during the charging process are presented for the efficient operation.