Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tomato peel extract“

This work examined the utilization of potato and tomato peels, as antioxidants natural source for retarding lipid oxidation in slices of lamb meat (Awassi). Meat slices treated with potato peel extract (PPE) and tomato peel extract (TPE) in two different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%). Then, lipid peroxidation and pH was determined in samples at three different periods with 5 days. We found low levels of peroxide value in samples due to treatment with natural antioxidants. Potato peel extracts were less effective than tomato peel extracts due to lower phenolic content 96.66 mg of Gallic acid /100 g in potato peel extract vs 130.53 mg of Gallic acid /100 g. We suggest using tomato peel extract for retarding lipid peroxidation in chilled storage of lamb meat.

This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO3 solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants growing in different areas of Saudi Arabia. The isolates of this pathogen were morphologically and molecularly identified. Extracts from peels of pomegranate and orange fruits effectively developed a simple, quick, eco-friendly and economical method through a synthesis of AgNPs as antifungal agents against A. solani. Phenolic content in the pomegranate peel extract was greater than orange peel extract. Phenolic compounds showed a variation of both peel extracts as identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phenolic composition displayed variability as the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an exorbitant amount of Quercitrin (23.62 mg/g DW), while orange peel extract recorded a high amount of Chlorogenic acid (5.92 mg/g DW). Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV- visible spectroscopy which recorded an average wavelength of 437 nm and 450 nm for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited 32x73.24, 2223.71, 2047.29 and 1972.46 cm−1, and 3260.70, 1634.62, 1376.62 and 1243.76 cm−1 for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape of nanoparticles. Zetasizer analysis presented negative charge values; −16.9 and −19.5 mV with average particle sizes 8 and 14 nm fin case of pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. In vitro, antifungal assay was done to estimate the possibility of biosynthesized AgNPs and crude extracts of fruit peels to reduce the mycelial growth of A. solani. AgNPs displayed more fungal mycelial inhibition than crude extracts of two peels and AgNO3. We recommend the use of AgNPs synthesized from fruit peels for controlling fungal plant pathogens and may be applied broadly and safely in place by using the chemical fungicides, which display high toxicity for humans.

Background: Tomato by-products contain a great variety of biologically active substances and represent a significant source of natural antioxidant supplements of the human diet. The aim of the work was to compare the antioxidant properties of a by-product from an ancient Tuscan tomato variety, Rosso di Pitigliano (RED), obtained by growing plants in normal conditions (-Ctr) or in drought stress conditions (-Ds) for their beneficial effects on vascular related dysfunction. Methods: The antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) were measured. The identification of bioactive compounds of tomato peel was performed by HPLC. HUVEC were pre-treated with different TPC of RED-Ctr or RED-Ds, then stressed with H2O2. Cell viability, ROS production and CAT, SOD and GPx activities were evaluated. Permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED across excised rat intestine was also studied. Results: RED-Ds tomato peel extract possessed higher TPC than compared to RED-Ctr (361.32 ± 7.204 mg vs. 152.46 ± 1.568 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight). All extracts were non-cytotoxic. Two hour pre-treatment with 5 µg GAE/mL from RED-Ctr or RED-Ds showed protection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and significantly reduced ROS production raising SOD and CAT activity (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 vs. H2O2, respectively). The permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED-Ctr or RED-Ds across excised rat intestine was high with non-significant difference between the two RED types (41.9 ± 9.6% vs. 26.6 ± 7.8%). Conclusions: RED-Ds tomato peel extract represents a good source of bioactive molecules, which protects HUVECs from oxidative stress at low concentration.

The conversion of raw fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes into processed food products creates side streams of residues that can place a burden on the environment. However, these processed residues are still rich in bioactive compounds and in an effort to valorize these materials in tomato by-product streams, the main aim of this study is to extract proteins and identify the main phenolic compounds present in tomato pomace (TP), peel and skins (TPS) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF. Forty different phenolic compounds were identified in the different tomato extracts, encompassing different groups of phenolic compounds, including derivatives of simple phenolic acid derivatives, hydroxycinnamoylquinic acid, flavones, flavonones, flavonol, and dihydrochalcone. In the crude protein extract (TPE) derived from tomatoes, most of these compounds were still present, confirming that valuable phenolic compounds were not degraded during food processing of these co-product streams. Moreover, phenolic compounds present in the tomato protein crude extract could provide a valuable contribution to the required daily intake of phenolics that are usually supplied by consuming fresh vegetables and fruits.

Tomatoes and their derivates represent an important source of natural biologically active components. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of tomato peel extracts, grown in normal (RED-Ctr) or in drought stress (RED-Ds) conditions, on an experimental model of sarcopenia. The phenolic profile and total polyphenols content (TPC) of RED-Ctr and RED-Ds were determined by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS). Human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM) were differentiated in myotubes, and sarcopenia was induced by dexamethasone (DEXA) treatment. Differentiation and sarcopenia were evaluated by both real-time PCR and immunofluorescent techniques. Data show that myosin heavy chain 2 (MYH2), troponin T (TNNT1), and miogenin (MYOG) were expressed in differentiated myotubes. 5 μg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE/mL) of TPC from RED-Ds extract significantly reduced muscle atrophy induced by DEXA. Moreover, Forkhead BoxO1 (FOXO1) expression, involved in cell atrophy, was significantly decreased by RED-Ds extract. The protective effect of tomato peel extracts depended on their qualitative polyphenolic composition, resulting effectively in the in vitro model of sarcopenia.

With the increasing world population, the food need of humanity is increasing proportionally. Agricultural wastes constitute an important potential for the global economy as they contain components that are less preferred to be consumed as food due to their low bioavailability due to their indigestion in the human body or due to their sensory properties, but that may be beneficial to human health such as antioxidant substances and antimicrobial agents. The benefits of using these wastes in terms of economy and reducing environmental pollution are obvious. Tomato, which is one of the most used agricultural products in our country and the world, is processed by removing its skins in the processing of many products. Tomato skins cause serious environmental problems and economic losses unless they are valorized. In this regard, this study aims to optimize the extraction efficiency, the antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content of the tomato peel extract according to the independent variables of temperature and time, while the alkaline extraction process applied to tomato skins is cheap and industrially applicable. Using response surface methodology, the highest extraction yield (28.77 g/100 g dry extract), total phenolic content (3819.32 mg GAE/100 g dry extract), and total antioxidant capacity (2737.82 µmoL Trolox/100 g dry extract) were obtained under extraction conditions at 100°C for 5.26 h. According to LC-MS/MS results, tomato skins treated with alkali contain various phenolic acids and some flavonoids. The phenolic component found in the highest amount in the tomato peel extract was determined as p-coumaric acid (429.99 ± 38.53 mg/100 g dry extract). Other important phenolic components are ferulic acid (12.44 ± 2.06); 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (7.13 ± 1.01) and vanillin (2.47 ± 0.22) mg/100 g dry extract.

Harvested tomatoes are very sensitive to changing environments and rough handling techniques. This practice becomes a major challenge to the sellers either for fresh market or long-distance market to maintain the quality and prolong its shelf life. Fungal disease and mechanical injuries due to improper handling practice will deteriorate the fruits, thus reducing the customer’s acceptability and its market value. This study was aimed to provide a low-cost technique by evaluating the potential of aqueous kaffir lime peel extract (KLE) and aqueous ginger extract (GG) in maintaining the quality of tomatoes. For this purpose, healthy tomatoes at stage 5 were dipped in 20% GG, 25% KLE and 50% KLE before incubated at room temperature. The data on postharvest parameters namely weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and lycopene content were recorded at two days intervals. The results show that 25% KLE and 50% KLE recorded a good promising agent to maintain the quality of tomatoes. Also, treatment of tomatoes with 50% KLE can significantly preserve the weight, firmness, TSS, and lycopene content of the fruits. None of the tomatoes treated with 20% GG showed significant results in this study. The output of this study will provide important information on the potential of KLE and GG in prolonging the shelf life of tomatoes.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a precious source of specialized metabolites with a great role in human health. Many varieties of tomatoes characterize the south of Italy’s agronomic production and biodiversity, thanks to its warm temperatures and favorable weather. The preservation of biodiversity is a major goal of recent years, as each variety shows a peculiar phytochemical profile and provides a wide variety of metabolites with health-beneficial properties. Among the wide range of tomato varieties, literature focused on the most commercially-known types, including San Marzano and Datterino, while this study considered typical South Italy varieties for the first time, as well as Crovarese and Arsicolo. The aim of our work is to enrich the current knowledge about the tomato by evaluating the carotenoid content, the phytochemical profile by HPLC-DAD, and the biological activity of the different parts (peel, fruit, pulp, and seeds) of niche cultivars compared with commercial ones. Radical scavenging activity, assessed by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, was higher in Crovarese peel extract, while Arsicolo possessed the highest lycopene content, underlying the importance of local ecotypes as a precious source of health promoting compounds. However, out of all of the varieties considered, peel extract was the most active one, opening new insights on their valorization in light of the circular economy.

Background: Tomato by-products contain a great variety of biologically active substances and might represent a significant source of natural antioxidant supplements of the human diet. The preliminary studies were carried out on two ancient Tuscan tomato peel varieties, Rosso di Pitigliano (RED) and Perina a Punta della Valtiberina (PER), obtained by growing plants in normal (-Ctr) or in drought stress conditions (-Ds) present in the Regional Bank of the Germplasm of Tuscany. The variety chosen was Rosso di Pitigliano for the best beneficial effects on vascular related dysfunction. The preliminary aim of the thesis was to create an in vitro model of sarcopenia, induced by dexamethasone using human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM). Sarcopenia is a disease that affects athletes who practice endurance physical activity. In these, an excessive exercise increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, that, if not properly balanced by the endogenous antioxidant system, can compromise the performance of the athletes. Furthermore, in controlling muscle mass an important role is played by serine/threonine kinase and a decreased activation of the Akt-mTOR pathway by sarcopenia contributes to protein synthesis reduction. The main aim of study was to evaluate the cytoprotective properties of tomato peel polyphenols from Rosso di Pitigliano, cultivated in normal or in drought stress conditions, on an in vitro model of sarcopenia. Methods: The antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) were measured. The identification of bioactive compounds of several tomato peel was performed by HPLC. HUVEC were pre-treated with different TPC of RED-Ctr or RED-Ds, then stressed with H2O2. Cell viability, ROS production and CAT, SOD and GPx activities were evaluated. Permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED across excised rat intestine was also studied. The phenol content of both peel extracts was investigated by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS). Morphological sarcopenia induction and treatment with tomato peels extracts were performed. The effector’s expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR reactions after setting the optimal reaction conditions. Myotubes-differentiated were examined for the expression of Myosin heavy chain-2 (MYH2), Troponin T type 1 (TNNT) and Myogenin (MYOG). Furthermore, Protein kinase B (AKT1) and Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) mRNA expression was evaluated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were performed. Results: RED-Ds tomato peel extract possessed higher TPC than compared to RED-Ctr (361.32 ± 7.204 mg vs. 152.46 ± 1.568 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight). All extracts were non-cytotoxic. Two hours pre-treatment with 5 μg GAE/mL from RED-Ctr or RED-Ds showed protection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and significantly reduced ROS production raising SOD and CAT activity (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 vs. H2O2, respectively). The permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED-Ctr or RED-Ds across excised rat intestine was high with non-significant difference between the two RED types (41.9 ± 9.6% vs. 26.6 ± 7.8%). Phenolic acids increase in the stressed tomato peel extract, while flavonoids decrease. Data shows a protective effect of 5μg GAE/ml TPC of Red DS extract on the sarcopenia. FOXO1 mRNA expression was significantly increased when cells treated with Dexa, but this expression was significantly decreased in Red Ds+Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). AKT1 mRNA expression was increased in myotubes pre-treated with Red Ds and Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). Myosin heavy chain 2 (MYH2), troponin T (TNNT1), miogenin (MYOG), were express in myotubes differentiated (p<0.001 vs Control). DEXA significantly reduces the antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD compared with untreated cells (p < 0.0001), but RED-Ds increased SOD activity. Conclusions: The final results show that the tomato peel extract of Rosso di Pitigliano, grown in conditions of drought stress, represents a good source of bioactive molecules, which protects the endothelium from oxidative stress even at low concentrations. Furthermore, the polyphenols from tomato peel show a cytoprotective effect in the in vitro model of sarcopenia without the use of vehicles for absorption.

l. This research demonstrates that citrus fruit volatiles play an important role in host recognition by P. digitatum and P. italicum. 2. Volatiles derived from non-host fruits and vegetables (apple, pear, tomato, pepper, strawberry and avocado) had no effect on promotion of spore germination and growth of citrus pathogens. 3. Citrus volatiles have a specific stimulatory effect solely on P. digitatum and P. italicum. Non-citrus pathogens such as P. expansum and B. cinerea not affected orinhibited by the volatile materials. The specific stimulatory effect of fruit peelvolatiles on citrus pathogens and inhibitory effect on non-pathogens indicateimport ant role of volatile compounds in the host selectivity of citrus postharvestpathogens. 4. Comparative CG-MS quantification was per formed and identification of volatileconstituents of citrus commercial oils, peel extracts and the headspace of thewounded fruits was completed. Monoterpenehydrocarbons (limonene, a-pinene,sabinene, and myrcene) were the most abundant in all volatiles regardless of thesource. 5. Our results demonstrated stimulation of germination and germ tube growth in both P. digitatum and P. italicum by limonene, myrcene, a-pinene, and b-pinene). Limonenewas show n to be the most efficient in induction of germination and growth in bothpathogens. 6. P. digitatum spores placed on the surface of lemon fruit, adjacent to a wounded oil gland, were induced to germinate and grow, thus supporting all the in vitro results and demonstrating that the phenomenon of stimulation of germination and growth occurs on the fruit. 7. We established that P. digitatum is capable of biotransformation of limonene to a terpineol. a-terpinel was proved to be involved in induction of fungal sporulation process. 8. Chemotropism (directional growth) of P. digitatum towards the volatiles released from the oil glands on fruit surface was demonstrated. 9. Citrus germplasm screening work for fruit susceptibility/resistance for P. digitatum infection showed no definitive results regarding host range and susceptibility.Although the sour orange selections appear to show higher resistance to infection and decay development. 10. We demonstrated that P. expansum, non citrus pathogen, is capable of germinating in citrus fruit surface wounds, but it strongly induced host resistance mechanisms which restrict it growth and prevented decay development. The host (citrus fruit) reacted strongly by production of ROS. On the other hand, P. digitatum seems to actively suppress host natural resistance mechanisms possibly through inhibiting the production of ROS production.