Zeitschriftenartikel: „Tropical greenhouse“

1

Saúco, V. G. "GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION OF TROPICAL FRUITS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 575 (April 2002): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.575.85.

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2

Fearnside, Philip M., and William F. Laurance. "TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS." Ecological Applications 14, no. 4 (2004): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-5225.

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3

Fearnside, Philip M., and Salvador Pueyo. "Greenhouse-gas emissions from tropical dams." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 6 (2012): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1540.

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4

Gibbs, Holly K., and Martin Herold. "Tropical deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions." Environmental Research Letters 2, no. 4 (2007): 045021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045021.

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5

Evans, David, Navjit Sagoo, Willem Renema, et al. "Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (2018): 1174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714744115.

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Past greenhouse periods with elevated atmospheric CO2 were characterized by globally warmer sea-surface temperatures (SST). However, the extent to which the high latitudes warmed to a greater degree than the tropics (polar amplification) remains poorly constrained, in particular because there are only a few temperature reconstructions from the tropics. Consequently, the relationship between increased CO2, the degree of tropical warming, and the resulting latitudinal SST gradient is not well known. Here, we present coupled clumped isotope (Δ47)-Mg/Ca measurements of foraminifera from a set of globally distributed sites in the tropics and midlatitudes. Δ47 is insensitive to seawater chemistry and therefore provides a robust constraint on tropical SST. Crucially, coupling these data with Mg/Ca measurements allows the precise reconstruction of Mg/Casw throughout the Eocene, enabling the reinterpretation of all planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca data. The combined dataset constrains the range in Eocene tropical SST to 30–36 °C (from sites in all basins). We compare these accurate tropical SST to deep-ocean temperatures, serving as a minimum constraint on high-latitude SST. This results in a robust conservative reconstruction of the early Eocene latitudinal gradient, which was reduced by at least 32 ± 10% compared with present day, demonstrating greater polar amplification than captured by most climate models.

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6

Shamshiri, Ramin. "A Review of Greenhouse Climate Control and Automation Systems in Tropical Regions." Journal of Agricultural Science and Applications 02, no. 03 (2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14511/jasa.2013.020307.

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7

Polvani, Lorenzo M., Lei Wang, Valentina Aquila, and Darryn W. Waugh. "The Impact of Ozone-Depleting Substances on Tropical Upwelling, as Revealed by the Absence of Lower-Stratospheric Cooling since the Late 1990s." Journal of Climate 30, no. 7 (2017): 2523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0532.1.

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The impact of ozone-depleting substances on global lower-stratospheric temperature trends is widely recognized. In the tropics, however, understanding lower-stratospheric temperature trends has proven more challenging. While the tropical lower-stratospheric cooling observed from 1979 to 1997 has been linked to tropical ozone decreases, those ozone trends cannot be of chemical origin, as active chlorine is not abundant in the tropical lower stratosphere. The 1979–97 tropical ozone trends are believed to originate from enhanced upwelling, which, it is often stated, would be driven by increasing concentrations of well-mixed greenhouse gases. This study, using simple arguments based on observational evidence after 1997, combined with model integrations with incrementally added single forcings, argues that trends in ozone-depleting substances, not well-mixed greenhouse gases, have been the primary driver of temperature and ozone trends in the tropical lower stratosphere until 1997, and this has occurred because ozone-depleting substances are key drivers of tropical upwelling and, more generally, of the entire Brewer–Dobson circulation.

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8

Lintner, Benjamin R., and John C. H. Chiang. "Reorganization of Tropical Climate during El Niño: A Weak Temperature Gradient Approach." Journal of Climate 18, no. 24 (2005): 5312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3580.1.

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Abstract The applicability of a weak temperature gradient (WTG) formulation for the reorganization of tropical climate during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is investigated. This idealized dynamical framework solves for the divergent portion of the tropical circulation by assuming a spatially homogeneous perturbation temperature profile and a mass balance constraint applied over the tropical belt. An intermediate-level complexity model [the Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model (QTCM)] configured with the WTG assumptions is used to simulate El Niño conditions and is found to yield an appropriate level of tropospheric warming, a plausible pattern of precipitation anomalies in the tropical Pacific source region of El Niño, and a gross precipitation deficit over the Tropics outside the Pacific (hereafter the “remote Tropics”). Additional tests of the WTG framework with La Niña forcing conditions and enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations support its applicability. However, the ENSO response under the WTG framework fails in some respects when compared to the standard QTCM: in particular, some regional features of the anomalous precipitation response, especially in the remote Tropics, differ markedly between the two model versions. These discrepancies appear to originate in part from the lack of anomalous tropospheric temperature gradients (and circulations) in the framework presented here. Nevertheless, the WTG approach appears to be a useful lowest-order model for the tropical climate adjustment to ENSO. The WTG framework is also used to argue that El Niño may not represent a good proxy for tropical rainfall changes under greenhouse gas warming scenarios because the large-scale subsidence occurring with the tropospheric warming in the El Niño scenario has an effect on rainfall that is distinct from the effect of increased tropospheric temperatures common to both the greenhouse gas warming and El Niño scenarios.

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9

Roslan, N., M. E. Ya’acob, D. Jamaludin, et al. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC): Effects on Light Quality, Microclimate, and Growth of Orthosiphon stamineus in Tropical Climatic Condition." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040631.

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The main challenge facing greenhouse designers is to achieve environment-appropriate greenhouses, especially in tropical regions. The excess radiant energy transmitted into the greenhouse predisposes plants to photo-inhibition and consequently reduces crop production. Lately, photovoltaic (PV) modules are equipped as a greenhouse rooftop to minimize the level of irradiation and air temperature in the greenhouse, simultaneously improving its energy consumption. Nevertheless, due to the low level of irradiation, denser conventional PV internal shading would influence the cultivated crops’ growth. Thus, Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) possesses several attractive features such as transparent, sensitive to low light levels, and various color options that render DSSC a perfect choice able to serve substantially in energy buildings. This study assessed the microclimate conditions inside the greenhouse with semi-transparent DSSC mounted on top of it, describing the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) (µmol m−2 s−1), Vapor Pressure Deficit VPD (kPa), relative humidity (%), and also temperature (°C). The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV), which indicates the average thermal energy transmission rate across the external layer of a structure envelope, is also presented. The effects of colored DSSC in altering the spectral of sunlight in reference to the Orthosiphon stamineus growth responses were determined. The information of the condition of DSSC greenhouse microclimate helps to identify the information for designing PV greenhouses and to produce income from both electric power and agronomic activity.

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10

Laurance, William F., Susan G. Laurance, and Patricia Delamonica. "Tropical forest fragmentation and greenhouse gas emissions." Forest Ecology and Management 110, no. 1-3 (1998): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00291-6.

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11

Myers, Norman. "The greenhouse effect: A tropical forestry response." Biomass 18, no. 1 (1989): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(89)90083-8.

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12

Impron, I., S. Hemming, and G. P. A. Bot. "Simple greenhouse climate model as a design tool for greenhouses in tropical lowland." Biosystems Engineering 98, no. 1 (2007): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.03.028.

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13

Hill, Spencer A., Yi Ming, and Isaac M. Held. "Mechanisms of Forced Tropical Meridional Energy Flux Change." Journal of Climate 28, no. 5 (2015): 1725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00165.1.

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Abstract Anthropogenically forced changes to the mean and spatial pattern of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) alter tropical atmospheric meridional energy transport throughout the seasonal cycle—in total, its partitioning between the Hadley cells and eddies and, for the Hadley cells, the relative roles of the mass flux and the gross moist stability (GMS). The authors investigate this behavior using an atmospheric general circulation model forced with SST anomalies caused by either historical greenhouse gas or aerosol forcing, dividing the SST anomalies into two components: the tropical mean SST anomaly applied uniformly and the full SST anomalies minus the tropical mean. For greenhouse gases, the polar-amplified SST spatial pattern partially negates enhanced eddy poleward energy transport driven by mean warming. Both SST components weaken winter Hadley cell circulation and alter GMS. The Northern Hemisphere–focused aerosol cooling induces northward energy flux anomalies in the deep tropics, which manifest partially via strengthened northern and weakened southern Hadley cell overturning. Aerosol-induced GMS changes also contribute to the northward energy fluxes. A simple thermodynamic scaling qualitatively captures these changes, although it performs less well for the greenhouse gas simulations. The scaling provides an explanation for the tight correlation demonstrated in previous studies between shifts in the intertropical convergence zone and cross-equatorial energy fluxes.

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14

YOSHIMURA, Jun, Masato SUGI, and Akira NODA. "Influence of Greenhouse Warming on Tropical Cyclone Frequency." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 84, no. 2 (2006): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.84.405.

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15

Niam, A. G., and H. Suhardiyanto. "Root-Zone Cooling in Tropical Greenhouse: a Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 557 (June 28, 2019): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/557/1/012044.

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16

Zachos, James C., Michael A. Arthur, Timothy J. Bralower, and Howard J. Spero. "Palaeoclimatology (Communication arising): Tropical temperatures in greenhouse episodes." Nature 419, no. 6910 (2002): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/419897b.

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17

Pearson, Paul N., Peter Ditchfield, and Nicholas J. Shackleton. "Palaeoclimatology (Communication arising): Tropical temperatures in greenhouse episodes." Nature 419, no. 6910 (2002): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/419898a.

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18

Yang, Yun, Lixin Wu, Ying Guo, et al. "Greenhouse warming intensifies north tropical Atlantic climate variability." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (2021): eabg9690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg9690.

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Variability of North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST), characterized by a near-uniform warming at its positive phase, is a consequential mode of climate variability. Modulated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation, NTA warm anomalies tend to induce La Niña events, droughts in Northeast Brazil, increased frequency of extreme hurricanes, and phytoplankton blooms in the Guinea Dome. Future changes of NTA variability could have profound socioeconomic impacts yet remain unknown. Here, we reveal a robust intensification of NTA variability under greenhouse warming. This intensification mainly arises from strengthening of ENSO-forced Pacific-North American pattern and tropospheric temperature anomalies, as a consequence of an eastward shift of ENSO-induced equatorial Pacific convection and of increased ENSO variability, which enhances ENSO influence by reinforcing the associated wind and moist convection anomalies. The intensification of NTA SST variability suggests increased occurrences of extreme NTA events, with far-reaching ramifications.

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19

Kumar, Amit, and M. P. Sharma. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydropower Reservoirs." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 11 (July 7, 2012): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i0.7159.

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Hydropower reservoirs are found to emit about 35-70 times less greenhouse gas (GHG) compared to thermal power plants. The emissions not only depend on the type of eco-region in which the reservoir is located but also on the reservoir characteristics and water quality parameters. This paper reports the results of the impact of reservoir parameters and water quality characteristics on GHG emission from tropical, temperate and boreal reservoirs. For this purpose, linear equations are developed but the regression coeffi cient is found very poor. The R2 range for CO2 is 5×10-5 to 0.36 for tropical, temperate and boreal reservoirs and the R24 is 0.004- 0.244 respectively, which is far lower than 0.90, and cannot be accurately used for prediction. Thereafter, empirical regression equations are developed to see the combined impact of reservoir parameters and R2 is found as 0.48 for CO2 and 0.16 for CH4 for tropical, 0.34 and 0.37 for CO2 and CH4 respectively for temperate and 0.51 and 0.26 for boreal reservoirs. The R2 0.90 indicates that these equations cannot be used to accurately predict the emissions, but can be used to get some idea about emissions from the reservoirs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i0.7159 Hydro Nepal Vol.11 2011 pp.37-42

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20

Chen, Chiachung. "Application of the Climograph for the Greenhouse Plan of Subtropical and Tropical Regions." Energies 12, no. 24 (2019): 4627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244627.

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The technological levels of greenhouse influence significantly the yields of the crop production and increase the investment cost. The balance between the development of the technological level and the achieving of the increased crop production in the controlled environment is always the primary concern. In this study, the climograph was obtained by plotting the mean minimum monthly temperature versus mean maximum monthly temperature. This climagraph was combined at the optimum temperature ranges of three fruit vegetables and a simple microclimate model was introduced to evaluate the controlling performance of internal air temperature in greenhouses. In subtropical areas, seven locations were selected in order to demonstrate the application of the climograph for the cultivation of species. The rotation of temperate and thermophile plant in Yulin, Taiwan was proposed. Melon, as the thermophile crop, was the only crop that could be cultivated in greenhouses in the two locations of low land areas. The results in three locations of high land areas indicated that all temperate vegetables were suited well to be cultivated in these areas. Thus, the significant highlight of this method was that it could also be successfully used for other species at different locations for the greenhouse production to reduce the energy consumption.

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21

Wetterer, James K. "First Baltic record of Plagiolepis alluaudi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a tropical ant found in an Estonian greenhouse." Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 156, no. 2 (2020): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/m00138908.1562.4036.

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I report the first Baltic record of the tropical ant species Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery, 1894 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), found living in a greenhouse at the Botanical Garden of the University of Tartu, Estonia. This species, thought to be native to Madagascar and neighbouring islands, has been previously reported from numerous greenhouses in Western Europe, where it can be a pest through tending of plant-feeding Hemiptera. Although P. alluaudi can be an outdoor pest in tropical and subtropical areas, this ant does not appear to pose a threat of expanding into local natural habitats in temperate areas.

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22

Dalal, Ram C., and Diane E. Allen. "Greenhouse gas fluxes from natural ecosystems." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 5 (2008): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07128.

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Besides water vapour, greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, O3 and N2O contribute ~60%, 20%, 10% and 6% to global warming, respectively; minor contribution is made by chlorofluorocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC). We present CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from natural and relatively unmanaged soil–plant ecosystems (the ecosystems minimally disturbed by direct human or human-induced activities). All natural ecosystems are net sinks for CO2, although tundra and wetlands (including peatlands) are large sources of CH4, whereas significant N2O emissions occur mainly from tropical and temperate forests. Most natural ecosystems decrease net global warming potential (GWP) from –0.03 ± 0.35 t CO2-e ha–1 y–1 (tropical forests) to –0.90 ± 0.42 t CO2-e ha–1 y–1 (temperate forests) and –1.18 ± 0.44 t CO2-e ha–1 y–1 (boreal forests), mostly as CO2 sinks in phytobiomass, microbial biomass and soil C. But net GWP contributions from wetlands are very large, which is primarily due to CH4 emissions. Although the tropical forest system provides a large carbon sink, the negligible capacity of tropical forests to reduce GWP is entirely due to N2O emissions, possibly from rapid N mineralisation under favourable temperature and moisture conditions. It is estimated that the natural ecosystems reduce the net atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 3.55 ± 0.44 Gt CO2-e y–1 or ~0.5 ppmv CO2-e y–1, hence, the significant role of natural and relatively unmanaged ecosystems in slowing global warming and climate change. However, the impact of increasing N deposition on natural ecosystems is poorly understood, and further understanding is required regarding the use of drainage as a management tool, to reduce CH4 emissions from wetlands and to increase GHG sink from the restoration of degraded lands, including saline and sodic soils. Data on GHG fluxes from natural and relatively unmanaged ecosystems are further compounded by large spatial and temporal heterogeneity, limited sensitivity of current instruments, few and poor global distribution of monitoring sites and limited capacity of models that could integrate GHG fluxes across ecosystems, atmosphere and oceans and include feedbacks from biophysical variables governing these fluxes.

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23

RAULT, P. A. "A TUNNEL GREENHOUSE ADAPTED TO THE TROPICAL LOWLAND CLIMATE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 281 (July 1990): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.281.9.

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24

Baudoin, W. O., and CHR von Zabeltitz. "GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTIONS FOR SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN TROPICAL REGIONS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 578 (June 2002): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.578.20.

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25

Soden, Brian J. "Variations in the Tropical Greenhouse Effect during El Niño." Journal of Climate 10, no. 5 (1997): 1050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1050:vittge>2.0.co;2.

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26

Murdiyarso, D., K. Hergoualc'h, and L. V. Verchot. "Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 46 (2010): 19655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911966107.

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27

Rosa, Luiz Pinguelli, Marco Aurelio dos Santos, Bohdan Matvienko, Ednaldo Oliveira dos Santos, and Elizabeth Sikar. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Reservoirs in Tropical Regions." Climatic Change 66, no. 1/2 (2004): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:clim.0000043158.52222.ee.

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28

Yang, Hong, and Roger J. Flower. "Potentially massive greenhouse-gas sources in proposed tropical dams." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, no. 5 (2012): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12.wb.014.

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29

Hadi, Abdul, Kazuyuki Inubushi, Yuichiro Furukawa, Erry Purnomo, Muhammad Rasmadi, and Haruo Tsuruta. "Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical peatlands of Kalimantan,Indonesia." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71, no. 1 (2005): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-0380-2.

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30

Myers, Norman, and Thomas J. Goreau. "Tropical forests and the greenhouse effect: A management response." Climatic Change 19, no. 1-2 (1991): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00142229.

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31

Pittock, A. B., K. Walsh, and K. Mcinnes. "Tropical cyclones and coastal inundation under enhanced greenhouse conditions." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 92, no. 1-2 (1996): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00175562.

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32

Widlansky, Matthew J., Axel Timmermann, and Wenju Cai. "Future extreme sea level seesaws in the tropical Pacific." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (2015): e1500560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500560.

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Global mean sea levels are projected to gradually rise in response to greenhouse warming. However, on shorter time scales, modes of natural climate variability in the Pacific, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can affect regional sea level variability and extremes, with considerable impacts on coastal ecosystems and island nations. How these shorter-term sea level fluctuations will change in association with a projected increase in extreme El Niño and its atmospheric variability remains unknown. Using present-generation coupled climate models forced with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and subtracting the effect of global mean sea level rise, we find that climate change will enhance El Niño–related sea level extremes, especially in the tropical southwestern Pacific, where very low sea level events, locally known as Taimasa, are projected to double in occurrence. Additionally, and throughout the tropical Pacific, prolonged interannual sea level inundations are also found to become more likely with greenhouse warming and increased frequency of extreme La Niña events, thus exacerbating the coastal impacts of the projected global mean sea level rise.

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Salinas, Irene, Juan José Hueso, and Julián Cuevas. "Active Control of Greenhouse Climate Enhances Papaya Growth and Yield at an Affordable Cost." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020378.

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Papaya is a tropical fruit crop that in subtropical regions depends on protected cultivation to fulfill its climate requirements and remain productive. The aim of this work was to compare the profitability of different climate control strategies in greenhouses located in subtropical areas of southeast Spain. To do so, we compared papayas growing in a greenhouse equipped with active climate control (ACC), achieved by cooling and heating systems, versus plants growing in another greenhouse equipped with passive climate control (PCC), consisting of only natural ventilation through zenithal and lateral windows. The results showed that ACC favored papaya plant growth; flowering; fruit set; and, consequently, yields, producing more and heavier fruits at an affordable cost. Climate control strategies did not significantly improve fruit quality, specifically fruit skin color, acidity, and total soluble solids content. In conclusion, in the current context of prices, an active control of temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse could be a more profitable strategy in subtropical regions where open-air cultivation is not feasible.

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Chan, C. W. "APPLICATION OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TROPICAL GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 710 (June 2006): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.710.59.

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35

Hemming, S., D. Waaijenberg, J. B. Campen, G. P. A. Bot, and Impron. "DEVELOPMENT OF A GREENHOUSE SYSTEM FOR TROPICAL LOWLAND IN INDONESIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 710 (June 2006): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.710.12.

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36

Faisal, M. S. A., A. R. M. Sharif, K. Rezuwan, D. Ahmad, R. Janius, and M. Y. Mohamad. "MICROCLIMATE INSIDE TUNNEL-ROOF AND JACK-ROOF TROPICAL GREENHOUSE STRUCTURES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 710 (June 2006): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.710.17.

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37

Petchsuk, A., D. Srinun, S. Buchatip, W. Supmak, and D. Sirikittikul. "Development of Multifunctional Film for Greenhouse Applications in Tropical Regions." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (June 23, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1692126.

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Single-purpose greenhouse films such as UV-blocking, NIR-blocking, or ultrathermic films are commonly developed in various climate regions. However, multifunctional films of combined functions are rarely explored, especially in the tropical regions. In this research, a multifunctional film having high UV filtration, high NIR reflection, and good light diffusion was developed for a greenhouse cover application in tropical regions. Effects of type, quantity, and particle size of additives on optical properties (280–2500 nm) and mechanical properties of 3-layer laminated films comprising 90% LLDPE/10% EVA polymer matrix and additives were studied. Results show that properties of those films are adjustable by varying types, particle size, and content of additives. The UV transmission of the film was ranged from 13.7 to 32.7 %T, NIR reflection from 12.1 to 19.8 %R, and %haze diffusion from 39.5 to 72.3 where photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmission was in the range of 62.6–78.9 %T. Those films exhibit tensile strength of 18–24 MPa, modulus of elasticity of 200–280 MPa, and elongation at break of 610–810%. A field test of the newly developed films as a cover for a greenhouse of 6 m wide ×24 m long ×4.3 m high with double roof design showed a better quality of plant growth in terms of weight, height, and bush width compared to a 7% UV absorber commercial film.

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38

Gunkel, Günter. "Hydropower - A Green Energy? Tropical Reservoirs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 37, no. 9 (2009): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200900062.

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39

Murdiyarso, Daniel, Meli Fitriani Saragi-Sasmito, and Anggi Rustini. "Greenhouse gas emissions in restored secondary tropical peat swamp forests." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24, no. 4 (2017): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9776-6.

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40

Todaria, N. P. "Respiration rates of some greenhouse cultivated tropical and subtropical species." Biologia Plantarum 28, no. 4 (1986): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02902294.

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41

COUWENBERG, JOHN, RENÉ DOMMAIN, and HANS JOOSTEN. "Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in south-east Asia." Global Change Biology 16, no. 6 (2009): 1715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02016.x.

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Murakami, Hiroyuki, Thomas L. Delworth, William F. Cooke, Ming Zhao, Baoqiang Xiang, and Pang-Chi Hsu. "Detected climatic change in global distribution of tropical cyclones." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 20 (2020): 10706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922500117.

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Owing to the limited length of observed tropical cyclone data and the effects of multidecadal internal variability, it has been a challenge to detect trends in tropical cyclone activity on a global scale. However, there is a distinct spatial pattern of the trends in tropical cyclone frequency of occurrence on a global scale since 1980, with substantial decreases in the southern Indian Ocean and western North Pacific and increases in the North Atlantic and central Pacific. Here, using a suite of high-resolution dynamical model experiments, we show that the observed spatial pattern of trends is very unlikely to be explained entirely by underlying multidecadal internal variability; rather, external forcing such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, and volcanic eruptions likely played an important role. This study demonstrates that a climatic change in terms of the global spatial distribution of tropical cyclones has already emerged in observations and may in part be attributable to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions.

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Wang, Ling Ling, Hong Xia Luo, Jian Hua Cao, Kun Lu, Ji Hua Fang, and Shuai Chen. "The Design of Intelligent Monitoring System on Tropical Greenhouse Crop Production Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.530.

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Based on the growth characteristic of tropical greenhouse crop and field intelligent management demands for information of temperature, humidity, gas and light, the intelligent monitoring system on tropical greenhouse crop production environment is studied and designed respectively. The system includes two parts of hardware and software. In the part of hardware, mainly expounding hardware's function and communication protocol with software. It is composed of TINY210 development board and sensors. Software includes JAVA programming language, COM communication port, communication protocol, data collection and management. Finally, the system has been tested in the laboratory and the scheme's feasibility has been validated.

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Emanuel, Kerry. "Response of Global Tropical Cyclone Activity to Increasing CO2: Results from Downscaling CMIP6 Models." Journal of Climate 34, no. 1 (2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0367.1.

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AbstractGlobal models comprising the sixth-generation Coupled Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are downscaled using a very high-resolution but simplified coupled atmosphere–ocean tropical cyclone model, as a means of estimating the response of global tropical cyclone activity to increasing greenhouse gases. As with a previous downscaling of CMIP5 models, the results show an increase in both the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones, robust across the models downscaled, in response to increasing greenhouse gases. The increase is strongly weighted to the Northern Hemisphere, and especially noteworthy is a large increase in the higher latitudes of the North Atlantic. Changes are insignificant in the South Pacific across metrics. Although the largest increases in track density are far from land, substantial increases in global landfalling power dissipation are indicated. The incidence of rapid intensification increases rapidly with warming, as predicted by existing theory. Measures of robustness across downscaled climate models are presented, and comparisons to tropical cyclones explicitly simulated in climate models are discussed.

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Sari, Diah Apriani Atika, Okid Parama Astirin, Anti Mayastuti, and Anugrah Adiastuti. "BLUE CARBON IN NATIONAL POLICY TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 2 (2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i2.45217.

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Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are the main cause of global warming and climate change. Indonesia as an archipelagic country experiences a significant negative impact as a result of climate change, such as sea level rise, sea water intrusion to the land, extreme weather, and rising sea and land temperatures. Tropical forests have been known as a major carbon emitter, but with the increasing rate of deforestation, it is necessary to find carbon sinks from ecosystems other than tropical forests. This study aimed to determine the extent to which blue carbon has been included in Indonesian Government policies, especially in the GHG inventory document and the Indonesian Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) document, related to the Government of Indonesia's commitment in reducing GHG emissions. The research showed that blue carbon ecosystems, which include mangroves, seagrass beds, and other coastal ecosystems, have enormous carbon sequestration potential when compared to tropical forests, but unfortunately, the potential of blue carbon has not been maximally utilized in national policies related to GHG emission reduction. The existing policies have not been implemented optimally and some of them overlap. In the future, accurate data updating and mapping of the blue carbon ecosystem is needed so that it can become a reference in determining national policies on the use of blue carbon

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Lee, Sang-Ki, David B. Enfield, and Chunzai Wang. "Future Impact of Differential Interbasin Ocean Warming on Atlantic Hurricanes." Journal of Climate 24, no. 4 (2011): 1264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3883.1.

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Abstract Global climate model simulations forced by future greenhouse warming project that the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) warms at a slower rate than the tropical Indo-Pacific in the twenty-first century, consistent with their projections of a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Here, an atmospheric general circulation model is used to advance a consistent physical rationale that the suppressed warming of the TNA increases the vertical wind shear and static stability aloft in the main development region (MDR) for Atlantic hurricanes, and thus decreases overall Atlantic hurricane activity in the twenty-first century. A carefully designed suite of model experiments illustrates that the preferential warming of the tropical Indo-Pacific induces a global average warming of the tropical troposphere, via a tropical teleconnection mechanism, and thus increases atmospheric static stability and decreases convection over the suppressed warming region of the TNA. The anomalous diabatic cooling, in turn, forces the formation of a stationary baroclinic Rossby wave northwest of the forcing region, consistent with Gill’s simple model of tropical atmospheric circulations, in such a way as to induce a secular increase of the MDR vertical wind shear. However, a further analysis indicates that the net effect of future greenhouse warming on the MDR vertical wind shear is less than the observed multidecadal swing of the MDR vertical wind shear in the twentieth century. Thus, it is likely that the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation will still play a decisive role over the greenhouse warming in the fate of Atlantic hurricane activity throughout the twenty-first century under the assumption that the twenty-first-century changes in interbasin SST difference, projected by the global climate model simulations, are accurate.

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Chu, Jung-Eun, Sun-Seon Lee, Axel Timmermann, Christian Wengel, Malte F. Stuecker, and Ryohei Yamaguchi. "Reduced tropical cyclone densities and ocean effects due to anthropogenic greenhouse warming." Science Advances 6, no. 51 (2020): eabd5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd5109.

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Tropical cyclones (TCs) are extreme storms that form over warm tropical oceans. Along their tracks, TCs mix up cold water, which can further affect their intensity. Because of the adoption of lower-resolution ocean models, previous modeling studies on the TC response to greenhouse warming underestimated such oceanic feedbacks. To address the robustness of TC projections in the presence of mesoscale air-sea interactions and complex coastal topography, we conduct greenhouse warming experiments using an ultrahigh-resolution Earth System Model. We find that a projected weakening of the rising branches of the summer Hadley cells suppresses future TC genesis and TC-generated ocean cooling. The forced response is similar to recent observational trends, indicating a possible emergence of the anthropogenic signal beyond natural variability levels. In the greenhouse warming simulations, landfalling TCs intensify, both in terms of wind speed and associated rainfall. Our modeling results provide relevant information for climate change adaptation efforts.

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Misra, Debajit, and Sudip Ghosh. "Performance Study of a Floricultural Greenhouse Surrounded by Shallow Water Ponds." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6, no. 2 (2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.137-144.

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In the present paper, an innovative low energy-intensive evaporative cooling system has been proposed for greenhouse application in near-tropical regions dominated by hot climate. The system can operate under dual- ventilation mode to maintain a favourable microclimate inside the greenhouse. A single ridge type un-even span greenhouse has been considered, targeting a few species of Indian tropical flowers. The greenhouse has a continuous roof vent as well as adjustable side vents and is equipped with exhaust fans on top and roll-up curtains on the sides. The greenhouse is surrounded by shallow water ponds outside its longitudinal walls and evaporative surfaces partially cover the free water surface. Inside the pond, low cost evaporative surfaces are so placed that they form air channels. Thus, outside air flows through the channels formed by the wetted surfaces over the water surface and undergoes evaporative cooling before entering the greenhouse. A simplified theoretical model has been presented in this paper to predict the inside greenhouse air temperature while ambient weather data are used as model inputs. The study reveals that during average radiation periods, the greenhouse can depends solely on natural ventilation and during peak radiation hours fan-induced ventilation is needed to maintain the required level of temperature. It is seen that under dual-ventilation mode greenhouse, temperature can be kept 3-6 oC lower than ambient temperature when saturation effectiveness is 0.7 and with 75% shading. Keywords: Greenhouse, Evaporative Cooling, Ventilation, Saturation Effectiveness, Wetted SurfaceArticle History: Received February 25th 2017; Received in revised form April 14th 2017; Accepted May 4th 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Misra, D. and Ghosh, S., (2017) Performance Study of a Floricultural Greenhouse Surrounded by Shallow Water Ponds. International Journal of Renewable Energy Develeopment, 6(2), 137-144.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.137-144

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Lohmann, Katja, and Mojib Latif. "Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability and the Subtropical–Tropical Cells." Journal of Climate 18, no. 23 (2005): 5163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3559.1.

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Abstract The decadal-scale variability in the tropical Pacific has been analyzed herein by means of observations and numerical model simulations. The two leading modes of the sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the central western Pacific are a decadal mode with a period of about 10 yr and the ENSO mode with a dominant period of about 4 yr. The SST anomaly pattern of the decadal mode is ENSO like. The decadal mode, however, explains most variance in the western equatorial Pacific and off the equator. A simulation with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) forced by reanalysis data is used to explore the origin of the decadal mode. It is found that the variability of the shallow subtropical–tropical overturning cells is an important factor in driving the decadal mode. This is supported by results from a multicentury integration with a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM) that realistically simulates tropical Pacific decadal variability. Finally, the sensitivity of the shallow subtropical–tropical overturning cells to greenhouse warming is discussed by analyzing the results of a scenario integration with the same CGCM.

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Czerwiński, Z., K. Czerwińska, J. Andrearczyk, and B. Solińska-Górnicka. "Reasons of leaves withering in tropical plants cultivated under greenhouse conditions." Acta Agrobotanica 35, no. 2 (2013): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1982.030.

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In order to determine the reasons of necrosis of exotic plants leaves cultivated in greenhouses plants belonging to ten following species were examined: Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn., Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Nash (Cycadaceae), Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae), Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae), Phoenix roebeleni O'Brien (Palmae), Sequoia sempervirens Endl. (Taxodiaceae), Calathea bachemiana Morr. (Marantaceae), Cordyline terminalis Kunth (Agavaceae), Spathiphyllum wallisii Reg. and Anthurium magnificum Lind. (Araceae). Chemical analysis were performed in soil samples in which these plants grow, in samples of tap-water applied for watering and in samples of decaying and healthy leaves. In order to examine the process of withdrawal of mineral components from necrotic leaves, both: necrotic and green parts of decaying leaves were subjected to examination. On the basis of the research it was concluded, that - in spite of generally low level of salinity of the water used for watering - some ions content, particularity that of CI-, was unfavourable to plants. Unfavourable ionic composition was discovered in water extracts derived from some of the breeding-ground soils. A comparison of healthy and decaying, necrotic leaves chemism proves that CI- assimilated by the plants from the breeding-grounds and accumulated in leaves, affects them toxically.

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