Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „United Black Association for Development (Belize)“

Drawing on the intergenerational stress proliferation theory, the courtesy stigma thesis, and the buffering ethnic culture thesis, this study examines the association between maternal obesity and child’s peer victimization and whether this association varies for white and black children. Based on longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of mother–child pairs in the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement, negative binomial models show that maternal obesity is associated with increased frequency of peer victimization, even after controlling for family socioeconomic status, child weight status, health status, self-esteem, and demographic characteristics. The association was significant only for white children. Given the developmental significance of child peer relations and the social disparities in obesity, future studies need to explicitly test causal mechanisms underlying the association to decide whether obesity may function as a family stressor (versus an individual stressor) that contributes to the intergenerational reproduction of inequality.

Approximately 15.5 million children in the United States (21%) live in impoverished households, with child poverty rates highest among Black, Hispanic, and American Indian children. Growing up in a socioeconomically disadvantaged environment is associated with substantially worse health and impaired psychological, cognitive, and emotional development throughout the life span. Socioeconomic status (SES) has a robust association with language development—across different language outcomes, across different ethnic and language-exposure groups, as well as within these groups. This review examines pathways for SES disparities in language skills emerging early in development and contributing to later gaps in school readiness and academic achievement.

<p class="Pa7">The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in African populations, and is particularly high in Black South African women (42%) vs women in the United Kingdom (23%) and the United States of America (36%). This population group is also known to have the highest prevalence of obesity in the sub-Saharan African region (42%), and consequently, a high risk of non-communicable diseases. In this article, we discuss factors (abdominal subcutane­ous fat, visceral fat, lean mass, adiponectin, leptin, vitamin D, smoking and menopausal status) that have been investigated for their possible association with metabolic syn­drome in African women, and discuss some recommendations for management of the syndrome. In particular, the infrastructural development of HIV/AIDS clinics in South Africa provides an ideal integrated platform to cater to the treatment needs of patients with multiple chronic morbidities. <em></em></p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017(27):189-200; doi:10.18865/ed.27.2.189</p><p><br /><strong> </strong></p>

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and practical issues on effective strategies of double capacity building for family and school unification in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this regard, the world practices of effective strategies for uniting family and school were studied. Among foreign studies, it is necessary to distinguish such forms of education with a greater share of parental participation as homeschooling. In the United States (3 % of all school children, about 1.5 million people), Canada, and the United Kingdom. In Russia — from 70 to 100 thousand children. In Kazakhstan offer various forms from absolute «loosening» and «unschooling» («unschooling») to distance learning, including in online schools, and external exams, for example, via Skype. American Association Boston Basic: partners and advisors operate mainly on charitable donations from the public and the government. The primary role of the Association is to educate black par-ents in raising children from birth. The U.S. Department of Education and Science's Early Childhood Longi-tudinal Study Program (ECLS) includes four longitudinal studies that examine child development, school readiness, and early school experience. In domestic practice, the Private Fund «Just Support» (Almaty, Ka-zakhstan) should be highlighted. The Fund works with 30 educational organizations of Almaty city and 30 organizations of East Kazakhstan region. The Fund's mission is to contribute to the development of the Re-public of Kazakhstan's human capital.

Abstract Introduction Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy, accounting for 1.4% of all cancers and 1.9% of all cancer deaths in the United States. With advancements in hematological treatments, the 5-year survival rate has increased to 44.9%. Despite tremendous progress in the treatment of this malignancy, the risk factors for developing multiple myeloma are still minimally described. Established risk factors include male sex, advanced age, African ancestry, and obesity. Epidemiologic research concerning alcohol and tobacco as risk factors, however, is highly controversial. Studies suggestive of a protective effect of alcohol consumption are inconsistent and limited in number, and findings of tobacco as a risk factor are inconsistent in magnitude across various meta-analyses. To better understand the relationship of alcohol and tobacco use in the development of multiple myeloma, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis Methods For this analysis, we reviewed medical records of multiple myeloma patients from the Emory University Winship Cancer Institute under an IRB approved protocol. Data variables collected included sociodemographic information, drinking and smoking history, current drinking and smoking status. Furthermore, using a control population from a previously published pooled analysis, we conducted a case-control study to discern any associations between alcohol use and multiple myeloma. Similar analysis on smoking couldn’t be done due to lack of ideal control population. SPSS software was used for data analysis Results A total of 1150 patients with known diagnosis of multiple myeloma were included in the analysis. Males (53%), white people (58%), and patients in the age group 55-64 (28%) constituted majority of the cohort. Among the multiple myeloma patients, males have higher smoking rates than females (39% vs 27%; p<0.0001), and whites have higher smoking rates than blacks (37% vs 29%; p=0.01). Similarly, males have higher alcohol consumption rates than females (49% vs 36%; p<0.0001), and whites have higher alcohol consumption rates than blacks (50% vs 36%; p<0.0001). Males in the age group 65-74 have higher rates of smoking (white 45% and black 40%; p=0.01) and alcohol consumption (white 58% and black 44%; p<0.001) than females of the same age group (smoking: white 22% and black 20%; alcohol: white 26% and black 30%). Furthermore, smoking and alcohol consumption rates among white females in the age group 45-55 (49% and 51%) are significantly higher than black females of the same age group (25% and 28%) (p<0.0001;p<0.0001) respectively. Using the control population from a previously published pooled analysis, a case-control study was conducted to determine any associations and to calculate the odds of developing multiple myeloma. In the analysis of ever versus never alcohol consumption, ever consumption was associated with a decreased risk of multiple myeloma for men (OR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.22-0.32) and women (OR = 0.48; CI, 0.39-0.58). Conclusion Males and Whites have higher smoking and drinking rates from this cross-sectional analysis. An inverse association exists for alcohol consumption and development of myeloma. This seen effect could be related to findings from literature that moderate alcohol intake may mitigate the proinflammatory cytokines, improve cellular and humoral immune responses, and reinforce the DNA repair capacity. Disclosures Lonial: Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company: Consultancy, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding.

ABSTRACTSocial isolation is a social and public health problem that affects people of all ages, especially elders. Previous studies have found that social isolation across numerous industrialised countries is associated with negative health outcomes. However, it is unknown whether and how this association differs by race/ethnicity and age. To begin to address this gap, this study examines the association of social isolation and physical and mental health among Black, White and Hispanic elders in the United States of America. Building on Cornwell and Waite's perceived isolation and social disconnectedness dimension model of social isolation, the author used multi-stage survey data from a nationally representative sample of 3,005 community-residing adults aged 57–85 from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Tests for association were conducted on health by age, gender, marital status, education and race/ethnicity separately. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to test the association of social isolation and health exclusively and separately among these three groups. Results showed that social isolation is strongly associated with physical and mental health. Both perceived isolation and social disconnectedness had a significant negative association with physical and mental health among White elders. For Blacks, social disconnectedness is negatively associated with their physical health while perceived isolation had a negative association with mental health. Among Hispanic elders, there seemed to be no association between social isolation and physical health, but a significant negative association was found with their mental health. Despite various associated patterns, however, social isolation overall was associated with health outcomes that were similar across three elder groups. By identifying factors influencing social isolation and health among minority older Americans, this study has relevance to the development of culturally sensitive health-care practice and services, which may be applicable to minority elders in different countries.

Abstract Abstract 897 Background: Since the 1970s, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) has been the standard treatment for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Beginning in 2002, published randomized, controlled clinical trials changed the standard of care by demonstrating that when rituximab is added to CHOP complete response rates and overall survival improved. However, it remains unclear how these results influenced the use of combination chemo-immunotherapy in clinical practice in the United States. We examined a national cohort of patients with DLBCL to assess clinical and demographic features of patients who receive chemo-immunotherapy and those who do not. Methods: Patients diagnosed with DLBCL (ICD-O codes 9679 and 9680) between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2004, were selected from the National Cancer DataBase (NCDB), a hospital-based cancer registry jointly sponsored by the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons that includes more than 1,400 Commission-on-Cancer-approved sites and captures ∼75% of all newly diagnosed cases of cancer in the United States. Data on patient demographics, stage at diagnosis, health insurance, area-level education status, facility characteristics, and type of treatment were collected. Multivariable log binomial models were performed to examine the association between race, insurance and the use chemo-immunotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone, adjusting for other covariates. Results: The study population included 38,002 patients with DLBCL. Overall, 27% received combination chemo-immunotherapy and 50% received chemotherapy alone. At diagnosis there were racial differences in baseline characteristics. Black pts were younger (median age 53 vs. 70 years), more likely to present with stage III/IV disease (44.5% vs. 40.9%), more likely to be uninsured (9.5% vs. 2.5%) or Medicaid insured (17.3% vs. 3.4%) and more likely to reside in a zip code where ≥29% of the population had no high school diploma (38.1% vs. 11.6%) when compared with White pts (all p<0.0001). Patients who were Black, had limited stage disease, were diagnosed in 2001, were uninsured/Medicaid insured, or lived in an area where a greater % had no high school diploma were less likely to receive any form of chemotherapy (all p <0.0001). Patients who were Black (RR 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-0.89), >60 years (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98), had limited stage disease (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.92) or missing staging information (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.50-0.58), or were diagnosed in 2001-2002 were less likely to receive chemo-immunotherapy. Receiving treatment at a high lymphoma volume teaching/research facility was associated with the greatest likelihood of chemo-immunotherapy use (RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.52-1.89). Sixteen percent of patients did not receive treatment and were more likely to be diagnosed in 2001, uninsured/non-Private insured, Black, older, or treated at low volume community or low volume comprehensive cancer center when compared with patients receiving any form of treatment. Conclusions: These results indicate that disparities exist in the use of chemo-immunotherapy for patients with DLBCL treated in the US. During the period immediately following the demonstration that chemo-immunotherapy improved survival over chemotherapy alone, patients who were Black, older than 60 years, or from areas of lower educational status were less likely to receive this new standard of care. While the use of chemo-immunotherapy appears to be rising, improving outcomes for patients with lymphoma in the US will require increased attention to strategies to extend the benefits of proven advances in therapy to all segments of the population. Disclosures: Flowers: Amos Medical Faculty Development Program grant from the American Society of Hematology/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: Research Funding.

ABSTRACT Prevention of oil spills and effective action in the case of a spill are crucial to protecting and maintaining the environment. Up-to-date, reliable, and easily accessible research and information are extremely important and help to ensure a united front of preparation and to facilitate remedial action should a spill occur. The better the information available, the better the chance for prevention and, in the event of a spill, efficient and effective cleanup. The Interspill 2004 conference in Trondheim, Norway, hosted a U.S.-Russian Workshop on Oil Spill Prevention and Response. The workshop, which focused on dispersants, was the culmination of agreements signed by U.S. Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham and Russian Minister of Energy Igor Yusufov to discuss energy issues of interest to both countries and to implement the oil spill prevention and response agreement developed between the United States and Russia. To assist the participants and in concert with the workshop, the Black Sea and Caspian Sea Environmental Information Center (http://pims.ed.ornl.gov) posted relevant material from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Coast Guard. Although this web site offers information on region- and country-specific initiatives, its usefulness is far-reaching—the Center's information on oil spill prevention and response, research and development, and communications and related technologies have worldwide applications. Indeed, more than a hundred organizations from all over the world have registered, and interested organizations are encouraged to do the same to promote their technologies, services, or research activities. The site is being accessed at roughly 1,000 hits per day from 115 countries all over world. During July 2004, there were more than 40,000 hits on the web site. The oil industry strongly supports the information center and has representatives participate in all of its workshops. The Center is intended to be used as a tool to provide a comprehensive source of information:It publishes results and lists participants of several workshops.It hosts online “real-time” meetings that allow participants to plan structured meetings at an optimal time across different time zones.It provides information on oil spill prevention, cleanup, monitoring, and related commercial technologies and offers on-line discussions of these issues.It provides information about the laws, regulations, and standards of various countries relating to the environmental condition of the sea.It posts relevant published scientific papers.It publishes lists of participants working on Black Sea and Caspian Sea environmental issues.It is home to a growing database of historical pollution-testing data from research institutes in the region.

Introduction: In addition to forming hemoglobin in red blood cells, alpha globin (HBA) has non-erythroid effects and is expressed in vascular endothelial cells where it interacts with endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) to limit nitric oxide diffusion across the myoendothelial junction. Reduced expression of HBA or disruption of HBA/eNOS interactions increases endothelial nitric oxide signaling. Humans have 0 to 3 copies of HBA per chromosome and Black individuals have increased variation in HBA allele count. Moreover, Black individuals are more likely to develop end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and unexplained genetic factors may contribute to racial disparities in kidney disease not attributable to socioeconomic factors. Given that decreased endothelial NO signaling accelerates renal disease in mouse models, we hypothesized that lower HBA gene copy number would be associated with lower risk of kidney disease among Black individuals. Methods: We used droplet digital PCR to measure HBA copy number in Black individuals enrolled in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. This national, prospective observational study enrolled 30,239 men and women >45 years of age from the 48 contiguous United States. Prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2or urine albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g at enrollment. Incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) was identified by linkage to the United States Renal Data System. The relative risk (RR) of prevalent CKD was calculated using modified Poisson multivariable regression employing a linear effect of HBA allele count and adjusting for 13 pre-specified genetic, biomedical, and socioeconomic factors. The hazard ratio (HR) for incident ESKD was calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression with the same covariates. Results: HBA copy number ranged from 2 to 6 among 9,918 Black participants (4% with 2 copies, 28% with 3, 67% with 4, and 1% with ≥ 5), with 25% of all participants having CKD at baseline. Participants were followed for a median (25th, 75thpercentile) of 10.1 (5.5, 12.5) years for the development of ESKD, with 2.4% of all participants developing ESKD. As shown in the table, after multivariable adjustment and calculated relative to the most common copy number (4), model-estimated CKD risk was 23% lower among those with 2 copies and 12% lower among those with 3 copies of HBA, while CKD risk was 14% higher among those with 5 or 6 copies of HBA. In addition, relative to 4 copies, ESKD risk was 40% lower among those with 2 copies and 22% lower among those with 3 copies, while the risk of ESKD increased by 29% in those with 5 or 6 copies of HBA. Conclusions: We identified a novel, independent genetic association of HBA copy number with CKD prevalence and ESKD incidence among Black individuals in a national, prospective cohort study in the US. The findings are consistent with our hypothesis that decreased alpha globin gene expression could increase endothelial NO signaling in small renal arteries and confer protection against renovascular injury, while increased alpha globin gene expression couldlimit endothelial NO signaling. These findings suggest that further study of the impact of HBA expression on normal renal physiology and susceptibility to injury is needed. Disclosures Naik: Elsevier: Other: Content Editor.

The purpose of this study, a secondary analysis of a publicly available database, was to identify racial and ethnic disparities in the risk of severe sepsis facing children undergoing the intensive therapy necessary to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The sample consisted of 1,913 hospitalizations of children, younger than 21 years, in the United States during the year 2016 with documentation of both AML and at least one infectious complication. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the association between race/ethnicity and severe sepsis in children with AML and infection. We found that, after controlling for potential confounding variables, the odds of developing severe sepsis were significantly increased for Hispanic children compared with White children. There were no significant differences in the likelihood of the development of sepsis in Black, Asian, or other race children. The increased risk of severe sepsis for Hispanic children may contribute to the disparate rates of overall survival in this group. This inequitable rate of severe sepsis was evident despite the generally accepted practice of retaining children in the hospital throughout recovery of blood counts following AML therapy. Nurses are in a position to identify and eliminate modifiable risk factors contributing to this disparity.

Lewis R. Gordon’s essay focuses on Du Bois’s shift from New England liberalism to international radicalism and his global influence in Africana thought, despite his focus on African American politics. Though Du Bois’s expectation of equality for black people in the United States was a supremely radical idea on its own, it was his association with the black tradition of addressing social contradictions and imagining a future of grappling with them that led to the development of his radical philosophical anthropology. Du Bois, like many other Africana scholars, used his theories to express why black people could no longer wait to challenge the status quo. Therefore, Africana political theorists must assert the humanity of people of African descent, which necessitates an explanation of why they are human and how they have historically been excluded from definitions of humanity.

Black liquor gasification (BLG) technologies are under active commercial development in the United States and Europe. BLG has been proposed as a future replacement for Tomlinson boilers to provide more efficient, safer, environmentally-friendlier, and more cost-competitive chemical and energy recovery at kraft pulp and paper mills. Also, some pulping process improvements are more readily implemented with BLG than with black liquor combustion. This is Part A of a two-part paper summarizing results of a large study supported by the US Department of Energy, the American Forest and Paper Association, the Southern Company, and the Tennessee Valley Authority to assess performances, emissions, costs and overall benefits of black liquor gasification combined cycle (BLGCC) technology for the U.S. kraft pulp and paper industry. Part A discusses the status of leading black liquor gasification technologies and presents detailed mass and energy balances for BLGCC integrated with a pulp and paper mill producing 1725 metric tons per day of uncoated freesheet paper. The corresponding nominal flow of black liquor solids is 6 million 1bs/day (or 438 MW of contained energy). Mass and energy balances are also presented at a comparable level of detail for state-of-the-art and advanced Tomlinson systems. Tomlinson performances are compared with that for three BLGCC configurations: (i) low-temperature, indirectly-heated gasifier coupled with a medium-power output heavy-duty gas turbine; (ii) high-temperature, oxygen-blown gasifier coupled with a medium-power output gas turbine; (iii) same high-temperature gasifier coupled with a utility-scale gas turbine, where the extra fuel input required to fully load the gas turbine is supplied by natural gas. With state-of-the-art Tomlinson technology, the integrated mill must import approximately 36 MW from the electric grid, which can be reduced to 11.5 MW with an advanced Tomlinson design. Medium-scale BLGCC allows export of 15–20 MW to the grid. This increases to 125 MW when the gasifier is coupled to the utility-scale gas turbine. The superior thermodynamic features of BLGCC are evidenced by the high ratio (0.5–0.9) of extra electricity generated by the BLGCC to extra fossil fuel purchased (higher heating value basis).