Bücher zum Thema „Variance profile“

The educational manual presents educational materials on the general professional discipline “Pedagogical Excellence” (a variable part of the training program for mid-level specialists). Aimed at developing students' professional individuality through the integration of experience, theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for secondary education. For students of secondary specialized educational institutions with a pedagogical profile, as well as teachers of pedagogical colleges working with students studying in the specialty “Preschool Education”.

Contains an exposition of the basic concepts and theorems of the axiomatic theory of the basic elementary functions of real and complex variables. The textbook is written on the basis of lectures given by the author for a number of years at the Armavir State Pedagogical University, at the Slavyansk-on-Kuban State Pedagogical Institute and at the branch of the Kuban State University in Slavyansk-on-Kuban. It is intended for students of natural-mathematical profiles of preparation of the direction "Pedagogical education". It can be used in the study of mathematical analysis, the theory of functions of a real variable, the theory of functions of a complex variable, etc.

The monograph presents the generalized results of the author's scientific activity related to the diagnosis and phenomenological description of the state of self-consciousness and the Self-concept of persons with developmental disorders, in particular with mild mental retardation. The variants of self-awareness diagnostics and a comprehensive assessment of the personal adaptive potential of subjects of different ages with intellectual disabilities are presented and methodologically justified. The presented methods allow us to form an individual adaptive profile based on a quantitative assessment of qualitative indicators of adaptability/maladaptivity. The content aspects of the formation of the antisocial potential of a person with mild mental retardation, in particular, the problems of suggestibility, indoctrination and the participation of persons with intellectual disabilities in criminal communities, are separately identified. It will be useful for students, postgraduates, researchers and practitioners in the field of pedagogy, psychology, law.

The monograph discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing hypotheses about the absence of a trend in the analyzed samples. The rejection of such a hypothesis gives grounds to consider the analyzed data as samples of independent equally distributed random variables. We consider a set of special criteria aimed at testing such hypotheses, as well as a set of criteria for the uniformity of laws, the uniformity of averages and the uniformity of variances, which can also be used for these purposes. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are emphasized, the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Estimates of the power of the criteria are given, which allows you to navigate when choosing the most preferred criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and increase the validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are interested in the application of statistical methods for the analysis of various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality and who are in contact with the processing of experimental results, the need for data analysis in their activities. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists of various profiles (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who face the need for statistical analysis of experimental results in their activities. It will also be useful for university teachers, graduate students and students.

This book relies on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of parameters. Asymptotic theory assumes regularity conditions hold when the ML estimator is consistent. Typically an additional third derivative condition is assumed to ensure that the ML estimator is also asymptotically normally distributed. Standard asymptotic results that then hold are summarized in this chapter; for example, the asymptotic variance of the ML estimator is then given by the Fisher information formula, and the log-likelihood ratio, the Wald and the score statistics for testing the statistical significance of parameter estimates are all asymptotically equivalent. Also, the useful profile log-likelihood then behaves exactly as a standard log-likelihood only in a parameter space of just one dimension. Further, the model can be reparametrized to make it locally orthogonal in the neighbourhood of the true parameter value. The large exponential family of models is briefly reviewed where a unified set of regular conditions can be obtained.

This chapter discusses the major issues surrounding the study of the book of Jeremiah in contemporary scholarship, with special attention given to the book’s rhetorical structure, the value of its contents as historical resources, and the matter of its text-critical variants and the implications of these variants for the book’s literary evolution. The question of the book’s Deuteronomistic profile is raised, with some suggestions regarding whether or not that profile should be assigned to a secondary recasting of sources. In addition, a number of assumptions and axioms are challenged, especially those concerning text-critical evaluations and the use of the book as a site of cultural memory regarding ancient Israel, its monarchic institutions, and the prophet Jeremiah himself.

Chapter 13 concerns the building blocks of formulas to measure expectation damages: replacement cost, market price, resale price, diminished value, and lost profits. Replacement-cost damages are based on the difference between the contract price and the actual or imputed cost of a replacement transaction. Resale-price damages are based on the difference between the contract price payable by a breaching buyer and the price the seller received on resale to a third party. Diminished-value damages are based on the difference between the value of the performance that a breaching seller rendered and the value of the performance that she promised to render. Lost-profit damages are based on the difference between the price a breaching buyer agreed to pay and the seller’s variable costs.

Chapter 14 concerns formulas for measuring expectation damages for breach of a contract for the sale of goods. If the buyer breaches one of three formulas may be used to measure the seller’s damages. If the seller resells the goods she should normally be entitled to the difference between the resale price and the contract price. If the seller does not resell the goods she should normally be entitled to recover the difference between the market price of the goods and the contract price. A third formula is based on the seller’s lost profit, measured by the difference between the seller’s variable costs of performance and the contract price. If the seller breaches one of three formulas may also be applied. If the goods are defective the buyer can recover damages for the defect. If the seller fails to deliver the goods the buyer can either cover and sue for cover damages or not cover and sue for market-prices damages. A buyer cannot sue for lost profits as direct or general damages, but can sue for lost profits if it was reasonably foreseeable when the contract was made that if the seller failed to deliver the goods the buyer would incur the lost profits.

Patients infected with HIV often develop dyslipidemia. Although lipid abnormalities have been described in HIV-infected patients from the pre-combination antiretroviral therapy era, they are most striking in patients treated with antiretroviral drugs and may even be present in those not exposed to these drugs. The dyslipidemic profile in HIV includes abnormalities in lipids and lipoprotein, including hypertriglyceridemia, elevated plasma total low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Many patients also have the phenotypic appearance of lipodystrophy, with a variable combination of centripetal fat accumulation. The consequence of an abnormal dyslipidemic profile in the HIV lipodystrophic patient is an accelerated risk of developing myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes.

The neuropathology of Huntington’s disease (HD) has been studied for many years, but it is only now becoming clear that despite the disease being caused by dysfunction of a single gene, expressed as an expanded polyglutamine in the huntingtin protein, there is a major variability in the pathology throughout different brain regions, especially the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Also, the symptoms present as varying degrees of involuntary movements, mood, personality changes, cognitive changes, and dementia, which can vary throughout the course of the disease and vary greatly between cases. Recent extensive clinicopathologic studies suggest that the variable degeneration of the striatum and cerebral cortex correlates with the variable symptom profiles that characterize HD. These overall results suggest that despite the single-gene etiology of HD, there are multiple pathways of degeneration in the forebrain in HD that reflect the symptom diversity.

Niemann-Pick disease type B (NPDB) is caused by deficient activity of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase leading to the accumulation of sphingomyelin and other lipids, primarily within macrophages. The disease is characterised by hepatosplenomegaly, a bleeding tendency, interstitial lung disease and an atherogenic lipid profile. The diagnosis of NPDB is usually made in childhood after organomegaly is noted, and patients often survive into adulthood. The diagnostic work up includes enzymatic determination of sphingomyelinase activity, mutational analysis and screening and/or quantification for target organ involvement. NPDB has a variable clinical expression and may be a life-limiting disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. There is no disease specific therapy yet and hence management is symptomatic with particular attention to treating the long term complications of the disease.

High-ability students with coexisting disabilities (i.e., twice exceptional) are challenging to diagnose and treat due to multiple issues, including variable definitions of what it means to be “gifted,” the influence of high intellectual or creative ability on mental health diagnostic presentation and intervention, time of onset of both the abilities and disabilities, and symptom-masking effects. While the child psychiatry and child clinical psychology fields offer several empirically validated intervention options, few have examined efficacy or effectiveness among twice exceptional youth. Also, extant studies are often fraught with methodological weaknesses. This chapter advocates that best clinical practice include implementing empirically validated interventions with attention to the child’s profile of abilities and talent domain, focusing on resilience and wellness/growth-promoting strategies, and providing advocacy, professional development, supervision, and training opportunities to educators and mental health professionals about this unique populations’ needs.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent, early-onset and persistent disorder of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The mechanisms of action of ADHD medications, neuroimaging studies, and studies of monoamine systems and animal models suggest that dysregulation of catecholaminergic neurotransmission in cerebellar-corticostriatal circuits plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. The efficacy of ADHD medications likely arises from their differing profile of effects on (a) dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems and (b) the localization of these effects in prefrontal cortex and striatum. ADHD has a very high heritability, and although molecular genetic studies have found no causal common DNA variants yet, they have found strong evidence that rare duplications and deletions are risk factors for ADHD. Environmental risk factors, especially those that impact early neurodevelopment (i.e., exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol during pregnancy), also influence susceptibility to ADHD.

This chapter comprises 16 case histories that illustrate methods of assessment described in the rest of this book and the use of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III. Each case begins with a brief history from the patient and observations by the family followed by findings on cognitive examination focusing on the profile shown on the ACE-III, the results of imaging investigations, and a discussion of the diagnosis and its differential, with a final summary of the principal conclusions, indicating whether the services of a neuropsychologist are required or not. The cases present important common conditions (such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease in the mild and moderate stages, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, semantic dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Huntington’s disease) as well as interesting neuropsychological syndromes (such as prosopagnosia, amnestic stoke, and transient epileptic amnesia).

This guide provides access to a political, historical, and cultural record of incalculable value. Entries are arranged alphabetically by title, with variant titles cross-referenced. A profile of each publication presents information about its founding and history, editors, publishers, content, and affiliations with parties, organizations, and tribes. An information section for each entry includes a full bibliography and location sources--union lists, electronic retrieval systems, reprint and microprint editions, as well as archives and libraries. Publication histories are also supplied. A subject index gives the user access to the content of entries, and appendixes furnish listings of titles by date of establishment and place of publication. The editors' introduction discusses the changing historical circumstances that have stimulated the growth of these publications and are reflected in their names. They consider the effects of the publications themselves--their vital role in maintaining solidarity and awareness of common problems and in creating Native American political and cultural awareness.

The preprint presents the economic mechanism of investment programs and analyzes its components: specific indicators for evaluating the investment part of developmental programs are proposed; a specific pricing for products manufactured as a result of the implementation of investment projects; a system of financing developmental programs based on the optimal ratio of budget funds, reinvested profits and credit. The empirical base of the study is made up of materials from the petrochemical complex. In this regard, the world trends in the development of petrochemical chemistry and the situation in the petrochemical complex of Russia are considered. Recommendations are given regarding the development of the petrochemical industry of Russia. A multi-criteria optimization model that implements the presented economic mechanism and is intended to form variants of the structure of the governmental program for industrial and regional (territorial) development is developed. The results of a computer experiment are presented. Variants of a conditional program for the development of the Russian oil and gas chemical complex showing the positive impact of the proposed economic mechanism on the structure and indicators of the program are developed.

Phenotyping is key in all genetic association studies and designing clinical studies to assess the genetic contribution to pain and analgesic response in general, and in the context of obstetric pain is even more challenging. In addition, interpreting results, particularly when multiple genes are evaluated, requires large sample sizes and appropriate statistical analysis to avoid misconstrued finding. The genetic contribution to labour pain or even that of pharmacogenetics to explain differences in analgesic response is probably not simple and straightforward and we are at the beginning of our explorations. Firm recommendations to tailor opioid regimens based on patients’ individual genetic profile are not available and are unlikely to become available in the near future other than for the prescription of codeine. To help explore genetic variants that influence the progress of labour and other various obstetric outcomes, the concept of mathematical modelling of labour progress is extremely promising and may in the future allow identification of some important genetic contributions and will perhaps one day predict labour outcome and labour pain perception.

Frogs are remarkably variable creatures. Many species adopt different colours or patterns by day or night. In some cases, males are different from females, and many species can change their appearance remarkably when breeding. Field Guide to the Frogs of Queensland provides a comprehensive photographic guide to the 132 species of frogs in Queensland, Australia’s most species-rich state. It enables identification of all Queensland species and clearly points out pitfalls that may lead to misidentification. Species profiles list common and scientific names, information on size, call and preferred habitat, as well as points of interest for each species. The conservation status of all threatened species is listed and there are special sections devoted to disappearing frogs and the Cane Toad. Generously illustrated with one or more photographs for each species, the book also includes distribution maps, line illustrations which demonstrate key features, and keys to each family, genus and species.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with variable clinical features, making this most frequent chronic systemic autoimmune disease with characteristic joint involvement a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This chapter describes in detail the different clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in patients with RA. In addition to the characteristic arthritic involvement, which can lead to severe joint changes with progressive destruction and loss of function, other systemic disease manifestations as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular events and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with relevance for patients' prognosis are described. Recent approaches to early diagnosis and stratification of patients by predictive factors for a severe course of disease are discussed. These patient profiles include increased inflammatory markers, the presence of autoantibodies, and erosive changes at the time of diagnosis. The novel classification criteria for RA and the significance of autoantibody status, namely seropositivity for antibodies against citrullinated antigens as highly specific diagnostic markers, are highlighted to further promote early differentiation of RA from other arthritic disease entities.

Since the mid-to-late 1990s, retail globalization has intensified, and a growing multidisciplinary literature profiles these dynamics. This chapter provides a snapshot of current levels of retail globalization, before briefly reviewing the literature on the drivers and dynamics of retail globalization from the late 1990s onwards. The analysis then advances current understandings in two ways. Firstly, the evidence on the impacts of globalization is reviewed to highlight that, far from being an inevitable process of rapid retail transnational corporation-led modernization, the outcomes have been highly variable and uneven, with profound variations across different national contexts. Secondly, focusing on the period since the global economic crisis of 2007–08, a new era of globalized distribution is characterized in which economic crisis and profound Internet-induced structural shifts have changed the dynamics of the process. To conclude, an economic geographical research agenda that builds upon these two dimensions is mapped out.Chapter keywords

Welfare states around the globe are changing, challenged by the development of knowledge economies. In many countries, policymakers’ main response has been to modernize welfare states by focusing on future-oriented “social investment” policies that focus on creating, mobilizing, and preserving human skills and capabilities. Yet, there is massive variance in the development of social investment strategies. This is the first of two volumes of the World Politics of Social Investment (WOPSI) project, which systematically maps and explains different welfare reform strategies in democratic countries around the world. This volume develops a theory on the political and socioeconomic conditions for the development of social investment policies around the globe and studies the impact of the main explanatory factors on the empirical variety of social investment reforms (and non-social investment reforms). It also proposes a new typology of different welfare reform strategies, distinguishing nine types of social investment strategies depending on their functions (creating, mobilizing, and preserving human skill and capabilities) and their distributive profiles (inclusive, stratified, or targeted) and three types of non-social investment welfare strategies (market liberalism, social protectionism, and basic income). The chapters of this volume are written by leading social policy scholars from different disciplines and countries, who apply the WOPSI global theoretical framework in a range of contexts and policy fields, shedding light on the scope conditions of social investment, as well as political demand- and supply-side drivers of social investment reforms. The second volume focuses on inter-regional variation of social investment reforms. Jointly, the project offers the first worldwide analysis of social investment reforms around the globe.

We've all heard the advice “Pace yourself. Save energy and finish strong.” It sounds simple enough, so why is it so hard? Why do even supremely conditioned elite athletes mismanage their energy supplies and fail to finish strong? Pacing: Individual Strategies for Optimal Performance examines the latest science, research, and application in search of answers. This guide explores the role of pacing in sports, the most common strategies used, the factors that influence effectiveness, and key considerations for today's athletes and coaches. You'll also discover these aspects: How environmental variables, such as temperature and terrain, can affect performanceHow to choose the best pacing strategy for any eventHow to use pacing to defeat an opponentThe role the brain plays in pacing strategies Part I explains the biological and psychological underpinnings of pacing science, including the six commonly used pacing strategies that are discussed in detail throughout the book: all-out, positive, even, negative, parabolic, and variable. Part II shows how to apply the science, offering pacing recommendations and considerations for time-dependent sports such as running, triathlon, and swimming and exploring the role of pacing in racket sports and several team sports. Combining scientific research and real-world profiles of elite athletes and coaches, Pacing: Individual Strategies for Optimal Performance shows coaches and athletes how to develop the ideal pacing plan for every competition.

The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.

Management of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) currently comprises non-specific measures including promotion of healthy lifestyle, optimization of blood pressure control, and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. A high water intake of 3–4 L per day in patients with glomerular filtration rate greater than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 may decrease the risk of kidney stones, but its potential benefit in reducing renal cyst growth is presently unproven. Maintenance of a target blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg is recommended by expert clinical guidelines though this is unlikely to slow cyst growth. It is unclear whether pharmacological blockade of the renin–angiotensin axis confers an extrarenal protective effect. Recognition of the variable clinical presentations of cyst infection, cyst haemorrhage, or nephrolithiasis is important for early diagnosis and optimal management of these complications. Most patients with ADPKD do well on dialysis and after transplantation. Nephrectomy may be needed to make space for a donor kidney, or if kidney size or infection is an issue after end-stage renal failure is reached. Recent advances in ADPKD have led to the identification of multiple potential therapeutic targets with more than 10 clinical trials completed or currently in progress. Given the promising results of the TEMPO trial, tolvaptan may well be the first disease-modifying drug to be approved for clinical use. Several other classes of drugs (e.g. somatostatin analogues, triptolide, metformin, and glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors) with good long-term safety profiles are promising candidates which may be repurposed for this disease. In the future, identifying patients with different risks of renal disease progression by their genotype and/or kidney volume will likely assume an important role for the clinical management of ADPKD.

Apprendre une langue étrangère, c’est se confronter inévitablement à une distance à la fois culturelle et linguistique, inégale selon les langues ; c’est cette distance elle-même qui, parce qu’elle fascine autant qu’elle déroute, constitue très souvent une source forte de motivation. Si la didactique des langues et cultures étrangères sait qu’elle peut s’appuyer sur cette motivation, elle n’ignore pas non plus les questions soulevées par l’éloignement, de même que par son antonyme, la proximité. Quel contenu donner à cette notion de distance et quelles formes prend-elle ? Sur quel plan se situe-t-elle ? graphique ? lexical ? grammatical ? phonétique ? géographique ? culturel ? Une langue-culture distante est-elle plus facile ou difficile à apprendre/enseigner qu’une langue-culture proche ou voisine ? La proximité ne contient-elle pas des pièges qui présentent leurs propres difficultés et que l’illusion de la facilité empêcherait de saisir à leur juste mesure ? Et comment réduire la distance de manière à faciliter l’apprentissage ? Par ailleurs, la didactique des langues et cultures étrangères ne peut pas faire l’économie d’une interrogation sur les styles cognitifs des apprenants ; la variété de ces profils introduit une variable qui interfère dans l’appréhension de ce qui est plus ou moins distant, plus ou moins facile/difficile. Il en va de même pour les catégories épistémologiques sollicitées par la didactique dans le traitement de la distance ; leur utilisation, leur transfert d’un contexte éducatif à un autre doivent là aussi faire l’objet d’un questionnement. C’est l’ensemble de ces questions qu’examine le présent ouvrage, qui réunit une sélection de communications présentées au cours d’une journée d’étude : « Distance entre langues, Distance entre cultures. Quelles incidences didactiques ? », organisée par l’unité de recherche PLIDAM EA 4514, à l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, le 24 novembre 2017, à Paris. Evelyne Argaud, professeur agrégé, docteur en didactique des langues et cultures Joël Bellassen, ancien professeur des universités en chinois à l’Inalco Frine Beba Favaloro, professeur de lycée, docteur en sciences du langage

Beere has produced a new edition of her Women and Women's Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measurements. Based largely on a search of the PsychLIT and ERIC databases from January 1978 to December 1988, the volume includes information on 211 tests and measures pertaining to gender roles and attitudes towards gender. . . . Particularly useful are chapter reviews of the literature in which the author reviews the quality of available research. Recommended for college and university libraries. Choice This handbook stems, in part, from the author's previously published Women and Women's Issues. Realizing that a book published in 1979 could no longer provide researchers with the up-to-date information they require regarding measures to use in research, Beere set out to revise and update her work. In the process, she soon discovered that the measures identified through her search of the literature produced since her first book was published far exceeds the number that can be realistically described in a single handbook. Thus, she has undertaken a two-volume guide, the first of which, Gender Roles, describes only those measures pertaining to gender roles and attitudes toward gender-related issues. Gender roles are broadly defined to include adults' and children's gender roles, gender stereotypes, marital roles, parental roles, employee roles, and multiple roles. A total of 211 measures are included. In addition to 67 scales still in use that were described in her earlier book, Beere includes scales that are relevant, have evidence of their reliability and/or validity, and are used in more than one published article or ERIC document. If a scale does not satisfy these criteria, but its development is the focus of an article or ERIC document, it is included, as are scales that are unusual or pertain to a topic that would otherwise receive inadequate coverage in this handbook. The scale descriptions follow a standard format that includes the following information: title; author or authors as listed in the earliest publication mentioning the scale; earliest date that the scale is mentioned in a publication; profile of variable being measured; type of instrument; description; sample items; previous and appropriate subjects; scoring information; a description of the development of the measure; information regarding reliability and validity; and a listing of published studies that use the measure. This important new handbook promises to make several important contributions to gender-related research. It will make it easier for researchers to locate quality instruments appropriate for their research, discourage the proliferation of substandard or redundant measures, set some minimal standards for measures used in gender role research, and encourage more research regarding gender roles. All social science libraries will want to find a place for it in their reference collections.