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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Water sector, efficiency, investments, regulation“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Water sector, efficiency, investments, regulation"
1
Gilmont, Michael. „Decoupling dependence on natural water: reflexivity in the regulation and allocation of water in Israel“. Water Policy 16, Nr. 1 (17.09.2013): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.171.
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Since 1999, Israel has secured a decoupling between the total water supplied and water derived from the natural environment through surface and groundwater. Between 2007 and 2010, this decoupling enabled a cut of over 20% in natural water use, while maintaining overall supply volumes despite drought. By 2009–2010, natural water supply had been reduced to the levels of the early 1960s. As seawater desalination contributed less than 10% to the total supply up to 2009, decoupling was achieved primarily through cross-sector efficiency and the recycling of urban effluent. This study uses the case of Israel to exemplify the challenges faced by semi-arid economies in achieving a gap between the upward trend in total national water use and local water withdrawn from natural resources. Decoupling will be shown to comprise two types. One type occurs when an economy ceases to be water self-sufficient. Another type is encountered when an economy has the capacity to remedy its over-exploitation of natural water. It will be shown that the first decoupling is non-contentious and non-politicised. The investments and reforms needed to bring about the second decoupling appear very demanding economically and very politically stressful.
2
Helm, Dieter. „Thirty years after water privatization—is the English model the envy of the world?“ Oxford Review of Economic Policy 36, Nr. 1 (2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz031.
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Abstract The paper considers whether water privatization 30 years ago has delivered the promised superior performance to nationalization, which remains the dominant model in Europe. The paper sets out the arguments at privatization, in particular in relation to efficiency, the managerial incentives, the role of private-sector balance sheets in facilitating investment, and the impacts on the cost of capital. Alternative explanations of relative performance, notably the regulation model adopted, are highlighted, and the paper concludes by outlining an alternative model of water regulation which better marries up public responsibilities and private incentives.
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KOGDENKO, Vera G. „A methodology for sectoral analysis of the economy“. Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, Nr. 2 (28.02.2022): 200–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.2.200.
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Subject. The article analyzes sectors of the Russian economy, based on the Harvard Paradigm. Objectives. The purpose is to develop a sectoral analysis technique and test it on the Russian enterprises data. Methods. I employ general scientific principles and research methods, like abstraction, generalization of approaches of domestic and foreign authors on identification, development and analysis of sectors, and the industry analysis. Results. The presented technique for analyzing economic sectors includes three stages. At the first stage, I investigate basic conditions, namely factors (forces) of competition in the sector under study, profitability and risk, and special aspects of State regulation. At the second stage, I analyze the behavior of companies in the sector and assess the operational efficiency, investment and financial activity of enterprises. At the third stage, the indicators of value creation and dynamics of sector development are analyzed. The methodology was tested on data from enterprises in four sectors of the economy: primary (extraction of coal, oil, natural gas, etc.), secondary (production of chemicals, iron and steel production, etc.), tertiary (water, air, and space transport, etc.), and quaternary (development of computer software, activities in the field of information technology, R&D). Conclusions. I tested the hypothesis about the dynamics of economic sectors’ development based on calculations, and identified positive trends in the Russian economy, i.e. the faster growth of tertiary and quaternary sectors and their relatively high efficiency. As for negative trends, they include low investment activity of enterprises, posing a threat to economic growth.
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Vicente, Thales Tati Gonçalves, Elaise Gabriel, Ursula Maira Maciel Rigon und Marlon Leão. „Energy labeling and the economic viability in residences of the project my house my life“. Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 24 (08.01.2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117033949.
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The significant increase in the electricity consumption over the past decades by the residential sector has stimulated the creation of initiatives which are aiming the energy efficiency (EE). In addition to laws that were enacted in order to increase EE, it was launched in 2012 the Quality Technical Regulation for Energy Efficiency Level of Residential Buildings (RTQ-R), which it sets parameters to be followed in the labeling of an Autonomous Housing Unit (UH). This research had as objective proposes alternatives to increase the energy efficiency level of a residential complex named My House My Life (Minha Casa Minha Vida - MCMV). Moreover, it was calculated the construction costs and evaluated the economic viability of the investment. Thus, it was evaluated the envelope and the water heating system through prescriptive method. The obtained results classified the current housing as D level and showed that a few changes are needed to reach the level A. Through thermal energy simulation it was determined by the new classification a reduction of 2/3 in electricity consumption. The increase in the construction costs to achieve the level A is lower than the cost savings over the building's lifetime. Currently, the Selic rate of 14.25% unfeasible the investment due to the opportunity cost, becoming feasible with the kWh cost higher than R$ 0.97 or with basic interest rates lower than 9.5%.
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Natalia Olijnyk und Iryna Krylova. „SELECTION OF THE OPTIMUM MODEL OF MANAGEMENT IN WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SPHERE OF UKRAINE“. Science Review, Nr. 5(22) (30.06.2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/30062019/6543.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of European models of water supply and wastewater management and their implementation in Ukraine. The authors review the classical models of EU water supply and water dsposal management: English, French and German, their historical and political roots, the theoretical basis. In parallel, the authors analyze the state policy in the sphere of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine, the principles of its formation and features, the current state of the sphere of water supply and wastewater, organizational and legal forms of water supply and wastewater enterprises. The article analyzes the current state of realization of public- private partnership in the field of water supply and wastewater with indication of existing contracts and contracts that have become invalid. It is proved that the difference between the water supply and wastewater companies of different management models in Ukraine is not marked, as the general state of the water supply and wastewater sector shows the existence of common problems characteristic of all enterprises. In particular, the ineffectiveness of tariff policies, depreciation of fixed assets, low quality of services, difficult financial condition, inadequate investment, etc. The authors discuss the possibilities of adaptation of classical management models in Ukraine and possible consequences. The article defines the institutional problems of the state policy of Ukraine in the sphere of water supply and wastewater, which influence the efficiency of the implementation and functioning of any model of management and regulation.
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Cova, Sónia, Carlos Andrade, Orlando Soares und Jorge Lopes. „EVALUATION OF COST-OPTIMAL RETROFIT INVESTMENT IN BUILDINGS: THE CASE OF BRAGANÇA FIRE STATION, PORTUGAL“. International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25, Nr. 5 (08.07.2021): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15082.
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Office buildings built before the entry into force of the first thermal regulation in 1991 constitute a relevant group for analysing the energy performance of the Portuguese building sector. A dynamic energy simulation was used to assess the energy performance of an existing office building located in the town of Bragança, Portugal. Four energy efficiency measures were selected and a financial evaluation through the internal rate of return (IRR) method was undertaken to choose the best retrofit option for improving the building’s energy performance. An investment package consisting of the roof insulation and a new equipment for the domestic hot water system presented an IRR higher than the discount rate used in the analysis, and, thus, a positive financial return. The results of the study also suggest that the EU’s comparative methodology framework is not particularly suitable for assessing building retrofit investment at the private investor’s perspective and further refinement in the cost-effective approach to renovations is needed to help stimulate building’s energy renovation market. Suggestions for further studies conducted for office buildings in the different climate zones in Portugal are also proposed.
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Ismatilloevich, Dustmurodov O. Ismatilloevich. „Purposeful Use of Location Tools in the Development of Regional Tourism“. Financial Technology and Innovation 1, Nr. 1 (2022): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/fintech-i.010104.
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In this article, in the conditions of the formation of an innovative economy, on the basis of the development of regional tourism services, increasing economic efficiency, improving the tourism infrastructure, increasing its quality level, increasing the volume of services in tourism, increasing the contribution to the country's economy, further developing tourism services in the sustainable development of the economy, placing them in the development of the market of tourism services purposeful use of tools, further improvement of hotel business, attracting foreign and local investments to this process, creating new jobs in the service sector, providing socio-economic support to employees operating in tourism enterprises, as well as developing new types of services, digitalization of services, tourism resources targeted use, application of foreign experience in improving hotel business, use of "HR" services in development of tourism services, placement of vos to increase income from tourism, based on the opinions of economists and experts on the development of tourism services, the development trends of the tourism industry through methods such as analysis and synthesis, observation, grouping, comparative analysis, systematic approach, operational research, statistics and economic analysis creation of a customer base in the means of designation, placement, use of clusters in the development of hotel business, scientific and methodological approach to the regulation of the tourism services market are presented
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Jakob, Martin, York Ostermeyer, Claudio Nägeli und Christian Hofer. „Overcome data gaps to benchmark building stocks against climate targets related to the EU taxonomy and other decarbonisation initiatives“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, Nr. 1 (01.09.2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012042.
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Abstract National disclosure regulation is more and more flanked by stricter requirements of climate reporting. Industry stakeholders with more than 250 employees will for example be required to report on the share of their CAPEX and OPEX that is in line with the 2050 climate targets of the EU. Financial institutions are required to declare how much of their investment is in 2050 target compatible assets. Investment in buildings is an important part of such reporting and there is need of a robust approach and method to be used. The presented project developed such an approach. With reference to the work of the EU Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance and the Climate Bond Initiative (CBI), generally applicable criteria for buildings have been determined and calculated for the example of Switzerland. They are based on a best-in-class approach. While the EU Technical Taxonomy refers to the top 15% of buildings in terms of primary energy demand, CBI uses CO2-emissions as a benchmark. To compare the current state of buildings sector with these criteria, a distributional building stock model is used, which also addresses the fact that the data availability on energy efficiency and climate compatibility of the building stock is unsatisfactory in many European countries including Switzerland. To be easily applicable in practice, the criteria are mainly based on two dimensions: on the one hand, on the requirements of codes (in Switzerland the model regulations of the Cantons, MuKEn) and widely used standards and labels (Minergie, GEAK), and on the other hand, on the energy sources used for the generation of space heat and hot water. The study shows that ecologically sustainable, climate-compatible building financing can always be assumed in Switzerland if one of the following two criteria are met for new buildings: multi-family, office or other non-residential buildings according to Minergie from 1998 on, MuKEn from 2000 on or GEAK B that use heat-pumps, wood, pellets or solar energy. Or, any building with Minergie from 2009 on label, MuKEn 2014 or GEAK A that use heat pumps, wood, pellets, solar energy or district heating based on non-fossil energy. In the context of increased pressure on resources, it is important to acknowledge the climate-compatibility of older buildings as well (and to not only consider newly which would generate a bias towards resource intensive building of new houses).
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Khan, S., T. Rana und Munir A. Hanjra. „A whole-of-the-catchment water accounting framework to facilitate public–private investments: an example from Australia“. Water Policy 12, Nr. 3 (09.11.2009): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.027.
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Often, information on spatial water use efficiencies in a whole-of-the-catchment context does not exist or does not feed into the water policy process to guide investments. Significant gains in water use efficiency are achievable but the water savings are often assumed rather than identified systematically. This paper used a whole-of-the-catchment water accounting framework to identify the main pathways to enhance water use efficiency, taking the Murrumbidgee catchment in the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia as an example. The results show that large amounts of water remain unaccounted for in the river system account; the true water losses occur in the nearfarm and onfarm zones, most of which can be saved cost effectively. The catchment water accounting procedure thus offers a useful framework for bringing unaccounted/lost water flows into human and environmental uses, for enhancing water use efficiency, for targeting investments to the water system components with the largest potential gains in efficiency, and for garnering private sector investments to realize true water savings. The pro-investment technical and institutional, as well as governance and policy, interventions to revamp private sector participation in water infrastructure are articulated.
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Lemss, Ivo, und Una Libkovska. „THE METHODOLOGY FOR THE CREATION OF AN ADAPTED MODEL FOR THE TRANSITION TO THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES OF LATVIA IN A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE“. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (16.06.2021): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6518.
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Research will focus on investments for the development of the company. Transition to the circular economy is understood in many cases only as an unnecessary obstacle, not as the new business model. Production based on the linear model "take, make, dispose of" is not possible anymore based on decreased environmental quality. Increased production efficiency could help promote the company's prestige, gain tax allowances, create optimistic co-operation with the state, municipality, and maintain sustainability in terms of the balance achieved between economic, environmental and social interests. Although the research until now is in an early stage, the research purpose is to create an adapted model for the implementation of the circular economy for the small and medium enterprises (from now on – SMEs) of Latvia in a long-term perspective. Research will focus on the following qualitative data analysis methods – SWOT, factor, economic contribution, structured interviews at expert level, overall structured interview in the form of the questionnaire. From quantitative methods, hierarchical cluster or partial cluster method will be used in this research, analysing 3966 organisations in the Eco-Management and audit scheme (from now on – EMAS) at the European level that ensure compliance with the essential environmental requirements under EMAS Regulation No.1221/2009 . Until now within the research, the number of EMAS organisations have been selected between 29 different countries (total number of observations) in 5 sectors (energy, water, waste management, food industry, port terminals), allowing to make the cross-country comparison and describe the involvement level of EMAS in each country. Before using the cluster method, it is essential to assess the cluster trend and whether the cluster method is suitable for research data. The next step will involve using a hierarchical cluster or partial cluster method (a certain number of clusters will be created). It is necessary to use different techniques to evaluate and interpret the created cluster results in future work. Until now, the main conclusion from the literature study is that Latvia has no organisation registered under EMAS and the term "circular economy" is a prevalent trend nowadays worldwide, which can be justified with 114 different terms of the circular economy. Expected results will be the following – issued new criteria for SMEs, issued the adapted model and issued recommendations and suggestions for developing the eco-innovation market.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Water sector, efficiency, investments, regulation"
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Aurigi, Daniele. „How regulation affects efficiency and investments in the water sector: a theoretical approach and a case study of the Italian water integrated system in Tuscany“. Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1121478.
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My thesis analysed some aspects of water sector regulation. It has two theoretical chapters and a case study.
In the first chapter, I used a simple model in order to describe the effect of tariffs regulation on the efficiency of the water providers and to give one possible justification to revising the tariffs method so often as Arera has been doing. In the last part of the chapter, I analyse theoretically another segment of the tariff methods: the incentive to improve efficiency. I found out that the type of incentive in the Italian tariff methods works only for the firms that have the operative costs near the average.
In the second chapter, with a variation of the basic model, I analysed the effect of a two-level system of regulation (one National Authority and several Local Authorities) on the investments made by water providers. I introduced in the model the Local Authorities staff's skill and expertise. Smith (2000) described the advantages and the disadvantages of centralised and decentralised systems of regulation and Danesi at al. (2008) applied that analysis to the Italian case suggesting that a two-level system could have the benefits from both types of regulation. I try to add new elements that provide other possible justification for a system with a national Authority and several sub-national Authorities.
In the third chapter, I used the Tuscan Water system as a case study. I explore the Tuscan data to see the actual results of the regulation, in an environment with relatively good local regulator, on a set of providers with mixed ownership where the public administration have the majority. I inferred that providers' mixed property seems to be a good structure to balance achieving efficiency and increasing investments with tariffs control, confirming and expanding Macchiati et al. (2019)
Bücher zum Thema "Water sector, efficiency, investments, regulation"
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Parker, Leslie. International Law and the Renewable Energy Sector. Herausgegeben von Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky und Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0017.
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This chapter examines key legal instruments and mechanisms relevant to international renewable energy regulation. These play an important role in governing unified action and enhancing collaboration and information-sharing on effective policies and investment frameworks aimed at reducing barriers and risks to investments in renewable energy. The mechanisms that are analysed are the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and related international climate change negotiations and declarations, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), and various sector-specific treaties. The chapter also turns its attention to the primary international organizations that influence present and future directions in international renewable energy policy, such as the Nairobi Programme of Action for the Development and Utilization of New and Renewable Sources of Energy, International Energy Agency, Development Banks, and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership.
Buchteile zum Thema "Water sector, efficiency, investments, regulation"
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Barbier, Edward B. „Supporting Innovations“. In The Water Paradox, 187–211. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300224436.003.0008.
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This chapter assesses the role of innovation in averting the global water crisis. Recent technical advances—such as desalinization of saltwater, geographical information systems (GIS), and remote sensing—have the potential for managing and increasing freshwater supplies. There is also a new generation of urban water supply systems that can improve efficiency and sustainable use. Water use in agriculture, too, can benefit from a range of innovations in irrigation technologies and delivery systems. The chapter then considers the key policies and other initiatives that are necessary for prompting more economy-wide innovation in water technologies: public policies and investments that facilitate private research and development (R&D) activities of firms; overcoming the water efficiency paradox; privatization of some activities currently undertaken by public supply utilities; and initiatives by the private sector and corporations to account for water costs and risks.
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Khaietska, Olha. „ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES“. In Global trends and prospects of socio-economic development of Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-193-0-13.
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The article analyzes the organizational and economic principles of functioning of agro-industrial enterprises, explores the possibilities of increasing their competitiveness. In particular, it is noted that the category of “organizational and economic mechanism” is the most important part of the economic system, including in the ag ricultural sector. The essence, content and adjustment of the organizational and economic mechanism is determined by many scientists and researchers, the focus is on industrial relations and economic laws. It is important to understand the levers of organizational and economic mechanism (economic and organizational). Economic factors include: the mechanism of market pricing; levers for investing and lending bonds, financing; selffinancing of investments; accumulation and investment of capital, state regulation and state support. Organizational factors include: structural levers; organizational and technical levers; levers of management organization; corporate planning and information levers. Using the levers of self-sufficiency, the peculiarities of the activities of agar enterprises in the domestic and foreign food markets are manifested to obtain the most attractive effect with minimal costs. An important component of economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises is the maintenance of competitive conditions as a stimulus for the rational functioning of enterprises and organizations. Pure competition is an incentive for society to minimize costs and maximize profits, as well as adhere to marginal productivity. Competition is best manifested in terms of economic dynamics. Competition increases supply, improves product quality, improves service and availability, and reduces production costs. The article analyzes the views of economists on the category of “competitiveness”, provides indicators of competitiveness (price, market and quality indicators), the structure of the mechanism for improving the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, proposed methods for assessing the competitiveness of enterprises and effective management of enterprise competitiveness. It is noted that the competitiveness of production in the agro-industrial sector depends on resource supply, infrastructure development, the level of development of labor resources, the external environment, which is based on state policy on its development and more. To increase the competitiveness of enterprises should have competitive advantages: to improve their activities and increase their efficiency, to influence the market environment, to ensure the maximum possible result for each unit of labor, material and financial resources spent. Therefore, for the effective functioning of agro-industrial enterprises, increasing their competitiveness, it is necessary to apply a complex and effective organizational and economic management system. The main directions of increasing the competitiveness of agar enterprises are effective marketing policy, improving quality, service, maintenance, reducing production costs and production costs with maximum benefit in the future, as well as involvement in the production of new technologies, complex mechanization and automation, rational use of means of production and resources involved, etc. The use of these factors will ensure further growth and increase the efficiency of production of agricultural enterprises.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Water sector, efficiency, investments, regulation"
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Libkovska, Una, und Ivo Lemss. „THE ROLE OF ECO MANAGEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCESSES IN LATVIA“. In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.089.
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Research will focus on investments for the development of the company. Transition to the circular economy is understood in many cases only as an unnecessary obstacle, not as the new business model. Production based on the linear model "take, make, dispose of" is not possible anymore based on decreased environmental quality. Increased production efficiency could help promote the company's prestige, gain tax allowances, create optimistic co-operation with the state, municipality, and maintain sustainability in terms of the balance achieved between economic, environmental and social interests. Although the research until now is in an early stage, some answers had been received from questionnaire from different stakeholders. The research purpose is to create an adapted model for the implementation of the circular economy for the small and medium enterprises of Latvia in a long-term perspective. Research will focus on the following qualitative data analysis methods � SWOT, factor, economic contribution, structured interviews at expert level, overall structured interview in the form of the questionnaire. From quantitative methods, hierarchical cluster or partial cluster method will be used in this research, analysing 3966 organisations in the Eco-Management and audit scheme (from now on � EMAS) at the European level that ensure compliance with the essential environmental requirements under EMAS Regulation. Until now within the research, the number of EMAS organisations have been selected between 29 different countries in 5 sectors (energy, water, waste management, food industry, port terminals), allowing to make the cross-country comparison and describe the involvement level of EMAS in each country. Before using the cluster method, it is essential to assess the cluster trend and whether the cluster method is suitable for research data. The next step will involve using a hierarchical cluster or partial cluster method (a certain number of clusters will be created). It is necessary to use different techniques to evaluate and interpret the created cluster results in future work.
2
Pan, Yiqun, Yuming Li, Jie Shi, Chunxiang Wang, Kwan Seok Jeong, Jaemin Kim, Ji-young Lee et al. „Optimal Design of Multi-Utility Complex for a Low Carbon City in China Integrating Renewable Energy“. In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40354.
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There are many new city and district development projects ongoing in China, which are aimed at developing and building the low carbon emission cities of the future. The Energy Utilities sector is also facing new challenges from policy and regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency, adopting clean energy and mitigating environmental impact. As such, energy supply systems are becoming increasingly complex due to the installation and operation of multiple renewable energy systems. A Multi Utility Complex (MUC) has been proposed as a new and more effective way of constructing urban utility systems, in which facilities for utility services (e.g. energy supplies, water/sewage treatment and waste management plants) are physically installed at one site and managed by an integrated operating centre. When designing a MUC to be ‘cleaner’, more efficient and economical, determining an appropriate capacity of each component constituting the MUC is an essential and not trivial task due to the complexity of resource /energy flows and constraints associated with energy policy and regulations. To address this, an optimization design methodology has been adopted on the basis of a population-base optimization algorithm in support of cost-effective investment. The methodology is implemented in a software tool, ‘Plant Optimizer’, equipped with an urban utility demand profile modeller, the MUC package with different installation scenarios, analysis modules and reporting facility. This paper describes the optimizing methodology and functions of the software tool, and presents a case study to demonstrate the applicability.
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Korobeinikova, Larisa, und Artem Krivosheyev. „Information Support for the Analysis and Control of the Procurement of Goods, Works and Services of a Medical Organization“. In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.09.
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In the public sector, the optimization of procurement is the most important lever to increase efficiency. The purchase of goods and services make up the bulk of government spending, that is, the optimization of procurement can signifi cantly reduce budget expenditures. The effect of optimizing purchases is not limited to saving money. This tool is able to provide public institutions with a number of intangible advantages, one of which is transparency. Having accurate information about where and how much money is spent, as well as using simple standardized procedures for managing budget expenditures, managers can make more rational decisions. With balanced regulation of purchased goods through government orders, it can have a positive impact on pricing for certain types of products, giving it a certain flexibility. These circumstances determine the relevance of the study of the role of public procurement in the development of economic regulation of the economic system, the problems of forming theoretical, methodological and practical foundations of relevant qualitative changes in the field of public contracts
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BERMANIS, Raimonds, Inga STRAUPE und Andra ZVIRBULE. „EUROPEAN UNION FRAMEWORK FOR FORESTRY SUPPORT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA“. In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.177.
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The Paper covers an analysis of most significant European Union (EU) legal acts regulating financial support granted for private forestry over the period of 2014-2020, coherence to support measures implemented in Latvia for a certain period. The review consists of two main legal acts from the EU - Forest Strategy for forests and the forest-based sector and the EU regulation No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council on support for rural development by the European Agriculture Fund for Rural development, while from the national perspective, the review was prepared for Latvia’s Rural development programme (NRDP) for the period 2014-2020 and national regulations issued by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia. The paper focuses on the support measures intended to foster and develop forestry sector, evaluating priorities and expected results laid down in the EU documents, versus measures implemented in Latvia through the NRDP 2014-2020, related to national regulations and rules of the responsible state authorities. The analysis contains several groups of measures applicable for private forestry: 1) Information, advice, knowledge and efficiency; 2) Forestry activities; 3) Investments in forestry; 4) Nature care. Not all the measures which may be introduced according to the EU regulations No. 1305/2013 were implemented for private forestry support in Latvia, also several in the NRDP 2014-2020 affordable measures were not introduced practically till November 2017, but regarding those which have already been implemented, their impact on forestry development should be further estimated.
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Sungur, Zerrin. „Current Trends in the Development of Green Jobs in Turkey“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00311.
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A sustainable green economy simultaneously values the importance of natural resources and inclusive, equitable, and healthy opportunities for all communities. A green job, also called a green-collar job is, according to the United Nations Environment Program, "work in agricultural, manufacturing, research and development, administrative, and service activities that contribute(s) substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. Specifically, but not exclusively, this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies; de-carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution." Turkey, an OECD country, also has some green jobs and employment. The main purpose of this study is to explore the trends in the emergence of green jobs sector and also to investigate the reflections of these developments on the employment rates in Turkey. The potential for green jobs exist in countries at all levels of economic development. Investments and programs to promote green jobs can be targeted at those who tend to need them most; young people, women and poor in Turkey.
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Tsujimoto, Masaru, Mariko Kuroda und Naoto Sogihara. „Development of a Calculation Method for Fuel Consumption of Ships in Actual Seas With Performance Evaluation“. In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11297.
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Greenhouse gas shall be reduced from shipping sector. For that purpose the regulation of EEDI (energy efficiency design index for new ships) and SEEMP (ship energy efficiency management plan) have been entry into force from 2013. In order to improve the energy efficiency in ship operation it is necessary to predict the fuel consumption accurately. In actual seas the wave effect is the dominant component of the external forces. In particular it is well known the bow shape above water affects the added resistance in waves. To reflect the effect of the bow shape a method which takes into account the result of simplified tank tests is proposed here. Using the results of tank tests the effect of the bow shape above water can be evaluated with accuracy as well as with robustness. Regarding to the fuel consumption it should be evaluated by combining the ship hydrodynamic performance with the engine characteristics. Especially the operating limits of the main engine, such as the torque limit and the over load protection, are affected to the ship hydrodynamic performance. In rough weather condition the revolution of the main engine will be reduced to be below the operating limits of the engine. This causes the large decrease of ship speed. To prevent the increase of fuel consumption, a control system by Fuel Index as an index of fuel injection has been applied to some ships. The calculation method for the fuel consumption by using Fuel Index is presented. In this paper following contents are reported; 1) development of a calculation method for the added resistance due to waves combined with the simplified tank tests in short waves, 2) comparison of the calculation method with onboard measurement, 3) development of a calculation method for the fuel consumption considering the engine operating mode in actual seas and 4) comparison of the method with onboard measurement of a container ship. From these investigations the availability of the present method is confirmed.