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1
Fthenakis, V. M., K. W. Schatz, U. S. Rohatgi und V. Zakkay. „Computation of Flow Fields Induced by Water Spraying of an Unconfined Gaseous Plume“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, Nr. 4 (01.12.1993): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910207.
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Flow fields induced by the interaction of water sprays and a gaseous plume have been studied in the context of absorbing and dispersing an accidental release of toxic gas in the air. The effectiveness of water sprays in absorbing highly water soluble gases was recently demonstrated in extended laboratory and field tests. In this paper, computer simulations are presented of the Hawk, Nevada Test Site, series of water spray/HF mitigation field tests. The model used, HFSPRAY, is a Eulerean/Lagrangian model which simulates the momentum, mass and energy interactions between a water spray and a turbulent plume of HF in air; the model can predict the flow velocities, temperature, water vapor, and HF concentration fields in two-dimensional large-geometries for spraying in any direction, (i.e., down-flow, inclined-down-flow, up-flow, and co-current horizontal flow). The model was validated against recent data on spraying of water on large releases of HF. It can provide a direct input to the design of water spray systems for HF mitigation.
2
Gordon, B. „Water spray interaction with air-steam mixture“. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 4, Nr. 6 (November 1991): 698–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(91)90077-5.
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3
Kniss, Andrew R., und Dennis C. Odero. „Interaction between Preemergence Ethofumesate and Postemergence Glyphosate“. Weed Technology 27, Nr. 1 (März 2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00050.1.
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Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine whether PRE-applied ethofumesate increased POST spray retention and weed control with glyphosate. In greenhouse studies, ethofumesate was applied PRE at rates from 0 to 224 g ai ha−1followed by POST treatment with either water or glyphosate (840 g ae ha−1) to which a red dye had been added. Plants were immediately washed and spray retention determined spectrophotometrically. Common lambsquarters retained more glyphosate solution compared to water, regardless of PRE ethofumesate rate. Increasing the rate of PRE ethofumesate increased the POST spray retention of both water and glyphosate. PRE application of ethofumesate increased POST spray retention of water by 114% and glyphosate solution by 18% compared to no ethofumesate treatment as determined by nonlinear regression. Ethofumesate rates of 90 g ha−1increased POST spray retention to at least 95% of the total observed response. In field studies, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and hairy nightshade densities were all reduced by ethofumesate, although the duration of ethofumesate effect varied by species and ethofumesate application timing. PRE ethofumesate had no significant effect on hairy nightshade density until after POST glyphosate was applied, whereas common lambsquarters densities were most affected by PRE ethofumesate early in the season. Late-season redroot pigweed density was reduced by ethofumesate regardless of application timing.
4
Hardalupas, Y., und J. H. Whitelaw. „Interaction Between Sprays From Multiple Coaxial Airblast Atomizers“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, Nr. 4 (01.12.1996): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835507.
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Phase Doppler measurements of size, velocity, liquid flux, and average mass fractions were obtained in sprays produced by three identical coaxial airblast atomizers, with their axes placed in a triangular arrangement at distances of two air jet diameters from each other; the arrangement simulates the spray interaction in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine with water and air respectively replacing the liquid oxygen and hydrogen of the preburner sprays. Each nozzle comprised a liquid jet with exit diameter of 2.3 mm centred in a 8.95 mm diameter air stream. Two liquid flowrates were examined, while the air flowrate was kept constant, resulting in Weber number at the exit of the nozzle around 1100, air-to-liquid momentum ratio 8.6 and 38, velocity ratio 24 and 51, mass flowrate ratio 0.35 and 0.75, liquid jet Reynolds number 10,000 and 21,000 and air jet Reynolds number around 108,000. The air flow characteristics were compared to the flow without liquid injection. Up to 10 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, individual spray characteristics dominated and maximum Sauter mean diameters, typically around 150 μm, and liquid flux were observed on the geometrical axes of the nozzles. Spray merging was strong in the region between the nozzle axes, where the Sauter mean diameter reduced and the liquid flux and the mean and rms of the fluctuations of the axial velocity of the droplets and the air flow increased relative to the single spray. Downstream of 25 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, the multiple sprays merged to a single spray-like flow produced by a nozzle located at the centre of the triangular region between the nozzle axes. Reduction of the liquid flowrate by 50 percent, improved atomization by 25 percent, shortened the axial distance from the nozzles where the individual spray characteristics disappeared by 30 percent and increased the air flow turbulence by 20 percent. Droplet coalescence was negligible for high liquid flowrates, but for reduced liquid flowrates coalescence became important and the Sauter mean diameter increased with the axial distance from the exit by around 15 percent. Spray merging increased the air flow turbulence and the local mass fraction distribution of the air in the region between the nozzle axes by around 50 and 40 percent respectively relative to the single sprays, resulting in a fuel rich region with increased gas flow turbulence which may influence the ignition process in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine.
5
Chow, W. K., und Anderson C. Tang. „Experimental Studies on Sprinkler Water Spray—Smoke Layer Interaction“. Journal of Applied Fire Science 4, Nr. 3 (01.01.1994): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/54b4-5aul-mncv-f825.
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Naz, M. Y., S. A. Sulaiman, B. Ariwahjoedi und Ku Zilati Ku Shaari. „Investigation of Vortex Clouds and Droplet Sizes in Heated Water Spray Patterns Generated by Axisymmetric Full Cone Nozzles“. Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/796081.
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The hot water sprays are an important part of many industrial processes, where the detailed knowledge of physical phenomena involved in jet transportation, interaction, secondary breakup, evaporation, and coalescence of droplets is important to reach more efficient processes. The objective of the work was to study the water spray jet breakup dynamics, vortex cloud formation, and droplet size distribution under varying temperature and load pressure. Using a high speed camera, the spray patterns generated by axisymmetric full cone nozzles were visualized as a function water temperature and load pressure. The image analysis confirmed that the spray cone angle and width do not vary significantly with increasing Reynolds and Weber numbers at early injection phases leading to increased macroscopic spray propagation. The formation and decay of semitorus like vortex clouds were also noticed in spray structures generated at near water boiling point temperature. For the nozzle with smallest orifice diameter (1.19 mm), these vortex clouds were very clear at 90°C heating temperature and 1 bar water load pressure. In addition, the sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray droplets was also measured by using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) at different locations downstream of the nozzle exit. It was noticed that SMD varies slightly w.r.t. position when measured at room temperature whereas at higher temperature values, it became almost constant at distance of 55 mm downstream of the nozzle exit.
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Sivakumar, D., und B. N. Raghunandan. „Jet Interaction in Liquid-Liquid Coaxial Injectors“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, Nr. 2 (01.06.1996): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817381.
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Interaction between two conical sheets of liquid formed by a coaxial swirl injector has been studied using water in the annular orifice and potassium permanganate solution in the inner orifice. Experiments using photographic techniques have been conducted to study the influence of the inner jet on outer conical sheet spray characteristics such as spray cone angle and break-up length. The core spray has a strong influence on the outer sheet when the pressure drop in the latter is low. This is attributed to the pressure variations caused by ejector effects. This paper also discusses the merging and separation behavior of the liquid sheets which exhibits hysteresis effect while injector pressure drop is varied.
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Meroney, Robert N. „CFD modeling of water spray interaction with dense gas plumes“. Atmospheric Environment 54 (Juli 2012): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.038.
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Alsaggaf, Wejdan T. „The Chemistry of Paper in Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry“. International Journal of Chemistry 12, Nr. 1 (10.10.2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p16.
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There are many rapidly evolving technologies that use simple papers as a surface for chemical reactions and detection of molecules. One example of this application is the use of paper as a surface for ionization and introduction of compounds into mass spectrometry. The current work was designed to investigate mechanisms of interaction between the paper and analytes using mass spectrometry as the detection instrument. Standard compounds with different sizes were used in this study. Factors investigated include the effects of the paper geometry (5 mm) and position (tp=90º) were found to be optimal. The role of atmospheric water and the effects of paper porosity were affected the signals of the tested compounds. Investigations of the interaction of standard solutions with the paper surface indicated that atmospheric water is required for ionization. Up to three water molecules were detected in association with the analytes indicating that the presence of some water is required. In addition, this study showed the potential of silicon dioxide nanoparticles for eluting the standards compound from the paper surface. The impact of trace elements in the commercial papers and the interactions between the paper cellulose with different classes of analytes was investigated.
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GÓRKA, Krzysztof, Bartosz KAŹMIERSKI und Łukasz KAPUSTA. „Numerical analysis of the flow rig for UWS spray examination in exhaust system-relevant conditions“. Combustion Engines 186, Nr. 3 (13.09.2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-141182.
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In the present study, a flow rig with optical access intended for spray investigations in exhaust system-relevant conditions was analysed in terms of flow and temperature in the spray area using numerical simulations. The operation of the rig was examined for a wide range of exhaust mass flow rates, temperatures and various forms of UWS (urea-water solution) spray plumes. The locations of the injector and thermocouple were verified. Both conventional and flash-boiling injections were considered to assess the effect of the interaction of sprays with a gas flow. The results showed a highly uniform flow in the visualisation area, with only minor fluctuations near the walls. A similar observation was carried out for the temperature distribution. It was found that the extreme operating conditions caused substantial deformations of the spray plumes. However, the selected injector location allowed us to properly observe the spray formation regardless of the flow conditions. The study showed that the examined test rig enabled reliable spray investigations for a wide range of operating points.
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W . K. Chow, B. Yao. „NUMERICAL MODELING FOR INTERACTION OF A WATER SPRAY WITH SMOKE LAYER“. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 39, Nr. 3 (23.02.2001): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104077801300006580.
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Peryea, Frank J., und Jennifer M. Lageschulte. „Boron Fertilizer Product and Concentration Influence Spray Water pH“. HortTechnology 10, Nr. 2 (Januar 2000): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.350.
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Farmers often mix fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural chemicals together in a spray tank to allow applications of multiple products in a single spray. Because polyborate-based B fertilizers may increase solution pH, adding B to tank-mixed sprays may impair the stability and efficacy of alkalinity-sensitive pesticides and growth regulators if an acidifier is not included. We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine the influence of 10 commercial B fertilizer sources in factorial combination with B concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 lb/100 gal (4.8 g·L-1) on solution pH values of distilled water and two natural waters. Two boric acid-based compounds produced acidic reactions relative to background water pH at all tested B concentrations. Their pH responses were influenced by initial water composition. Seven B products produced moderately to strongly alkaline reactions at all but the highest B concentration, regardless of the form of B (polyborate vs. boric acid) initially present in the formulated products. One polyborate product formulated with an acidifier showed intermediate pH behavior. The dependence of solution pH on B rate of the polyborate-containing products was identical in all three waters. The maximum pH values generated by all products occurred in the B concentration range <0.1 to 0.25 lb/100 gal (0.12 to 0.3 g·L-1). Solution pH values declined with increasing B concentration above this range. The pH responses qualitatively conformed to known aqueous chemical behavior of B and the product additives. The complexity of the interaction between initial water chemistry, B concentration, and B fertilizer product reinforces the need to measure the pH of B-amended spray water before adding pH-sensitive compounds.
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Ebrahimian, Vahid, und Mofid Gorji-Bandpy. „Two-dimensional modeling of water spray cooling in superheated steam“. Thermal Science 12, Nr. 2 (2008): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0802079e.
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Spray cooling of the superheated steam occurs with the interaction of many complex physical processes, such as initial droplet formation, collision, coalescence, secondary break up, evaporation, turbulence generation, and modulation, as well as turbulent mixing, heat, mass and momentum transfer in a highly non-uniform two-phase environment. While it is extremely difficult to systematically study particular effects in this complex interaction in a well defined physical experiment, the interaction is well suited for numerical studies based on advanced detailed models of all the processes involved. This paper presents results of such a numerical experiment. Cooling of the superheated steam can be applied in order to decrease the temperature of superheated steam in power plants. By spraying the cooling water into the superheated steam, the temperature of the superheated steam can be controlled. In this work, water spray cooling was modeled to investigate the influences of the droplet size, injected velocity, the pressure and velocity of the superheated steam on the evaporation of the cooling water. The results show that by increasing the diameter of the droplets, the pressure and velocity of the superheated steam, the amount of evaporation of cooling water increases. .
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Jeong, Dahai, Brian K. Haus und Mark A. Donelan. „Enthalpy Transfer across the Air–Water Interface in High Winds Including Spray“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, Nr. 9 (01.09.2012): 2733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0260.1.
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Abstract Controlled experiments were conducted in the Air–Sea Interaction Saltwater Tank (ASIST) at the University of Miami to investigate air–sea moist enthalpy transfer rates under various wind speeds (range of 0.6–39 m s−1 scaled to equivalent 10-m neutral winds) and water–air temperature differences (range of 1.3°–9.2°C). An indirect calorimetric (heat content budget) measurement technique yielded accurate determinations of moist enthalpy flux over the full range of wind speeds. These winds included conditions with significant spray generation, the concentrations of which were of the same order as field observations. The moist enthalpy exchange coefficient so measured included a contribution from cooled reentrant spray and therefore serves as an upper limit for the interfacial transfer of enthalpy. An unknown quantity of spray was also observed to exit the tank without evaporating. By invoking an air volume enthalpy budget it was determined that the potential contribution of this exiting spray over an unbounded water volume was up to 28%. These two limits bound the total enthalpy transfer coefficient including spray-mediated transfers.
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Raut, Ankit A., und J. M. Mallikarjuna. „Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis“. International Journal of Engine Research 21, Nr. 8 (02.12.2019): 1520–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419890418.
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In-cylinder water injection is a promising approach for reducing NOx and soot emissions from internal combustion engines. It allows one to use a higher compression ratio by reducing engine knock; hence, higher fuel economy and power output can be achieved. However, water injection can also affect engine combustion and emission characteristics if water injection and injector parameters are not properly set. Majority of the previous studies on the water injection are done through experiments. Therefore, subtle aspects of water injection such as in-cylinder interaction of water sprays, spatial distribution of water vapor, and effect on flame propagation are not clearly understood and rarely reported in literature due to experimental limitations. Thus, in the present article, a computational fluid dynamics investigation is carried out to analyze the effects of direct water injection under various injector configurations on water evaporation, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine. The emphasis is given to analyze in-cylinder water spray interactions, flame propagation, water spray droplet size distribution, and water vapor spatial distribution inside the engine cylinder. For the study, the water-to-fuel ratio is varied from 0 to 1. Various water injector configurations using nozzle hole diameters of 0.14, 0.179, and 0.205 mm, along with nozzle holes of 4, 5, 6, and 7, are considered for comparison in addition to the case of no_water. Computational fluid dynamics models used in this study are validated with the available data in literature. From the results, it is found that the emission and performance characteristics of the engine are highly dependent on water evaporation characteristics. Also, the water-to-fuel ratio of 0.6 with 6 number of nozzle holes and the nozzle diameter of 0.14 mm results in the highest indicated mean effective pressure and the lowest NOx, soot, and CO emissions compared to other cases considered.
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Shriram Sathishkumar, Bommisetty Sambasiva Rao, Sidharth Pradeep, Solai Sairam R. M., Balaji Kalaiarasu und Prabhu Selvaraj. „Modelling and Validating the Spray Characteristics of a Co-axial Twin-Fluid Atomizer Using OpenFOAM“. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 91, Nr. 1 (17.01.2022): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.91.1.3545.
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Today, the applications of sprays cover a wide range of fields. Their role in internal combustion engines is instrumental in maintaining higher engine efficiency. A deeper understanding of the liquid-gas phase interaction in sprays is crucial to the atomization process. The methods and models used in the simulations have their challenges due to the various discretization schemes and solutions used. To develop and validate the computational models, well defined experimental data is required. In the present work, spray characteristics were studied numerically through OpenFOAM. As the spray characteristics are closely linked with the liquid breakup length, this study focuses on the primary breakup phenomena and the breakup length of the liquid jet emanating from the twin-fluid co-axial flow atomizer. Numerical simulations were performed for a wide range of initial conditions and the breakup length of the spray was validated against the experimental observed by Sivadas et al., [26]. These simulations were carried out using a Eulerian based VOF solver that models the fluid as a continuum. K-Epsilon model was used to predict the turbulent nature of the spray. The air and water velocities were varied between 19.0 to 31.3 m/s and 0.7 to 1.8 m/s respectively. The proposed model was able to predict the computed breakup length within 20% of the experimental values. The present model can be further extended to test for a co-axial swirl injector to predict finer spray formation.
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Belmiloud, N., und N. Kenkare. „Watermark-Free and Efficient Spray Clean on Hydrophobic Surface with Single-Wafer Technology“. Solid State Phenomena 255 (September 2016): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.255.152.
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The interaction of spray-based physical clean and hydrophobic surfaces is studied on a single-wafer technology. A model simulating a rolling water marble on a rotating disk describes accurately the footprint of watermarks, Contrary to its oxide, on a silicon surface the adhesion of particles does not depend on the pH value but on the rotation speed. This newly proposed method, based on the simultaneous combination of spray and liquid dispense is then compared to the standard IPA-based process. Despite the non-usage of solvents, the substrates show similar particles level, defectivity and epi-growth quality.
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Sahu, S., Y. Hardalupas und A. M. K. P. Taylor. „Interaction of droplet dispersion and evaporation in a polydispersed spray“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 846 (03.05.2018): 37–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.247.
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The interaction between droplet dispersion and evaporation in an acetone spray evaporating under ambient conditions is experimentally studied with an aim to understand the physics behind the spatial correlation between the local vapour mass fraction and droplets. The influence of gas-phase turbulence and droplet–gas slip velocity of such correlations is examined, while the focus is on the consequence of droplet clustering on collective evaporation of droplet clouds. Simultaneous and planar measurements of droplet size, velocity and number density, and vapour mass fraction around the droplets, were obtained by combining the interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing and planar laser induced fluorescence techniques (Sahuet al.,Exp. Fluids, vol. 55, 1673, 2014b, pp. 1–21). Comparison with droplet measurements in a non-evaporating water spray under the same flow conditions showed that droplet evaporation leads to higher fluctuations of droplet number density and velocity relative to the respective mean values. While the mean droplet–gas slip velocity was found to be negligibly small, the vaporization Damköhler number ($Da_{v}$) was approximately ‘one’, which means the droplet evaporation time and the characteristic time scale of large eddies are of the same order. Thus, the influence of the convective effect on droplet evaporation is not expected to be significant in comparison to the instantaneous fluctuations of slip velocity, which refers to the direct effect of turbulence. An overall linearly increasing trend was observed in the scatter plot of the instantaneous values of droplet number density ($N$) and vapour mass fraction ($Y_{F}$). Accordingly, the correlation coefficient of fluctuations of vapour mass fraction and droplet number density ($R_{n\ast y}$) was relatively high (${\approx}0.5$) implying moderately high correlation. However, considerable spread of the$N$versus$Y_{F}$scatter plot along both coordinates demonstrated the influence on droplet evaporation due to turbulent droplet dispersion, which leads to droplet clustering. The presence of droplet clustering was confirmed by the measurement of spatial correlation coefficient of the fluctuations of droplet number density for different size classes ($R_{n\ast n}$) and the radial distribution function (RDF) of the droplets. Also, the tendency of the droplets to form clusters was higher for the acetone spray than the water spray, indicating that droplet evaporation promoted droplet grouping in the spray. The instantaneous group evaporation number ($G$) was evaluated from the measured length scale of droplet clusters (by the RDF) and the average droplet size and spacing in instantaneous clusters. The mean value of$G$suggests an internal group evaporation mode of the droplet clouds near the spray centre, while single droplet evaporation prevails near the spray boundary. However, the large fluctuations in the magnitude of instantaneous values of$G$at all measurement locations implied temporal variations in the mode of droplet cloud evaporation.
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Pandey, Prachi, und Samarth Kumar. „INFLUENCE OF INTERACTION OF MILK FAT ON RELEASE, CHARACTERISTICS AND ABSORPTION OF THEOPHYLLINE“. Indian Drugs 59, Nr. 01 (07.03.2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.59.01.12239.
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Considerable evidence that drug bioavailability is influenced by food, in conjunction with the poor and erratic bioavailability of sparingly soluble drugs, serve as a stimulus in the research field for examining new formulations that may provide more consistent absorption. The in vitro and in vivo availability of freeze dried and spray dried drug-milk products were studied under “high-fat meal” conditions. In vitro drug release profile showed that though the freeze-dried product released the maximum drug, release was sporadic. Spray dried product increased the drug release but lesser than freeze dried products. The spray dried product also showed consistent release of drug. The interaction of theophylline with milk fat influenced all pharmacokinetic parameters such as, the action of theophylline being observed to be sustained for a longer period. Spray dried product also increased the rate and extent of absorption. The main feature of this system is that the drug-milk product is regenerated by adding water to the freezedried and spray dried drug-milk formulation just prior to administration. Thus, a drug-milk product with most of the drug in solution is effectively ingested. One important factor which has shown effect on drug bioavailability is the potential influence of regenerated fluid volume on drug absorption.
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Zhao, Xiang Di, Hong Li Xu und Xi Shi Wang. „Numerical Study on the Interaction of Water Mist with a Fire Plume“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (Oktober 2011): 1730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1730.
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A numerical study on the interaction of water mist with a fire plume was conducted using FLUENT software. The effects of different mist characteristics, such as droplet size and spray intensity, was considered in this simulation. The fire plume temperature history and velocity field were investigated. The results show that with a certain droplet size of water mist, the extinguishing time will be shorter when the mass flow of water increases, but this effect is no longer distinct after the mass flow of water mist increased to a critical value.
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J. JADER, JASSIM, HAIDER T. HUSSEIN und ZAID J. HASHEM. „Response of some vegetative growth, yield and yield components characters of cotton for Absicic acid spraying under effect of water stress“. Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences 5, Nr. 4 (01.12.2018): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59658/jkas.v5i4.175.
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Field experiment was carried out in Babylon / AL-Musseib during (2017) season to study the effect of leaves spraying with Multiple ABA concentrations on some characters of vegetative growth and yield of Lashata cotton cultivar under the effect of water stress.
Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replicates according to split plot arrangement. The study included four irrigation periods ( 10,15, 20, 25 days) between each irrigation time ( Main Plots ) while ABA spray concentrations (0,40,80,120) μM occupy the ( Sub plots ). The results showed presence of significant differences in studied characters with ABA spray, So 80 μM of ABA predominate and gave the highest plant height 93.07 cm and vegetative branches number 4.12 branches.plant-1, total boll number 13.35 bolls. Plant-1 , seed cotton yield 34.02 gm. Plant-1, also there is significant differences among irrigation periods, as irrigation treatment each 10 days gave the highest average plant height 91.54 cm , number of sympodial branches 12.77 branch.plant-1 , number of open bolls 12.74 bolls . plant-1, seed number per bolls 24.95 seed.bolls-1 and seed cotton yield 33.75 gm.plant-1. Interaction between irrigation periods and ABA spray concentration had a significant effect on the studied characters whereas irrigation treatment of every 10 days with ABA sprays of 80 micromole concentration.
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Barman, Shambhunath, Nilkanta Barman, Achintya Mukhopadhyay und Swarnendu Sen. „Analytical Prediction of Thermal Behaviour during Cooling of a Hot Steel Strip“. Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.19.
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The present work predicts the thermal behavior of a hot steel strip analytically where the strip is cooled with water spray. The cooling process is represented by a steady 2-D energy conservation equation. An effective heat transfer coefficient is considered to represent the water spray and the strip surface heat interaction. The solution considers the separation of variables method with appropriate boundary conditions. Finally, the work involves quick evolution of temperature variation in the strip. It is found that the present analytical prediction agrees well with numerical prediction.
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Andreas, Edgar L., und Larry Mahrt. „On the Prospects for Observing Spray-Mediated Air–Sea Transfer in Wind–Water Tunnels“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, Nr. 1 (21.12.2015): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0083.1.
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Abstract Nature is wild, unconstrained, and often dangerous. In particular, studying air–sea interaction in winds typical of tropical cyclones can place researchers, their instruments, and even their research platforms in jeopardy. As an alternative, laboratory wind–water tunnels can probe 10-m equivalent winds of hurricane strength under conditions that are well constrained and place no personnel or equipment at risk. Wind–water tunnels, however, cannot simulate all aspects of air–sea interaction in high winds. The authors use here the comprehensive data from the Air–Sea Interaction Salt Water Tank (ASIST) wind–water tunnel at the University of Miami that Jeong, Haus, and Donelan published in this journal to demonstrate how spray-mediated processes are different over the open ocean and in wind tunnels. A key result is that, at all high-wind speeds, the ASIST tunnel was able to quantify the so-called interfacial air–sea enthalpy flux—the flux controlled by molecular processes right at the air–water interface. This flux cannot be measured in high winds over the open ocean because the ubiquitous spray-mediated enthalpy transfer confounds the measurements. The resulting parameterization for this interfacial flux has implications for modeling air–sea heat fluxes from moderate winds to winds of hurricane strength.
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Ter-Avetisyan, S., B. Ramakrishna, M. Borghesi, D. Doria, M. Zepf, G. Sarri, L. Ehrentraut et al. „MeV negative ion generation from ultra-intense laser interaction with a water spray“. Applied Physics Letters 99, Nr. 5 (August 2011): 051501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3622664.
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Hua, Jinsong, Kurichi Kumar, Boo Cheong Khoo und Hong Xue. „A numerical study of the interaction of water spray with a fire plume“. Fire Safety Journal 37, Nr. 7 (Oktober 2002): 631–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(02)00026-7.
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Zhu, P., X. S. Wang, G. C. Li, Y. P. Liu, X. X. Kong, Y. Q. Huang, X. D. Zhao und J. W. Yuan. „Experimental study on interaction of water mist spray with high-velocity gas jet“. Fire Safety Journal 93 (Oktober 2017): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.08.005.
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Liao, Guangxuan, Jianghong Liu, Jun Qin und Bin Yao. „Experimental study on the interaction of fine water spray with liquid pool fires“. Journal of Thermal Science 10, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2001): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11630-001-0047-0.
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Slayzak, S. J., R. Viskanta und F. P. Incropera. „Effects of Interactions Between Adjoining Rows of Circular, Free-Surface Jets on Local Heat Transfer From the Impingement Surface“. Journal of Heat Transfer 116, Nr. 1 (01.02.1994): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910888.
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Experiments have been conducted to obtain single-phase local heat transfer coefficient distributions associated with impingement of one or two rows of circular, free-surface water jets on a constant heat flux surface. The nozzle diameter, the centerline-to-centerline distance between nozzles in a row, and the nozzle-to-heater separation distance were fixed at 4.9, 6.3, and 89.7 mm, respectively. Two row-to-row separations (81 and 51 mm) were considered, and nozzle discharge Reynolds numbers were varied over the range from 16,800 to 30,400. The interaction zone created by opposing wall jets from adjacent rows is characterized by an upwelling of spent flow (an interaction fountain) for which local coefficients can approach those of the impingement zones. Interactions between wall jets associated with nozzles in one row can create sprays that impact the adjoining row with sufficient momentum to induce a dominant/subordinate row behavior. In this case the interaction zone is juxtaposed with the subordinate row, and local coefficients in the impingement and wall jet regions of the affected row may be significantly enhanced. This result contrasts with the deleterious effects of crossflow reported for submerged jets throughout the literature. Spray-induced enhancements, as well as interaction zone maxima, increase with decreasing row-to-row pitch and with increasing Reynolds number.
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Sun, Jialei, Wenjing Cai, Yu Wang, Haiyue Niu, Xi Chen und Xue Han. „The Effect of Decreased Ca++/Mg++ ATPase Activity on Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus sp1.1 Survival during Spray Drying“. Foods 12, Nr. 4 (13.02.2023): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12040787.
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Compared with the commonly used technique of freeze-drying, spray drying has lower energy costs. However, spray drying also has a fatal disadvantage: a lower survival rate. In this study, the survival of bacteria in a spray-drying tower decreased as the water content was reduced. The water content of 21.10% was the critical point for spray drying Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) sp1.1 based on sampling in the tower. Based on the relationship between the moisture content of spray drying and the survival rate, the water content of 21.10% was also the critical point for the change in the survival rate during spray drying. Proteomic analysis was used to investigate the reasons for L. bulgaricus sp1.1 inactivation during and after spray drying. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment revealed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly associated with the cell membrane and transport. In particular, proteins related to metal ion transport included those involved in the transport of potassium, calcium and magnesium ions. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network revealed that Ca++/Mg++ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) may be a key protein. Ca++/Mg++ ATPase activity decreased substantially during spray drying (p < 0.05). Supplementation with Ca++ and Mg++ significantly increased the expression of ATPase-related genes and enzyme activity (p < 0.05). The Ca++/Mg++ ATPase activity of L. bulgaricus sp1.1 was enhanced by increasing the intracellular Ca++ or Mg++ concentration, thus increasing the survival of spray-dried LAB. Bacterial survival rates were increased to 43.06% with the addition of Ca++ and to 42.64% with the addition of Mg++, respectively. Ca++/Mg++ ATPase may be the key to the damage observed in spray-dried bacteria. Furthermore, the addition of Ca++ or Mg++ also reduced bacterial injury during spray drying by enhancing the activity of Ca++/Mg++ ATPase.
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Yang, Tie Xin, He Ming Cheng, Jian Yun Li, Si Qing Zhou und Ji Feng Dai. „Analysis of the Significant Influence Factors of Spray Quenching Process“. Advanced Materials Research 1082 (Dezember 2014): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.182.
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In order to study thecharacteristics of this new type of quenching process that is atomized waterspray quenching, this article analyzes the influence factors of atomized waterspray quenching based on the newly developed aerosol spray quenching experimentdevice. Based on 2 method, the two factors of water flow and nitrogen pressureare controllable, we analyzed the influences of the two factors of nitrogenpressure and water flow to the quenching cooling time. This paper induces andanalyses the experiment results and numerical calculation results[1]. The conclusions are: water flow is the main factor ofaffecting the quenching rate, the interaction of the nitrogen pressure andwater flow is significant: when the nitrogen pressure is low ,the water flow ishigh, the quenching cooling rate is guaranteed.
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Anisiuba, Vitalis, Haibo Ma, Armin Silaen und Chenn Zhou. „Computational Studies of Air-Mist Spray Cooling in Continuous Casting“. Energies 14, Nr. 21 (04.11.2021): 7339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217339.
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Due to the significant reduction in water droplet size caused by the strong air-water interaction in the spray nozzle, air-mist spray is one of the promising technologies for achieving high-rate heat transfer. This study numerically analyzed air-mist spray produced by a flat-fan atomizer using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations, and a multivariable linear regression was used to develop a correlation to predict the heat transfer coefficient using the casting operating conditions such as air-pressure, water flow rate, casting speed, and standoff distance. A four-step simulation approach was used to simulate the air-mist spray cooling capturing the turbulence and mixing of the two fluids in the nozzle, droplet formation, droplet transport and impingement heat transfer. Validations were made on the droplet size and on the VOF-DPM model which were in good agreement with experimental results. A 33% increase in air pressure increases the lumped HTC by 3.09 ± 2.07% depending on the other casting parameters while an 85% increase in water flow rate reduces the lumped HTC by 4.61 ± 2.57%. For casting speed, a 6.5% decrease in casting speed results in a 1.78 ± 1.42% increase in the lumped HTC. The results from this study would provide useful information in the continuous casting operations and optimization.
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Sun, Liying, Shaocheng Ge, Xi Chen und Shuo Liu. „Study on Atomization and Dust Reduction Mechanisms of AEO-9-Charged Solution“. Energies 16, Nr. 6 (17.03.2023): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062800.
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To effectively improve the dust reduction rate of fine dust and prevent the occurrence of secondary dust, surfactant-charged water mist dust reduction technology is proposed. First, the water mist induction-charged atomization mechanism was perfected by an induction-charged spray experiment and the optimal atomization-charged voltage was determined to be 10 kV. Second, by surface tension and spray experiments on AEO-9-charged solutions, the lower the surface tension and viscosity of the solution, the better the atomization effect; the best atomization solution was 10 kV and 0.02% AEO-9. Finally, according to an electrostatic adsorption experiment, it was identified that there was an electrostatic interaction between coal dust and charged droplets. The contact angle experiment showed that the contact angle of the AEO-9 droplets decreased by 68.44% compared with water after 3 s of contact with coal dust. The wetting effect of bituminous coal was significantly improved by adding AEO-9 to water. A molecular simulation was used to study the molecular interaction mechanism among the H2O, AEO-9, and bituminous coal molecules. The simulation results showed that AEO-9 was more active than water, it easily interacted with bituminous coal, and the hydrophilic group covered the surface of the bituminous coal molecules, which increased the electrostatic interaction between the water molecules and bituminous coal surface molecules. After adding AEO-9 to H2O, the intermolecular interaction energy of the H2O/AEO-9/bituminous coal system was enhanced more than that of the H2O/bituminous coal system. This study provides the basis for the application of surfactant-charged water mist dust reduction technology.
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Melo, Thiago Lima, Carlos Gilberto Raetano, Moizés Silva Nery, Adriana Dias Cardoso, Aldenise Alves Moreira, Suzany Aguiar Leite, Thamires Francisca de Jesus, Wesley Gil Oliveira Silva und Maria Aparecida Castellani. „50 MANAGEMENT OF COFFEE LEAF MINER: SPRAY VOLUME, EFFICACY OF CARTAP HYDROCHLORIDE AND IMPACT ON PARASITISM“. Coffee Science 14, Nr. 2 (28.06.2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.25186/cs.v14i2.1582.
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The leaf miner is a key pest of coffee and the use of insecticides for its control results in high water consumption. The objective in this study was to evaluate the quali-quantitative aspects of reduced spray volumes with and without the addition of adjuvant, the efficacy of the insecticide cartap hydrochloride in the control of the pest and its effects on the parasitism. Two experiments were carried out in coffee plantations in São Desiderio, BA. Initially, solution of Brilliant Blue tracer (0.15% p v-1) of the 43, 112, 146 and 309 L ha-1 volumes was sprayed with and without the soybean oil methyl ester adjuvant (0.25 % v v-1). Before spraying, water-sensitive cards were fixed to the plants and subsequently used for analyze the droplet spectrum in Gotas 1.0 software. The tracer deposit was determined by spectrophotometry. Posteriorly, the insecticide cartap hydrochloride (0.5 kg a.i. ha-1) was applied in the same volumes and types of spray used in the first test. Infestation rates of pest and parasitism were evaluated before and after application of the insecticide. The quali-quantitative aspects of the sprays were affected by the volume of spray applied, by the adjuvant and by the interaction of the factors. The intermediate volumes yielded better spraying quality without the presence of the adjuvante, with higher number and desity of drops. The spraying volume affected the depoisto the Brilliant Blue tracer in a linear and positive form. The efficacy of the insecticide was prolonged with the lowest volume spray and with adjuvant and its impact on parasitism varied with the volume applied and time after application.
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Abdulameer, Ali Sabeeh. „Effect of time factor, spray feeding of Copper and Iron in the relation between the number of bacterial root nodules and leaves of Bean“. Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 5, Nr. 3 (01.12.2011): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2011.5.3.183.
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pot experiment was carried out during the spring season in the year 2008 to investigate the effect of the time factor, spray feeding of copper and Iron on the relation between the number of nodules and leaves of Beans. The statistical analysis showed that spray feeding of copper and Iron exceed significantly on the control treatment (water spray feeding), also, the spray feeding of Iron after 20 days of seeding excelled significantly on the spray feeding of Iron after 30 days of seeding, as well as the Spanish type of seed surpassed significantly on the Brazilian kind of seed in the number of root nodules and leaves of bean. On the other hand the studied characteristics appeared positive significant correlation coefficient (r=0.899). The interaction (overlap) treatment Cu1×S2×Fe1 recorded the highest values in both root nodules and leaves of bean by 9.00 nodule/ plant and 59.33 leaves/ plant, respectively.
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Tianshui, Liang, Liu Mengjie, Wei Xinli und Zhong Wei. „An Experimental Study on the Interaction of Water Mist with Vertical/Horizontal Spray Flame“. Procedia Engineering 84 (2014): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.466.
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Loreto, F., M. C. Villania, M. Centritto, S. Delfine und A. Alvino. „INTERACTION BETWEEN WATER STRESS AND METHANOL SPRAY ON FIELD-GROWN PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 537 (Oktober 2000): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.537.28.
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Schweigert, David, Björn Damson, Hartmut Lüders, Marion Börnhorst und Olaf Deutschmann. „Heat transfer during spray/wall interaction with urea water solution: An experimental parameter study“. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 78 (August 2019): 108432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2019.108432.
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Piras, M., L. Marchitto und C. Tornatore. „Supercritical water injection in a single cylinder research engine: a PIV study“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2590, Nr. 1 (01.09.2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2590/1/012007.
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Abstract This work presents the experimental results of a fluid dynamic investigation to characterize the injection of supercritical water in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis is carried out in an optically accessible 2-stroke Diesel engine. A prechamber, equipped with two optical accesses is connected to the main cylinder through a tangential duct so that the piston stroke induces a swirled motion field with angular velocities typical of light duty engines for automotive application. The engine is equipped with an injection system for the production and injection of supercritical water, with the possibility to independently regulate the injection pressure, temperature, duration, and timing. Tests have then been carried out under different operating conditions to evaluate the impact of the fluid dynamics in the combustion chamber on the water spray. First, the airflow velocity field has been characterized at different engine crank train angles. The water spray has been macroscopically characterized for an injection temperature of 300°C and pressure of 30Mpa. Then, the supercritical water/air interaction has been explored, at different injection pressure, temperature, and Start of Injection (SOI) to provide global information in terms of spray morphology, tip penetration, and velocity vector distribution of the water droplets within the combustion chamber for different injection strategies.
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Wang, Bo, Yan Huang und Yi Chao Yuan. „Modeling Spray Formed by Spring Nozzle Using Volume-of-Fluid Method“. Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (Oktober 2011): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.499.
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Spring nozzles are widely used in deaerators. The spray issued from a spring nozzle was studied numerically with an adapted volume of fluid method combined with a continuous surface force model to capture the gas–liquid interface dynamics. The present analysis focuses on the formation of a water film and the generation of droplets near the spring nozzle outlet. The numerical simulation results show that the water film breaks up to droplets at the location 20~25cm from the nozzle exit vertically. The vortical structures are formed due to the interaction between the liquid film and the surrounding air, which leads to air recirculation and water film instability. When the inlet water velocity decreases from 5.33m/s to 4.1m/s, it results in a slightly reduced spray angle. But the vertical break up length is not obviously influenced. The water sheet disintegration is probably at the transition state between Rayleigh and first wind-induced breakup regimes.
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Blecich, Paolo, und Igor Wolf. „Numerical Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer Inside a Wet Cooling Tower“. Tehnički glasnik 12, Nr. 3 (25.09.2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20171017145907.
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This paper presents a numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer inside a wet cooling tower with forced air draft, which find application in energy process industries and oil refineries. The mathematical model consists of mass, momentum and energy conservation equations, water droplet trajectories and their interaction with the gas phase, the computational domain and boundary conditions. Numerical distributions of air velocity, air temperatures, water vapor fractions and evaporation rates are shown and discussed. The wet cooling tower achieves an efficiency of around 80%, which can be improved by optimizing the value of the water droplet size, nozzle spray angle and water-to-air flow rate ratio. The water droplet size has a dominant effect on the cooling tower efficiency, whereas small droplets improve the efficiency up to 10%. On the other hand, the spray angle and the water-to-air ratio lead to slight improvements, about 2-3% in the best case.
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Vongsurakrai, Varatus, und Saiyavit Varavinit. „Effect of Nano Silicon Dioxide on Tablet Properties of Rice Starch“. Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (Januar 2010): 679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.679.
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Starch-colloidal silicon dioxide mixtures (Era-Tab SP® ) was prepared by co-spray drying and dry mixing methods and the flow ability and tablet properties of both methods were compared in particular with spray dried rice starch (SNR) alone. In co-spray drying, various percentages of rice starch and colloidal silicon dioxide blends were suspended in distilled water and subjected to spray dryer. The dry mixing method was obtained by blending of the colloidal silicon dioxide and spray dried rice starch at various percentages. It was found that co-spray drying of starch-colloidal silicon dioxide mixtures improved flow ability by reducing of the frictional forces between the granules greater than the dry mixing method. SEM micrographs presented the depositions of colloidal silicon dioxide on the surface of agglomerated starch granules obtained from both methods. The addition of colloidal silicon dioxide increased the tensile strength of the compressed tablet especially via the co-spray drying method by increasing the interaction of hydrogen bonding inside the tablet. Moreover, the co-spray drying method also reduced the friability and the disintegration time of the tablets better than the dry mixing method.
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Nascimento, Viviane Pereira do, und Edney Leandro da Vitória. „Spraying quality using unmanned aerial vehicle in citrus“. Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG 30 (27.07.2022): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v30i1.13700.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the operating flight height of an unmanned aerial vehicle with different spray tip rotations on the parameters of droplet coverage, density and volumetric median diameter of the sprayed droplets, in acid lime culture ´Tahiti’. The experiment was performed in randomized blocks design, with repetition within the block, in a factorial system (3x2), with four repetitions. Three planting lines were selected for each treatment. The two outer lines were used as borders and the central one for evaluation. In each treatment, one plant was selected from the planting line and four water-sensitive papers were fixed in the middle third of the outermost portion of the canopy.A solution containing water and a drift reducing adjuvant was prepared to analyze the quality of the spray. A significant difference was found for the variables of spray tip rotation and flight height with no interaction between them. This result indicates that these variables act independently on the volumetric median diameter values. Furthermore, the spray heights of 3.0 m and 4.0 m have a notable effect on the amount of deposition. However, their influence on droplet size is negligible.
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Patnaik, Girija Prasad, V. Monisha, N. Thavaprakaash, M. Djanaguiraman, S. Sachin, Kannamreddy Vikram, Thaimadam Girwani et al. „Selenium Application Improves Drought Tolerance during Reproductive Phase of Rice“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 3 (02.02.2023): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032730.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield is reduced by drought stress during reproductive stages. In this work, the effects of foliar selenium (Se) spray on the reduction of drought stress are measured and the most critical stage of rice is identified. Three field experiments were carried out. In experiments I and II, the sensitive stage was determined by imposing drought stress at the panicle initiation and flowering stages by withholding irrigation for 10, 15, 20, and 25 days. In experiment III, drought stress was induced by depriving plants of moisture for 20 or 25 days. Se spray was then applied at rates of 0, 10, and 20 mg L−1 to alleviate the drought, and its effects were evaluated. Overall, it was reported that the panicle initiation stage was more vulnerable to drought stress than the flowering stage, as evidenced by a larger reduction in grain yield. Employing Se as a foliar spray at a rate of 20 mg L−1 under drought stress enhanced the number of filled grains m−2, the total number of grains m−2, and grain yield ha−1 by 22.0, 4.3, and 11.0%, respectively, over water spray. This shows a positive interaction or synergistic interaction between drought tolerance and selenium application. These results demonstrate that foliage supplementation of Se at a dosage of 20 mg L−1 alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress at the panicle initiation stage in rice cultivation. Se mitigated the negative effects of drought by improving the membrane stability index, relative water content, and proline content.
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Venkatachalam, Palaniappan, Srikrishna Sahu und Kameswararao Anupindi. „Numerical investigation on the role of a mixer on spray impingement and mixing in channel cross-stream airflow“. Physics of Fluids 34, Nr. 3 (März 2022): 033316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083960.
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The present study numerically investigates the influence of introducing a spin-type mixer and different angular orientations of the mixer blades on the spray-wall interaction and mixing, following cross-stream injection of a pulsed spray into airflow in a circular duct. This is relevant to the Selective Catalytic Reduction system in diesel engines for exhaust gas after-treatment. The spin-type static mixer is located downstream of the injector and generates a swirling airflow in the duct. All simulations were carried out using ANSYS Fluent V18.0. The standard k– ω model is used to simulate the turbulent continuous phase flow, while the discrete phase model is employed to track the spray droplets. The Taylor Analogy Breakup and Kuhnke wall film models are adopted to model droplet breakup and wall-film formation, respectively. First, the swirling airflow characteristics without spray injection are validated against in-house particle image velocimetry measurements. Second, the spray computations are compared with the experiment. Overall, good agreement between simulation and experiment is achieved. Furthermore, the choice of water and urea water solution injection liquid on the in-channel spray characteristics is also studied. The main focus of the present work is on the study of the influence of spin mixer clocking on the post-impingement spray evolution, droplet redistribution and mixing, and wall-film characteristics. The results show that the choice of the angular orientation of the mixer governs the extent of droplet deposition and splashing on the mixer blades and, as a result, strongly influences the spatial uniformity of droplets and ammonia species at the channel exit.
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Simão, Luana M., Amanda C. Easterly, Greg R. Kruger und Cody F. Creech. „Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 10 (03.10.2020): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101507.
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Tall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble can enhance soil water conservation during the fallow-period by trapping snow and decreasing evaporation. However, standing wheat stubble can intercept herbicide spray droplets before they reach their intended targets. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of three wheat stubble heights (>70 cm, 35 cm, and no-stubble), four nozzle types (XR, TTJ, AIXR, and TTI), and three application directions (angular (45°), perpendicular (90°), and parallel (0°) to the wheat row) on a spray deposition of glyphosate and a dicamba tank mixture. The ranking of droplet size from smallest to largest based on volume median diameter (VMD) was XR, TTJ, AIXR, and TTI. Wheat stubble greater than 70 cm decreased spray deposition 37%, while 35 cm stubble caused a 23% decrease. Sprayer application directions and nozzle type had significant interaction on spray deposition. Perpendicular application direction decreased spray deposition relative to the angular application direction for TTJ and TTI. Parallel application direction had lower spray deposition than angular application direction for TTJ and XR. Similarly, relatively-high-spray deposition (~75%) was provided by angular application direction regardless of the nozzle type. Applicators should consider traveling in an angular direction to the wheat rows for improved droplet deposition across spray nozzle types.
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Thomson, Steven James. „Evaluation of a solid stream radial nozzle on fixed-wing aircraft, for penetration of spray within a soybean canopy“. Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, Nr. 1 (01.01.2014): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0015.
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Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the Accu-Flo multiple orifice nozzle for penetration of spray into a soybean (Glycine max L.) canopy by comparing results to those from a popular straight stream nozzle and rotary atomizer. A mixture of water + Induce® adjuvant was applied at three different spray release heights in a random sequence, using an Air Tractor 402-B agricultural aircraft. Sampler stands were placed at twenty-four locations in the field. Water sensitive paper (WSP) cards were clipped onto rigid stands just above the canopy and 30 cm off the ground within the canopy. Weather data were recorded using two different stations on-site. Wind was predominantly from the west and parallel to the direction of the spray runs. The spray delivery systems compared were the Accu-Flo nozzles, (64 needle 0.020 opening), CP®-09 straight stream with 5 degree deflection, and Micronair® AU5000 atomisers (14 mesh screen) at a low volume spray rate of 18.7 l/ha. A total of 54 spray runs were made over three days, and heights were varied at 3.7 m, 4.9 m and 6.1 m. Water sensitive papers were scanned and analysed for coverage per unit card area using an image analysis system. Altitude and [Nozzle X Altitude] interaction were significant effects on coverage at the 0.01 and 0.07 significance levels, respectively, for the top cards. Nozzle type was not a significant effect on coverage for the top cards, but was significant at the 0.01 level for the bottom cards. Altitude alone had no obvious effect on coverage for the bottom cards, although it had an effect for the top cards. The highest percentage area of spray coverage was observed from the Accu-Flo nozzles, especially for the bottom cards. Average spray coverage from the Accu-Flo nozzles was 1.7 times higher than coverage from the CP® nozzles or Micronair® atomisers in the lower portion of the canopy.
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Liu, Meilin, Yangpeng Liu, Huazhong Sun, Jian Hu und Xishi Wang. „Experimental study on the interaction of water mist spray with two buoyant non-premixed flames“. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 161 (Mai 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.03.011.
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Nimmagadda, Naga Venkata Rakesh, Lokeswara Rao Polisetty und Anantha Subramanian Vaidyanatha Iyer. „Simulation of Air–Water Interface Effects for High-speed Planing Hull“. Journal of Marine Science and Application 19, Nr. 3 (September 2020): 398–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11804-020-00172-0.
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Abstract High-speed planing crafts have successfully evolved through developments in the last several decades. Classical approaches such as inviscid potential flow–based methods and the empirically based Savitsky method provide general understanding for practical design. However, sometimes such analyses suffer inaccuracies since the air–water interface effects, especially in the transition phase, are not fully accounted for. Hence, understanding the behaviour at the transition speed is of fundamental importance for the designer. The fluid forces in planing hulls are dominated by phenomena such as flow separation at various discontinuities viz., knuckles, chines and transom, with resultant spray generation. In such cases, the application of potential theory at high speeds introduces limitations. This paper investigates the simulation of modelling of the pre-planing behaviour with a view to capturing the air–water interface effects, with validations through experiments to compare the drag, dynamic trim and wetted surface area. The paper also brings out the merits of gridding strategies to obtain reliable results especially with regard to spray generation due to the air–water interface effects. The verification and validation studies serve to authenticate the use of the multi-gridding strategies on the basis of comparisons with simulations using model tests. It emerges from the study that overset/chimera grids give better results compared with single unstructured hexahedral grids. Two overset methods are investigated to obtain reliable estimation of the dynamic trim and drag, and their ability to capture the spray resulting from the air–water interaction. The results demonstrate very close simulation of the actual flow kinematics at steady-speed conditions in terms of spray at the air–water interface, drag at the pre-planing and full planing range and dynamic trim angles.
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Ayala, Eduardo, Diego Rivera, Julio Ronceros, Nikolai Vinces und Gustavo Ronceros. „Design of a Cryogenic Duplex Pressure-Swirl Atomizer through CFDs for the Cold Conservation of Marine Products“. Fluids 8, Nr. 10 (01.10.2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100271.
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The following article proposes the design of a bi-centrifugal atomizer that allows the interaction of sprays from two fluids (water and liquid nitrogen). The liquid nitrogen (LN2) is below −195.8 °C, a temperature low enough for the nitrogen, upon contact with the atomized water, to cause heat loss and bring it to its freezing point. The objective is to convert the water droplets present in the spray into ice. Upon falling, the ice particles can be dispersed, covering the largest possible area of the seafood products intended for cold preservation. All these phenomena related to the interaction of two fluids and heat exchange are due to the bi-centrifugal atomizer, which positions the two centrifugal atomizers concentrically, resulting in the inevitable collision of the two sprays. Each of these atomizers will be designed using a mathematical model and CFDs tools. The latter will provide a better study of the flow behavior of both fluids inside and outside the bi-centrifugal atomizer. Hence, the objective revolves around confirming the validity of the mathematical model through a comparison with numerical simulation data. This comparison establishes a strong correlation (with a maximum variance of 1.94% for the water atomizer and 10% for the LN2 atomizer), thereby ensuring precise manufacturing specifications for the atomizers. It is important to highlight that, in order to achieve the enhanced resolution and comprehension of the fluid both inside and outside the duplex atomizer, two types of meshes were utilized, ensuring the utilization of the optimal option. Similarly, the aforementioned meshes were generated using two distinct software platforms, namely ANSYS Meshing (tetrahedral mesh) and ANSYS ICEM (hexahedral mesh), to facilitate a comparative analysis of the mesh quality obtained. This comprehension facilitated the observation of water temperature during its interaction with liquid nitrogen, ultimately ensuring the freezing of water droplets at the atomizer’s outlet. This objective aligns seamlessly with the primary goal of this study, which revolves around the preservation of seafood products through cold techniques. This particular attribute holds potential for various applications, including cooling processes for food products.
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Farag, A. A., M. A. A. Abdrabbo, Z. Y. Maharik und Rasha El-Morshedy. „Water Footprint for Garlic under Irrigation Levels and Agrispon Application“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 84 (22.12.2021): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.84.12.
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Field experiment was conducted in Giza, Egypt, during two growing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 on garlic crop, with the objective of investigating the effect of different irrigation levels (60, 80 and 100 % of water requirements and their combination with the foliar spraying applications of agrispon (with 0.5 and 1.0 ml/ liter) on growth and yield. The results indicated that increased irrigation level up to 100% led to increased vegetative characters of garlic and that the lowest growth and productivity was obtained by 60% irrigation level. When considering spray application of agrispon; with 1.0 ml/L increased growth and productivity followed by 0.5 ml/L; while control treatment gave the lowest productivity during the both seasons. Interaction effect between irrigation level and agrispon treatments indicated that 100% irrigation level combined with 1.0 ml/L spray application of agrispon gave the highest garlic productivity followed by 100% irrigation level combined with 0.5 ml/L spray application. The chemical analysis showed that the highest NPK was obtained by 100% irrigation level combined with 1.0 ml/L agrispon application during the both seasons. Regarding water footprint, the highest irrigation water footprint was obtained by 80% irrigation level followed by 60% irrigation level, while the lowest footprint was obtained by 100% irrigation level due to high garlic productivity under 100% irrigation level. The estimate water footprint for garlic was 525 m3/ton. The blue water footprint for garlic was 422 m3/ton about 80% form total water footprint, while gray water percentage about 20% with value of 103 m3/ton.