Zeitschriftenartikel: „Wheel aerodynamics“

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Jadhav, Rohit. „Design and Optimization of Wheels for Better Aerodynamics and Cooling of Brakes“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 12 (31.01.2022): 418–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39853.

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Abstract: In the world of automotive, lots of research has been done yet on overall vehicle. Researchers improved every single part of vehicle but wheel is one of the part that hasn’t changed much in automotive history. In case researchers got their desired results, they stopped working on wheel and most of the research has been done on grip of the tire. That’s why there is no innovative research done on wheels. And it is one the biggest part who contribute in vehicles performance and other aspects like comfort and ride quality. Most of the manufacturers never consider and work on aerodynamic part of wheel. So, Different aerodynamics concept vehicles have been studied in the report. The flow around wheels are manage and smoothen in proposed design also it is designed in such a way that air flowing around wheel can easily take inside through Rim design and throw on brake pads as well as on wheel hub for consistently cooling them. They key for success is to manage the flow and keep the wheel functional and attractive. In this paper new wheel is designed and compared with convectional wheel designs. Keywords: Wheel Aerodynamics, Design and Optimization of Wheel, Cooling of Brakes, 3D Wheel design, Aerodynamics of Wheel.

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Rasidi Rasani, Mohammad, Azhari Shamsudeen, Zambri Harun und Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood. „A Computational Aerodynamic Study of Tandem Rotating Wheels in Contact with the Ground“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.17 (01.08.2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16637.

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Wheels have significant impact on noise and drag of road vehicles, which may influence their fuel consumption, emission and comfort. A number of studies have analyzed flow and aerodynamics of isolated wheel in contact with the ground, but limited attention has been given to interaction between wheels. The present study aims to compare the aerodynamics and flow structure between single and tandem wheels. To that end, flow around single and tandem wheels are simulated using a turbulence Scaled Adaptive Unsteady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (URANS) model. Wheel geometry was based on the actual wheel used in the experiments of Fackrell and Harvey. Flow around single and tandem wheels were examined and compared, along with their respective drag and lift coefficients. Results for single wheel in contact with the ground show good agreement with previous experiments. In the tandem wheel case, the rear wheel exhibits lower drag coefficient (CD = 0.37) and more downforce (lift coefficient CL = -0.14) compared to the front wheel. The present investigation may help to illustrate impact of wheel interaction on their aerodynamics.

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Soliman, M. Z. „A Numerical Study on the Influences of Non-Pneumatic Tyre Shape on the Wheel Aerodynamics“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 2 (28.02.2022): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40300.

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Abstract: In the present work, the aerodynamic characteristics of two different tyre shapes, Slick Tyre (ST) and Non-Pneumatic Tyre (NPT), fitted to a rotating wheel, has been investigated using a CFD approach. The ST wheel has been primarily utilized to examine the adopted numerical model's validity. The ST wheel pressure coefficient (Cp) profile at its central plane (XY) has directly compared with the robust experimental data experienced from the literature. Further assessments on the computationally obtained outcomes such as drag coefficient, separation and stagnation angular locations are performed. Both wheel cases are compared concerning their aerodynamic coefficients and the flow characteristics around the wheel. Besides, for the NPT wheel case, a shape-optimization study changes the wheel side profile's spokes angle (α) is conducted. The dynamic action of wheel rotation is modelled using the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) technique, and the RNG k- ࢿ is utilized as the adopted turbulence model for Averaged Reynolds Navier Stokes equations (RANS). All cases run at 30 m/s upstream velocity to be within the fully developed flow regime (supercritical regime). That is equivalent to 6.8 ×105 Reynolds number based on the wheel diameter as the characteristic length. In general, the overall obtained results give a satisfactory agreement to those measured experimentally. In conclusion, The NPT wheel, compared to the ST wheel, has a dramatic increase in drag force by approximately 31%, while a slightly raised lift force is obtained. The minimized spoke angle came with a beneficial drag reduction, while the applied resistive moment remained relatively high. Keywords: automotive aerodynamics; wheel aerodynamics, tyre CFD; rotating wheel dynamics; MRF wheel simulation; airless tyre aerodynamics, non-pneumatic tyre aerodynamics.

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Yi, Heng, Yi Zeng, Liming Wan, Shunqiao Huang, Richard Sun, Tao Huang, Yuanzhi Hu und Fayue Ma. „Experimental and numerical investigation on wheel regional aerodynamics in an electric vehicle“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2820, Nr. 1 (01.08.2024): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2820/1/012109.

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Abstract The aerodynamic development of electric vehicles (EVs) has drawn more and more attention recently due to its direct relationship with EVs’ power consumption and driving range. The wheel regional aerodynamics are complex and important, rendering them a hot research topic. In this work, wind tunnel tests and CFD simulations are performed to investigate the regional aerodynamics of wheels in an electric SUV, taking into account the interference effects between the tires, automatic grille shutter (AGS), and front wheel deflectors. Since the vehicle’s aerodynamic drag coefficient is the focus of this research, three parameters with major effects on the drag coefficient, including tire width, AGS status (open/closed) and height of front wheel deflectors, are chosen for a parametric study in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel results show that the experimental drag coefficient increases linearly with the increase in tire width. Linear regressions show that the sensitivity coefficients, affected by the status of the AGS and height of the front wheel deflectors, range from 5.0 to 7.6 counts for a 10 mm increase in tire width. The drag coefficient is reduced by reducing the height of the front wheel deflectors from 50 to 30 mm in all cases investigated, and the reductions range from 0.8 to 7.6 counts. Reductions of the drag coefficient by closing the AGS range from 13.2 to 19.1 counts and a cooperative drag reduction effect is observed between closing the AGS and reducing the height of the front wheel deflectors. CFD simulations are performed to visualize the flow patterns, and the flow field information extracted is used to explain some of the experimental phenomena. This work proves that both wind tunnel tests and CFD simulations are useful tools for investigating wheel regional aerodynamics in electric vehicles.

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Sadat, Mostofa, Nayef Albab, Faria Chowdhury und Mohammad Muhshin Aziz Khan. „Numerical Simulation Approach to Investigate the Effects of External Modifications in Reducing Aerodynamic Drag on Passenger Vehicles“. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 19, Nr. 1 (28.03.2022): 9563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.19.1.2022.19.0738.

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This study used a numerical simulation approach to examine the effects of external modifications in reducing aerodynamic drag on passenger vehicles. During the simulation, modifications included reducing mirror size by replacing the side mirrors with cameras and covering the wheel area. The resulting changes in drag force for different combinations of modifications were compared with a conventional baseline model to determine the most aerodynamic configuration. The study found that side view cameras reduced drag forces by almost 2.6% due to their smaller frontal areas and improvement in the overall aerodynamics of the vehicle. Besides, an increase in wheel coverage decreased the drag causing up to 2.7% of drag force reduction for a wheel with an 87% coverage area. This is because of the reduction in wake formation caused by the wheel rims. Finally, using a combination of smaller cameras and wheels with larger coverage areas resulted in a maximum drag reduction of about 4.3%.

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Zhang, Zhe, Qiang Wang, Shida Song, Chengchun Zhang, Luquan Ren und Yingchao Zhang. „Joint Research on Aerodynamic Characteristics and Handling Stability of Racing Car under Different Body Attitudes“. Energies 15, Nr. 1 (05.01.2022): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010393.

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With the rapid development of FSAE, the speed of racing cars has increased year by year. As the main research content of racing cars, aerodynamics has received extensive attention from foreign teams. For racing cars, the aerodynamic force on the aerodynamic device ultimately acts on the tires through the transmission of the body and the suspension. When the wheel is subjected to the vertical load generated by the aerodynamic device, the ultimate adhesion capacity of the wheel is improved. Under changing conditions, racing wheels can withstand greater lateral and tangential forces. Therefore, the effects of aerodynamics have a more significant impact on handling stability. The FSAE racing car of Jilin University was taken as the research object, and this paper combines the wind tunnel test, the numerical simulation and the dynamics simulation of the racing system. The closed-loop design process of the aerodynamics of the FSAE racing car was established, and the joint study of aerodynamic characteristics and handling stability of racing car under different body attitudes was realized. Meanwhile, the FSAE car was made the modification of aerodynamic parameter on the basis of handling stability. The results show that, after the modification of the aerodynamic parameters, the critical speed of the car when cornering is increased, the maneuverability of the car is improved, the horoscope test time is reduced by 0.525 s, the downforce of the car is increased by 11.39%, the drag is reduced by 2.85% and the lift-to-drag ratio is increased by 14.70%. Moreover, the pitching moment is reduced by 82.34%, and the aerodynamic characteristics and aerodynamic efficiency of the racing car are obviously improved. On the basis of not changing the shape of the body and the aerodynamic kit, the car is put forward to shorten the running time of the car and improve the comprehensive performance of the car, so as to improve the performance of the car in the race.

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Soliman, M. Z., A. R. El-Baz, M. A. Abdel-Aziz, N. Abdel-Aziz und O. S. Gabor. „Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Tread Pattern on Rotating Wheel Aerodynamics“. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, Nr. 4 (11.01.2021): 8234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.4.2020.01.0621.

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The present work investigates the dynamic effect of wheel rotation on the aerodynamic characteristics of slick type (ST) wheel of Formula One racing cars using a computational approach. The ST wheel model was compared to experimental results as a validation case. The pressure coefficient over the ST wheel circumference at its middle plane (xy) has been considered as an experimental case from literature and the computed results showed a reasonable agreement. Furthermore, a quantitative evaluation of the numerically-determined wheel drag, local separation and stagnation angles has been also compared to those extracted experimentally from literature. The validation work served by assessing the suitability of using Moving Reference Frame (MRF) method to simulate the effect of wheel rotation, as well as defining the most reliable conditions of testing such as the optimal meshing criteria, the computational domain size, and the adopted turbulence model. According to wheel studies, all computational work was performed at a Reynolds number of 6.8×105 based on the wheel diameter. The wheels aerodynamic drag, lift, and moment coefficients were computed for each wheel model. Further parametric study on the tread design of the tread type (TT) wheel was performed by varying the tread depth, h. Besides, general schematic pictures of the flow behavior around the TT wheel are presented.

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Semeraro, Francesco Fabio, und Paolo Schito. „Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Tire Deformation and Vehicle Ride Height on the Aerodynamics of Passenger Cars“. Fluids 7, Nr. 2 (20.01.2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020047.

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Wheels and wheel houses contribute up to 25% of the total aerodynamic drag of passenger cars and interact in a complex way with their surroundings. Rims and tires induce complex flow separation mechanisms in a highly unsteady regime and the proximity to the ground enhances these phenomena. To have a clearer understanding of the flow mechanisms that develop around wheels and inside wheel houses, the effect of tire deformation and vehicle ride height on the aerodynamics of passenger cars has been investigated with unsteady CFD simulations. Tire deformation is modelled with an empirical formulation that provides close-to-real deformed shapes, while vehicle ride height changes are made by applying vertical translations the vehicle body. Slick tire geometries and closed rims have been analysed and their rotation has been modelled with a tangential velocity component applied to their surface. The investigation has been conducted in three steps: different car heights and tire deformation levels have been investigated separately and then combined, classifying the results on the basis of the drag of the vehicle. Results show that even small tire deformation levels can significantly affect the aerodynamic drag, thus deformation should be included in simulations and treated with caution.

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Kellar, Pearse und Savill. „Formula 1 car wheel aerodynamics“. Sports Engineering 2, Nr. 4 (November 1999): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.1999.00030.x.

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10

Gusev, Vladimir. „Aerodynamic streams at cylindrical internal grinding by the textured wheels“. MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800018.

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During internal grinding a large amount of heat is formed. A heat has a negative impact on all processing indicators. The speed of heat removal from the processed workpiece is defined not only by structure of grinding wheel and by giving method of lubricant cooling liquid (LCL), but also by the aerodynamic streams, which are formed by a tool rotation. Aerodynamics of traditional grinding wheels is studied in detail, but for textured wheels to aerodynamic streams did not pay of due attention. The multiple-factor experiment is executed and models of movement speed of the aerodynamic streams are determined. It is established, that the greatest influence on the movement speed of the air flows has an axial distance of a measurement point from an end face of abrasive segments and a radial distance of this point from the cutting surface. Static pressure of air in an internal wheel’s cavity is equal 47 Pas, and outside of the wheel in close proximity to the cutting surface – 212 Pas. Taking into account the received experimental data of the movement speeds of aerodynamic streams and different data of air pressure in the specified areas, possible methods of giving of LCL in a cutting zone are analysed. It is established, that the most effective is the centrifugal method of giving of LCL to an internal cavity of the textured tool.

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Cravero, Carlo, und Davide Marsano. „Computational Investigation of the Aerodynamics of a Wheel Installed on a Race Car with a Multi-Element Front Wing“. Fluids 7, Nr. 6 (25.05.2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7060182.

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The search for high aerodynamic performance of a race car is one of the main aspects of the design process. The flow around the basic body shape is complicated by the presence of the rotating wheels. This is especially true in race cars on which the wheels are not shrouded, where the effects on the flow field are considerable. Despite this, few works have focused on the flow around the rotating wheels. In this paper, CFD techniques were used to provide a detailed analysis of the flow structures generated by the interaction between a multielement inverted wing and the wheel of an open-wheel race car. In the first part, the CFD approach was validated for the isolated wheel case by comparing the results with experimental and numerical data from the literature. The wheel was analyzed both in stationary and unsteady flow conditions. Then, the CFD model was adopted to study the interaction of the flow structures between the wheel with the real grooves on the tire and the front wing of a Formula 1 car. Three different configurations were considered in order to differentiate the individual effects. The discussions were supported by the values of the aerodynamic performance coefficients and flow contours.

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Zdravkovich, M. M. „Aerodynamics of bicycle wheel and frame“. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 40, Nr. 1 (April 1992): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90520-k.

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Wiński, Krzysztof, und Adam Piechna. „Comprehensive CFD Aerodynamic Simulation of a Sport Motorcycle“. Energies 15, Nr. 16 (15.08.2022): 5920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165920.

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Nowadays, aerodynamics is a key focal point in the vehicle design process. Beyond its direct impact on the performance of a vehicle, it also has significant effects on economics and safety. In the last decade numerical methods, mainly Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), have established themselves as a reliable tool that assists in the design process and complements classical tunnel tests. However, questions remain about the possible obtained accuracy, best practices and applied turbulence models. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of motorcycle aerodynamics using CFD methods which, compared to the most common car aerodynamics analysis, has many specific features. The motorcycle, along with its rider, constitutes a shape with very complex aerodynamic properties. A detailed insight into the flow features is presented with detailed commentary. The front fairing, the front wheel and its suspension were identified as the main contributors to the aerodynamic drag of the motorcycle and its rider. The influence of rider position was also studied and identified as one of the most important elements when considering motorcycle aerodynamics. An extensive turbulence models study was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the most common Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models and novel hybrid models, such as the Scale Adaptive Simulation and the Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation. Similar values of drag coefficients were obtained for different turbulence models with noticeable differences found for k−ϵ models. It was also observed that near-wall treatment affects the flow behaviour near the wheels and windshield but has no impact on the global aerodynamic parameters. In the summary, a discussion about the obtained results was set forth and a number of questions related to specifics of motorcycle CFD simulations were addressed.

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Qi, Xiaojing, Yuxin Ou, Hance Zhang und Da Wang. „Efficiency Enhancement Design Approach in the Side Wing of a FSAE Car Utilizing a Shutter-Like Fairing Structure“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 13 (28.06.2022): 6552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136552.

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Aerodynamical design is one of the critical technologies in race car engineering, and favorable race car aerodynamics is supposed to provide sufficient negative lift force and keep the center of pressure in the vicinity of center of mass. Taking the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE) cars as an example, side wing structure is frequently adopted for better grip in the mid-back of short wheelbase, open wheel race cars. This research designs a shutter-like fairing structure and utilizes it to weaken the vorticity and reinforce the pressure of side wing flow field. The sensitivity of side wing aerodynamic efficiency to shutters’ key parameters is analyzed, and optimized shutters’ key parameters for a prototype FSAE race car are obtained through computational fluid dynamics simulations. Results indicate that over 10% enhancement in side wing aerodynamic efficiency can be achieved by applying optimized shutters.

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Li, Ting, Qing Jia und Zhi Gang Yang. „The Influence of Rotating Wheels on Vehicle Aerodynamics“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (Dezember 2012): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.543.

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Full scaled simplified model and production vehicle were applied to make a research on the local and global flow characteristics. Two different conditions including stationary and rotation were employed in computational simulation by steady RNS Navier-Stokes calculation. Further, detailed analysis on flow, surface pressure coefficient, drag coefficient and lift coefficient affected by rotating wheel figure out that rotating wheel has a significant influence on the flow around wheel and vehicle. Pressure difference, drag coefficient and lift coefficient are decreased by rotation, which improve aerodynamic performance.

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Zhang, Xin, Willem Toet und Jonathan Zerihan. „Ground Effect Aerodynamics of Race Cars“. Applied Mechanics Reviews 59, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2110263.

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We review the progress made during the last 30years on ground effect aerodynamics associated with race cars, in particular open wheel race cars. Ground effect aerodynamics of race cars is concerned with generating downforce, principally via low pressure on the surfaces nearest to the ground. The “ground effect” parts of an open wheeled car’s aerodynamics are the most aerodynamically efficient and contribute less drag than that associated with, for example, an upper rear wing. While drag reduction is an important part of the research, downforce generation plays a greater role in lap time reduction. Aerodynamics plays a vital role in determining speed and acceleration (including longitudinal acceleration but principally cornering acceleration), and thus performance. Attention is paid to wings and diffusers in ground effect and wheel aerodynamics. For the wings and diffusers in ground effect, major physical features are identified and force regimes classified, including the phenomena of downforce enhancement, maximum downforce, and downforce reduction. In particular the role played by force enhancement edge vortices is demonstrated. Apart from model tests, advances and problems in numerical modeling of ground effect aerodynamics are also reviewed and discussed. This review article cites 89 references.

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Diasinos, Sammy, Tracie J. Barber und Graham Doig. „The effects of simplifications on isolated wheel aerodynamics“. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 146 (November 2015): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.08.004.

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Davkin, Liam, und Craig Law. „Aerodynamic Effect of Wheel Fairings on the Wake of a Formula One Car“. MATEC Web of Conferences 347 (2021): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134700008.

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The open-wheeled configuration of Formula One cars has been known to create unfavourable aerodynamic conditions for overtaking during races. New aerodynamics regulations are set to come into effect by the 2022 season. Early concepts suggested that covering the wheels of a car are amongst the aerodynamic design changes to be implemented. This is in contrast to the traditional open-wheeled configuration. This study aims to evaluate the effect that these fairings have on the behaviour of the wake behind the car. This has been achieved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies which surveyed the flow in the wake, that determined any changes that are added by these fairings. The fairings were found to have altered the structure of the wake, by changing the size of the regions of low-speed airflow at different positions behind the car.

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Medić, Srđan, Veljko Kondić, Tihomir Mihalić und Vedran Runje. „Research of the Design Feasibility of a 3-Wheel Electric Vehicle with a Simplified Control System“. Tehnički glasnik 14, Nr. 1 (20.03.2020): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200124204834.

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The need for a simple, customised electric vehicle (EV) has inspired the research of the possibility to build a simple EV tailored for the specific needs of the buyer. This paper is focused on the concept of an EV with no conventional control mechanism. In this paper, a research of user needs, vehicle dynamics, vehicle aerodynamics, type of drive and batteries was carried out. EV aerodynamics characteristics were simulated by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The control system was designed in correlations with the maximal safe velocity and the radius of EV turning on a circular path. The stability of the EV, concerning the vehicle turning over and wheels slipping while driving in the curves, was the main concern of this paper. The steering wheel and brake pad were replaced with a control stick. Using the Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis, key parts of the construction were constructed.

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Kulak, Michal, Maciej Karczewski, Pawel Lesniewicz, Krzysztof Olasek, Bas Hoogterp, Guillaume Spolaore und Krzysztof Józwik. „Numerical and experimental analysis of rotating wheel in contact with the ground“. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, Nr. 5 (08.05.2018): 1203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-06-2017-0257.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide the results of investigations concerning an influence of the tyre with longitudinal grooves on the car body aerodynamics. It is considered as an important aspect affecting the vehicle aerodynamic drag. Design/methodology/approach To investigate a contribution of grooved tyres to the overall vehicle drag, three wind tunnel experimental campaigns were performed (two by Peugeot Société Anonyme Peugeot Citroen, one at the Lodz University of Technology). In parallel, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted with the ANSYS CFX software to enable formulation of wider conclusions. Findings The research shows that optimised tread patterns can be derived on a single tyre via a CFD study in combination with a controlled experiment to deliver designs actively lowering the overall vehicle aerodynamic drag. Practical implications A reduction in the aerodynamic drag is one of ways to decrease vehicle fuel consumption. Alternatively, it can be translated into an increase in the maximum travel velocity and the maximum distance driven (key factor in electric vehicles), as well as in a reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, it can improve the vehicle driving and steering stability. Originality/value The tyre tread pattern analysis on isolated wheels provides an opportunity to cut costs of R&D and could be a step towards isolating aerodynamic properties of tyres, irrespective of the car body on which they are applied.

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Ashok Kumar, Srinivaas, S. Thirumalini, P. Mohankumar, R. Ram Sundar und C. Aravind. „Simulation Study on Variants of ABS“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.6 (04.07.2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.14948.

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The performance characteristics of different variants of Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) in a normal passenger car is investigated. ABS prevent lock-up of wheels and maintains steer ability of the vehicle during braking. Vehicle stopping distance, brake pressure, wheel slip and slide-slip are made using Simulink software and system study was conducted an investigation is done. The variants of ABS taken for the study are 2-channel ABS (front wheels), Cross-ABS (alternate wheels: front left and rear right) and full (four channel) ABS. The Simulink model was interfaced with IPG Carmaker and simulation was performed to include the aerodynamics, tire friction and road friction. The results of the simulation were validated to obtain conclusions on the braking performance for different variants of ABS.

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Popov, Anton Yu, und Denis K. Muratov. „Study of the sealing elements impact on air flow distribution in a seed vessel of seeding mechanism“. MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822405015.

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The quality of the pneumatic seeding mechanism operation is defined by a variety of factors, including aerodynamic characteristic quantities. But aerodynamics of seeding systems is poorly studied. Therefore studying of the air flow distribution in a seeding mechanism seed vessel is considered to be a current issue. Overpressure seeding mechanism with a seed vessel compulsory sealing is approved as the object of the studying. The aim of the studying is to define the impact of the sealing elements shape on the air flow distribution in a seed vessel by various seeding mechanism operating modes. The building-up of the air flow distribution model is carried out at the software environment Solidworks Flow Simulation with allowance for a seeding wheel rotation. The aerodynamic model building-up technique is given. The graphic charts of airflow velocity change in an upper part of the seed vessel are made. The designed overpressure seeding mechanism aerodynamic model is analyzed.

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Čavoj, Ondřej, Ondřej Blaťák, Petr Hejtmánek und Jan Vančura. „Vehicle Ride Height Change Due To Radial Expansion Of Tires“. Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 13, Nr. 2 (01.11.2015): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mecdc-2015-0008.

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Abstract In general, tire deformations caused by wheel rotation are not taken into account when developing vehicle aerodynamics. On the road the tires radially expand as speed increases, which affects the actual ride height of a vehicle. In turn this often increases the real aerodynamic drag compared to values obtained using CFD or a wind tunnel as the mass flow across the relatively rough underbody increases with ground clearance. In this study, on-road ride heights were measured while running a vehicle in a straight line with fixed velocity whilst the aerodynamic lift of the vehicle was determined in a wind tunnel. Subsequently, the relationships between ride height and axle load were obtained by loading the vehicle at standstill with ballast. By comparing the ride heights at high and very low velocities with expected vertical displacement caused purely by aerodynamic lift force as computed according to the ride height - axle load equations, the ride height change due to tire radial expansion was determined.

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Bakhtybekova, A. R., N. K. Tanasheva, N. N. Shuyushbayeva, L. L. Minkov und N. K. Botpaev. „Analysis of velocity and pressure vector distribution fields in a three-dimensional plane around a wind power plant“. Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 107, Nr. 3 (30.09.2022): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022ph3/108-114.

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To date, there has been an increase in demand for electric energy obtained from clean renewable energy sources. One of them is wind power. Based on this, the development and research of new types of efficient wind turbines that start working at low wind speeds is an urgent issue. Wind turbines operating based on the Magnus effect have proven their effectiveness. However, the authors of this work, for the first time, to eliminate the problem in the form of an electric drive for the promotion of cylindrical blades added a deflector element to the end of the cylinders. Before creating an experimental setup, it is necessary to numerically investigate the aerodynamics around the wind wheel. For this purpose, numerical simulation of wind wheel aerodynamics has been carried out using the highly efficient Ansys Fluent program. A three-dimensional geometry has been created in Design Modeler. A mathematical model grid with a grid number of 47329 consisting of tetragonal cells is constructed. The Realizable k-ε is chosen as the turbulence model. A thorough analysis of the velocity vector distribution fields for flow and pressure velocities in the three-dimensional plane around the wind wheel at air flow velocities of 5.10 and 15 m/s is carried out.

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Barber, T. J., G. Doig, C. Beves, I. Watson und S. Diasinos. „Synergistic integration of computational fluid dynamics and experimental fluid dynamics for ground effect aerodynamics studies“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 226, Nr. 6 (Juni 2012): 602–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410011414321.

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This article highlights the ‘synergistic’ use of experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), where the two sets of simulations are performed concurrently and by the same researcher. In particular, examples from the area of ground effect aerodynamics are discussed, where the major facility used was also designed through a combination of CFD and EFD. Three examples are than outlined, to demonstrate the insight that can be obtained from the integration of CFD and EFD studies. The case studies are the study of dimple flow (to enhance aerodynamic performance), the analysis of a Formula-style front wing and wheel, and the study of compressible flow ground effect aerodynamics. In many instances, CFD has been used to not only provide complementary information to an experimental study, but to design the experiments. Laser-based, non-intrusive experimental techniques were used to provide an excellent complement to CFD. The large datasets found from both experimental and numerical simulations have required a new methodology to correlate the information; a new post-processing method has been developed, making use of the kriging and co-kriging estimators, to develop correlations between the often disparate data types.

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Martins, Daniel, João Correia und André Silva. „The Influence of Front Wing Pressure Distribution on Wheel Wake Aerodynamics of a F1 Car“. Energies 14, Nr. 15 (22.07.2021): 4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154421.

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The present study focuses on investigating the aerodynamic interaction between a three-element wing and wheel in ground effect, following the Formula One regulation change set for 2022, among which is the simplification of the front wing. This was accomplished by conducting a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis, using a Detached-Eddy Simulation approach, on a simplified one-quarter model of a Formula One racing car. The main goal was to examine how changing the front wing pressure distribution, by changing the incidence of the second flap, affected the wheel wake. The flow investigation indicated that the wheel wake is influenced by the flap configuration, which is mainly due to the fact that different flap configurations produce different upwash flow fields, leading to a variation of the separation point on top of the tire. As the separation point moves rearwards, the downwash generated in the central region (for a vertical plane) of the wheel wake increases incrementally, leading to a resultant wake that is shorter and further apart. The force investigation showed that the proximity between the region of instability (i.e., vortex breakdown) and the wing’s trailing edge influences the behavior of the transient oscillations, regarding the forces acting on the wing: detecting higher drag force fluctuations, when compared to downforce fluctuations.

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Lewis, R., und P. Postle. „CFD Validation for External Aerodynamics Part 1: Validating Component Analysis“. NAFEMS International Journal of CFD Case Studies 4 (Januar 2004): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59972/8gzlg6cv.

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Validating external aerodynamics is often a complex process with more to consider than just obtaining the correct forces. This paper examines some of the issues related to the CFD modelling of car components such as wings, wheel assemblies and radiators. The types of mesh, choice of turbulence model and wall resolution (measured in terms of y+) are also discussed.

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Kuratani, N., T. Kawamura und K. Ambo. „Wake Patterns Around Front Tyre And Wheel On Vehicle Dynamics Clarified By On-Board PIV Application“. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 20 (11.07.2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.20th.63.

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Temporal and spatial wake patterns and behaviors around rotating tires and wheels are some of the most critical flow phenomena on aerodynamic performance and vehicle dynamics. In particular, aerodynamic drag is one of the most important factors on greenhouse effect gas and fuel efficiencies, in these days remarkably focused on the shift from conventional fossil fuel power plants to electric ones to prevent the global warming. From the point of view of aerodynamics, OEMs' wind tunnel facilities with moving ground and high fidelity CFD tools are employed to optimize the exterior body shape and aerodynamic device in order to reduce the aerodynamic drag. Recently, high fidelity CFD tools which include tire rotations are easily employed by users, not only specialists, to analyze the flow around the vehicle and to optimize the exterior design at the development phase. However, more accurate and detailed understanding of complicated flow phenomena around vehicle during motion are required to predict these flow phenomena accurately by CFD tools at early development phase. Moreover, the more detailed experimental investigation is essential for the aerodynamicists, not only to develop the prediction tool but also to understand the flow phenomena around vehicle in its essence. Therefore, in this study, the on-board 2D-3C PIV measurement system in wind tunnel facility has been developed to investigate the wake patterns around rotating front tire and wheel. As result, the critical wake patterns have been clarified by POD analysis of the mentioned on-board 2D-3C PIV measurement data. These front wheelhouse wake patterns were classified in terms of the wake generation locations that produced the aerodynamic drag. These results indicate that there is the potential for an improvement in not only aerodynamic drag and but also vehicle dynamics by flow control to suppress the wake generations around front wheelhouse and the flow fluctuation around bodyside, moreover, this system can be applied to real world running condition in near future.

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Söderblom, David, Per Elofsson, Linus Hjelm und Lennart Lofdahl. „Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Wheel Housing Aerodynamics on Heavy Trucks“. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 5, Nr. 1 (16.04.2012): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0106.

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Josefsson, Erik, Teddy Hobeika und Simone Sebben. „Evaluation of wind tunnel interference on numerical prediction of wheel aerodynamics“. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 224 (Mai 2022): 104945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2022.104945.

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31

Kajiwara, Shinji. „Passive variable rear-wing aerodynamics of an open-wheel racing car“. Automotive and Engine Technology 2, Nr. 1-4 (31.08.2017): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-017-0021-9.

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32

Gautam, Aishwarya, und Sheldon I. Green. „Computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method simulation of locomotive sanders“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 235, Nr. 1 (04.02.2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409720902897.

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Locomotive sanders are used to optimize the traction between the train wheels and the railhead by spraying sand into the interface. It has been previously shown that a large fraction of sand sprayed by the sanders does not make it through the wheel–rail nip, leading to sand wastage and thereby increasing the cost and refilling effort. In this study, pneumatic conveying of sand through the wheel–rail nip is numerically modeled through coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method simulations. The gas phase, discrete phase, and coupled two-phase flows are separately validated against the literature, and the parameters affecting the deposition of sand into the nip are analyzed to determine their impact on sander efficiency. The aerodynamics associated with the particle-laden jet play a critical role in optimizing the amount of sand going through the wheel–rail interface, with the particle velocities being directly correlated with the sander efficiency. Particle–geometry interactions (e.g. particle bouncing) are found to have a negligible effect on the deposition. In the absence of crosswinds, it is recommended to employ particles with a smaller Stokes number to enhance the sander efficiency. A larger airflow rate through the nozzle is also recommended. Crosswinds strongly and adversely affect sander efficiency. The effects of crosswinds can be mitigated by reducing the nip–nozzle distance and using coarser particles.

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GÜRBÜZ, Muhammet Tayyip, und Sercan ACARER. „Değişken Çevrimli Mikro Turbofan Jet Motoru için Bütünleşik Düşük Basınç Kompresor Sisteminin Aerodinamik Analizleri“. Deu Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik 24, Nr. 72 (19.09.2022): 939–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2022247222.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are commonly propeller-driven and low-speed. The concept of cost-efficient, much higher speed and longer range applications of micro jet engines was previously addressed such that an existing basic turbojet engine was converted into a single spool turbofan without using additional components of booster and low pressure turbine. Normally, this situation emerges matching problems since two spools are required to adjust the fan speed independently. A simple solution was to use a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) gearbox to adjust optimal speed for the fan. As a result, missing of the positive functionality of the booster would lump into the fan root to form a unified low pressure compression system (unified-LPC). Such a unified-LPC demands unique characteristics of having an extreme twist, very high pressure ratio and mass flux at the root section than at the tip section, despite the exact opposite is being enforced due to the wheel speed rise with radius. In light of these challenges, this work aims to investigate detailed aerodynamics of an existing design previously made and reported by the authors. It is shown that, despite the aerodynamic loading contrast throughout the span, the unified-LPC can still have a wide operating range and acceptable off-design aerodynamics. Complementing the previous design-oriented work, this paper aims to provide guidelines for such unified compression systems.

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Voinov, I. B., V. V. Elistratov, I. A. Keresten, M. A. Konishchev, M. A. Nikitin und D. I. Sofronova. „Profiling a Wind Wheel Blade Using Parametric Optimization and Computational Aerodynamics Methods“. Thermal Engineering 71, Nr. 6 (Juni 2024): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601524060053.

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Malizia, F., H. Montazeri und B. Blocken. „CFD simulations of spoked wheel aerodynamics in cycling: Impact of computational parameters“. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 194 (November 2019): 103988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.103988.

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Mannion, Paul, Yasin Toparlar, Magdalena Hajdukiewicz, Eoghan Clifford, Thomas Andrianne und Bert Blocken. „Aerodynamics analysis of wheel configurations in Paralympic hand-cycling: A computational study“. European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 76 (Juli 2019): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2019.01.011.

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Micheal Nirmal Kumar, Prajan Kumar.J, Subash.K, Sanjay.S, Dharani Vendhan.V und Adhish Kumar. „Design and Implementation of Sustainable Transportation- Electrical Velomobile“. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 11, Nr. 6 (12.12.2024): 549–53. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst241161104.

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Velomobiles exemplify a cutting-edge solution for sustainable transportation, merging design, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. These human-powered vehicles combine the benefits of bicycles with a streamlined, enclosed structure, offering a practical alternative to traditional transport. Constructed from lightweight materials like carbon fiber, velomobiles prioritize aerodynamics, comfort, and functionality. Their enclosed design shields riders from weather, making them suitable for year-round use, while their three-wheel stability and ergonomic seating enhance comfort and ease of handling. The aerodynamic structure reduces energy demands, ensuring efficiency even in stop-and-go urban traffic. Beyond comfort and design, velomobiles contribute significantly to sustainability. They offer a zero-emission alternative to cars, reduce urban congestion, and promote physical fitness. With storage compartments for convenience, they address common limitations of bicycles. By making cycling safer and more appealing, velomobiles encourage a shift toward greener commuting, helping cities tackle pollution and climate challenges effectively.

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Haag, Lukas, Thomas Blacha und Thomas Indinger. „Experimental Investigation on the Aerodynamics of Isolated Rotating Wheels and Evaluation of Wheel Rotation Models Using Unsteady CFD“. International Journal of Automotive Engineering 8, Nr. 1 (2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20485/jsaeijae.8.1_7.

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He, Yi Ming, und Xian Yi Qian. „Design of Wind Power Turbine's Main Components and Computation of its Output Power“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.23.

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We have mainly studied the main structure of wind power turbines components in accordance with the principle aerodynamics. We also have taken horizontal axis wind power turbine for example and studied the basic structure and producing technology about wheel, base and other equipments. We have computed the wind power turbines output power and efficiency, and compared with some kinds of different wind power turbines output power and efficiency. All what have studied is important to design wind power turbine.

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Tanasheva, N. K., A. R. Bakhtybekova, A. Zh Tleubergenova, L. L. Minkov, S. A. Bolegenova, N. N. Shuyushbaeva und B. A. Toktarbaev. „Influence of a rough surface on the aerodynamic characteristics of a rotating cylinder“. Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 103, Nr. 3 (30.09.2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021ph3/52-59.

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The article considers the influence of the relative roughness of a cylindrical blade on aerodynamic characteristics. It is known that the operation basis of blades under consideration is the Magnus effect, which is characterized by appearance of a lifting force (Magnus force), when the cylinders rotate in a transverse flow. This force is used to rotate the wind wheel, similar to lifting force, but can have a much larger value when selecting optimal conditions, both geometric and aerodynamic. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of cylinder layout with a relative roughness (0.005 ÷ 0.02). Experimental studies of aerodynamics process of rotating cylinders were carried out in the aerodynamic laboratory using the T-1-M wind tunnel at an air flow value of 5 to 15 m/s. Graphs of dependences of rotating cylinder's lifting force and drag force on the changing air flow velocity and on relative roughness, k/d, are obtained. For further study experimental cylinder layout’s aerodynamic parameters, the most optimal is the variant with a relative roughness value of 0.02, which had high indicators, was selected. In the course of experimental studies, graphs of the dependence of the values of lift and drag force on the angles of attack of a single rotating cylinder with a rough surface on the speed and angle of attack of the wind flow (0°, 30° and 60°) were obtained. It is established that the effective angle of attack is 0°, at which aerodynamic characteristics’s maximum values were obtained.

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Nazaruddin, Syafri und Yudi Saputra. „Body Shape Selection of "Bono Kampar" For Urban Concept Student Car Formula to Fulfill Indonesian Energy-Saving Standards (“KMHE”) with Aerodynamic Analysis“. CFD Letters 12, Nr. 12 (31.12.2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.12.104114.

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The body shape of a vehicle and the structure need to be considered when designing a vehicle. In addition, the shape of the body tends to significantly affect the vehicle's energy use to counter aerodynamic forces due to wind loads. Therefore, this research aims to determine the body length, width, height, wheel base and ground clearance of vehicles in the selection of Bono Kampar for Urban Concept Car Formula to Fulfill Indonesia Energy-Savings Standards (“KMHE”) with Aerodynamics Analysis. The methods used to create four models of vehicle bodies are dynamic simulation on Computational Fluid Dynamic software are coefficient drag, lift and bland force. The result showed that the car body design needs to have the smallest drag coefficient. This is because when vehicles have a large drag coefficient value, it tends to greatly influence its efficiency or performance. Furthermore, this is useful for minimizing fuel usage, and in allowing the vehicle to reduce the friction force caused by air while driving. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software is used to obtain drag coefficients, which is used in Solid works Flow Simulation. From aerodynamic simulation results on four alternative car bodies carried out in this study, the smallest Cd (Coefficient Drag) is the second car body model, which has Drag Coefficient (Cd) of 0.21 Pa.

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Amrutheswara Krishnamurthy und Dr.Suresh Nagesh. „Aerodynamic Effect on Stability and Lift Characteristics of an Elevated Sedan Car“. ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, Nr. 2 (13.05.2022): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.1.2.6.

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There is a strong interaction between air and vehicle components. Aerodynamics plays a significant role in a vehicle's fuel efficiency. The contact patch load between the tire and road is directly related to the vehicle load. In this research, the lift forces generated due to the additional wing attached to the car model with different spans and heights of the wing location from the car body is considered for study. The loads due to change in Angle of Attack (AOA) and their effect on the tire loads are studied. The upward vertical force produced from aerodynamic loads reduces the wheel load of the car virtually. A tire's coefficient of friction would decrease with upward vertical force. This balance load implies that a lightweight car would make more efficient use of its tires than a heavier car. ANSYS Fluent is used for the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study. The validation of airflow characteristics, lift and drag forces from simulations are done with wind tunnel testing data. Varying the angle of attack, wingspan, height between the car and the wing's lower surface, one can increase the capacity of the payload by 10% or fuel efficiency by 10% to 20%.

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Yang, Lu, Yu Can Fu, Jiu Hua Xu und Yong Tao Liu. „New Development of Supersonic Surface Grinding Machine Tool with a Linear-Motor-Driven Table System“. Advanced Materials Research 1136 (Januar 2016): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.667.

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Ultra-high speed grinding (UHSG) is a significant and promising machining technology in grinding hard-to-cut materials. To find out the aerodynamics of the grinding wheel body when the airflow field has subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speed characteristics and clarify the corresponding influence on the grinding mechanism, the study is conducted to develop a supersonic grinding machine tool that is capable of being operated at extreme wheel speed up to 450 m/s and meanwhile accompanying with high grinding capability. In accordance with the main design objectives, a high performance grinding motorized spindle with maximum rotational speed 36000r/min and maximum power 28kW is developed. The linear motor feed driven system is also exploited to satisfy the requirement of maximum reciprocating speed up to 2m/s. Following plenty of specific design and performance analysis works, a prototype of supersonic grinding machine tool is finally developed. In the end, this paper also puts forward a number of further studies and prospective for the research activities on basis of the developed grinder.

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Lou, Fangyuan, John Charles Fabian und Nicole Leanne Key. „Interpreting Aerodynamics of a Transonic Impeller from Static Pressure Measurements“. International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7281691.

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This paper investigates the aerodynamics of a transonic impeller using static pressure measurements. The impeller is a high-speed, high-pressure-ratio wheel used in small gas turbine engines. The experiment was conducted on the single stage centrifugal compressor facility in the compressor research laboratory at Purdue University. Data were acquired from choke to near-surge at four different corrected speeds (Nc) from 80% to 100% design speed, which covers both subsonic and supersonic inlet conditions. Details of the impeller flow field are discussed using data acquired from both steady and time-resolved static pressure measurements along the impeller shroud. The flow field is compared at different loading conditions, from subsonic to supersonic inlet conditions. The impeller performance was strongly dependent on the inducer, where the majority of relative diffusion occurs. The inducer diffuses flow more efficiently for inlet tip relative Mach numbers close to unity, and the performance diminishes at other Mach numbers. Shock waves emerging upstream of the impeller leading edge were observed from 90% to 100% corrected speed, and they move towards the impeller trailing edge as the inlet tip relative Mach number increases. There is no shock wave present in the inducer at 80% corrected speed. However, a high-loss region near the inducer throat was observed at 80% corrected speed resulting in a lower impeller efficiency at subsonic inlet conditions.

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Tanasheva, Nazgul, Gulden Ranova, Amangeldy Satybaldin, Ainura Dyusembaeva, Asem Bakhtybekova, Nurgul Shuyushbayeva, Sholpan Kyzdarbekova, Indira Sarzhanova und Nurgul Abdirova. „Identifying some regularities of the aerodynamics around wind turbines with a vertical axis of rotation“. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, Nr. 8 (127) (28.02.2024): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.298599.

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The design of wind turbines with a vertical axis of rotation is quite simple, which successfully increases the level of efficiency. Existing vane wind turbines have a shortage of currents in the form of negative torque, and installations operating on the Magnus effect have a low lifting force. In this regard, the development and research of installations operating at speeds from 3 m/s, with combined blades with increased work efficiency is an urgent topic. The object of the study is a wind turbine consisting of a system of rotating cylinders and fixed blades operating at low air flow speeds starting from 3 m/s. Numerical studies were carried out using the Ansys Fluent program and the implemented k-ε turbulence model. A special feature of the work is the combined use of two lifting forces: a cylinder and fixed blades, which made it possible to increase the output aerodynamic parameters. Calculations were performed for incoming flow rates of 3 m/s, 9 m/s, 15 m/s and cylinder rotation speeds of 315 rpm, 550 rpm, 720 rpm. It is determined that the period of change of the moment of forces T is 0.5 m/s, which corresponds to 2 revolutions of the wind wheel per minute. It was found that the cylinder rotation frequency in the range from 315 rpm to 720 rpm does not affect the period of change in the moment of forces, but the amplitude of the moment of forces increases with decreasing rotation frequency. The dependences of the rotation speed of the wind wheel on the velocity of the incoming flow, found by the method of sliding grids and 6DOF, are also obtained. It is determined that the installation begins to make revolutions from 3 m/s, with a positive torque of forces. The field of practical application of the numerical results will be useful for further research of wind turbines with combined blades

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Greenwell, D. I., N. J. Wood, E. K. L. Bridge und R. J. Addy. „Aerodynamic characteristics of low-drag bicycle wheels“. Aeronautical Journal 99, Nr. 983 (März 1995): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000028281.

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AbstractA number of modern “aerodynamic” bicycle wheels were tested at full scale speeds in a windtunnel. The effects of wheel geometry, rotational speed and cross winds on drag force, side force and yawing moment were investigated.Compared with a conventional spoked wheel, all the “aerodynamic” wheels were found to give similar improvements in drag of approximately 25%. In cross wind conditions, aerodynamic characteristics were strongly dependent on wheel geometry, but essentially independent of wheel rotational speed.

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Kothalawala, T. D., und A. Gatto. „Computational investigation into the influence of yaw on the aerodynamics of an isolated wheel in free air“. International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 13, Nr. 4 (2016): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2016.080210.

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Kothalawala, T. D., und A. Gatto. „Computational investigation into the influence of yaw on the aerodynamics of an isolated wheel in free air“. International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 13, Nr. 4 (2016): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2016.10001037.

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Kothalawala, T. D., und A. Gatto. „Computational investigation into the influence of yaw on the aerodynamics of a rotating wheel in free air“. International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 14, Nr. 4 (2017): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2017.084679.

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Kothalawala, T. D., und A. Gatto. „Computational investigation into the influence of yaw on the aerodynamics of a rotating wheel in free air“. International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering 14, Nr. 4 (2017): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcse.2017.10005741.

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