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Thematische Bibliographien / Xenopobia / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Xenopobia“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 24. Mai 2025

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1

Schoeman, Anneke Lincoln, Nikol Kmentová, Maarten P. M. Vanhove und Louis Heyns Du Preez. „Intraspecific morphological and genetic variation in South African populations of a polystomatid flatworm parasite“. Belgian Journal of Zoology 154 (15.02.2024): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2024.118.

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The African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis, a global invader, exhibits a marked phylogeographic divergence among native populations in southern Africa, which seems to enhance its invasive potential. The polystomatid flatworm, Protopolystoma xenopodis, is the frog’s most frequently co-introduced metazoan parasite. In an integrative approach, we utilised morphometrics and molecular markers to assess variation in P. xenopodis in its native range. We measured twelve key morphological characters from 23 flatworms and compared these statistically between flatworms collected from the northern- and southernmost distribution in South Africa. Phylogenetic analyses were based on three concatenated markers, namely 28S and 12S rDNA and COX1, from six flatworms. The combination of five morphological characters, which involve egg size, gut morphology and size of the attachment hooks, differentiated northern and southern populations of P. xenopodis. The multilocus phylogenetic analyses showed a cluster of northern P. xenopodis and two southern lineages with more basal positioning. These findings demonstrate a relatively high level of intraspecific variation in P. xenopodis in its native range. The presented intraspecific variation of P. xenopodis could be potentially informative to trace geographic origin in its non-native range.

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JACKSON, J. A., und R. C. TINSLEY. „Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea) primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis“. Parasitology 123, Nr. 5 (November 2001): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008745.

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The reproductive kinetics of Protopolystoma xenopodis primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis were monitored in a 3-year study. Thirty-five naïve, lab-raised, full-sib X. laevis from 1 spawning were each exposed to 30 P. xenopodis eggs. The course of infections at 20 °C was monitored by screening isolated hosts for parasite egg production. Ninety-four percent of toads supported the development of gravid parasites. Infections became patent 9–19 weeks p.i., lasted 3–30 months and produced estimated totals of 1–7152 eggs/host. Variation in primary infection characters was discontinuous: a subgrouping of hosts (16%) was characterized by extended infection duration and low reproductive rate. In order to test the effect of long-term infection history on a subsequent challenge, each host was re-exposed to P. xenopodis infective stages (30 eggs/host) 6 months after the loss of its original infection. Establishment of patent infection was significantly lower (15%), and pre-patent period (12–28 weeks) longer, than in primary infections of the same hosts, and than in concurrently exposed naïve controls (contemporary full-sibs of the primary/secondary infection group, maintained in parallel; n = 28). There was no relationship between primary infection characteristics and secondary infection outcome. Overall reproductive output per initial infective stage for the primary exposure exceeded that for the secondary exposure by a ratio of 15[ratio ]1. Results suggest that primary infection with P. xenopodis can elicit strong, long-term protective immunity against re-infection in X. laevis.

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Cioffi, Kathleen. „Toward Xenopolis: Visions from the Borderland“. Polish Review 69, Nr. 4 (01.12.2024): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.69.4.10.

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4

Melnikov, D. „New combinations in the genus Clinopodium L. (Lamiaceae)“. Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium 45 (2014): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/novitates/2014.45.148.

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Two new combinations in the genus Clinopodium are published: Clinopodium subg. Xenopoma (Willd.) Melnikov comb. et stat. nov., and Clinopodium banaoense (P. Herrera, I. E. Méndez et Bécquer) Melnikov comb. nova.

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5

Vlăduţescu, Ştefan. „Some Uncertainties at Romanian Beginning of the Philosophy of History“. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 26 (April 2014): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.26.71.

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The study is part of the contemporary effort of scanning and philosophical-epistemological exploration of valuable research of the history of philosophy and the philosophy of history. The investigative approach proves that the Xenopolian philosophical ideas are extended in relation to the status of philosophy at the time. It follows that in his writings the scientist uses a philosophic vocabulary and thematizes interrogatively the elevated aspects of the reflection on history.

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6

Jackson, Helen C., und R. C. Tinsley. „Environmental influences on egg production by the monogenean Protopolystoma xenopodis“. Parasitology 97, Nr. 1 (August 1988): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066798.

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SUMMARYA continuous succession of egg capsules is formed in the ootype of Protopolystoma xenopodis and released into the urinary bladder of the host, Xenopus laevis. Since egg capsules are passed out with the aquatic toad's urine several times a day, the rate of parasite egg production can be recorded accurately by direct counts. Temperature has a marked influence on the rate of egg output which doubles in response to a rise from 17 to 25 °C. Under constant temperature conditions regular egg collections from isolated toads infested with single Protopolystoma revealed that rates of production remain stable for periods of several weeks. The overall mean rate of egg production was 8·9 eggs/worm/day (e.w.d.) at 20·0±0·5 °C (based on 5 consecutive egg collections from 58 individual parasites). Significant differences were observed, however, between the mean rates of output from different hosts, ranging from 2·1 e.w.d. (s.d. = 0·6) to 17·7 e.w.d. (S.D. = 3·2). Neither differences in worm age nor host-factors could explain the observed range in output. Worms transferred to new hosts resumed egg production at pre-transfer rates, suggesting inherent differences in the capacity for egg production by individual parasites. Total production increased with increasing worm burden, but output per parasite was significantly reduced in groups of 2, 3 or 4. Whilst competition for some finite resource provides one interpretation, this observation could equally reflect a statistical phenomenon associated with the reduced chance of encountering groups of individuals which are heterogeneous for egg production as worm burden increases and sample size decreases.

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Jackson, Joseph A., und Richard C. Tinsley. „DENSITY DEPENDENCE OF POSTLARVAL SURVIVORSHIP IN PRIMARY INFECTIONS OF PROTOPOLYSTOMA XENOPODIS“. Journal of Parasitology 89, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2003): 958–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3132.

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8

Jackson, J. „Effects of temperature on oviposition rate in Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae)“. International Journal for Parasitology 28, Nr. 2 (Februar 1998): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00151-3.

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9

Mbokane, E. M., J. Theron und W. J. Luus-Powel. „Diversity of parasites from Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Pipidae) and their seasonal rate of infection in selected habitats in the Limpopo Province, South Africa“. Helminthologia 57, Nr. 3 (05.08.2020): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0027.

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SummaryThis study determined the diversity and seasonality of parasites species of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802), from three localities, namely Modjadjikloof, Mokopane and University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A total of seven parasite species were collected and identified. They included two nematodes, Camallanus kaapstaadiSouthwell & Kirshner, 1937 and Batrachocamallanus slomei (Southwell & Kirshner, 1937), a monogenean, Protopolystoma xenopodis (Price, 1943), a cestode, Cephalochlamys namaquensis (Cohn, 1906), a protozoan, Trichodina xenopodosFantham, 1924, two digeneans, Progonimodiscus doyeri Ortlepp, 1926 and Dollfuschella rodhainiVercammen-Grandjean, 1960. The most common and abundant parasite species by far were Cm. kaapstaadi, B. slomei and Cp. namaquensis, with Cm. kaapstaadi, B. slomei present in all localities. Trichodina xenopodos was a rare species, only present in host populations from Modjadjiskloof. Modjadjiskloof had the highest species richness (all seven parasite species) followed by Mokopane (five parasite species) and University of Limpopo (3 parasite species). There were also higher infection levels (prevalence and mean intensity) of Cm. kaapstaadi, B. slomei, Cp. namaquensis and Pt. xenopodis in hosts from Modjadjiskloof while Pd. doyeri and D. rodhaini infection levels were greater in Mokopane. The variability between localities shows that parasites with heteroxenous life cycles are more strongly associated with more pristine habitats. The variability in calculated indices (prevalence and mean intensity) also suggests that the occurrence of some of the parasites is affected by season, favouring higher infection rates during summer. This suggests that temperature has a direct role in the reproductive and developmental processes of these parasites. Neither length nor sex had an influence on the prevalence or intensity of parasites.

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10

Theunissen, Maxine, Louwrens Tiedt und Louis H. Du Preez. „The morphology and attachment ofProtopolystoma xenopodis(Monogenea: Polystomatidae) infecting the African clawed frogXenopus laevis“. Parasite 21 (2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014020.

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11

Jackson, J. A., und R. C. Tinsley. „Research note Incompatibility of Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) with an octoploid Xenopus species from southern Rwanda“. International Journal for Parasitology 28, Nr. 8 (August 1998): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00065-4.

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Jackson, Helen C., und R. C. Tinsley. „The capacity for viable egg production by the monogenean Protopolystoma xenopodis in single and multiple infections“. International Journal for Parasitology 18, Nr. 5 (Juli 1988): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(88)90091-4.

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13

EDGECOMBE, GREGORY D., JOHN R. PATERSON und DIEGO C. GARCÍA-BELLIDO. „A new aglaspidid-like euarthropod from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of South Australia“. Geological Magazine 154, Nr. 1 (15.01.2016): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815001053.

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AbstractA new euarthropod from the Emu Bay Shale (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is a rare component of this Konservat-Lagerstätte. The two known specimens of Eozetetes gemmelli gen. et sp. nov., in combination, depict a non-biomineralized euarthropod with a relatively short cephalic shield lacking dorsal eyes and bearing a flagelliform antenna, 18 trunk segments with broad tergopleurae and paired axial nodes/carinae, and an elongate, styliform tailspine. The new species compares most closely with taxa in the putative clade Vicissicaudata, which groups Aglaspidida, Cheloniellida and Xenopoda. A ring-like terminal tergite in E. gemmelli corresponds to the caudal tergite in cheloniellids and xenopodans. Incorporating Eozetetes into recent character sets for Cambrian euarthropods supports close affinities to either Emeraldella or to aglaspidids, but several plesiomorphic character states are inconsistent with membership in Aglaspidida sensu stricto. Eozetetes is among the earliest of various Cambrian taxa informally referred to as ‘aglaspidid-like euarthropods’.

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J., Jackson, und Tinsley R. „Effects of environmental temperature on the susceptibility of Xenopus laevis and X. wittei (Anura) to Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea)“. Parasitology Research 88, Nr. 7 (01.07.2002): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0629-0.

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15

TINSLEY, R. C., J. E. YORK, A. L. E. EVERARD, L. C. STOTT, S. J. CHAPPLE und M. C. TINSLEY. „Environmental constraints influencing survival of an African parasite in a north temperate habitat: effects of temperature on egg development“. Parasitology 138, Nr. 8 (27.04.2011): 1029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000461.

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SUMMARYFactors affecting survival of parasites introduced to new geographical regions include changes in environmental temperature. Protopolystoma xenopodis is a monogenean introduced with the amphibian Xenopus laevis from South Africa to Wales (probably in the 1960s) where low water temperatures impose major constraints on life-cycle processes. Effects were quantified by maintenance of eggs from infections in Wales under controlled conditions at 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 and 25°C. The threshold for egg viability/ development was 15°C. Mean times to hatching were 22 days at 25°C, 32 days at 20°C, extending to 66 days at 15°C. Field temperature records provided calibration of transmission schedules. Although egg production continues year-round, all eggs produced during >8 months/ year die without hatching. Output contributing significantly to transmission is restricted to 10 weeks (May–mid-July). Host infection, beginning after a time lag of 8 weeks for egg development, is also restricted to 10 weeks (July–September). Habitat temperatures (mean 15·5°C in summer 2008) allow only a narrow margin for life-cycle progress: even small temperature increases, predicted with ‘global warming’, enhance infection. This system provides empirical data on the metrics of transmission permitting long-term persistence of isolated parasite populations in limiting environments.

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TINSLEY, R. C., J. E. YORK, L. C. STOTT, A. L. E. EVERARD, S. J. CHAPPLE und M. C. TINSLEY. „Environmental constraints influencing survival of an African parasite in a north temperate habitat: effects of temperature on development within the host“. Parasitology 138, Nr. 8 (27.06.2011): 1039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000424.

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SUMMARYThe monogenean Protopolystoma xenopodis has been established in Wales for >40 years following introduction with Xenopus laevis from South Africa. This provides an experimental system for determining constraints affecting introduced species in novel environments. Parasite development post-infection was followed at 15, 20 and 25°C for 15 weeks and at 10°C for ⩾1 year and correlated with temperatures recorded in Wales. Development was slowed/arrested at ⩽10°C which reflects habitat conditions for >6 months/year. There was wide variation in growth at constant temperature (body size differing by >10 times) potentially attributable in part to genotype-specific host-parasite interactions. Parasite density had no effect on size but host sex did: worms in males were 1·8 times larger than in females. Minimum time to patency was 51 days at 25°C and 73 days at 20°C although some infections were still not patent at both temperatures by 105 days p.i. In Wales, fastest developing infections may mature within one summer (about 12 weeks), possibly accelerated by movements of hosts into warmer surface waters. Otherwise, development slows/stops in October–April, delaying patency to about 1 year p.i., while wide variation in developmental rates may impose delays of 2 years in some primary infections and even longer in secondary infections.

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17

„Protopolystoma xenopodis“. CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (07.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.67618.

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„Capillaria xenopodis“. CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (07.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.90354.

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19

Schoeman, A., LH Du Preez und MPM Vanhove. „Die parasiet Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) werp lig op die evolusionêre geskiedenis van sy gasheer, die platanna Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae)“. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie, 19.02.2021, 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/satnt.2020.39.1.828.

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Die wêreldwye indringerpadda, die gewone platanna Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae), toon duidelike filogeografiese verskille tussen sy verskillende bevolkings in suidelike Afrika, sy natuurlike gebied. Dit het direk tot die hoë genetiese variasie in sommige van die indringerbevolkings bygedra. Nietemin is daar nog geen sekerheid oor hoe die verskillende stamme van die gewone platanna in sy natuurlike gebied met mekaar verband hou nie. Daarbenewens is die genetiese en geografi ese versperrings tussen die verskillende stamme nog nie goed gedefi nieer nie. In gevalle soos dié kan gasheer-spesifi eke parasiete hoër filogeografiese resolusie bied om die meer onlangse evolusionêre geskiedenis van die gasheer toe te lig, mits daar ’n sterk ko-evolusionêre sein tussen die gasheer en parasiet is. Hier tree die monogenëer-platwurm Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) as ’n ideale vergrootglas na vore om die proses van ontluikende spesiëring in X. laevis te bestudeer.

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