Literatura académica sobre el tema "A.F.M"

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current situation around widowhood sexuality is unspeakably painful. It has been established through literature review in this study that widows are the most neglected group in many societies. In Zimbabwe the unprecedented rise in the number of widows has been caused by the proliferation socio-economic, political climate coupled with the devastating effects of HIV and AIDS pandemic. HIV and AIDS pandemic has caused unimaginable suffering among all segments of society in Zimbabwe but impacts more on women and girls. HIV has increased the number of young widows in the country. This is the group which is still sexual active and they are in the church in quest to find meaning in God. The study also explored how the patriarchal society and religious norms control and manipulate women‟s sexuality. The church and the community views sex and sexuality issues as private matters. Hence, the dilemmas of widowhood sexuality are created by widows‟ failure to publicly and or share their challenges with church leadership. However, it was made clear during the study that the quest for sexual meaning becomes a challenge due to the complexities caused by HIV and AIDS pandemic. The challenge shown in this study was how to do theology and be a church where we accept that all theological formulations and institutional designs are influenced by their context. Therefore, could it be moral for the church to teach that widows embrace other sexual alternatives that are less risk to contract or transmit HIV; such as masturbation, use of sex toys and vibrators? Can these help widows reduce their sexual tension and evoke pleasure? If such or more suitable means are availed by the church how should widows be enriched to live meaningful in their faith in God? For the church to teach widows to say “no” to sexual intimacy outside marriage sound irresponsible and unrealistic to prevailing statistics of widows and their ages in church. However, the dilemma is for them to engage in sexual intimacy without creating other existential issues leading them to live in guilt- feelings and in the process lose their meaning in their God. Is the church willing to look closely to widowhood sexuality in this era of HIV and AIDS pandemic? The HIV and AIDS pandemic challenges the church to formulate policies and reframe pastoral theology in a way that is relevant to allow widows discover a God who can be compassionate and trusted to give meaning in suffering.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige situasie in verband met weduweeskap en seksualiteit is onbeskryflik pynlik. Dit het duidelik geword uit die literatuuroorsig in hierdie studie dat weduwees die mees afgeskeepte groep in baie gemeenskappe is. In Zimbabwe is die ongehoorde styging in die aantal weduwees te wyte aan die groei in die slegte sosio-ekonomiese en politiese klimaat tesame met die verwoestende gevolge van die MIV en VIGS pandemie. Die MIV en VIGS pandemie het ondenkbare lyding veroorsaak in alle areas van die gemeenskap in Zimbabwe, maar dit het 'n groter invloed op vroue en jong meisies. MIV het veroorsaak dat die getal jong weduwees in hierdie land gestyg het. Dit is ook die groep wat steeds seksueel aktief is en hulle kom na die kerk in 'n soeke om betekenis te vind in God. Hierdie studie ondersoek ook hoe die patriargale gemeenskap en sy godsdienstige norme vroue se seksualiteitbeheer en manipuleer. Die kerk en die gemeenskap beskou seks en seksualiteit as 'n private aangeleentheid. Die gevolg is dat die dilemma van weduweeskap en seksualiteit geskep word deur die weduwee se versuim om haar uitdagings in die openbaar of by die kerkleiers bekend te maak. Dit het egter gedurende hierdie studie duidelik geraak dat die soeke na seksuele betekenis 'n groot uitdaging is as gevolg van die kompleksiteite wat veroorsaak word deur die MIV en VIGS pandemie. Die uitdaging wat met hierdie studie beklemtoon word, is hoe om teologie toe te pas en 'n kerk te wees wat aanvaar dat alle teologiese formulering en institusionele ontwerpe ook deur hul konteks beïnvloed word. Is dit derhalwe 'n morele probleem vir die kerk om vir weduwees aan te beveel om seksuele alternatiewe te ondersoek wat minder risiko's inhou vir die opdoen of oordra van MIV; soos masturbasie, die gebruik van seksspeelgoed en vibrators? Kan hierdie alternatiewe metodes weduwees help om hul seksuele spanning te verminder en seksuele genot te ervaar? Indien hierdie, of ander geskikte metodes, deur die kerk benut word, hoe kan weduwees verryk word deur betekenisvol tot hul geloof in God te leef? Vir die kerk om weduwees te leer om “nee” te sê vir seksuele intimiteit buite die huwelik klink onverantwoordelik en onrealisties as die heersende getal weduwees in die kerk en hul ouderdomme in ag geneem word. Die dilemma is egter vir hulle om seksuele intimiteit te beleef sonder om ander eksistensiële vraagstukke te skep, wat hulle dwing om saam te leef met skuldgevoelens en in die proses betekenis in hul God verloor. Is die kerk bereid om noukeurig te kyk na weduweeskap en seksualiteit in hierdie era van die MIV en VIGS pandemie? Die MIV en VIGS pandemie daag die kerk uit om beleide te formuleer en pastorale teologie te herdefinieer op 'n manier wat relevant is tot die ontdekking van 'n God wat medelydend en betroubaar is en wat betekenis kan gee aan lyding.

Orientador: Antonio Bento Alves de Moraes<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T23:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fusco_Viviane_M.pdf: 3485174 bytes, checksum: 12c7042526709d243f64f1d0f539907b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994<br>Resumo: A disfunção da articulação temporomandibular (A.T.M) afeta uma larga escala da população. Na literatura há relatos de que os pacientes portadores dessa disfunção apresentam sinais e sintomas característicos, como sons articulares, dor durante a função mandibular, limitação de movimentos mandibulares e sensibilidade à palpação muscular, embora haja uma variabilidade na descrição dos mesmos. Todos estudos concordam que a dor é o sintoma mais comum, sendo crônica, o que caracteriza uma experiência diferente e muito mais complexa que a dor aguda. Assim sendo, diante da freqüência da dor crônica nesses pacientes, propusemo-nos a investigar se há alteração no nível da dor com a administração de placebo, considerando-se duas dimensões da dor: a intensidade {dimensão sensorial) e a desagradabilidade (dimensão afetiva). Para isso, no presente estudo, 33 pacientes do sexo feminino portadores de disfunção da A.T.M. foram submetidos a um tratamento com cápsulas de placebo por um período de 15 dias consecutivos, durante o qual preencheram uma ficha de avaliação diária da dor. Este último instrumento é composto por escalas visuais analógicas, que representam as duas dimensões da dor citadas anteriormente. Foi aplicada, também, a escala de reajustamento social, que visa avaliar o nível de estresse oriundo de fontes externas a que o paciente esteve sujeito nos últimos 12 meses e a possível relação entre o nível de estresse e a alteração da dor através com o uso de placebo. Dos 33 pacientes, 18 usaram outras medicações (analgésicos, antiinflamatórios e relaxantes musculares) além do placebo (GRUPO PLACEBO COM MEDICAÇÃO) e 15 usaram somente o placebo (GRUPO PLACEBO SEM MEDICAÇÃO). Os pacientes foram divididos, ainda, de acordo com o "score" obtido na Escala de Reajustamento Social, dando origem a seis SUBGRUPOS de pacientes. Apenas o SUBGRUPO do PLACEBO SEM MEDICAÇÃO, com "score" entre 151 e 300 apresentou curva de intensidade e de desagradabílidade dolorosa nitidamente decrescente, o que poderia supostamente ser um indicador do efeito placebo. No entanto, não foi observado o mesmo resultado no conjunto homólogo do GRUPO PLACEBO COM MEDICAÇÃO. Utilizando-se o critério de variação da intensidade e da desagradabílidade da dor, obtidas através das médias diárias, antes e após o tratamento com placebo, observou-se que: - houve redução em 04 dos 06 SUBGRUPOS de pacientes em relação à intensidade da dor; - houve redução em 05 dos 06 SUBGRUPOS de pacientes em relação à desagradabilidade. No entanto, não se pode concluir a ocorrência do efeito placebo, embora pareça razoável levantar essa hipótese. Foi realizada, ainda paia embasar os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da escala de reajustamentos social nos pacientes portadores de disfunção da A.T.M., a alicação do mesmo instrumento em 33 mulheres sem história ou relato de sintomatologia de disfunção de A.T.M. Observou-se que 13 pacientes (43,33%) apresentaram "score" menor que 150, 19 pacientes apresentaram "score" entre 150 e 300 (63,33%) e 1 paciente (3,33%) apresentou "score"maior que 300. Esses resultados sugerem que os pacientes com disfunção de A.T.M. possuem níveis de estresse superiores ao da população normal<br>Abstract: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction has a high occurrence on population. In literature there are reports showing that patients present characteristic signs and symptoms as articular sounds, pain during mandibular function, limited mandibular moviments and sensitivity to muscular palpation. All studies agree that pain is the most frequently related symptom. It is chronic, which indicates a different and complex experience than acute pain. The objective of this investigation was evaluate the eventual pain changes on patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, considering two dimensions of pain: intensity (sensorial dimension) and displeasement (emotional dimension). 33 female patients were submitted to treatment with placebo for a consecutive period of 15 days where they filled a Daily Pain Evaluation Card, which is an instrument composed by analogic visual scales, that represent the two pain dimensions. A Social Readjustment Scale was also applied in order to evaluate the stress degree arising from external events which the patient was submitted on the last 12 months and the possible relationship between stress degree and pain reduction tlirough placebo. Out of 33 patients group, 18 took other drugs besides the placebo (DRUG WITH PLACEBO GROUP) and 15 took only placebo (PLACEBO WITHOUT DRUG GROUP). Patients were also divided according to their scores obtained from the Social Readjustment Scale, originating 6 sets of patients. Only PLACEBO WITHOUT DRUG GROUP set scores from 150 to 300 showed a marked decreasing tendency, which could be an indicator of placebo effect. However, the same result was not observed from the homologous set of PLACEBO PLUS DRUG GROUP. Using the pain intensity and displeasement variation criteria obtained from daily measurements before and after placebo treatment, it was observed that; - there was pain reduction from 4 out of the 6 patients related to the pain intensity set; - there was reduction from 5 out of 6 patients related to the pain despleasement set. So it seems reasonable to rise the hipothesis of occurence of the placebo effect.. It was also carried out the application of the Social Readjustment Scale on 33 patients without history or symptomatology of T.M.J, dysfunction and it was observed that 13 patients (43,44%) showed score below 150, 19 patients (63,33%) showed score between 150 and 300 and 1 patient (3,33%) showed score higher than 300. These results suggest that patients with T.M. J. dysfunction have stress levels higher than the normal population<br>Mestrado<br>Farmacologia<br>Mestre em Ciências

Orientador: Everaldo Oliveira Santos Bacchi<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T04:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Attizzani_Adelqui_D.pdf: 6555217 bytes, checksum: 055838a414c489d97db400e03ca8c048 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991<br>Resumo: Utilizando Cefalometria Radiológica e Radiografia Transcraniana Lateral Obliqua da ATM, foi analisado o comportamento de diversas variáveis cefalométricas e articulares em 33 individuos portadores de Classe I de Angle na faixa etária de 10 a 13 anos e 5 meses. de ambos os sexos. estudantes dos Cursos de 1° Grau de Estabelecimentos Oficiais de Ensino de Jundiai - SP. Foram examinados clinicamente 412 individuos. dos quais foram selecionados 33 portadores de Classe I. Após a avaliação estatística dos dados, obtivemos resultados que nos permitiram concluir o seguinte: 1 - Existe correlação significante entre o ângulo de inclinação anterior da fossa mandi bul ar e o ângulo FMA. 2 - Existe correlação significante entre o ângulo de inclinação anterior da fossa mandibular, quando avaliado pelo processo Cefalométrico Lateral e pela R. T.L.O. 3 - As médias das distâncias superiores dos côndilos mandibulares em relação às suas respectivas fossas, do lado esquerdo e direito não são estatisticamente diferentes. quando avaliadas pela Radiografia Transcraniana Lateral Oblíqua. bem como quando comparamos a ATM direita. obtida na R.T.L.O.. com a imagem articular medida na Telerradiografia<br>Abstract: By using Cephalometric X-ray and Oblique Lateral Transcranial Projection of TMJ was analized the behaviour of some cephalometric and joint variable in 33 individuals with Angle's Class I malocclusion from 10 to 13-years and S-month-old, both sex, belonging to public schools in Jundiai Chigh-school). 412 individuals were clinically examined and 33 of them with Angle's Class I were selected. After statistical evaluation of data we've gotten results that permit us to conclude the following: 1 - There is significant correlation between the anterior inciination angle of the mandibular fossa and the FMA angle. 2 - There is significant correlation between the anterior inciination angle of the mandibular fossa when we compare the Cepha ometric and O. L. T. P. methods. 3 - The range of upper distances from the mandibular condyles to own right and left fossa doesn't show a any statistical difference in the O. L. T. P. and i t also happens hen we compare the right. TMJ from O. L. T. P. to the articular image from Cephalometric X-ray<br>Doutorado<br>Ortodontia<br>Doutor em Ciências

South Africa is in the process of change. This changes taking place in South Africa at present have influenced all people in some other way. These people come from different cultures, each with its own background, beliefs and values. South Africa is a new nation, focusing especially on a non-racial, non-sexist democracy with equal representation on all levels. Therefore the authors of the new Labour Relations Act found it expedient to introduce the concept of affirmative action in the legislation as an effort to bring about industrial democracy at the workplace. Viewpoints on the issue of affirmative action are highly divergent, especially in a deeply divided society such as South Africa. Nevertheless, various factors can contribute towards the implementation of affirmative action strategy and the successful management of change and the resistance towards it. Consequently, it is the management's responsibility to monitor the effect of change and affirmative action in order to bring about possible solutions to manage the impacts, so as to ensure the effective and peaceful growth of the company. It is a well-known fact that all employees (i.e. from top management to shopfloor workers) of any organisation is directly or indirectly influenced by change. There is a high possibility that some of those employees might resist change due to past experiences, negative attitudes, uncertainty of the unknown etc. On the other hand others might accept change because they might benefit a lot from it and have high expectations, because of this resistance the relationship between employer and employees (industrial relations) is negatively influenced. The following might result in lack of trust, lack of respect, poor performance, early retirements, lack of acceptance, labour turnover and hostility. In turn affirmative action is perceived as a reverse discrimination by other groups within the organisation. Hence the researcher believes that South Africa must find its own solutions and create its own future, one of equality and representation so that everyone will be satisfied at the end of the day. The main objective of the research is to study the concept of affirmative action and to explore various strategies that could be used to implement the concept so that it benefits both the employer and the employee. THE SECONDARY AIMS OF THIS STUDY CAN BE SUMMARISED AS FOLLOWS: To analyse affirmative action To determine the impact of affirmative action as a means of change on the organisation To find out the attitude of different stakeholders (i.e. top management, middle line management, supervisors, unionised and non-unionised shopfloor workers), with regard to affirmative action To find out ways in which stakeholders can adapt to change To determine the effective and ineffective implementation methods of affirmative action To find out the failures and successes of affirmative action RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research is divided into two parts, namely literature review and empirical research A theoretical orientation was done mainly focusing on affirmative action within a large South African organisation. Too much emphasis was placed on the implementation of change. This was followed by an empirical study within the already mentioned organisation. In the empirical survey, a questionnaire was developed using the information gathered from a literature review. Initially the questionnaire was presented to the study leader and validity of questionnaire was determined and statistical techniques used were also identified. The researcher used unstructured/informal personal interviews in the process of distributing and collecting questionnaire for the accumulation of data. MAJOR FINDINGS Some of the core findings are listed below A tremendous 97,97% of respondents on all levels admit to have some knowledge of affirmative action. Even though change seems to be resisted by most groups, about 61,22% of both males and females found changes to be acceptable in their departments. With regard to the management of change about 41% of age group of 30 to 39 years as compared to others, said change should definitely be managed. A remarkable 97,95% of respondents in standard 9 to 10 believes that without a doubt resistance to change need to be managed whereas only 2,05% in standard 6 to 8 agrees with that. In total about 54,6194 of respondents from different tertiary institutions gave affirmative action a meaning of equal opportunity. On the other hand 45,39% defined the concept as correcting past wrongs. As the researcher initially mentioned different meanings of affirmative action are given by various people. It all depends on an individual understanding of the term itself. The majority of Asian/Indian respondents (71,88%) concur that affirmative action is applied in Company X as compared to the Tswana (2,67%). About 97,96% of respondents with knowledge of affirmative action agrees that development programmes are equally available to all staff whereas 2,04% disagree. Some of the successes of affirmative action are the following: 1. Good communication 2. Appointing skilled people for positions 3. Commitment of top management The following are the failures of affirmative action as per various respondents: 1 . Poor communication 2. Lack of monitors 3. No equal employment opportunities 4. Lack of trust 5. Unrealistic fears of the unknown CONCLUSION The implementation of the affirmative action brought about some negative impacts on the existing groups within organisations. This is one of the factors that hampers the employer-employee relationship. These are the reasons why industrial Relations Practitioners must be part of the planning and implementation phases of an organisation going through change. This will be one of the major drivers in bringing about the success of affirmative action from the empirical study at large it is obvious that the majority of employees on different levels are beginning to adapt to affirmative action as a means of change even though some minority still resist it. This answers the researcher's question on whether affirmative action is the solution for future organisations. But it will only be a solution if there is explicit commitment from top management to the implementation of the affirmative action process. It is imperative that top management are seen to "champion" the process and that they consistently monitor, evaluate and insist on progress towards the agreed-upon objectives and standards. Line managers should also be made accountable for the development of the organisation's human resources department function are over. Therefore positive affirmative action strategy will prevail and benefit everyone equally.<br>Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001.

One of the major concerns that has been facing South Africa in recent years is the amount of gaseous pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The Mpumalanga province is largely an industrialised area, which contributes approximately 83% to the country's total coal production. Eastern Gauteng and western Mpumalanga were identified as an air pollution hotspot and therefore declared the Mpumalanga Highveld Priority Area (HPA) on 4 May 2007. Diverse anthropogenic activities in this region result in high levels of organic aromates, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), as well as nitrogen dioxide (N02), sulphur dioxide (S02) and ozone (03). The monitoring of inorganic gases with active and passive samplers is well established in South Africa. In contrast, very little data exists for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which necessitates the measurement of these gases. Therefore, the primary aim of this research project is to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of BTEX, N02, S02, and 03 in the HPA. A vertical assessment of BTEX was also conducted, in order to compare the upper atmospheric concentrations with the ground-level measurements. Lastly, all data were compared to the current legislation, in order to establish compliance. Eight sites, within a grid of 600 km2, were selected for the sampling. Passive sampling for the selected criteria pollutants was conducted on a monthly basis for a period of one year. The ground-level concentrations of BTEX were measured with Tenax TA adsorbent tubes, while N02, S02 and 03 were measured with passive samplers developed and used by the Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group of the North-West University. Vertical BTEX profiles were obtained with a Cessna 182 during a two-day winter and a two-day summer field campaign utilising 6L TO-14 canisters and absorbent tubes. Flights were undertaken at two altitudes, 500 ft and 1 500 ft above ground level (AGL), and on three flight paths. VOC samples were analysed, by using a gas chromatograph attached to a mass spectrometer for detection. Adsorbent tube samples were introduced into the system by a thermo desorber, while the canister had a slight modified inlet. Sulphurdioxide and 03 analyses were done on an Ion Chromatograph, while a UV-visible Spectrophotometer was used for N02 analysis. The spatial distribution of N02, S02, and BTEX indicated an increase towards the western parts of the HPA. This can be attributed to the prevailing north-easterly winds, as well as the increased industrial activity in the western parts. The rural areas such as Balfour and Delmas were influenced by the industrial activities in the surrounding areas. The temporal distribution of the inorganic gaseous species N02, S02, and 03 indicated seasonal trends. The N02 and S02 peaked during winter because of meteorological conditions that trap and recirculate the air mass, as well as increased household and biomass combustion. The 03 peak during spring could be explain by the CO peak, which is probably the most important 03 precursor species in South African conditions. The CO peak occurred due to increased veldt fires during the dry season. No seasonal trend was observed for BTEX. From the vertical BTEX assessment, it was clear that no significant difference exists between the upper atmospheric concentrations and the ground-level measurement. A good comparison between the canisters and adsorbent tubes was found. All the measured species were below their national- and proposed standards. However, the higher levels of S02, N02, and BTEX, measured in the western parts of the HPA, require attention. Witbank was the most polluted municipal area that was monitored.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Unreliable and unsustainable electricity supply has been experienced in South Africa since 2007. Eskom implemented Demand Side Management (DSM) as a short-term solution to alleviate this problem. Several compressed-air DSM projects were implemented to help reduce the strain on the electrical network. Compressed air is an integral part of production in deep-level mining, and is extensively utilised. Problems are encountered with the effective management and repairing of leaks, since the majority of mines have little to no procedures in place for leak management. Awareness of the condition of the compressed-air system and leaks needed to be created at management level in order to achieve the best results. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of proper leak management on compressed-air systems in the mining industry. Peak-clipping DSM projects implemented in the mining industry were used for evaluation of results. Contribution to the sustainability of compressed-air DSM projects savings through successful leak documentation was the prime focus of this study. This was achieved through the development of a Compressed Air Leakage Documentation System (CALDS). This entailed the electronic field-data capture and record keeping of field data, using rugged PDA devices suitable for the extreme environmental conditions encountered in deep-level mining. Report generation on the status of detected leaks created awareness of compressedair- system performance and leak-repair tracking at management level. Audible detection was sufficient for this study, since the focus was on the larger more-severe leaks. Leaks were expressed in monetary terms to indicate the severity. It was found that successful management of leaks could contribute to an increase of as much as 85% in project savings. The results also showed that creating awareness through documentation of leaks, and the effect this has on the system, resulted in regular repairing of these leaks. Sustainability of projects was maintained during an evaluation period of ten months, with projects achieving on average 125% of target savings. The study showed that effective reporting on compressed-air leaks resulted in increased system efficiency and sustainable DSM project savings. It was also seen that leak detection by outsourced companies did not necessarily result in financial savings. When the mine took responsibility for its own leak detection and repairs, significant savings were realised.<br>Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

During the 1910s, there was an increasing concerted effort on the part of Canadian artists to create art and literature which would affirm Canada's sense of nationhood and modernity. Although in agreement that Canada desperately required its own culture, the Canadian artistic community was divided on what Canadian culture ought to be. For the majority of Canadian painters, writers, critics and readers, the future of the Canadian arts, especially poetry and painting, lay in Canada's past. These cultural conservatives championed art which mirrored its European and Canadian predecessors. Their domination of the arts left little room for the progressive minority, who rebelled against prevailing artistic standards. In painting, the Group of Seven was one of the first groups to challenge this stranglehold on Canadian culture. The Group waged a protracted and vocal campaign for the advancement of Canadian approaches and subjects. In literature, A. J. M. Smith and F. R. Scott began a similar movement to modernize Canadian poetry and reform critical standards. By examining the poetry, essays, criticism and archival material of these poets and painters, the thesis establishes strong parallels between the modernist campaigns of these two groups and investigates this cross-fertilization between the modern Canadian arts.