Literatura académica sobre el tema "Analyse du cycle de coût"

Les structures de génie civil, en particulier les ponts en béton armé, doivent être conçues et gérées pour assurer les besoins de transport et de communication dans la société. Il est indispensable de garantir un fonctionnement convenable et sécuritaire de ces structures, puisque les défaillances peuvent conduire à des perturbations du transport, des pertes catastrophiques de concessions et des pertes de vies humaines, avec des impacts économiques, sociétaux et environnementaux graves, à court et à long termes. Les gestionnaires entreprennent diverses activités pour maintenir la performance et le fonctionnement adéquat à long terme, tout en satisfaisant les contraintes financières et sécuritaires. Idéalement, ils peuvent recourir à des techniques d'optimisation pour établir les compromis entre la réduction du coût du cycle de vie (LCC) et la maximisation de la durée de vie. Cela nécessite le développement de l’analyse du cycle de vie, de l’analyse de fiabilité et de l'optimisation structurale.Les approches actuelles pour la conception et la gestion des structures s’appuyant sur l’analyse du coût de cycle de vie, montrent les besoins suivants : (1) une approche intégrée et systématique pour modéliser de façon cohérente les processus de dégradation, les charges de trafic, le vieillissement et les conséquences directes et indirectes de la défaillance, (2) une considération complète des dépendances économiques, structurales et stochastiques entre les différents éléments de l’ouvrage, (3) une approche permettant de modéliser efficacement un système structural formé de plusieurs éléments interdépendants, (4) une évaluation des conséquences de la dégradation et de la redistribution des charges entre les éléments en tenant compte de la redondance du système et de la configuration de l’ouvrage, (5) une méthode d'optimisation de la conception et de la maintenance qui préserve l’exigence de fiabilité tout en considérant la robustesse de la décision. L'objectif global de cette thèse est de fournir des procédures améliorées qui peuvent être appliquées à la conception et à la gestion fiabilistes et robustes des ouvrages en béton armé, en réduisant les coûts supportés par les gestionnaires et les utilisateurs, tout en tenant compte des dépendances entre les éléments. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, une synthèse bibliographique concernant les procédures de la conception et de la maintenance basée sur des calculs fiabilistes est présentée, et les différents composants du LCC sont développés. Ensuite, une approche est proposée pour la conception des ouvrages en tenant compte du coût aux usagers et en intégrant dans la fonction du coût de cycle de vie. Le modèle couplé corrosion-fatigue est aussi considéré dans l’optimisation de la conception. La planification de la maintenance des ouvrages est ensuite développée, en considérant les différents types d'interaction entre les éléments, en particulier les dépendances économiques, structurales et stochastiques. Ce modèle utilise l'analyse de l'arbre de défaillance et les probabilités conditionnelles pour tenir compte des dépendances dans la planification de la maintenance. Les conséquences de la dégradation et de la redistribution des charges sont prises en compte dans l'approche proposée. Par ailleurs, une méthode pratique de calcul de la fiabilité d'un système formé de plusieurs composantes interdépendantes est proposée, à travers un facteur de redondance calculé par la modélisation mécanique. Enfin, une nouvelle procédure d'optimisation est proposée, permettant de tenir compte des incertitudes dans le système et la capacité structurale de s'adapter aux variabilités intrinsèques. La procédure proposée tient compte des incertitudes et de la variabilité dans une formulation cohérente, validée au moyen des applications numériques. (...)<br>Civil engineering structures, particularly reinforced concrete bridges, should be designed and managed to ensure the society needs. It is crucial to assure that these structures function properly and safely as damage during the service life can lead to transport disturbance, catastrophic loss of property, causalities, as well as severe economic, social, and environmental impacts, in addition to long term consequences. Decision-makers adopt various activities to maintain adequate long-term performance and functionality while satisfying financial constraints. Ideally, they may employ optimization techniques to identify the trade-offs between minimizing the life-cycle cost (LCC) and maximizing the expected service life. This requires the development of three challenging chores: life cycle analysis, reliability analysis and structural optimization. The current approaches for the design and management of structures through a Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) highlight the following needs: (1) an integrated and systematic approach to model coherently the deterioration processes, the increasing traffic loads, the aging and the direct and indirect consequences of failure, (2) a mutual consideration of economic, structural and stochastic dependencies between the elements of a structural system, (3) an adequate approach for the deterioration dependencies and load redistribution between the elements, (4) an improvement of system reliability computation as a function of the structural redundancy and configuration that can take into account the dependencies between the elements, (5) a consideration of design and maintenance optimization procedures that focus coherently on the robustness of the management decision and on the satisfaction of reliability requirements.The overall objective of this study is to provide improved LCCA and procedures that can be applied to select optimal and robust design and maintenance decisions regarding new and existing reinforced concrete structures, by minimizing both manager and user costs, while providing the required safety along the structure lifetime, taking into account the most severe degradation processes and the dependencies between structural elements. In the first part of this thesis, a literature review concerning the current probabilistic design and maintenance procedures is presented, and the LCC components are discussed. Then, a new approach is developed to evaluate the user delay costs on a reinforced concrete bridge structure, based on direct and indirect costs related to degradation and failure, and to integrate it to the life cycle cost function, in order to allow for probabilistic design. In addition,the coupled corrosion-fatigue model is considered in the design optimization. Afterward, a structural maintenance planning approach is developed to consider the three types of interactions, namely economic, structural and stochastic dependencies. The proposed model uses fault tree analysis and conditional probabilities to reflect the dependencies in the maintenance planning. The consequences of degradation are evaluated and a method is proposed to account for the load redistribution. Moreover, a practical formulation for quantifying the reliability of a system formed of interrelated components is proposed, by the mean of a redundancy factor that can be computed by finite element analysis. Finally, a new optimization procedure is proposed, by taking into account the uncertainties in the analysis, and the structural ability to adapt to variability, unforeseen actions or deterioration mechanisms. The proposed procedure takes account of uncertainties andvariability in one consistent formulation, which is shown through numerical applications. (...)

Le processus de dimensionnement des structures et des systèmes mécaniques comportent de plusieurs étapes, allant de la définition des conditions et des besoins tout au long du cycle de vie, en vue de la spécification de la capacité et de la résistance requises pour accomplir les missions escomptées. La fiabilité figure parmi les objectifs les plus importants pour les fabricants, en plus de l'aspect économique, facteur clé, qui influence largement le processus de conception. Dans ce contexte, la conception doit être élaborée afin de définir le meilleur compromis entre la fiabilité et le coût. Ce qui implique une étude précise et détaillée de tout le cycle de vie du produit, de la naissance jusqu'à la mise au rebus. Cette étude couvre les différentes phases du cycle de vie du produit, en intégrant la nécessité de démontrer la fiabilité du produit avant de commencer la production en série, sous des contraintes de coût et de délais. Ce travail vise à donner des éléments de réponse aux trois questions suivantes : * Comment peut-on démontrer la fiabilité du produit à partir de quelques essais ? Parmi les quatre approches considérées, la méthode de composition des incertitudes montre sa robustesse pour démontrer la fiabilité du produit, sans pour autant conduire à un surdimensionnement excessif. * Quel est le critère permettant une conception robuste sous des charges répétitives pour un système non dégradable ? Dans la phase utile du cycle de vie du produit, la défaillance est principalement due à la variabilité des charges appliquées lorsque la résistance n'est pas dégradée. Le modèle d'interférence contrainte-résistance considère la probabilité de défaillance comme cible de conception. Cependant, pour le cas des charges répétitives, ce critère est sensible au nombre d'applications de ces charges. Pour cela, la conception basée sur le hasard est proposée comme outil robuste pour la conception des composants intrinsèquement fiables. * Quelle est l'approche générale permettant de traiter les mécanismes de dégradation ? Dans la phase de vieillissement, la modélisation de la dégradation est obligatoire pour plusieurs raisons, telles que la maîtrise des risques industriels et la gestion du cycle de vie. La fonction de hasard fournit un indicateur approprié pour la prévision de l'état de dégradation et par conséquent, l'estimation de la durée de vie résiduelle.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2012-2013.<br>Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, les méthodologies de l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) et de l’analyse du cycle de coûts (ACC) sont appliquées à un système d’épuration des eaux usées municipales (STEP) afin de réaliser une évaluation intégrée du profil environnemental et économique du système. Suite à la revue de la littérature des ACVs portant sur des STEPs, des limitations ont été décelées en ce qui a trait à la définition de la fonction du système lors de la première étape de la réalisation de l’ACV. Les limitations dénotées ont mené au développement d’une méthodologie reposant sur le concept de bénéfice environnemental net (BEN) afin d’y pallier. La mise en application du concept de BEN requiert de réaliser des ACVs afin d’évaluer les impacts environnementaux potentiels évités et induits par l’épuration des eaux. Les impacts évités correspondent alors à la différence d’impacts potentiels entre un scénario hypothétique de rejet des eaux usées brutes et un scénario de rejet des eaux usées épurées par la STEP. Les impacts induits correspondent aux impacts générés par le cycle de vie du système d’épuration. Il est à noter que la présentation du concept de BEN ainsi que son application à une l’étude de cas font l’objet d’une publication (Godin et coll., 2012). Les méthodologies du BEN et de l’ACC sont appliquées à l’étude de cas d’un système d’épuration constitué d’étangs aérés facultatifs. Des inventaires des charges des polluants de l’affluent et de l’effluent de la STEP sont compilés afin d’évaluer les impacts potentiels évités en considérant les charges en matières organiques, en nutriments et en métaux lourds ainsi qu’en estimant les émissions potentielles de gaz à effet de serre des rejets directs de matière organique et d’azote au milieu récepteur. Les inventaires de caractérisation des impacts du cycle de vie du système incluent la phase de construction, l’opération ainsi que l’évaluation des impacts induits par une disposition des boues par épandage sur sol agricole et sur sol forestier. L’ACVI réalisée en ayant recours à la méthode ReCiPe et en mettant de l’avant le concept de BEN permet de constater le compromis environnemental fourni par le système d’épuration. L’évaluation comparée de l’ACC et de l’ACV du cycle de vie du système permet d’évaluer la contribution relative des différents éléments du cycle de vie sous les aspects environnementaux et économiques. La comparaison des variantes de disposition des boues permet, quant à elle, de comparer les effets sur les catégories d’impacts potentiels liées à la toxicité du choix du milieu récepteur des boues. L’application de la méthodologie du BEN lors de la réalisation d’ACV portant sur des STEPs permet de définir plus clairement la fonction principale de la STEP et permet d’éviter de considérer la STEP comme une source majeure de pollution. Elle fait de plus ressortir le manque de suivi des eaux usées en ce qui a trait à l’affluent ainsi qu’aux micropolluants.<br>Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies are applied to a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in order to conduct an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the system. A Literature review showed that the system function definition has received little attention despite its great importance in past LCA studies applied to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This has led to some limitations in the interpretation of LCA results. A new methodology to perform LCA on WWTPs is proposed to avoid those limitations. It is based on net environmental benefit (NEB) evaluation and requires assessing the potential impact of releasing wastewater without and with treatment besides assessing the impact of the WWTP’s life cycle. Interested readers can find a presentation of the NEB methodology and its application to a case study of a small municipal WWTP consisting of facultative aerated lagoons in Godin et al., (2012). This thesis presents the life cycle inventories (LCI) conducted to perform the LCAs required to estimate the NEB and also shows the inventory and results of the LCC performed on the case study. LCIs include wastewater characterization (i.e. organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals load), potential greenhouse gas emissions, WWTP construction and operation inventories including sludge removal and disposal. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted using the ReCiPe impact assessment method. LCIA and LCC results allow comparing the relative contribution to environmental potential impacts and economic cost of the life cycle steps of the WWTP. The NEB allows showing the environmental trade-offs between avoided impact due to wastewater treatment and induced impact by the WWTP’s life cycle.

Il y a une préoccupation croissante quant à l’impact de nos modes de consommation et de production sur notre planète, au point que nous atteignons les limites de croissance avec la planète incapable d’assimiler indéfiniment les effets des activités anthropiques. En conséquence, au cours des dernières années, les préoccupations croissantes concernant le changement climatique ont poussé les organisations commerciales à changer leurs priorités, non seulement pour atteindre des objectifs économiques, mais également pour considérer les objectifs écologiques. La foresterie, qui est une partie importante de la nature, a traditionnellement été un fournisseur de matières premières renouvelables pour l’utilisation industrielle (sciage, pâte et papier, panneaux de particules, etc.) et pour le bois de chauffage domestique. Bien que de nombreuses études aient été menées dans ce domaine, peu d’attention a été accordée à l’importance de l’évaluation monétaire de l’impact environnemental négatif pour déterminer le véritable prix des produits en bois et prendre une décision éclairée pour l’investissement. Cette étude vise à évaluer la performance économique et environnementale de cinq produits en bois de pin maritime, issus du processus Gate-to-Gate dans la forêt des Landes de Gascogne en France. Les données ont été collectées sur la base d’une revue de la littérature et des références mentionnées dans le chapitre quatre et le chapitre cinq de cette étude, puis ces données ont été utilisées dans l’analyse du logiciel semipro pour identifier l’impact environnemental (Gate-to-gate) pour les produits étudiés par la méthodologie d’évaluation du cycle de vie (LCA) et un modèle de coût a été établi pour chaque produit par la méthodologie de coût du cycle de vie (LCC). Ensuite, les deux méthodologies ont été liées en utilisant la comptabilité des coûts des flux de matières (MFCA), et les résultats ont correspondu à la part de marché spécifiée dans le chapitre trois par l’analyse des flux de matières (MFA)<br>There is an increasing understanding that our consumption and production patterns have to change to stay within our planetary boundaries, the planet being unable to indefinitely assimilate the effects of current anthropic activities. Correspondingly, in recent years, growing concerns about climate change pollution and biodiversity loss have driven business organizations to change their priorities, not only to achieve economic objectives, but also to consider ecological goals. Forestry, an important part of natural systems, has been a traditional supplier of renewable raw materials for industrial use (e.g., sawmilling for construction wood, pulp and paper, particle boards), as well as for domestic fuelwood. Although many studies have been conducted in this field, little attention has been paid to the importance of the monetary valuation of negative environmental impacts in order to determine the true price of wood products to take informed investment decisions. This study aims to assess economic and environmental performance of five maritime pinewood products during the gate-to-gate process (harvesting to semifinal product) in the Landes de Gascogne Forest (“Landes Forest”) in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France. The product groups considered are construction wood, pulp, plywood, pellets and pallets. For this purpose, the study uses several systemanalytical methods in combination: material flow analysis (MFA), life-cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC) and material flow cost accounting (MFCA). The relevant MFA data in Chapter 3 was collected from an industrial partner and based on databases, literature sources and other references to obtain Life Cycle Inventories for the LCA study in Chapter 4. The LCA software SimaPro was used for this analysis, applying the ReCiPe life-cycle impact assessment method to identify the environmental impact (gate-to-gate) of the studied products. A cost model based on the Environmental Prices Handbook was developed in Chapter 5 to estimate the external costs based on the environmental impact results. This has been set for each product group and integrated into environmental LCC to compare the external with the internal costs, in far as possible with the data available. The methodologies have been tied together in Chapter 6 using MFCA; results correspond to the market share specified in Chapter 3 by MFA. We found that, among the studied products, unbleached pulp and plywood production have the highest economic and environmental costs at €32.36/€15.13 and €27.22/€7.14, respectively. That means that the best use of raw timber is as construction wood due to two reasons: first, the long lifespan of construction wood compared to other studied products; second, not only is less energy is required in the production process, but chemical materials are also absent from the process. This study proposes a suitable methodology framework for the economic and environmental assessment of forest products and other industries. Moreover, this work reviews the design and monitoring of wood from a sustainable resource and environmental impact perspective The environmental impacts costs (external costs or externalities) and key internal costs have been estimated for studied product groups. [...]

The recognition of nature in the resolution of societal challenges has been growing in relevance. This recognition has been associated with the development of new concepts from science and policy such as natural capital, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and more recently Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS intends to address societal challenges in an effective and adaptive form providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. The overall aim of this PhD thesis is to develop an environmental and economic assessment of NBS for highly urbanised territories based on rationales and models underpinning ecosystem services, urban/landscape ecology, and life cycle thinking approaches. This combined evaluation approach would help to better understand if NBS are cost-effective or not. The aim is developed according to four specific objectives. The first objective corresponds to the characterisation of NBS in relation to urban contexts and the problematics that they can help to address or mitigate. To achieve this objective a critical review on the study of the relationship between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) was developed. As a main output, a graph of plausible cause-effect relationships between NBS, ES and UC is obtained. The graph represents a first step to support sustainable urban planning, moving from problems (i.e. urban challenges) to actions (i.e. NBS) to resolutions (i.e. ES). The second objective corresponds to the definition of an adequate set of biophysical and monetary assessment methods and indicators to evaluate the value of NBS in urbanised contexts. To achieve this objective, a review of existing methods on ecosystem services valuation, life cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment are developed. The review takes into account specific constraints such as easiness to use and availability of data. At the end, potential methods and indicators were selected, which will be later integrated in the combined assessment framework. The third objective corresponds to the design of a combined assessment framework integrating methods from life cycle assessment, landscape/urban ecology and ecosystem services that quantifies the environmental and economic value of NBS informing about the cost-effectiveness of its entire life cycle. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework is developed. From it, a system dynamics model of ecosystem (dis)services is developed and coupled with a life cycle assessment method. The combined evaluation is tested with a relevant NBS type (i.e. urban forest) in a case study in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The fourth objective is the development of a decision support (DSS) tool that integrates the assessment framework as part of iterative design processes in urban planning and landscape design. The DSS intends to enhance the interrelation between science, policy and planning/design. To achieve this objective a user-friendly web-based prototype DSS on NBS, called NBenefit$®, is developed. The prototype DSS provides the user a simple form of quantifying the provision of multiple ES and costs over the entire life cycle (implementation, operational life, and end-of-life) of NBS. This thesis contributed to the characterisation of NBS and its environmental and economic assessment to inform urban planning and landscape design processes, allowing decisions that are more informed.<br>Il riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.

The recognition of nature in the resolution of societal challenges has been growing in relevance. This recognition has been associated with the development of new concepts from science and policy such as natural capital, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and more recently Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS intends to address societal challenges in an effective and adaptive form providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. The overall aim of this PhD thesis is to develop an environmental and economic assessment of NBS for highly urbanised territories based on rationales and models underpinning ecosystem services, urban/landscape ecology, and life cycle thinking approaches. This combined evaluation approach would help to better understand if NBS are cost-effective or not. The aim is developed according to four specific objectives. The first objective corresponds to the characterisation of NBS in relation to urban contexts and the problematics that they can help to address or mitigate. To achieve this objective a critical review on the study of the relationship between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) was developed. As a main output, a graph of plausible cause-effect relationships between NBS, ES and UC is obtained. The graph represents a first step to support sustainable urban planning, moving from problems (i.e. urban challenges) to actions (i.e. NBS) to resolutions (i.e. ES). The second objective corresponds to the definition of an adequate set of biophysical and monetary assessment methods and indicators to evaluate the value of NBS in urbanised contexts. To achieve this objective, a review of existing methods on ecosystem services valuation, life cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment are developed. The review takes into account specific constraints such as easiness to use and availability of data. At the end, potential methods and indicators were selected, which will be later integrated in the combined assessment framework. The third objective corresponds to the design of a combined assessment framework integrating methods from life cycle assessment, landscape/urban ecology and ecosystem services that quantifies the environmental and economic value of NBS informing about the cost-effectiveness of its entire life cycle. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework is developed. From it, a system dynamics model of ecosystem (dis)services is developed and coupled with a life cycle assessment method. The combined evaluation is tested with a relevant NBS type (i.e. urban forest) in a case study in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The fourth objective is the development of a decision support (DSS) tool that integrates the assessment framework as part of iterative design processes in urban planning and landscape design. The DSS intends to enhance the interrelation between science, policy and planning/design. To achieve this objective a user-friendly web-based prototype DSS on NBS, called NBenefit$®, is developed. The prototype DSS provides the user a simple form of quantifying the provision of multiple ES and costs over the entire life cycle (implementation, operational life, and end-of-life) of NBS. This thesis contributed to the characterisation of NBS and its environmental and economic assessment to inform urban planning and landscape design processes, allowing decisions that are more informed.<br>Il riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.

Avec l’apparition des différentes normes et règlementations telles que les normes ISO 14001, les préoccupations industrielles y compris ferroviaires sont de plus en plus orientés vers l’éco-conception. La problématique la plus importante dans l’éco-conception des produits ferroviaires est de réduire leurs impacts environnementaux tout en maintenant leurs performances fonctionnelles et en maitrisant le coût. La solution pour surmonter ce problème est de trouver un ensemble de compromis entre les deux objectifs (impacts et coût).L’éco-conception des produits ferroviaires présentent plusieurs difficultés parce que, d’une part, leur analyse de cycle de vie est très lourde. D’autre part, l’intégration de leurs impacts dans la phase de conception est délicate vu leur nombre. Enfin, ces composants ont parfois différents types de modèles à exploiter car ils présentent des compromis entre la précision et le temps de calcul. Pour surmonter ces problèmes nous avons présenté dans cette thèse une méthode qui consiste premièrement, à alléger l’ACV à l’aide d’un logiciel de gestion environnementale et d’en profiter pour construire un modèle malléable pour calculer les différents impacts. Deuxièmement, à agréger ces impacts pour obtenir un seul indice qui sera considéré comme notre critère environnemental. Pour exploiter les outils d’optimisation, le problème d’éco-conception est traduit par un problème d’optimisation. Les algorithmes d’optimisation sont capables de trouver l’ensemble de compromis optimaux entre le critère environnemental et la masse (coût) sous forme d’un graphe appelé front de Pareto. Certains algorithmes ont été adaptés pour mieux servir dans l’éco-conception<br>With the introduction of different environmental standards like ISO 14001, concerns of manufacturers in railway industry are more and more oriented to the design of green products. One important issue when designing such products is the control of the cost impact and the evaluation of the price which consumers agree to pay for a reduced environmental footprint.Eco-design of railway train presents several challenges for the designer. The first one is the complexity of the life cycle analysis of such components. The second challenge is the necessity of consideration of several environmental impacts in design stage given the number of impacts. Finally, railway components have different models with different granularity which can be used in the process of eco-design. To overcome these problems we propose in this work a method which involves two steps. The first one is to simplify the LCA of the railway train using environmental management software and take the opportunity to build a malleable model to calculate eleven impacts. The second step, is to aggregate these impacts for a single indicator which is considered later as environmental criterion in the eco-design process. In order to investigate optimization tools, the eco-design problem is expressed into an optimization problem. Optimization algorithms are able to solve this problem and to find the optimal set of compromises between environmental criterion and the cost of the railway product. The set of compromises is given as a graph called the Pareto front. In our work the cost is expressed by the mass of the component and some optimization algorithms have been adapted in this work to serve in the process of eco-design

Avec l’apparition des différentes normes et règlementations telles que les normes ISO 14001, les préoccupations industrielles y compris ferroviaires sont de plus en plus orientés vers l’éco-conception. La problématique la plus importante dans l’éco-conception des produits ferroviaires est de réduire leurs impacts environnementaux tout en maintenant leurs performances fonctionnelles et en maitrisant le coût. La solution pour surmonter ce problème est de trouver un ensemble de compromis entre les deux objectifs (impacts et coût).L’éco-conception des produits ferroviaires présentent plusieurs difficultés parce que, d’une part, leur analyse de cycle de vie est très lourde. D’autre part, l’intégration de leurs impacts dans la phase de conception est délicate vu leur nombre. Enfin, ces composants ont parfois différents types de modèles à exploiter car ils présentent des compromis entre la précision et le temps de calcul. Pour surmonter ces problèmes nous avons présenté dans cette thèse une méthode qui consiste premièrement, à alléger l’ACV à l’aide d’un logiciel de gestion environnementale et d’en profiter pour construire un modèle malléable pour calculer les différents impacts. Deuxièmement, à agréger ces impacts pour obtenir un seul indice qui sera considéré comme notre critère environnemental. Pour exploiter les outils d’optimisation, le problème d’éco-conception est traduit par un problème d’optimisation. Les algorithmes d’optimisation sont capables de trouver l’ensemble de compromis optimaux entre le critère environnemental et la masse (coût) sous forme d’un graphe appelé front de Pareto. Certains algorithmes ont été adaptés pour mieux servir dans l’éco-conception<br>With the introduction of different environmental standards like ISO 14001, concerns of manufacturers in railway industry are more and more oriented to the design of green products. One important issue when designing such products is the control of the cost impact and the evaluation of the price which consumers agree to pay for a reduced environmental footprint.Eco-design of railway train presents several challenges for the designer. The first one is the complexity of the life cycle analysis of such components. The second challenge is the necessity of consideration of several environmental impacts in design stage given the number of impacts. Finally, railway components have different models with different granularity which can be used in the process of eco-design. To overcome these problems we propose in this work a method which involves two steps. The first one is to simplify the LCA of the railway train using environmental management software and take the opportunity to build a malleable model to calculate eleven impacts. The second step, is to aggregate these impacts for a single indicator which is considered later as environmental criterion in the eco-design process. In order to investigate optimization tools, the eco-design problem is expressed into an optimization problem. Optimization algorithms are able to solve this problem and to find the optimal set of compromises between environmental criterion and the cost of the railway product. The set of compromises is given as a graph called the Pareto front. In our work the cost is expressed by the mass of the component and some optimization algorithms have been adapted in this work to serve in the process of eco-design

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le développement et la gestion des Systèmes Produit-Service (ou Product-Service Systems, PSS) automobiles. Ces nouvelles offres intégrées de produits et services comportent des spécificités qui obligent à dépasser les démarches de développement des produits historiques considérés. Dans un état de l’art, ces travaux s’intéressent aux cadres méthodologiques pour le développement des PSS. Le premier niveau de ces cadres, focalisé sur les approches d’ingénierie, porte sur le Service Lifecycle Management (SLM) et son interaction avec le Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). Le deuxième niveau du cadre méthodologique s’intéresse aux processus et méthodes de développement des systèmes et PSS. Le troisième niveau du cadre méthodologique s’intéresse aux modélisations de PSS. La proposition est définie à travers les trois niveaux du cadre méthodologique, en respect de 7 critères retenus pour l’ingénierie des PSS. Elle repose sur un schéma d’interaction entre le PLM et le SLM détaillé, supportant un processus de développement, intégrant les pratiques de gestion de la diversité et d’Ingénierie Système. L’ensemble est cohérent avec une modélisation des PSS intégrant les architectures système, et basé sur le FBS et le triplet Result-Ressource-Process essentiels à la description du service. Deux cas d’étude ont permis d’expérimenter cette proposition. Le premier cas d’étude, portant sur un PSS existant et maitrisé, s’est traduit en la spécification d’un outil d’amélioration de la qualité du service. Le deuxième cas d’étude porte sur un PSS de diagnostic connecté et permet d’illustrer la proposition pour supporter son déploiement dans l’entreprise<br>This research work is exploring the development and management of Product-Service Systems. These new integrated offers go along with specific issues which challenge the current product development strategies. Analyzing the academic literature on this matter, this work focuses on methodological frameworks for the development of PSS offers. The first level of these frameworks is about engineering approaches considers Service Lifecycle Management (SLM) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) interactions. The second level is about specific systems or PSS development processes and methods. The third and last level challenges the definitions of a PSS model. Fed by this review, this work provides a coherent proposal for PSS development across these three levels, qualified by 7 analysis criterias. On the first level, a detailed PLM-SLM interaction scheme is proposed. It supports a development process on the second level, alongside a PSS model based on FBS and result-resource-process triplet as a matter for service adequate description. This proposal has been experimented through two study cases. The first one, about an existing and mature PSS, enabled the development of a quality management tool. The second, about the development of a connected diagnostic PSS enabled to strengthen the illustration of the proposal for its adoption