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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Arabic Scripts"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Arabic Scripts"

Wagner, Esther-Miriam. "Script-switching between Hebrew and Arabic Scripts in Documents from the Cairo Genizah". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 7, n.º 2-3 (10 de julio de 2019): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00702007.

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Abstract In the multi-lingual world of the Cairo Genizah, Arabic (including Judaeo-Arabic), Hebrew and Aramaic were used in legal documents and letters. Jewish scribes excelled in Hebrew and Arabic penmanship. The mixing of Hebrew and Arabic alphabets in documents by particular writers affords important sociolinguistic insights. This article presents case studies of two Genizah writers, Daniel b. ʿAzaryah (11th century) and Ḥalfon b. Manasse (12th century), who were both highly innovative and exceptional in their use of scripts and vocalisation signs. Their scribal habits and decisions allow us to understand attitudes of writers towards the two scripts, and levels of literacy within the Jewish scriptorium, and provide an important contribution to our understanding of medieval allography and script-switching.

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Ghufron, Zaki. "PROBLEMATIKA PENGGUNAAN AKSARA ARAB". ALQALAM 27, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2010): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v27i3.601.

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Arabic script is a system of written language used to symbolize the sounds of Arabic. It constitutes the category of written system of ortography and it is made based on the pronounciation of a sound independently or separated from the context of a word. As a result, there are latters arranged alphabetically, well-known as al-huruf al-hijaiyyah. All this time, Arabic script is acknowledged as a consistent language of the sound sign. It is understood considering that every Arabic letter has special character and it is completed by spelling rules. By such characters and spelling rules, every letter can write both its sound and its variances. It needs comprehensive understanding on the characters and the spelling rules of Arabic letters to write the sounds of Arabic scripts correctly. Without understanding it, the mistakes in writing a sound of Arabic scripts will appear. To avoid mistakes in writing the sounds of Arabic scripts, this article tries to explain the character of every Arabic letters as well as it spelling rules. This article also gives information about several Arabic letters that make difficulties for the users. Keywords: Arabic, Arabic script, al-huruf al-hijaiyyah

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Alkadi, Hisham S. "Tendency or Trend? The Direction Towards Modern Latin-Like Arabic Script". International Journal of English Linguistics 9, n.º 4 (3 de julio de 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p119.

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The past few decades have witnessed an aesthetic trend in the Arabic Writing System and its well-known calligraphic arts, which have exploited features of other writing systems, including Latin and Chinese scripts. Although there are great differences between almost every aspect of the Arabic and Latin scripts, this trend has blended certain characteristics of Arabic script with some features of Latin script. This study examines this trend and its experiments and transitions, from the moment it first emerged until the present day. It investigates the motivations underpinning the trend and analyzes its artistic and linguistic characteristics, in which the researcher visually analyzes all possible details and disassembles both orthographic items and calligraphic features into their basic essential scripts. The findings reveal an aesthetic and linguistic trend that is substantial and significant, based on linguistic, cultural, and sociocultural factors, including increased levels of communication, culturalism, advances in technology, transportation, migration, and globalization. Script tools and features are used to divide the main trend into three sub-trends: 1) Script switching, where scripts are interchanged at word-level; 2) Script fusion, where scripts are altered at letter-level; and 3) Faux fonts, which dissolve certain features of Arabic script to mirror Latin script. All of the techniques used to make Arabic script match Latin script have been shown to be culturally-induced and linguistically informative, rather than merely aesthetic. The findings of this study also indicate that this new phenomenon is likely to be in the early stages, with further developments expected to unfold in future.

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Polliack, Meira. "Dual Script Mixed Code Literary Sources from the Cairo Genizah". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 7, n.º 2-3 (10 de julio de 2019): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00702006.

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Abstract This article complements my article on “Single-Script Mixed-Code Literary Sources from the Cairo Genizah” (2018). It begins with introductory comments on the phenomenon of mixed code in Judeo-Arabic, as a continuously spoken and written Jewish language from medieval to modern times. While the documentary sources in the Cairo Genizah (a Jewish medieval archive found in the loft of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo) have drawn scholars’ attention to this phenomenon, there are few discussions of code switching in dual script Judeo-Arabic literary sources. The article presents and discusses two Genizah sources of this kind (as well as one new documentary source), which feature both Hebrew and Arabic scripts in the space of the same fragment. It argues that the haphazard appearance of code switching in such fragments is misleading. The analysis shows there are specific conditions that govern the mixing of Hebrew and Arabic scripts, and highlights its sociolinguistic background. Code switching is a dominant feature of single script Judeo-Arabic literary sources as well, meaning, those penned solely in Hebrew or Arabic script, which lie beyond the scope of the present study. A systematic survey and study of the Genizah literary sources relevant to both categories (single and dual scripts) is therefore a desideratum, and is bound to lead to a better understanding of the sociolinguistic functions of mixed code in Judeo-Arabic writings and culture.

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Pudjiastuti, Titik. "Tulisan Pegon Wujud Identitas Islam-Jawa Tinjauan atas Bentuk dan Fungsinya". SUHUF 2, n.º 2 (21 de noviembre de 2015): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22548/shf.v2i2.92.

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Islam comes to Java in 15th-16th centuries did not only introduce the religious concepts but also Arabic scripts. The impact of the penetration of Islam was the production of new civilization which is known as Islamic-Javanese civilization. TheÂ Â Arabic scripts which at first were taught for the sake of understanding Islamic teachings and of writing Islamic text in Arabic, were eventually developed, modified and adapted to the Javanese tongue and then can be used as the tool to write the texts in Javanese literature. This modified Arabic-Javanese script is known as pegon. The original purpose of creating pegonÂ script was related to the mission of spreading Islam but in further development is also functioned as the medium of writing many purposes and interests such as for writing literary texts, documents, private letters, etc

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Iyengar, Arvind. "Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies". Written Language and Literacy 21, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 169–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00014.iye.

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Abstract The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī, focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possible pedagogical implications of such orthographic standardisation and variation.

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Mathieu, Lionel. "The influence of foreign scripts on the acquisition of a second language phonological contrast". Second Language Research 32, n.º 2 (3 de septiembre de 2015): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315601882.

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Recent studies in the acquisition of a second language (L2) phonology have revealed that orthography can influence the way in which L2 learners come to establish target-like lexical representations (Escudero et al., 2008, 2014; Escudero and Wanrooij, 2010; Showalter, 2012; Showalter and Hayes-Harb, 2013). Most of these studies, however, involve language pairs relying on Roman-based scripts. In comparison, the influence of a foreign or unfamiliar written representation on L2 phonological acquisition remains understudied. The present study therefore considers the effects of three L2 scripts on the early acquisition of an Arabic consonantal contrast word-initially (e.g. /ħal/–/χal/). Monolingual native speakers of English with no prior knowledge of Arabic participated in a word-learning experiment where they were instructed to learn six pairs of minimally contrastive words, each associated with a unique visual referent. Participants were assigned to one of four learning conditions: no orthography, Arabic script, Cyrillic script, and Roman/Cyrillic blended script. After an initial learning phase, participants were then tested on their phonological knowledge of these L2 minimal pairs. The results show that the degree of script unfamiliarity does not in itself seem to significantly affect the successful acquisition of this particular phonological contrast. However, the presence of certain foreign scripts in the course of phonological acquisition can yield significantly different learning outcomes in comparison to having no orthographic representation available. Specifically, the Arabic script exerted an inhibitory effect on L2 phonological acquisition, while the Cyrillic and Roman/Cyrillic blended scripts exercised differential inhibitory effects based on whether grapheme–phoneme correspondences activated first language (L1) phonological units. Besides revealing, for the first time, that foreign written input can significantly hinder learners’ ability to reliably encode an L2 phonological contrast, this study also provides further evidence for the irrepressible hold of native orthographic rules on L2 phonological acquisition.

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Cho, Taeyoung. "TULISAN ARAB: PEMBINA TAMADUN ISLAM DI NUSANTARA". Siddhayatra: Jurnal Arkeologi 23, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/siddhayatra.v23i2.136.

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This paper describes the role of Arabic script on a view of establishing Islamic civilization in Indonesian archipelago. Arabic script, apart from a tool for writing, its characteristic is so intensive to symbolize Islamic civilization. The arrival of Islamic civilization into the archipelago has not only spread the religion, but also influenced the change of social system in which Arabic script wrote the various spheres of Islamic civilization and transferred them into the local communities. The appearance of variant graphemes into the Arabic- based local scripts (Jawi, Pégon, Sérang, and Buri Wolio) is a result from the modification of Arabic script to the local languages for transmitting the elements of Islamic civilization to the contexts of local communities. In other words, Arabic script shifted Indonesian archipelago from the age of Jahiliah to the age of Islamic civilization.

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Adegoke, Kazeem Adekunle y Bashir Abdulraheem. "Re-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script". TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society 4, n.º 1 (7 de junio de 2017): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549.

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Abstract Arabic Romanization has been revolutionized by the impact of information technology. The driving-force in this regard is the need to make the reading of Arabic scripts through Romanization easier than what it is used to be. The needed vital instrument to achieve this venture requires the invention of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters which were successfully done in Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts. Thus, the paper attempts to examine the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts in the twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the occidental world. It is a case study research examining the historical evolution of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters in which the distinction and lack of uniformity of Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts are fully explored. The paper would finally take us through the fundamental role played by the CJKI Arabic Romanization System (CARS) in the recent innovation in the Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Scripts in the twin discipline of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the western-oriented institution of learning. The purpose is to see what element of innovative development ushered in the recent Arabic-Islamic scholarship in the methods of transliteration and transcription of Arabic letters into non-Arabic letters. Abstrak Romanisasi Arab telah berevolusi karena dampak teknologi informasi. pendorong hal tersebut adalah adanya kebutuhan untuk membuat pembacaan naskah Arab melalui Romanisasi lebih mudah dari yang digunakan sebelumnya. Instrumen vital yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai usaha ini memerlukan penemuan transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf-huruf non-Arab yang berhasil dilakukan dalam Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam. Dengan demikian, makalah ini mencoba untuk mengkaji Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam dalam disiplin ganda Studi Arab dan Islam di dunia barat. Ini adalah penelitian studi kasus yang meneliti evolusi historis transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf-huruf non-Arab di mana perbedaan dan kurangnya keseragaman Romanisasi Skrip Arab-Islam sepenuhnya dieksplorasi. Makalah ini akhirnya membawa kita melalui peran mendasar yang dimainkan oleh CJKI Arabic Romanization System (CARS) dalam inovasi baru-baru ini dalam Romanisasi skrip Arab-Islam dalam disiplin ganda bahasa Arab dan studi Islam di institusi pembelajaran yang berorientasi barat. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat elemen pembangunan inovatif yang mengantar kajian Arab-Islam baru-baru ini dalam metode transliterasi dan transkripsi huruf Arab menjadi huruf non-Arab. How to Cite : Abdulraheem, B. Adegoke, K.A. (2017). Re-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 4(1), 22-31. doi:10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549

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Jones, Alan y Beatrice Gruendler. "The Development of the Arabic Scripts". Vetus Testamentum 44, n.º 3 (julio de 1994): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1535234.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Arabic Scripts"

Alshareef, Abdulrhman. "Design and Development of a Quote Validation Tool for Arabic Scripts". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23594.

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Over the past decade, there has been a tremendous development in e-publishing tools. The Arab world tendency towards electronic publishing has facilitated the prosperity of Arabic e-publishing over the Internet. Likewise, it has enabled the ordinary user to deploy documents, letters, opinions, and ideas with freedom and ease of use. Although freedom of expression should be guaranteed to everyone, it may be used to disseminate false or distorted information. This may lead to the loss of ordinary user's confidence in e-content. However, the user's confidence in e-content will increase if the credibility of the content is emphasized. There are many factors that challenge this task including not only the rapidly growth of Arabic digital publishing, the absent from control over electronic content, and the lack of e-publishing regulations and laws, but also how to develop an efficient framework to confirm the digital content authenticity. Therefore, the need to monitor the credibility of Internet content while maintaining freedom of expression to its users has become an urgent matter of debate. A flexible framework needs to be developed that will overcome these issues and allow for a comprehensible and comfortable content validation environment that would satisfy the end users' desires. This thesis proposes a framework that serves to confirm fundamental text authenticity in Arabic scripts on the Internet. This framework will demonstrate the design and the development of new quotes verification algorithm and the necessary components of framework design, development and implementation based on Service Oriented architecture.

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Bongianino, Umberto. "The origin and development of Maghribī round scripts : Arabic palaeography in the Islamic West (4th/10th-6th/12th centuries)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fcb869fc-e308-4c41-ac90-de03c693103a.

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This thesis aims to study the origin and development of Maghribī round scripts, i.e. the highly distinctive writing styles employed in the Arabic manuscripts and documents produced from the 4th/10th century onwards in the western Islamic world, and more specifically in the Iberian Peninsula, North-West Africa, and the Balearic Islands. In order to reconstruct the activity of Maghribī calligraphers, copyists, and secretaries, and to follow the development of their practices, the present work lists and discusses the earliest dated material written in Maghribī scripts, in chronological order: 123 non-Quranic manuscripts, 25 Quranic codices and fragments, nine chancery documents, and two private contracts, all of which produced between 270/883 and 600/1204. The palaeographic analysis of the scripts has made it possible to distinguish between different Maghribī sub-styles and 'schools' of calligraphy, some of which have been given a new definition. A particular attention has been devoted to the geographical and historical context in which these scripts developed - i.e. Umayyad al-Andalus - and to the cultural, and even ideological implications of their use and diffusion throughout North-West Africa. Codicological aspects have also been taken into consideration, such as the quality of scribal supports, the composition of quires and gatherings, the methods of ruling the pages, the choice of inks and pigments of different types, the style and techniques of illumination. Where possible, the autoptic study of the material has been combined with the information offered by primary sources of various kinds (historical treatises, biographical dictionaries, handbooks for notaries ...) so as to present a comprehensive picture of the Maghribī scribal tradition until the Almohad period. The resulting image is that of a calligraphic culture as rich and sophisticated as the eastern one, which constituted a key element in the creation and promulgation of the Andalusī identity throughout the Mediterranean, but whose formative process and full aesthetic range were still poorly understood.

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Gassas, Rezan. "Best practice in adapting logo marks from Latin to non-Latin scripts : a case study in the Arabic market". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/701484/.

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Throughout the past few decades, global brands with strong visual identities have been entering the Arabic market. From the start, the Arabic language was integrated into packaging, signage and advertisements in an unstructured style. Today, some regulations require the translation of brand names and adaptation of the Latin logo mark and the rest of the visual identity. However, logo marks are still not always adequately designed and managed when adapted to different markets with a new language, script, and culture. The study seeks to explore the phenomenon of logo mark adaptations in the Arab region from Latin to Arabic scripts, to provide a toolkit for designers and the process of brand management to maintain the visual identities. This research investigates the subject by using a qualitative multi-stage case study approach to investigate the subject visually, linguistically, and culturally. A conceptual framework adapted the concept of third culture to identify three cultures for global brands; the first culture consists of the brands’ logo mark and visual elements. The second culture consists of the new market into which it is expanding, and the third culture is created by the global brands where the first and second cultures overlap. This study is divided into three stages: (1) describing the current state of Arabic adapted logo marks by conducting visual observation and archival research; (2) exploring how the brands managed their visual identities by performing document analysis on guideline manuals; and (3) investigating designers’ perspective of Latin logo mark adaptations into Arabic by carrying out interviews. The findings of this study indicate that every global brand that expands to a new market creates a third culture brand. Thus, each global brand has a third culture logo constructed as a result of the overlap of the first and second cultures. Each visual element that constitutes the third culture logo contains different factors for adapting to the new market linguistically, culturally and visually. The study develops the Third Culture Brand and Third Culture Logo models adopted from the concept of the third culture to a context that has not been applied before, creating an adaptation tool to aid maintaining the consistency of the corporation’s visual identity. Also, the research presents a practical recommendation presented in a guidebook as a toolkit for global brands adapting their logo marks to regions with non-Latin scripts. The guide advises both the brand managers and the designers to work side by side from the beginning of all the major decision-making steps to implementing the adaptations.

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Balius, Planelles Andreu. "Arabic type from a multicultural perspective : multi-script Latin-Arabic type design". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355433/.

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Multiculturalism constitutes a mixture of expressions where languages are fundamental, not only as the vehicular form of thought, but also as a powerful tool for social cohesion and relationships within a community. Languages are often the first barrier encountered when communicating or relating to other culture. Whereas, typography can provide valid solutions, not only in terms of text layout but also regarding the specific aspects of multilingualism: the design of glyphs for multilingual text composition. Type design is at the core of how communication takes place in our multicultural society. As multilingual communication becomes more apparent, the need for multi-script fonts including more than a single script is unquestionable. This practice-based research focuses on the designing of a multi script Latin-Arabic typeface for literary reading text purposes based on an understanding of Arabic script in order for the result obtained to be respectful of the tradition of Arabic calligraphy. The approach to Arabic has been carried out taking into account the Spanish Arabic tradition from a study on the Arabic types which were designed and in use in Spain during the Printing Press years. The methodology proposed tries to complete every stage in the work process, from sketching to final font production, with the aim of harmonising both Latin and Arabic scripts in the same font file: Pradell Al-Andalus. Pradell Al-Andalus, although not designed to be a revival of any specific Arabic Spanish typeface, establishes a link with Spanish type History in order to build a bridge between tradition and our contemporary multilingual needs.

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Luffin, Xavier. "On the Swahili documents in Arabic script from the Congo (19th century)". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91085.

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Si les documents rédigés en kiswahili à l’aide des caractères arabes provenant d’Afrique de l’Est sont bien renseignés depuis longtemps, qu’il s’agisse de correspondance ou de littérature, l’existence de tels documents provenant d’Afrique Centrale, et en particulier du Congo, est encore très mal connue. Pourtant, outre les témoignages de divers observateurs ou acteurs européens des débuts de la colonisation, plusieurs documents conservés pour la plupart en Belgique ont subsisté jusqu’à nos jours. Il s’agit essentiellement de la correspondance de marchands swahilis établis dans l’ancien district des Stanley Falls, mais aussi de traités, d’échanges «diplomatiques» ou de notes personnelles, remontant essentiellement aux deux dernières décennies du 19ème siècle. Ces documents se révèlent être une source intéressante à la fois pour l’Histoire du Congo précolonial et pour l’étude diachronique du kiswahili et de son expansion géographique
Though the existence of Swahili documents in Arabic script originating from East Africa – mainly Tanzania and Kenya – has been well documented for a long time (see for instance Büttner 1892, Allen 1970, Dammann 1993 and the recent Swahili Manuscripts Database of the SOAS), very few things regarding such manuscripts in Central Africa, and especially the Congo, have been reported up to now. However, several museums and archives in Belgium and elsewhere hold documents written in Swahili with Arabic script coming from what is today the DRC, along with other documents in the Arabic language.1 All of them date back to the two last decades of the 19th century. Most of these documents are to be found in the Historical Archives of the Royal Museum of Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, but some other Belgian institutions like the African Archives (AA) of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Library of the University of Liège (ULg) and the Army Museum (MRA) in Brussels, also contain some examples of these documents. Other possible sources should be explored, like the personal archives of families whose ancestors worked in the Congo during the colonial time – most of the Swahili documents in Tervuren are personal papers belonging to former Belgian officers, which were donated to the Museum after their death – as well as the archives of Christian missionary orders. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the presence of such documents in DRC today, but we can suppose that some of them have been preserved in places like mosques, Koranic schools or personal archives

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Luffin, Xavier. "On the Swahili documents in Arabic script from the Congo (19th century)". Swahili Forum 14 (2007), S. 17-26, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11499.

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Si les documents rédigés en kiswahili à l’aide des caractères arabes provenant d’Afrique de l’Est sont bien renseignés depuis longtemps, qu’il s’agisse de correspondance ou de littérature, l’existence de tels documents provenant d’Afrique Centrale, et en particulier du Congo, est encore très mal connue. Pourtant, outre les témoignages de divers observateurs ou acteurs européens des débuts de la colonisation, plusieurs documents conservés pour la plupart en Belgique ont subsisté jusqu’à nos jours. Il s’agit essentiellement de la correspondance de marchands swahilis établis dans l’ancien district des Stanley Falls, mais aussi de traités, d’échanges «diplomatiques» ou de notes personnelles, remontant essentiellement aux deux dernières décennies du 19ème siècle. Ces documents se révèlent être une source intéressante à la fois pour l’Histoire du Congo précolonial et pour l’étude diachronique du kiswahili et de son expansion géographique.
Though the existence of Swahili documents in Arabic script originating from East Africa – mainly Tanzania and Kenya – has been well documented for a long time (see for instance Büttner 1892, Allen 1970, Dammann 1993 and the recent Swahili Manuscripts Database of the SOAS), very few things regarding such manuscripts in Central Africa, and especially the Congo, have been reported up to now. However, several museums and archives in Belgium and elsewhere hold documents written in Swahili with Arabic script coming from what is today the DRC, along with other documents in the Arabic language.1 All of them date back to the two last decades of the 19th century. Most of these documents are to be found in the Historical Archives of the Royal Museum of Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, but some other Belgian institutions like the African Archives (AA) of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Library of the University of Liège (ULg) and the Army Museum (MRA) in Brussels, also contain some examples of these documents. Other possible sources should be explored, like the personal archives of families whose ancestors worked in the Congo during the colonial time – most of the Swahili documents in Tervuren are personal papers belonging to former Belgian officers, which were donated to the Museum after their death – as well as the archives of Christian missionary orders. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the presence of such documents in DRC today, but we can suppose that some of them have been preserved in places like mosques, Koranic schools or personal archives.

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Wilkinson, Benedict James. "The narrative delusion : strategic scripts and violent Islamism in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-narrative-delusion(6d1253a8-87a8-46c0-8a9d-eb847ddf778d).html.

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This PhD explores the strategic decision-making processes of violent Islamist movements in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The primary aim of this research is to investigate how these organisations formulate and select strategy. The research constructs an interdisciplinary approach to decision-making based on strategic scripts, which are viewed as cognitive structures that allow strategists to form expectations about how a sequence of events might unfold, enabling a potentially successful course of action to be selected. The research argues that there are a limited number of scripts available to violent Islamists: survival, power play, mobilisation, provocation, de-legitimisation, attrition, co-operation and de-mobilisation. The case study chapters are devoted to establishing the existence and nature of the eight scripts and to investigating how they unfold when operationalised, focusing on the interplay between terrorist action and government counter-terrorism reaction. The major conclusion is that while scripts govern decision-making by fostering expectations about the outcome of strategic options, there is a pervasive disparity between the way in which scripts, as theoretical visions, should unfold and the way in which strategies actually unfold. The final chapter argues that this disparity is a consequence of ‘narrative delusion’. It argues that strategic scripts are not simply cognitive structures, but also stories about the future, describing how situations evolve and conclude. The problem for strategists is that even credible stories can mislead by smothering the role played by luck, shortening the distance between cause and effect or oversimplifying the impact of human agency. But because scripts are persuasive stories, violent Islamists often remain blind to their inherent fallacies. The research concludes by arguing that, for the violent Islamists under study, narrative fallacies very often render scripts inadequate as well as making some more general observations about strategic decision-making outside the world of violent Islamism.

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Langella, Maria-Luisa. "L'utilisation de l'arabe écrit en caractères arabes par les Juifs aux XIXe et XXe siècles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10177/document.

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L'utilisation de l'arabe écrit en caractères arabes par les Juifs entre la fin du XIX° et la fin du XX° siècle s'inscrit dans la continuité d'un rapport de longue durée entre les Juifs et la langue arabe, et constitue un phénomène linguistique jusqu'à présent peu étudié. Afin d'en délimiter les contours et d'en prendre la mesure, nous avons constitué, à partir du travail de Shmuel Moreh en Israël, un corpus bibliographique de 654 notices de textes publiés en langue arabe par des auteurs juifs. Son analyse nous a permis de mettre en évidence la faible ampleur de ce phénomène. Premièrement du point de vue de son étendue dans le temps, car même si la première notice de notre corpus date de 1847 et la dernière de 2008, ce n'est qu'entre 1930 et 1970 que se concentre la plupart des documents répertoriés. Deuxièmement, du point de vue de son étendue géographique, car c’est essentiellement en Egypte, en Iraq et finalement en Israël que se développe ce phénomène. A ce sujet, nous préciserons cependant que celui-ci s’est exporté vers Israël, suite au départ des Juifs des pays arabes principalement durant les années 1950. Troisièmement, car il n’est soutenu que par un petit nombre d'individus, sur l’ensemble des auteurs de notre corpus. Ces considérations mises à part, nous avons pu observer un certain dynamisme dans cette production écrite. Celui-ci se manifeste d’abord du point de vue de l'hétérogénéité des genres observés dans le corpus, allant de la poésie au théâtre, en passant par les romans, les nouvelles, les essais et le journalisme. Il apparaît ensuite à travers les différentes variétés de langue arabe utilisées, telles que l’arabe classique, ou les dialectes locaux
The use of Arabic language, in Arabic characters, by the Jews between the end of the XIXth century and the end of the XXth century is one aspect of the long-standing relationship between the Jews and the Arabic language, and constitutes a distinctive linguistic phenomenon which has so far been little researched. In order to outline it and describe it, and building on Shmuel Moreh’s pioneering work in Israel, we have established a bibliographic corpus of some 654 texts and works published by Jewish authors in the Arabic language in Arabic characters. Its analysis has enabled us to highlight the limited extent of this phenomenon. First of all, from a chronological point of view: although the first reference at our disposal dates back to 1847 and the last one to 2008, most of this literature was produced between 1930 and 1970. Secondly, from a geographical point of view: this phenomenon is associated mainly with Egypt, Iraq and later Israel. In this regard, it must be noted that the phenomenon was exported to Israel after the departure of the Jews from the Arab countries principally during the 1950s, and involves almost exclusively émigré writers. Thirdly, because it involves only a small number of individuals, out of the total number of authors listed in our corpus. However, despite all these considerations, this literature is characterised by a certain degree of dynamism. This can be seen first of all in the heterogeneity of the genres observed, spanning poetry, theatre, novels, short stories, essays and journalism, and in its employ of different varieties of Arabic, such as Classical Arabic or local dialects

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Conidi, Emanuela. "Arabic types in Europe and the Middle East, 1514-1924 : challenges in the adaptation of the Arabic script from written to printed form". Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/80437/.

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This thesis investigates the transition of the Arabic script from written to printed form and the influence that this process had on the evolution of Arabic typeforms. This study aims to acknowledge and interrogate the factors that influenced the typographic shaping of the script in response to typemaking and typesetting technology, and the cultural environment in which these developments took place. The historical scope of the research covers the pre-industrial production of Arabic founts, focusing on letterpress printing and types for hand composition, beginning with the first Arabic movable types in Italy in 1514. The thesis covers developments to 1924, when the Biilaq printing house in Cairo produced the first typographically composed Qur'an to be approved by a Muslim authority. The Biilaq edition marked what could be arguably considered the highpoint of composing Arabic with foundry type and its typeface supplied the model for the development a hot-metal fount, formally bridging hand-set and mechanical technologies for the typesetting of the Qur'an. The research investigates the relationship between the manuscript models and the typographic representation of the Arabic script; and outlines significant developments in Arabic typographic history with selected case studies, chosen to high¬light various aspects of the design and manufacturing processes, as well as discuss approaches of different type-makers and printers. This study draws on primary sources that have not been examined as a set before, employing a methodology of visual documentation that supports detailed comparative analysis. This approach enables a focus on the critical assessment and qualitative appraisal of the Arabic types according to specific parameters. The research aims to shed light on the reasons for the discontinuity between manuscript and print forms, and reveal relationships between the visual forms of letters and the skills, knowledge and resources available to the people involved in the type-making process. It also aims to trace the establishment of typographic conventions for the Arabic script that either originated or departed from manuscript practice. In conclusion, this research extends and deepens the historical narrative of Arabic type history, and provides a valuable source for scholars, students and practitioners in the field.

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Bianchi, Robert Michael. "Arabic, English or 3arabizi ? : code and script choice within discussion forums on a Jordanian website". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654740.

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Libros sobre el tema "Arabic Scripts"

Märgner, Volker y Haikal El Abed, eds. Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6.

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Haikal, El Abed y SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts. London: Springer London, 2012.

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Al-Kharusi, Aisha A. Unity between two scripts: Arabic and Latin typography : M.A. Communication Design Thesis 20012. London: Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, 2001.

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Sindhi self-instructor: In Arabic Sindhi and Devanagari scripts with pronunciations in Roman characters. 4^a ed. Delhi: Sindhi Academy, 2001.

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The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts (Harvard Semitic Studies). Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1993.

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Mace, John. Beginner's Arabic script. Lincolnwood, Ill: NTC/Contemporary Publishing, 1999.

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Wightwick, Jane. Easy Arabic script. Chicago, Ill: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

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Beginner's Arabic script. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 2003.

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Wightwick, Jane y Mahmoud Gaafar. Mastering Arabic Script. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20936-7.

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Very simple Arabic script. London: Stacey International, 2003.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Arabic Scripts"

Märgner, Volker y Haikal El Abed. "Arabic Handwriting Recognition Competitions". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 395–422. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_17.

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Ahmed, Irfan, Sabri A. Mahmoud y Mohammed Tanvir Parvez. "Printed Arabic Text Recognition". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 147–68. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_7.

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Boubaker, Houcine, Abdelkarim Elbaati, Najiba Tagougui, Haikal El Abed, Monji Kherallah y Adel M. Alimi. "Online Arabic Databases and Applications". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 541–57. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_22.

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Belaïd, Abdel y Nazih Ouwayed. "Segmentation of Ancient Arabic Documents". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 103–22. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_5.

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Pae, Hye K. "Conclusion: Convergence or Divergence between the East and the West?" En Literacy Studies, 219–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55152-0_12.

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Abstract This chapter briefly reviews language as a cultural tool and claims written language or script to be the influential force that runs cognition and culture. As an extension of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, script relativity is considered to be the engines and underpinnings of our cognition, everyday problem-solving strategies, and overarching culture as the consequence of accommodated brain pathways upon reading. The mixed-script advantage is also discussed. Uni-script use has evolved to the use of bi-scripts or multi-scripts, as in Chinese with Pinyin and Japanese multi-scripts as well as the recent adoptions of Hindi-English bilinguals’ Romanagari, Aralish that is used to supplement Arabic, and the Greeks’ additional use of Greeklish. As the results of the co-use of words and images, the adoption of bi-scripts or multi-scripts, and a mixture of digital and paper-based texts, more convergence as well as the state of complementarity and harmony between the East and the West are expected. The chapter ends with the notations of limitations of the book and recommendations.

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Alkhoury, Ihab, Adrià Giménez y Alfons Juan. "Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Bernoulli HMMs". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 255–72. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_10.

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Bukhari, Syed Saqib, Faisal Shafait y Thomas M. Breuel. "Layout Analysis of Arabic Script Documents". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 35–53. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_2.

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Shi, Zhixin, Srirangaraj Setlur y Venu Govindaraju. "Pre-processing Issues in Arabic OCR". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 79–102. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_4.

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Srihari, Sargur N. y Gregory Ball. "An Assessment of Arabic Handwriting Recognition Technology". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 3–34. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_1.

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Kessentini, Yousri, Thierry Paquet y AbdelMajid Ben Hamadou. "Multi-stream Markov Models for Arabic Handwriting Recognition". En Guide to OCR for Arabic Scripts, 335–50. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4072-6_14.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Arabic Scripts"

Ahmad, Riaz, M. Zeshan Afzal, S. Faisal Rashid, Marcus Liwicki y Andreas Dengel. "Space Anomalies in OCRs for Arabic Like Scripts". En 2018 IEEE 2nd International Workshop on Arabic and Derived Script Analysis and Recognition (ASAR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asar.2018.8480229.

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Adam, Kalthoum, Somaya Al-Maadeed y Ahmed Bouridane. "Letter-based classification of Arabic scripts style in ancient Arabic manuscripts: Preliminary results". En 2017 1st International Workshop on Arabic Script Analysis and Recognition (ASAR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asar.2017.8067767.

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Hassaine, Abdelaali y Somaya Al Maadeed. "ICFHR 2012 Competition on Writer Identification Challenge 2: Arabic Scripts". En 2012 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfhr.2012.218.

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Hamad, Husam A. Al. "Over-segmentation of handwriting Arabic scripts using an efficient heuristic technique". En 2012 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition (ICWAPR). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icwapr.2012.6294775.

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Zaghden, Nizar, Remy Mullot y Adel M. Alimi. "Characterization of ancient document images composed by Arabic and Latin scripts". En 2011 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/innovations.2011.5893801.

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Jan, S. Tahir Ali, Uzair Muhammad, Usman Rauf y Adeel Zafar. "Feature set for unicode based word processor supporting urdu and arabic scripts". En 2016 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intech.2016.7845014.

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Saidani, A., A. Kacem Echi y A. Belaid. "Identification of Machine-Printed and Handwritten Words in Arabic and Latin Scripts". En 2013 12th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2013.163.

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AlKhateeb, Jawad H., Jinchang Ren, Jianmin Jiang, Stan S. Ipson y Haikal El Abed. "Word-based handwritten Arabic scripts recognition using DCT features and neural network classifier". En 2008 5th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd.2008.4632863.

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Ahmad, Riaz, Saeeda Naz, M. Zeshan Afzal, S. Faisal Rashid, Marcus Liwicki y Andreas Dengel. "The Impact of Visual Similarities of Arabic-Like Scripts Regarding Learning in an OCR System". En 2017 14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2017.359.

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Pérez-Pereiro, Alberto y Jorge López Cortina. "Cham Language Literacy in Cambodia: From the Margins Towards the Mainstream". En GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-3.

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The Cham language has been written since at least the 4th Century. As such it is the oldest attested language of all of the Austronesian languages. This literary heritage was transmitted using locally modified forms of Indian scripts which were also used to write Sanskrit. With the loss of Cham territories to the Vietnamese, many Cham became displaced and the literary culture was disrupted. In addition, the adoption of Islam by the majority of Cham led many of those who continued to write to do so in variations of the Arabic script. However, the literary potential of the language in Cambodia has not been fully realized in either script – with village scholars using it almost exclusively for religious tracts and for very limited local audiences. In 2011, the United States Embassy initiated a program to encourage the protection of Cham culture and heritage. This Cham Heritage Expansion Program ran from 2011 to 2017 and resulted in the operation of 13 schools in which over 2,500 students of different ages were taught the traditional Cham script. This effort was accompanied by the development of a now significant number of local Cham intellectuals throughout the country who are dedicating themselves to the expansion of the use of Cham as a written language in all aspects of daily life. This presentation documents the way in which interest in this long-neglected writing system was rekindled, and the new avenues for personal and communitarian expression that are being opened by the propagation of Cham literacy. It also presents current developments in the formalization of Cham language education in the country, including the possibilities of bringing the language into the school system.

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