Bibliografías temáticas / BTP

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "BTP"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 18 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "BTP"

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Mercadante, Sebastiano, Paolo Marchetti, Arturo Cuomo, Augusto Caraceni, Rocco Mediati, Renato Vellucci, Massimo Mammucari et al. "Factors Influencing the Clinical Presentation of Breakthrough Pain in Cancer Patients". Cancers 10, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10060175.

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Background: The aim of this study was to identify potential variables influencing the clinical presentation of breakthrough cancer pain (BTP). Methods: Cancer patients with a diagnosis of BTP were enrolled. Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as background pain and BTP characteristics were collected. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the correlation between BTP characteristics and the variables examined. Results: Data of 4016 patients were analysed. Average daily number of BTP episodes was 2.4, mean intensity was 7.5, and a mean duration was 43.3 min. A short onset BTP was observed in 68.9% of patients. In 30.5% of patients BTP was predictable. There were 86.0% of participants who reported a marked interference of BTP with their daily activities. Furthermore, 86.8% of patients were receiving opioids for the management of BTP. The average time to meaningful pain relief was 16.5 min and 70.9% of patients were satisfied with their BTP medications. Age, head and neck cancer, Karnofsky, background pain intensity, predictable and fast onset BTP were independently associated with the number of BTP episodes. BTP pain intensity was independently associated with background pain intensity, fast onset BTP, and Karnofsky. Neuropathic pain mechanism was independently associated with unpredictable BTP. Variables independently associated with a longer duration of BTP were age, place of visit, cancer diagnosis, disease-oriented therapy, background pain intensity and mechanism, and unpredictable BTP. Age, Karnofsky, background pain intensity, fast onset, and long duration of BTP were independently associated with interference with daily activity. Conclusions: BTP has a variable presentation depending on interdependent relationships among its different characteristics.
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Clavijo, Claudia F., Rachael Rzasa Lynn, Uwe Christians y Jeffrey L. Galinkin. "Intranasal Fentanyl for Breakthrough Pain Control". Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics 4 (enero de 2012): CMT.S7298. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmt.s7298.

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Breakthrough pain (BTP) is experienced by approximately 65% of children and adults with chronic pain. Undiagnosed or untreated BTP produces negative emotional, physical, and economic consequences. BTP episodes have a rapid onset and short duration. Short acting oral opioids are the cornerstone of BTP management. Oral medications available to treat BTP episodes like immediate-release morphine or oxycodone have a delayed onset of action so that there is a mismatch between the episode of BTP and the effect of the oral opioids. Novel fentanyl delivery systems for BTP offer pharmacokinetic properties that match the time profile of BTP. Among the transmucosal routes, intranasal fentanyl has gained popularity due to its high bioavailability, rapid onset of action, high potency, short duration, and ease of administration. Its efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in adults who are opioid tolerant. Although children with chronic cancer pain also experience BTP, there is paucity of data on the use of intranasal fentanyl for BTP in this age group.
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Hai, Jiefeng, Siwei Luo, Han Yu, Honggang Chen, Zhenhuan Lu, Ling Li, Yingping Zou y He Yan. "Achieving ultra-narrow bandgap non-halogenated non-fullerene acceptors via vinylene π-bridges for efficient organic solar cells". Materials Advances 2, n.º 6 (2021): 2132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma01017k.

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Gonella, Silvia, Riccardo Sperlinga, Veronica Sciannameo, Valerio Dimonte y Sara Campagna. "Characteristics of Breakthrough Pain and Its Impact on Quality of Life in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients". Integrative Cancer Therapies 18 (enero de 2019): 153473541985909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735419859095.

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Purpose. This study aimed to characterize breakthrough pain (BTP) and investigate its impact on quality-of-life (QoL) in terminally-ill cancer patients. Similarities and differences between high and low predictable BTP were also tested. Methods. Secondary analysis of a multicenter longitudinal observational study included 92 patients at their end-of-life. BTP was assessed with a short form of the Italian version of the Alberta Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool. QoL was assessed with the Palliative Outcome Scale (0-40). Patients were stratified by self-reported BTP predictability into unpredictable BTP (never or rarely able to predict BTP) and predictable BTP (sometimes to always able to predict BTP). Results. In all, 665 BTP episodes were recorded (median 0.86 episodes/day). A median duration of 30 minutes and a median peak intensity score of 7 out of 10 were reported. Time to peak was <10 minutes, 10 to 30 minutes, and ≥30 minutes in 267 (41.1%), 259 (39.9%), and 30 (4.6%) of the episodes, respectively. Onset of relief occurred after a median of 30 minutes. Time to peak ( P < .001) and duration ( P = .046) of BTP was shorter in patients with predictable pain ( n = 31), who usually were younger than those with unpredictable pain ( P = .03). The mean (SD) QoL score was 14.6 (4.6). No difference in QoL between patients with predictable and unpredictable BTP was found ( P = .49). Conclusions. In terminally-ill cancer patients, BTP is a severe problem with a negative impact on QoL and has different characteristics according to its predictability.
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Lecybyl, Remigiusz y Magdi Hanna. "Breakthrough Pain: Focus on Fentanyl Buccal Tablet". Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics 2 (enero de 2010): 1179559X1000200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179559x1000200001.

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Breakthrough pain (BTP) management is an unmet clinical need. BTP is poorly diagnosed, rarely evaluated and inadequately treated. BTP is transitory exacerbation of pain experienced by the patient who has relatively stable and adequately controlled baseline pain. BTP is reported to be common in adults and children with cancer as well as in non-cancer diseases associated with acute/chronic pain. Successful management of breakthrough pain depends on adequate assessment, appropriate treatment (cause of pain and symptomatic) and adequate reassessment. Ideal medication for BTP should be characterized with good efficacy and minimal side effects. Pharmacodynamic profile should mimic dynamics of BTP. Strong, short acting analgesics (e.g. opioids) administrated by route which allow quick action had potential to fulfil criteria for ideal ‘rescue’ medication for BTP. Fentanyl Buccal tablets (FBT; Fentora®, Frazer, PA, Cephalon Inc.) is novel delivery system for fentanyl citrate. FBT utilize OraVescent (r) technology to improve bioavability and speed of transmucosal delivery. Alternate routes of administration could further improve efficacy of BTP management. Intranasal and intrapulmonary routes are under exploration. Recently introduced new delivery systems for opioids medication do represent an improvements in BTP management, however BTP is still a major challenge to pain and palliative physicians.
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Narayana, Arvind, Nathaniel Katz, Alicia Shillington, Judith J. Stephenson, Carla B. Frye y Russell Portenoy. "Effect of breakthrough pain on functional status, pain interference, and disability in cancer patients: Findings from the national breakthrough pain survey." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, n.º 15_suppl (20 de mayo de 2013): 6627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6627.

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6627 Background: Few studies have evaluated the epidemiology of breakthrough pain (BTP) in community-dwelling populations with cancer and chronic pain. The National Breakthrough Pain Survey (NBTPS) assessed the prevalence, characteristics, and impact of BTP in a large commercially-insured population and determined the BTP-associated functional impairments and disability in cancer patients with controlled, persistent pain. Methods: Administrative claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database were utilized to identify commercially-insured adult patients with ≥2 medical claims at an interval ≥3 months with an ICD-9-CM code indicating a chronic pain condition (cancer or noncancer) and ≥3 opioid prescription claims. Patients were called and, after consent, completed the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) by interview. Data from patients with cancer and controlled, persistent pain were included in this subanalysis. Results: Of 2198 patients surveyed, 1279 had controlled, persistent pain. Of these, 145 had cancer pain, 77.2% of whom reported BTP (BTP, 112; no BTP, 33). Compared to those without BTP, cancer patients with BTP had significantly higher total BPI pain interference scores (mean±SD 34.7±14.5 vs 23.4±16.7, P=.001) and significantly greater global functional impairment on the SDS (mean±SD 16.8±8.3 vs 12.4±8.3, P=.028). There also was a non-significant finding of decreased quality of life, as assessed by SF-12 physical and mental component scale scores, among cancer patients with BTP vs no BTP (mean±SD 27.8±9.1 vs 32.2±10.1, P=.11, and 47.0±11.9 vs 49.4±11.6, P=1.0, respectively). Conclusions: In a sample of commercially-insured patients, cancer patients with controlled, persistent pain and BTP had greater pain-related functional impairments and disability than those with controlled, persistent pain and no BTP. These data suggest that BTP is clinically important among populations receiving cancer care in the community.
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White, Christine A., Ayub Akbari, Steve Doucette, Dean Fergusson, Naser Hussain, Laurent Dinh, Guido Filler, Nathalie Lepage y Greg A. Knoll. "A Novel Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate Using Beta-Trace Protein". Clinical Chemistry 53, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2007): 1965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.090126.

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Abstract Background: Beta-trace protein (BTP) is a low molecular weight glycoprotein that is a more sensitive marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than serum creatinine. The utility of BTP has been limited by the lack of an equation to translate BTP into an estimate of GFR. The objectives of this study were to develop a BTP-based GFR estimation equation. Methods: We measured BTP and GFR by 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in 163 stable adult renal transplant recipients. Stepwise multiple regression models were created to predict GFR corrected for body surface area. The following variables were considered for entry into the model: BTP, urea, sex, albumin, creatinine, age, and race. Results: BTP alone accounted for 75.6% of variability in GFR. The model that included all the predictor variables had the largest coefficient of determination (R2) at 0.821. The model with only BTP, urea, and sex had only a slightly lower R2 of 0.81 and yielded the following equation: GFR mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 = 112.1 × BTP−0.662 × Urea−0.280 × (0.88 if female). A 2nd equation (R2 = 0.79) using creatinine instead of urea was also developed: GFR mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 = 1.678 × BTP−0.758 × creatinine−0.204 × (0.871 if female). Conclusions: We have shown that BTP can be used in a simple equation to estimate GFR. Further study is needed in other populations to determine accuracy and clinical utility of this equation.
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Payen, D. y J. Boulat. "LARA-BTP : Méthode d’évaluation du risque chimique dans le BTP". Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement 67, n.º 2 (mayo de 2006): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1775-8785(06)78063-8.

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Torres, Luis Miguel, Antonio Javier Jiménez, Ana Cabezón y Manuel Jesús Rodríguez. "Prevalence and Characterization of Breakthrough Pain Associated with Chronic Low Back Pain in the South of Spain: A Cross-Sectional, Multicenter, Observational Study". Pain Research and Treatment 2018 (23 de abril de 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4325271.

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Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is highly prevalent in industrialized countries, where it is one of the main causes of disability. Patients with CLBP in treatment with opioids often experience episodes of breakthrough pain (BTP), but data on prevalence and treatment preferences are scarce. The objectives of this study were, first, the evaluation of the prevalence of BTP in patients with CLBP in the South of Spain (N=1,868) and, second, the characterization of BTP in these patients (N=295). Data was collected on presence of BTP, type and location of pain, treatment, compliance, and patient satisfaction. We found a prevalence of BTP in patients with CLBP of 37.5% (95% CI: 35.3%–39.7%), similar in men and women. 75% of the patients were older than 50 years. The preferred drug of patients who control BTP with opioids is fentanyl (78.3%) and its most common form of administration is nasal (53.2%). Therapeutic compliance was high and 46.3% of patients considered the control of their BTP very satisfactory. Our study showed that BTP is common in patients with CLBP and that current treatments seem adequate.
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Yendri, Okma, Erna Purnama Sari y Rizaldi. "Debit Air pada Saluran Sekunder Bendung Tanah Priuk Akibat Kolam Ikan Air Deras di Kabupaten Musi Rawas". BENTANG : Jurnal Teoritis dan Terapan Bidang Rekayasa Sipil 8, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/bentang.v8i1.1948.

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The Kelingi Tugumulyo Irrigation Area is a permanent weir irrigation that runs through the building for the Satan Muara Beliti Water channel. Secondary Air Satan Muara Beliti channel has 5 buildings with the main function to flow the water through the rice fields in the Mara Beliti sub-district. Problems that arise in the distribution of water are the loss of irrigation water due to the pool of swift water and infiltration of water into the soil if the soil is saturated. These problems cause a lack of discharge for the fulfillment of irrigation water due to water loss in the secondary channel. The method used in assessing the Evaluation of Irrigation Water Provision from the Watervang Dam for Satan Water Secondary Channels was by analyzing the data of maximum discharge, minimum discharge, and average discharge of the Watervang Dam as well as calculating water demand and water availability in the Satan Muara Beliti Water Irrigation Area. There are three results about Tanah Priuk 1 weir channel (BTP1) condition. First, based on the plan discharge, according to the Kelugi Tugumulyo Irrigation network scheme, debit from BTP 1 to BTP 2 was 30.10 l/s, whereas the result from field calculation through the use of current meter was 7.89 l/sec; it means the lack of water from the plan for BTP 1 - BTP 2 which is 22.21 l/sec. Second, the debit from BTP 2 to BTP 3 was 10.80 l/sec, whereas the result from field calculation through the use of current meter was 6.20 l/s; it means the lack of water from the plan for BTP 2 - BTP 3 was 4.60 l/sec. Third, the debit from BTP 4 to BTP 5 was 11.10 l/sec, whereas the result from field calculation through the use of current meter was 6.92 l/s; it means the lack of water from the plan for BTP 4 - BTP 5 was 4.18 l/sec . It concluded that the secondary channel from BTP 5 to the village of Bali has insufficient water.
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Tesis sobre el tema "BTP"

1

Tuminas, Paulius. "Verslo B2B transakcijų realizavimas panaudojant BTP protokolą". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080716_100515-15941.

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Šio darbo tikslas – sukurti informacine sistema (IS), kuri atvaizduotų B2B transakcijas realizuojant BTP protokolą. IS yra palyginti jauna žinių sritis, jai šiek tiek daugiau nei 50 metų, tačiau be šiuolaikinių IS sunku įsivaizduoti šiandieninę įmonę. Pastaruoju metu IS sparčiai plinta, jos poreikiai vis labiau didėja: vykdomas nuotolinis mokymas, organizuojamas nuotolinis darbas (teledarbas), sparčiai plečiasi elektroninė prekyba, daug dėmesio skiriama medicinai, naujas galimybes žada elektroninės bibliotekos. Šis atliktas darbas apima daugelį paminėtų sričių, nes realizuojami duomenų mainai tarp IS nepriklausomai nuo įmonės dalykinės srities. Daugelyje įmonių duomenys kaupiami duomenų bazėse ar duomenų centruose, todėl norint realizuoti duomen�� mainus tarp IS programuotojams reikia įdėti nemažai pastangų, kad galėtų realizuoti duomenų mainus tarp paskirstytų sistemų ar duomenų bazių, juolab, kad vienos verslo įmonės duomenų gali nepakakti siekiant įgyti konkurencinį pranašumą. Šiame darbe atliktas duomenų apsikeitimo supaprastinimas, kuris leidžia atlikti duomenų mainus vienus metu tarp neriboto skaičiaus verslo įmonių vienu metu realizuojant visiems žinomą OASIS konsorciumo sukurtą BTP protokolą. Duomenų mainai vykdomi užklausiant verslo dalyvius standartinėmis SQL užklausomis, tokiu būdu šių duomenų prašantiems asmenims galima pateikti duomenis nepriklausomai nuo naudojamos duomenų bazės. Siekiant įgyvendinti sistemos išplečiamumą, duomenys yra pateikiami standartiniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
This work aim is to create information systems (IS), which can implement B2B transaction by using the Business Transaction Protocol (BTP). IS has only 50 years history, but without IS we can’t imagine modern business company. Now computers are usable in most leading edge areas and theirs needs and power always grows. We use its in distance learning, organizing distance work (work-net), expeditiously developing electronic business, appointing a lot off attention to modernize medicine, new possibilities for electronic libraries. This work can be used in all mentioned regions implementing data exchange among computers regardless their actions in business. Many companies store data in database or data centers, so if we want to realize exchange data among computer – our programmers have to avail a lot of energy and workforce to realize exchange from remote systems or databases, especially, if some services and data are in different databases. This work can realize data exchange simplification, which executes data exchange from unlimited numbers of business companies. It uses well-known BTP protocol from OASIS consortium to exchange data. All needed data we get from business participants using standard SQL queries. Thus people which are asking for data – in this work we can offer to get data from different databases platforms. To access system in different programming languages, data are implemented into standard SOAP1.1 protocol - where they will be transported in XML document... [to full text]
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2

Casella, Philippe. "Continuité professionnelle et indépendance : la mise à son compte dans le BTP". Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05H100.

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La mise à son compte est dans l'artisanat du bâtiment une étape de la carrière professionnelle, parfois la dernière. La condition artisanale attire des candidats aux projets les plus divers (de la volonté d'ascension sociale à l'intérêt pour une opportunité de chantier) mais il est possible d'interpréter l'indépendance comme le terme d'un itinéraire singulier. La première formation, puis la nature des emplois salariés et des secteurs fréquentés affectent les circonstances et l'âge d'installation ; en fixant les conditions générales de l'installation, les péripéties de l'itinéraire antérieur portent en germe des modes probables de développement de l'entreprise. Avec le changement de statut de nouveaux acquis sont valorisés (appartenance au milieu professionnel ou à la société locale), des solidarités trouvent de nouvelles formes d'expression (notamment les solidarités conjugales), de nouveaux critères de réussite fondés sur la performance économique complètent la distinction selon les compétences ; toutefois l'essentiel du crédit d'ordre social, technique, commercial ou bancaire est fondé sur une reconnaissance de l'expérience professionnelle. Les partenaires de l'artisan se satisfont d'une norme de carrière dont les références implicites sont celles du métier. Ces mêmes références au métier permettent d'illustrer la double capacité d'intégration et de distinction propre à l'artisanat : l'exercice artisanal ignore les circonstances précises de l'acquisition des compétences, accorde une égale reconnaissance sociale a l'employeur de plusieurs salariés et au professionnel secondé d'un compagnon, mais recèle de multiples indices (participation de l'artisan à la production, mode de gestion du personnel, délimitation de l'activité, place donnée à l'activité marchande) qui isolent les entrepreneurs adoptant des modèles commerciaux ou industriels de développement éloignés des principes dominant l'artisanat
Self-employment is, in the bulding "artisanat", a professional stage career, and sometimes the last one. The craftindustry condition brings candidates with the most miscellanous plans (from the desire to improve one's position to the interest in working with one's). But, it's possible to explain independance as the end of a personal itinerary. The early vocatinal training, the nature of the paid works and of the acquainted field can modify the circumtances and the age of the settlind down. By setting, the general parameters of the settling down, the ups and downs of the former itinerary bear in the bud the probable developing ways of the firm. With the change in status, new acquired knowledge is put into light, (as the belonging in the professional circle or the local community) social ties find new ways of expression (especially in married ties), new success criteriors based on economical achievement, end up to the discrimination based on proficiency. However, the social, technical, business and bank repute is based on the professional ability recognition. The craftman's parteners are satisfied themselves with a carrer pathern, where the implied references are the one of trade. These very trade references one unable to illustrate the double capacity of integration an of discrimination characteristic to the "artisanat" : craftwork ignores the exact circumstances of the skill acquisition, it shows the same social recognition to the employer of many workers as it does to the professional helped by only one partner. But it process multiple signs (the craftman's sharing participation in the out up, the staff management method. . ) With alienate contractors who follow an industrial or business like pathern of development, remote from the leading principles of "artisanat"
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3

Schweer, Helmut Théodor Roth Jean-Claude. "La sécurité sur les chantiers du BTP propositions de directive européenne en formation /". Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2002/Schweer.Helmut.T.SMZ0207_1.pdf.

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Schweer, Helmut Théodor. "La sécurité sur les chantiers du BTP : propositions de directive européenne en formation". Metz, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2002/Schweer.Helmut.T.SMZ0207_1.pdf.

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D'après les statistiques des accidents de travail la branche de construction arrive en première place. C'est pour cela que le conseil européen a voté l'arrêté de la directive 89/391/CEE pour l'amélioration des conditions de protection de travailleurs et des travailleuses. L'objectif du présent travail est la transposition de la directive 92/57/CEE en Allemagne et en France. Il s'agit premièrement d'un point de vue sur le développement du passé historique des deux systèmes d'état. Ensuite devrait effectuée la comparaison de la transposition de la directive ce construction dans les deux pays. D'après l'analyse des différents systèmes de transposition nationales il en ressort des exigences pour une harmonisation de la formation des coordonnateurs SPS. De la prévention des accidents n'ait représenté que les aspects des travailleurs de la construction, d'autres influences comme le temps, le coût, la qualité et aussi les exigences juridiques de l'environnement doivent être pris en considération, c'est pour cela que le QESE a été développé.
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5

Hibouche, Akli. "Sol traités aux liants : performances hydro-mécaniques et hygro-thermiques : application en BTP". Thesis, Le Havre, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEHA0023/document.

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ALa terre crue est l’un des principaux matériaux de construction utilisés depuis les temps les plus reculés. C’est un matériau abondant, qui nécessite très peu d'énergie pour sa fabrication et qui ne génère pas de déchets. Construire aujourd’hui avec des matériaux à base de terre crue nécessite de ces derniers des performances mécaniques remarquables. Pour atteindre ces performances, le traitement des sols aux liants est l’une des techniques utilisées pour améliorer la résistance mécanique et la durabilité de ces matériaux. On s’intéresse dans cette thèse à l’étude de la terre crue traitée aux liants pour deux applications différentes : un remblai expérimental pour une application en travaux publics (conception innovante de digue par l’utilisation de matériaux obtenus via un traitement à la chaux) et un béton de terre dénommé « Cématerre » pour une application en bâtiment (éléments structuraux et cloisons présentant de bonnes performances hygro-thermiques). Dans les deux cas, le but est de caractériser, et éventuellement d’améliorer, la résistance mécanique, la rigidité, les caractéristiques hydriques et hydrauliques, ainsi que les propriétés hygro-thermiques. Concernant le béton de terre « Cématerre », les études préliminaires menées selon un protocole expérimental établi conformément au cahier des charges du CSTB, ont permis sa qualification, matérialisée par l’obtention d’une ATEx A. La phase suivante a consisté à améliorer sa formulation avec comme objectif l’amélioration de la résistance mécanique du matériau. Les plans d’expériences utilisés ont permis d’établir des modèles de formulations ciblant les résistances mécaniques recherchées. L’étude du comportement hygro-thermique du béton de terre est abordé en analysant les transferts couplés de chaleur et d’humidité. Pour cela un certain nombre de paramètres hygro-thermiques du matériau Cématerre ont été déterminés au laboratoire. La mesure de ces paramètres a permis la réalisation de simulations hygro-thermiques dynamiques qui ont mis en évidence l’intérêt de ce matériau par rapport au béton « classique ». Concernant le limon traité à la chaux et compacté, les résultats ont montré que le module en petites déformations E augmente avec la contrainte de confinement et l’âge du matériau et décroit légèrement avec le niveau de déformation dans le domaine des contraintes testées. Une loi de type E = ßo1m décrit la variation du module, β et m étant des paramètres fonctions de l’âge et du niveau du déviateur. Par ailleurs, les coefficients de perméabilité saturée et non saturée n’évoluent pas avec le temps de cure. Le fluage volumique ne semble pas non plus être influencé par le temps de cure, autrement dit, l’augmentation de la rigidité du matériau liée au développement des réactions pouzollaniques n’a pas empêché le matériau de fluer autant à 28 jours qu’après un an de temps de cure
AEarthen construction is one of the most common construction technique used since the earliest times. The raw material is abundant, requires very little energy to manufacture, and does not generate waste. Building today with raw materials made from the earth requires outstanding mechanical performance from such non-fired materials. To achieve this performance, the treatment of the soil with binders is one of the techniques used to improve the strength and durability of these materials. The aim of the present PhD dissertation is to study the treated soils with binders for two different applications: an experimental compacted embankment for application in public works ( a dam innovative design, through the use of materials obtained by treatment with lime ) and earthen concrete called " Cematerre " for application in building ( walls and structural elements with good hygrothermal performance). In both cases, the goal is to characterize and possibly improve the mechanical strength, stiffness, hydric and hydraulic characteristics and the hygrothermal properties. For the earthen concrete " Cematerre ", the preliminary studies according to an experimental protocol under CSTB specifications have led to the so-called “ATEx A” official qualification. The next phase was to improve the formulation with the aim of improving the mechanical strength of the material. The design of experiments has been used to establish models formulations targeting the sought strength. The study of hygrothermal behavior of earthen concrete is addressed by analyzing the coupled transfer phenomenon of heat and moisture. Hygrothermal parameters were determined in the laboratory. The measurement of these parameters has allowed the realization of dynamic thermal simulations that have highlighted the benefit of this material when compared with standard concrete. For silt treated with lime and compacted, the results showed that the small strain modulus E increases with the confining stress and the curing time and decreases slightly with the strain level in the range of stress tested. A power law E = ßo1m describes the variation of the modulus, β and m are functions of the curing time and the strain level. Moreover, the coefficients of saturated and unsaturated permeability do not change with the curing time. The volumetric creep does not appear to be influenced by the curing time, i.e. , the increase in stiffness due to the development of pozzolanic reactions did not prevent the material from creeping as much after 28 days as after a year of curing time
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Semcha, Abdélaziz Troalen Jean-Pierre. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage : Applications dans le BTP, cas du barrage de Fergoug". Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2006. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000521.pdf.

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Bae, Hae Ryong. "Stabilisation / solidification des déchets : évaluation environnementale des perspectives d'utilisation de scories Waelz en BTP". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISALO009.

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L'objectif de ces travaux est l'évaluation environnementale de la valorisation des scories Waelz (brutes ou en substitution de granulats). Celle-ci passe par la détermination du comportement à la lixiviation des déchets ou des mate��riaux les contenant dans des scénarios spécifiés. Concernant l'utilisation des scories en l'état, nous avons envisagé les scénarios remblai, stockage et matériau routier. Le comportement à la lixiviation des polluants dans les scories brutes a été étudié pour différents contextes chimiques. Cette étude expérimentale a clairement mis en évidence que le relargage des espèces est contrôlé par leur solubilité, par le pH du milieu et la nature des phases solides en présence. En ce qui concerne l'utilisation des scories en remplacement partiel des granulats dans les matériaux de BTP, nous avons également travaillé sur trois types des matériaux (mortier, béton et sable-ciment) dans lesquels une partie des granulats est remplacée par des scories. Les études de la dynamique du relargage des matériaux monolithiques montrent que le relargage des espèces solubles (Na. K et Ca) est bien décrit par un phénomène diffusionnel et que les polluants principaux sont non détectables lors de la lixiviation à l'eau déminéralisée. La modélisation du terme source avec percolation a été réalisée en considérant un modèle hydrodynamique couplé avec W1 modèle de diffusion-dissolution des polluants. Le modèle à front rentrant/écoulement en présence de zone stagnante est bien adapté pour décrire le relargage du calcium. Cette caractérisation des phénomènes mis en jeu J et l'identification des paramètres caractéristiques permettent de prévoir le comportement à long terme du matériau soumis à divers scénarios de lixiviation. Cette étude globale a permis de montrer que la scorie utilisée a une bonne stabilité physico-chimique en contact avec W1 matériau cimentier. L'utilisation des scories en remplacement partiel des granulats dans les matériaux de BTP peut donc être favorablement envisagée
The aim of these studies is the environmental evaluation of the WAELZ slag valorization (in a bulk state or •in substitution to granular). This evaluation needs the determination of wastes or waste materials leaching behavior in specified scenarii. Concerning the use of slag in bulk state we examined the scenario: embankment, filling and embanked road. The pollutants leaching behavior in bulk slag’s has been studied with different chemical backgrounds. This experimental study ha clearly shown that the species release is controlled by their solubility by the surrounding pH and by the nature of solid phases. Concerning the use of slags in partial replacement of granular in construction materials, we have also worked on three kinds of materials (mortar, concrete and sand cement) in which a part of granular is replaced by slag. The dynamic studies of monolithic materials release showed that soluble species release (Na, K, Ca) is well described by a diffusional phenomena and that principal pollutants are non detectable during distilled water leaching. The modelisation of the source term with percolation has been realized considering hydrodynamic model coupled with pollutant diffusion-dissolution model. The shrinking core model/flow with immobile zone is well adapted to describe calcium release. The characterization of phenomena and the identification of the characteristic parameters allow predicting the long term behavior of the material submitted to various leaching scenarii. This global study showed that the slag which was used had a good physical and chemical stability in contact with a concrete material. The use of slag in partial replacement of granular in construction material can be considered favorably
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Semcha, Abdélaziz. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage : Applications dans le BTP, cas du barrage de Fergoug". Reims, 2006. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000521.pdf.

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Ce travail est une contribution à l’étude globale des conséquences de l’envasement des barrages en Algérie. Dans une optique de développement durable, l’étude présentée met en évidence les difficultés de la lutte contre l’envasement des retenues et propose des voies de valorisation des vases issues du dragage, dans les domaines du BTP. Les ouvrages de stockage de l’eau pour les besoins des populations ont une importance capitale pour les régions dont l’économie dépend principalement de l’agriculture et de l’élevage et dont les conditions climatiques ne permettent pas l’exploitation des terres sans un système d’irrigation adéquat. Notre recherche vise principalement la récupération des volumes utiles de stockage des barrages perdus par envasement. Le barrage de Fergoug situé au nord-ouest de l’Algérie et qui, dans un passé récent a permis la floraison de la ville de Perrégaux, a été et reste le théâtre des caprices de l’érosion. La première expérience de dragage par drague suceuse en Algérie a été faite sur ce barrage. De 1986 à 1989,10 (dix) millions de m3 de vase ont été extraits. Déposée en aval dans des zones grossièrement aménagées, la vase est entraînée de nouveau par érosion jusqu’à l’embouchure de l’oued à la Macta. Les opérations de dragage étant nécessaires, il en est de même de la prise en charge des retombées du rejet et stockage des matières draguées. L’étude de la valorisation des sédiments issus des dragages offre des voies pouvant être exploitées. La vase prélevée à l’état solide, dans la zone de rejet sur Oued El Hammam (en aval du barrage) ainsi que dans la région de la Macta, stabilisée au ciment dans des conditions particulières de température, d’humidité et de pression, a donné des résistances à la compression comparables à celles de la brique silico-calcaire. Nous présentons dans cette étude le mode d’activation, ayant abouti aux performances mesurées expérimentalement. D’autre part, les cimenteries algériennes utilisent, pour la production d’un ciment composé de type CEM II de classe élevée, une pouzzolane naturelle. Notre étude nous a amené à la conception d’une pouzzolane artificielle par traitement thermique de la fraction argileuse des vases issues du barrage de Fergoug. Des micro-éprouvettes de pâte durcie ont été fabriquées et soumises à des essais de compression uniaxiale afin d’en estimer leur réactivité pouzzolanique. Ces résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus avec la pouzzolane naturelle de Béni-Saf, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales
This work is a contribution to the general study of the silting consequences of dams in Algeria. With an optic of durable development we begin with the presentation of the sedimentation phenomena and the studied site. After that we present the study of sediment properties before our proposals for their valorisation in BTP. The constructions of water storage are very importants for the population needs, in the regions depending on an agricole and a breeding economy and whose climatic conditions make impossible to exploite grounds without using an adequate system of irrigation. Our research concerns the possibilities of recovering the useful volumes of dams storage lost by silting. The dam of Fergoug located at the north-west of Algeria was in a recent past, the source of wealth for the town of Perregaux, but it was and remains the theatre of the erosion consequences. The first experiment of dredging with a sucker dredger in Algerie was made on this dam. From 1986 to 1989, 10 million m3 of mud were extracted and deposited downstream in coarsely arranged zones. The mud is involved again by erosion to oued la Macta. Since the dredging operations were necessary, it was also necessary for the assumption of responsibility of the repercussions for the rejection and storage of the dredged matters. The study of the valorization of the dredging sediments offers many ways being able to be exploited. The mud in a solid state, taken in the zone of rejection on Oued El Hammam in the area of Macta, stabilized with cement under particular conditions of temperature, moisture and pressure, gave compressive strengths comparable with those of sandlime brick. We present in this study the mode of activation, having led to the performances measured in experiments. In addition, the Algerian cement factories use, for the production of cement made up of type CEM II of raised class, a natural pozzolana. Our study brought us to the design of an artificial pozzolana by heat treatment of the argillaceous fraction of the muds resulting from the dam of Fergoug. Micro-tubes-test of hardened paste manufactured and tested in uniaxial pressing in order to consider of their pozzolanic reactivity. These results are compared with those obtained with the natural pozzolana of Beni-Saf, under the same experimental conditions
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Elyamouri, Abdelaziz. "Les marches extérieurs des entreprises françaises de BTP et leurs incidences sur l'économie marocaine". Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL12018.

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L'objet de cette thèse consiste à étudier l’activité des entreprises françaises sur les marches extérieurs et leurs incidences sur l’économie marocaine. La présente investigation se propose de montrer que :. Dans un premier temps, les raisons essentielles du développement du processus d'internationalisation des entreprises de BTP, dépendent aussi bien de facteurs conjoncturels (crise 1973 1974), que de facteurs historiques lies aux conquêtes coloniales du début de ce siècle (cas des pays africains). . Dans un deuxième temps, la présence précoce des entreprises BTP au sein de l’économie marocaine pendant la phase de protectorat (1912 1956) a permis de consolider leur position actuelle sur ce marché. Dans un troisième temps, les filiales françaises, à statut de droit commun, sont tellement adaptées a l'environnement marocain qu'elles génèrent davantage d'effets bénéfiques sur l’économie locale que d'effets négatifs
The research's subject consists in studing the activity of the french companies on the outside markets and their effects on the moroccan economy. The present investigation means to explain that :. At the first time, the main reasons concerning the development of the internationalization's process for the BTP's companies, depend to conjunctural factors (crisis in 1973 1974), and so historical factors which are bound at colonial conquests at the beginning of this century (it is the case of african countries). . At the second time, the early presence of BTP's companies within the moroccan economy during the protectorate phase (1912 1956), allowed to consolidate their social position on this market. At the third time, the french subsidiary companies, jointventure, are so adapted to the moroccan environment that they generate more favorable effects on the local economy than negatives effects
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Škorpilová, Pavla. "Návrh marketingové komunikační strategie a návazných aktivit produktové řady BTP-06 společnosti JABLOCOM s.r.o". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113820.

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The goal of this study is to outline a marketing communication strategy and following activities for the BTP-06 product line of company JABLOCOM s.r.o. As a theoretical background marketing communication and it's methods and tools used on B2B markets will be mentioned. Relating to marketing communication activities which were conducted in the company in the last years and taking into account the outlined activities, the hypothesis will be verified at the end in order to find out whether the change in the marketing communication strategy helped the company to increase the sales of the particular product or not.
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Libros sobre el tema "BTP"

1

Martin, Pierre. Géotechnique appliquée au BTP. Paris: Eyrolles, 2008.

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Racault, Sylvie. La crise du BTP. Saint-Denis: Observatoire du développement de la Réunion, 1998.

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London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange. BTP: Government bonds : Italian government bond futures and options contracts. London: London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, 1994.

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London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange. BTP: Long term bonds : Italian government bond futures & options contracts. London: London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, 1993.

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Angeloni, Ignazio. Relazioni fra prezzi a pronti e "futures" sui BTP decennali: Un'analisi su dati infragiornalieri. Rome: Banca d'Italia, 1996.

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Campinos-Dubernet, Myriam. Emploi et gestion de la main d'œuvre dans le BTP: Mutations de l'après-guerre à la crise. Paris: Documentation française, 1985.

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Baru. Bip Bip! [Tournai]: Casterman, 2002.

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Cartier, Xam Wilson. Be-Bop, Re-Bop. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987.

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Cartiér, Xam Wilson. Be-bop, re-bop. New York: Available Press, 1987.

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Beijnum, Iljitsch van. BGP. Beijing: O'Reilly, 2002.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "BTP"

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Chaubey, Vikas P., Kevin B. Laupland, Christopher B. Colwell, Gina Soriya, Shelden Magder, Jonathan Ball, Jennifer M. DiCocco et al. "BTP". En Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 400. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_1269.

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Yao, Zhi-Lin, Lu Han, Jin-Ting Zhang y Shu-Fen Liu. "Long Term Web Service Oriented Transaction Handling Improvement of BTP Protocol". En Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 889–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7618-0_87.

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Cheng, Wushan. "Modeling of Real-Time Double Loops System in Predicting Sintering’s BTP". En Communications in Computer and Information Science, 14–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15853-7_3.

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Surugaya, N., Y. Sano, M. Yamamoto, A. Kurosawa y T. Hiyama. "Extraction Chromatographic Separation of Trivalent Minor Actinides UsingiHex-BTP/SiO2-P Resin". En ACS Symposium Series, 131–39. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1046.ch011.

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Wang, Rui y Qiang Song. "Application of Combined Grey Neural Network for the BTP Forecasting in Sintering Process". En Advanced Research on Computer Education, Simulation and Modeling, 343–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21802-6_55.

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Liu, Shengfei, Qinglin Sun y Cheng Ma. "Parabola-Based Flue Gas Temperature Modeling and Its Application in BTP Control of a Sintering Process". En Proceedings of 2016 Chinese Intelligent Systems Conference, 415–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2338-5_40.

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van Balen, J. A. M., A. A. Demeulemeester, M. Frölich, K. Mohrmann, L. M. Harms, W. C. H. van Helden, L. J. Mostert y J. H. M. Souverijn. "BNP (pro-BNP, NT-pro-BNP)". En Memoboek, 44–45. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-9129-5_16.

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Saidak, Zuzana, Zakaria Ezzoukhry, Jean-Claude Maziere, Antoine Galmiche, Ken-Ichi Takemaru, Xingwang Chen, Feng-Qian Li et al. "Bgp". En Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 196. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_100120.

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Rip, Jasper, Rudi W. Hendriks y Odilia B. J. Corneth. "BTK". En Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 587–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_101553.

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Tyrer, Peter J., Mark Slifstein, Joris C. Verster, Kim Fromme, Amee B. Patel, Britta Hahn, Christer Allgulander et al. "BPP". En Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 247. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_4097.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "BTP"

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Wang, Bin, Yan Fang, Jinfang Sheng, Weihua Gui y Ying Sun. "BTP Prediction Model Based on ANN and Regression Analysis". En 2009 Second International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (WKDD). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wkdd.2009.179.

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Wang, Jialin, Xiaoli Li, Yang Li y Kang Wang. "BTP prediction of sintering process by using multiple models". En 2014 26th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2014.6852882.

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Troyer, Greg y Matthew DeVan. "An Assessment of Branch Technical Position 5-3 to Determine Unirradiated RTNDT for SA-508 Cl. 2 Forgings". En ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28897.

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10 CFR 50.61 and 10 CFR 50, Appendix G require the evaluation of the unirradiated nil ductility transition reference temperature (RTNDT) determined in accordance with ASME Section III, paragraph NB-2331. For extended operation, components outside of the traditional beltline may require evaluation of RTNDT per NB-2331. Many of these components do not have sufficient test data to determine RTNDT in accordance with NB-2331 due to different test requirements during fabrication. The US NRC has provided methods in Branch Technical Position (BTP) 5-3 of NUREG 0800 to estimate a bounding RTNDT for these components using available test data. This paper compares Branch Technical Position 5-3, paragraph 1.1(4) estimates of RTNDT using 10°F Charpy V-notch data to the ASME B&PV Section III, Paragraph NB-2331 values of RTNDT, for a sample of 35 SA-508 Cl. 2 reactor vessel shell forgings. The BTP 5-3, Paragraph 1.1(4) estimates underestimate NB-2331 values by an average of 13.8°F and by as much as 40°F. This non-conservatism is attributed to the use of 10°F Charpy V-notch data for the BTP 5-3, paragraph 1.1(4) estimate and the difficulty of using only Charpy V-notch data to estimate a parameter based on Charpy V-notch and dropweight data. If BTP 5-3, paragraph 1.1(4) estimates for RTNDT are to be used in 10 CFR 50.61 and 10 CFR 50 Appendix G calculations, the bias and measurement uncertainty of BTP 5-3, paragraph 1.1(4) should be accounted for, such that the estimate of RTNDT bounds the NB-2331 RTNDT with 2σ confidence, as shown in Regulatory Guide 1.99, Revision 2.
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Hansen, Morten Tranberg y Edoardo Biagioni. "BTP: A Block Transfer Protocol for delay tolerant wireless sensor networks". En 2010 IEEE 35th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn.2010.5735830.

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Lassagne, Marc y Laurent Dehouck. "La construction des décisions de management des risques dans les projets de BTP". En Congrès Lambda Mu 20 de Maîtrise des Risques et de Sûreté de Fonctionnement, 11-13 Octobre 2016, Saint Malo, France. IMdR, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/61713.

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Cheng, Wu-shan. "Prediction System of Burning Through Point (BTP) Based on Adaptive Pattern Clustering and Feature Map". En 2006 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2006.258372.

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Moreau, Benoit, Rossitza Alargova, Adam Brockman, Kerry Whalen, Jamie Quinn, Kristan Meetze, Patrick Bazinet et al. "Abstract 4484: BTP-114: An albumin binding cisplatin prodrug with improved and sustained tumor growth inhibition". En Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4484.

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Yu, Young-Jun, Olga Solomeshch, Vladislav Medvedev, Alexey Razin, Nir Tessler, Kyu-Nam Kim, Dong Hoon Choi y Jung-Il Jin. "Cross Linkable Phosphorescent Polymer-LEDs Based on a Soluble New Iridium Complex ((Btp)2Ir(III)(acac)-Ox)". En 2008 MRS Fall Meetin. Materials Research Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1129-v11-12.

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Wang, Li, Yang Liu, Yun Tai, Yawei Zhang y Zhenpeng Tang. "Extension of Load Follow Operation of PWRs Without Boron Adjustment". En 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15479.

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Due to development of electric power system, the proportion of nuclear power and its needs for Load follow operation have become large. Then there would be higher requirements to the power control ability of the nuclear power system. The project with China’s own brands and using the advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) nuclear power technology, CPR1000, adopts a control method called Mode G, using G banks, N banks, R bank and soluble boron to perform the load follow control. The common Point Model, widely used in conventional core modeling, cannot successfully research the axial power distribution. But in this paper, a two-node dynamic function model was built, taking CPR1000 as an example, considering the coupling coefficient and mutual influence. The transient parameter values were obtained by the steady-state calculation of single channel with its original structure parameter and operation parameter. Then the core system simulation of CPR1000 was modeled. In order to carry out the load follow operation without the boron adjustment, known as BTP mode, the control banks were regrouped to control the average temperature by M banks and axial offset by AO bank. The last, the optimal control implementation was connected to the core simulation platform to operate with the variable daily load. The feasibility and effectiveness of the control policy and the simulation system are validated by the calculation results via one-dimensional in axial computer code APOC. Results of computations performed for a reference reactor were present, giving the possibility that the optimal control policy could stretches the capability of the reactor to follow an average daily load curve. The paper demonstrated in principle that the BTP mode was feasible for CPR1000.
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Polistina, A. "The Virtual "Maquette" and the Synthesis of Images in the Architecture Project". En Colloque CAO et Robotique en Architecture et BTP (3rd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction). Paris: Hermes, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc1986/0024.

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Informes sobre el tema "BTP"

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Fernando, R. y S. Stuart. BGP Monitoring Protocol (BMP). Editado por J. Scudder. RFC Editor, junio de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7854.

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Evens, T., S. Bayraktar, P. Lucente, P. Mi y S. Zhuang. Support for Adj-RIB-Out in the BGP Monitoring Protocol (BMP). RFC Editor, noviembre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8671.

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Cassar, C., E. Åman y K. Wang. BGP Optimal Route Reflection (BGP ORR). Editado por R. Raszuk y B. Decraene. RFC Editor, agosto de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9107.

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Griffin, T. y G. Huston. BGP Wedgies. RFC Editor, noviembre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4264.

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Sumner, T., G. Zhang y T. H. Fanning. BOP-301 and BOP-302R: Test Definitions and Analyses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1483986.

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Chen, E. y J. Yuan. Autonomous-System-Wide Unique BGP Identifier for BGP-4. RFC Editor, junio de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6286.

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Borchert, Oliver, Kyehwan Lee, Kotikalapudi Sriram, Doug Montgomery, Patrick Gleichmann y Mehmet Adalier. BGP Secure Routing Extension (BGP-SRx): Reference Implementation and Test Tools for Emerging BGP Security Standards. National Institute of Standards and Technology, septiembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2060.

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Rosen, E. y Y. Rekhter. BGP/MPLS VPNs. RFC Editor, marzo de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2547.

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Chandra, R., P. Traina y T. Li. BGP Communities Attribute. RFC Editor, agosto de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1997.

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Rekhter, Y. BGP Protocol Analysis. RFC Editor, octubre de 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc1265.

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