Literatura académica sobre el tema "Chargeur"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Chargeur"
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Erhel et, Daniel y Richard Calvi. "Une typologie des prestations logistiques (PL) orientée chargeur". Logistique & Management 26, n.º 4 (2 de octubre de 2018): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12507970.2018.1524270.
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Rabasté, D., J. M. Malartre y C. Glaize. "Chargeur de batterie avec isolation galvanique et absorption sinusoïale". Journal de Physique III 5, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1995): 1887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp3:1995232.
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Mir, Amr y Mohammed Amine Balambo. "Externalisation, innovation et gouvernance de la relation chargeur-prestataire de services logistiques". Question(s) de management 45, n.º 4 (26 de julio de 2023): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/qdm.225.0019.
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Malgré l’abondance des articles scientifiques autour de l’externalisation logistique et l’étude des relations inter-organisationnelles entre chargeurs-prestataires de services logistiques, nous observons une pénurie de travaux de recherche qui s’intéressent à ce champ dans le contexte marocain, tout particulièrement dans le cadre des contrats d’externalisation à long terme et ce, malgré les changements institutionnels remarquables mis en place par les secteurs public et privé à travers l’opérationnalisation de la stratégie nationale de développement de la compétitivité logistique. En s’appuyant sur une étude de cas qualitative, notre contribution a pour objectif d’étudier les différentes étapes d’externalisation logistique et d’expliquer comment la gouvernance de la relation chargeur-PSL dans le cadre d’un contrat relationnel favorise l’innovation logistique.
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Jault-Seseke, Fabienne. "Retour sur l’opposabilité de la clause attributive de juridiction figurant dans une lettre de transport maritime". Revue critique de droit international privé N° 4, n.º 4 (25 de octubre de 2023): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rcdip.224.0775.
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Il résulte de l’article 25 du règlement Bruxelles I bis qu’une clause attributive de juridiction convenue entre un transporteur et un chargeur et insérée dans une lettre de transport maritime, produit ses effets à l’égard du tiers porteur de la lettre de transport maritime pour autant que, en l’acquérant, il ait succédé aux droits et obligations du chargeur en vertu du droit national applicable. Dans le cas contraire, il convient de vérifier son consentement à la clause, au regard des exigences de ce texte. Dès lors, viole ce texte la cour d’appel qui fait produire ses effets à une clause attributive de juridiction envers le destinataire réel de la marchandise, alors que celui-ci ou son mandataire, qui ne figure en aucune qualité sur une lettre de transport maritime, ne peut être considéré comme un tiers porteur de ce document, de sorte que la clause attributive de juridiction y figurant ne lui est pas opposable.
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Boissinot, Aline. "L’influence de ’asymétrie d’information entre chargeur et prestataires de services logistiques dans l’industrie automobile". Logistique & Management 18, n.º 2 (enero de 2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12507970.2010.11516971.
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Pingale, Aakash, Purvesh Salunkhe, Shreyash Phule, Sahil Malushte y Rohan Bhand. "Design and Construct of a Portable Solar Mobile Charger". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, n.º 4 (30 de abril de 2024): 4025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.60321.
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Abstract: The state of incessant power failure accompanied with the increase in pump price of petroleum in India, solar energy becomes the most sought after energy source. Solar chargers are simple, portable and ready to use devices which can be used by anyone especially in remote areas. Going solar can solve the problems of dependence on fuels and the prevalent energy crisis. This project aims to make a portable solar charger which can be used on the go. A portable solar mobile phone charger is simply a power electronic device that converts solar radiation into electrical current for the purpose of charging the batteries of mobile phones. This charger is made by converting, controlling and conditioning the flow of electrical energy from source to load according to the requirements. of the load; this technology is called power electronics. An external adjustable voltage regulator is used to obtain the desired constant voltage. A zener diode switches on to ensure charging is cut off at the saturation point. Two 3.7V lithium ion batteries are used as backup; an operational amplifier works here as a comparator to signify when backup is fully charged. Ultimately, 11V and 160mA is supplied by the panel under full sunlight. This charger has an output voltage of 5V and an average of 800mA current to charge a mobile phone, this system charges a phone fully between 4-5hours and it has a capacity of 4800mAh. This device charges all mobile phones by all manufacturers using a universal serial bus connector. It is the only viable solution to charging mobile phones as it is portable, light-weight and does not cause pollution
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Jose, Louis, David J. Bernstein y Scott D. Baalrud. "Barkas effect in strongly magnetized plasmas". Physics of Plasmas 29, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2022): 112103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121285.
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Strongly magnetized plasmas, which are characterized by the particle gyrofrequency exceeding the plasma frequency, exhibit novel transport properties. For example, recent work showed that the friction force on a test charge moving through a strongly magnetized plasma not only consists of the typical stopping power component but also includes components perpendicular to the test charge's velocity. However, these studies only considered test charges that have the same sign as the charge of the plasma particles. Here, we extend these calculations to the case of charges with opposite signs (such as an ion interacting with strongly magnetized electrons). This is done with both a novel generalized Boltzmann kinetic theory and molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the friction force changes dramatically depending on the sign of the interacting charges. Likewise, the stopping power component for oppositely charged particles decreases in magnitude compared with like-charged particles, and the perpendicular components increase in magnitude. Moreover, the difference between the two cases increases as the gyrofrequency becomes larger compared with the plasma frequency. The electrical resistivity is calculated from the friction force, where it is found that strong magnetization in conjunction with oppositely charged interactions significantly decreases the parallel resistivity and increases the perpendicular resistivity.
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Mahesh Kumar K M. "A Comprehensive Investigation into Bidirectional DC-DC Converters with Soft Switching for Electric Vehicles". Journal of Electrical Systems 20, n.º 5s (13 de abril de 2024): 2333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.2593.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the the promising solutions for the environmental issues such as carbon emission and global warming. The high voltage traction battery in EVs is charged from utility grid by an EV charger. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standardize EV charges into two categories on-board chargers and off-board chargers. Usually, the on-board chargers are located inside the vehicle whereas, off-board chargers are not mounted on the vehicle. For onboard chargers, size and power density of charger become a prior matter of concern. The only way to reduce the size of a converter and thereby increase the power density is to operate power electronic conversion system (PECS) at very high switching frequency (HSF) resulting in reduced size of magnetic component in the charger configuration. However, HSF operation may lead to a high electromagnetic interference (EMI), loss in switch and switch duty. The work in this paper is focused on the development of high frequency bi-directional DC-DC converter (BD2C) stage priory used in on-board chargers due to distributed sources of energy as well as to manage the power distribution in the configuration. The power electronic BDCs are derived from boost and buck unit. The boost derived converter are current fed converters and offers advantages in terms of inherent voltage gain, short circuit protection and lower input current ripple. The voltage spikes across switches, high rated device selection, hard switching, snubber and auxiliary circuit requirements are some of the undesirable factors. This occurrence happened due to unbalance power transfer by the power electronics converter. Similarly, voltage fed converter offers good voltage control during power transfer.
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NG, C. Y., H. W. LAU, T. P. CHEN, O. K. TAN y V. S. W. LIM. "DISSIPATION OF CHARGES IN SILICON NANOCRYSTALS EMBEDDED IN SiO2 DIELECTRIC FILMS: AN ELECTROSTATIC FORCE MICROSCOPY STUDY". International Journal of Nanoscience 04, n.º 04 (agosto de 2005): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003541.
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In this paper, we report a mapping of charge transport in silicon nanocrystals ( nc - Si ) embedded in SiO 2 dielectric films with electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). By using contact EFM mode, positive and negative charges can be deposited on nc - Si . We found that the charge diffusion from the charged nc - Si to the surrounding neighboring uncharged nc - Si is the dominant mechanism during charge decay. A longer decay time was observed for a wider area of stored charge (i.e. 3 charged spots) due to the diffusion of charges being blocked by the surrounding charged nc - Si . This result is consistent with the increase of charge cloud size during the charge decay and the lower charge change percentage for 3 charged spots.
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Petrov, O. I. "Equalizing the battery charges of rechargeable accumulators". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1303, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1303/1/012007.
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Abstract Charge imbalances in high-voltage batteries, including battery cell arrays, such as lithium-ion in hybrid vehicles, tend to develop and increase over time as the batteries are charged and discharged, or even when the battery remains charged but not in use. This reduces the efficiency of the battery charging and discharging modes, and limits battery life and capacity. The article describes a method and device for performing the charge equalization operation when charging a storage battery. The elements of the charger circuit have been selected, the parameters of which are sufficient for charging with equalizing the charge of the Audi Q5 hybrid Quattro car. Calculations of the pulse mode of charging the battery of the specified car, as well as the time spent on charging with equalizing the battery charges are given. The charging time of the considered battery with the elimination of a 15% imbalance of the batteries will last up to 139 minutes (2.31 hours). The results of calculating the operating parameters of the device indicate that the device for equalizing the charge of the batteries is operable, can be implemented on a modern element base at a relatively low cost, and is capable of charging the battery in a time acceptable for the operation of the car.
Tesis sobre el tema "Chargeur"
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Chauchat, Bertrand. "Chargeur de batteries intégré pour véhicule électrique". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585314.
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La charge des batteries est un point important pour le développement du véhicule électrique. Actuellement, plusieurs systèmes sont mis en place (chargeurs embarqués, bornes de recharge, coupleurs inductifs) et permettent de répondre à l'attente des usagers. Des dispositifs de faible puissance (3 kW) assurent une recharge (dite "lente") complète des batteries durant les heures creuses (5 à 8 heures). Des systèmes plus puissants (supérieur à 10 kW) permettent une charge dite "rapide" (20 à 30 min) et partielle (70 à 80 %). Les chargeurs "lents" imposent une masse supplémentaire et un surcoût au véhicule. Les dispositifs "rapides" quant à eux sont complexes et très onéreux, ce qui limitera leur nombre et donc leur intérêt qui est d' assurer le rôle de stations-service. L'idée de réutiliser les éléments déjà existants dans le véhicule (convertisseur et moteur) pour concevoir une structure de charge est alors apparue comme une voie prometteuse. Le chargeur "intégré" est né, sa conception est conditionnée par la chaîne de traction implantée dans le véhicule. Notre étude porte sur la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs de charge conçus pour être implantées sur des véhicules à traction alternative (onduleur + moteur alternatif). L'utilisation du réseau monophasé a permis de mettre en oeuvre une structure assurant la charge de type "lente". Elle permet grâce à un montage à deux étages de répondre à la norme réseau basse fréquence (EN NF 61 000-3-2) et d'ofrir une large gamme de tension. L'utilisation des enroulements moteur comme inductances à été analysée. Le convertisseur connecté sur le réseau triphasé assure la charge "rapide" grâce à un montage monoétage. La mise en oeuvre du modèle moyen généralisé a permis de modéliser et commander l'ensemble des structures étudiées. En particulier une commande à été élaborée pour le chargeur triphasé afn d'adapter la tension de sortie du redresseur à celle des batteries en agissant sur le courant réactif absorbé.
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Chauchat, Bertrand. "Chargeur de batteries intégré pour véhicule électrique". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0169.
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La charge des batteries est un point important pour le développement du véhicule électrique. Actuellement, plusieurs systèmes sont mis en place (chargeurs embarqués, bornes de recharge, coupleurs inductifs) et permettent de répondre à l'attente des usagers. Des dispositifs de faible puissance (3 kW) assurent une recharge (dite "lente") complète des batteries durant les heures creuses (5 à 8 heures). Des systèmes plus puissants (supérieur à 10 kW) permettent une charge dite "rapide" (20 à 30 min) et partielle (70 à 80 %). Les chargeurs "lents" imposent une masse supplémentaire et un surcoût au véhicule. Les dispositifs "rapides" quant à eux sont complexes et très onéreux, ce qui limitera leur nombre et donc leur intérêt qui est d' assurer le rôle de stations-service. L'idée de réutiliser les éléments déjà existants dans le véhicule (convertisseur et moteur) pour concevoir une structure de charge est alors apparue comme une voie prometteuse. Le chargeur "intégré" est né, sa conception est conditionnée par la chaîne de traction implantée dans le véhicule. Notre étude porte sur la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs de charge conçus pour être implantées sur des véhicules à traction alternative (onduleur + moteur alternatif). L'utilisation du réseau monophasé a permis de mettre en oeuvre une structure assurant la charge de type "lente". Elle permet grâce à un montage à deux étages de répondre à la norme réseau basse fréquence (EN NF 61 000-3-2) et d'ofrir une large gamme de tension. L'utilisation des enroulements moteur comme inductances à été analysée. Le convertisseur connecté sur le réseau triphasé assure la charge "rapide" grâce à un montage monoétage. La mise en oeuvre du modèle moyen généralisé a permis de modéliser et commander l'ensemble des structures étudiées. En particulier une commande à été élaborée pour le chargeur triphasé afn d'adapter la tension de sortie du redresseur à celle des batteries en agissant sur le courant réactif absorbéThe battery charge is a key point for the electric vehicle development. Nowadays gears such as onboard charger, fast charging station, inductive coupling charger are proposed and can meet user expectations. Low power devices (3 kW) can carry out a complete charge (called "slow") of the batteries during slack periods (5 to 8 hours). More powerful devices (higher than 10 kW power fow) operate a fast (20 to 30 minutes) and partial (70 to 80 %) charge. The "slow" chargers involve additio-nal weight and cost to the vehicle. The fast chargers are more complex and more expensive and their number will be limited as well as their interest (to perform gas-station). The proposed solution which uses the existing components (converters, AC motor) of the electric vehicle to realize a charger appears as an interesting feld. The integrated charger is born, its design depends on traction structure. The charge structure is based on the electric vehicle using an AC drive-train. On the single phase network the "slow" type charger bas been realized. A two-stage structure allows to comply with low frequency standards and ofers a large output voltage range. The use of motor windings as inductors is analyzed. The equipment connected to three-phase power supply leads to the fast charging thanks to a single-stage structure. The use of the generalized average model allows modelling and controlling all the studied structures to be done. An efective control on the reactive input current bas been developed for the three-phase charger in order to adjust output voltage versus battery voltage
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Oueidat, Mohamad. "Faisabilite d'une structure multifonctions (filtre actif-chargeur-onduleur)". Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066495.
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Recemment, on a pris conscience de la necessite de sauvegarder la qualite du reseau d'alimentation electrique. Cependant, les charges modernes presentent habituellement une impedance non lineaire pour la source d'energie. Elles absorbent un courant non sinusoidal, parfois tres distordu, qui deforme la tension du reseau au detriment de l'ensemble des utilisateurs. Par ailleurs, il est clair que beaucoup d'equipements sont sensibles aux coupures du reseau. Un nouveau dispositif connectable en parallele entre le reseau et la charge pour la rendre moins polluante et la secourir en cas de disparition du reseau est developpe dans ce memoire. Ce dispositif possede une structure simple permettant d'assurer trois fonctions : filtre actif, chargeur et onduleur, suivant la disponibilite du reseau. Quand le reseau est present, la charge est alimentee directement par le reseau et la structure multifonctions fonctionne en tant que filtre actif - chargeur dont le role est de compenser les harmoniques et la puissance reactive crees par la charge. Si une interruption survient, la structure multifonctions fonctionne comme une alimentation sans interruption qui fournit l'energie necessaire a la charge pendant quelques minutes, temps pendant lequel il est possible de demarrer un groupe electrogene. La configuration de cette structure multifonctions permet de supprimer deux etages : etage (ac/dc) qui charge la batterie et etage (dc/dc) qui sert de preregulateur appele aussi cfp ou pfc. Ceci tend a reduire le cout du systeme global et a ameliorer les performances electriques de la chaine d'alimentation. Le principe de ce dispositif est valide par simulation et par des essais experimentaux sur un prototype a modele reduit. Les pertes energetiques sont faibles et le facteur de puissance est proche de l'unite. Les resultats escomptes sont atteints et par consequent la faisabilite de cette structure multifonctions est validee.
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Laouamer, Rachid. "Chargeur de batteries à couplage inductif pour véhicule électrique". Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0062.
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Les travaux de cette thèse concernent les chargeurs à couplage inductif développés pour les flottes de véhicule électriques en libre service tel qu'envisagé dans l'opération PRAXITELE de EDF. L'objectif général était la définition de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur magnétique adapté à ce type de recharge. Les outils et les méthodes développés dans ce mémoire ont fait progresser la compréhension du couplage par induction, et éclairé le choix de la structure adaptée. L'étude méthodique des différentes structures à trois et à quatre éléments de stockage a fait ressortir quelques montages dignes d'intérêt. Les avantages et les inconvénients de chacun de ces montages ont été soulignés et une méthode de dimensionnement a été proposée. La structure choisie permet d'exploiter au mieux le transformateur à faible couplage que constitue le coupleur magnétique, d'alléger la partie embarquée et d'améliorer les caractéristiques de sortie du chargeur. Elle s'avère également être celle qui conduit au meilleur rendement énergétique de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur. Le schéma équivalent du coupleur, développé au laboratoire, nous a permis de simuler le comportement de l'ensemble convertisseur-coupleur, en prenant en compte tous les aspects utiles de son comportement. Cela a mené, en particulier, à l'évaluation des pertes de ce composant. Une vérification expérimentale soigneuse a confirmé cette évaluation avec une précision honorableThe work presented in this thesis deals with inductive charging for electrical vehicle intended to self-service fleet as planned in EDF Praxitele project. The aim of this work was the definition of a converter-coupler set well adapted to this kind of charge. The methods developed in this report have improved the knowledge of inductive coupling, and clarified the selection of an adequate converter. After a survey of different topologies with three and four storage elements, we have brought out some interesting topologies. Both advantages and drawbacks of each topology have been emphasized and a design method has been proposed. The selected converter allows the use of parasitic coupler elements. It reduces the inboard weight and improves charger characteristics. Moreover it improves the global converter-oupler efficiency. The coupler equivalent circuit developed in our laboratory has been used to to simulate the whole converter-coupler set behavior, leading to losses evaluation. Careful measurements lead to the same value within a correct accuracy
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Fauvette, Xavier. "Chargeur de batteries embarque à facteur de puissance quasi unitaire". Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10120.
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Le convertisseur statique de l'électronique de puissance étudie, est un chargeur de batteries d'accumulateurs embarque, pour véhicules électriques, alimente a partir d'un réseau alternatif monophasé. Un facteur de puissance notablement inférieur a l'unité, parce que dégrade par l'absorption de puissance réactive, et la génération d'harmoniques, est particulièrement pénalisant. On aboutit en effet a un accroissement du temps de charge, si la source d'alimentation est limitée en courant, ainsi qu'a un niveau de perturbations conduites élevé. L'utilisation d'interrupteurs de puissance entièrement commandes, ainsi que la mise en uvre d'une fréquence de découpage élevée au sein du convertisseur, d'une commande et d'une régulation appropriées, permettent d'aboutir aux caractéristiques suivantes: obtention d'un facteur de puissance quasi unitaire, et minimisation du poids et de la taille du chargeur
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Hamidi, Assia. "Développement d’un chargeur à décharge couronne pour la mesure à 10 Hz de la concentration d’un aérosol atmosphérique". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112399.
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Le but est de développer un chargeur d’aérosols submicroniques à décharge couronne pour la mesure de concentration atmosphérique (10^3-10^5 cm^-3) avec un temps de réponse de 100 ms.Deux sources d’ions, pointe-Trou et fil-Fente ont été caractérisées. L’augmentation du flux d’ions extrait en post-Décharge par confinement EHD des ions tant dans l’espace inter-Électrodes que dans l’extracteur a été mis en évidence.L’étude expérimentale de deux configurations de mélange, concentrique et face-À-Face, a d’abord permis de confirmer la loi de charge des aérosols par diffusion d’ions qui dépend du diamètre des particules et du produit Ni.t, avec Ni, la densité d’ions et t, le temps de charge. L’originalité de ce chargeur repose sur l’hétérogénéité des densités d’ions unipolaires (Ni0>10^9cm^-3) requises pour compenser le temps de charge inférieur à 50 ms. Dans ces conditions hétérogènes, nous avons montré que la taille et la dynamique de charge qui en dépend, contrôlent la trajectoire de l’aérosol.Les différents chargeurs ont ensuite été comparés selon les conditions de fonctionnement, principalement en termes de charge maximale et pertes minimales. Dans le chargeur retenu (source d’ions pointe-Trou et mélange concentrique), les relations charge/mobilité et les pertes en fonction du diamètre d’aérosol ont ensuite été caractérisées. Nous avons montré la linéarité du courant de particules chargées avec la concentration qui permet l’inversion de données. Le système préliminaire de mesure comprend le chargeur, le séparateur et la mesure du courant répond aux objectifs de l’étude en termes de limite de détection en concentration (<10^3 cm^-3) et de temps de réponse (< 100 ms). Nous avons donc démontré la faisabilité d’un système de mesure de concentration d’aérosol atmosphérique à 10 Hz, a l’aide d’un chargeur à décharge couronne, sous réserve d’améliorer le pouvoir de séparation. En outre, aux vues des pertes d’aérosol négligeables et de l’abaissement de la limite de charge partielle, le chargeur développé est compatible avec d’autres applicationsThe goal is to develop an aerosol charger based on a corona discharge for atmospheric concentration measurements (10^3-10^5 cm^-3) within a response time of 100 ms.Two ion sources, point-To-Hole and wire-To-Slit have been characterized. The increase of the ion flow in the post-Discharge by EHD ion confinement in both the discharge gap and the hole has been shown.At first, using an experimental survey driven in two mixing configurations, concentric and face-To-Face, we have confirmed the aerosol diffusion charging law which depends on aerosol diameter and Ni.t product, with Ni, the ions concentration and t, the charging time. Thus, the originality of this charger relies on the very high heterogeneity of unipolar ion densities (Ni0 >10^9 cm^-3) required to compensate the charging time of 50 ms. In these conditions, we have shown that aerosol diameter and the charging dynamic (which depends also on the diameter) control the aerosol trajectory.The chargers have, next, been compared in different operating conditions, mainly in terms of the maximal charging and the minimal losses. In the chosen charger (point-To-Hole ion source and concentric mixing), the relations charge/mobility and losses according to diameter have been characterized. We have also shown the linearity of the charged particles current with the aerosol concentration which allows the current-Concentration data inversionThe preliminary measurement system composed by the charger, the separator and the particle current measurements, satisfies the objectives of the study in terms of the concentration detection limit (10^3 cm^-3) and the response time (100 ms). We have thus shown the feasibility of an atmospheric aerosol concentration measurement system at 10 Hz using a corona discharge charger provided that the separation power is improved. Furthermore, knowing that aerosol losses are negligible and the lower limit of the partial charging, the developed charger is adaptable with other applications
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Mathon, Rémi. "Décharge à Barrières Diélectriques à pression atmosphérique pour la charge bipolaire d’aérosol". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS261/document.
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La mesure de distribution de taille d’un aérosol (particules solides ou liquides en suspension dans un gaz) par analyse de mobilité électrique nécessite de neutraliser l’aérosol. La neutralisation consiste à conférer une distribution de charge centrée sur zéro obtenue par la diffusion sur l’aérosol d’ions bipolaires. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité d’un chargeur bipolaire post-Décharge à Barrières Diélectriques (DBD) pour remplacer les neutraliseurs radioactifs, généralement utilisées pour la production d’ions bipolaires et soumis à des contraintes législatives. La caractérisation électrique des DBD en géométrie « fil-fil » selon la distance inter-électrodes, la tension et le débit a permis demettre en évidence trois types d’auto-organisations des filaments selon la tension et d’évaluer lecourant de décharge, c’est-à-dire la production par la décharge d’espèces chargées par unité detemps. Dans la géométrie et les conditions de fonctionnement choisies, des méthodes de mesure des flux d’ions en post-décharge ont alors été développées. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que la fraction d‘ions extraits de l’espace inter-électrodes résulte d’une compétition électro-hydrodynamique qui dépend de l’auto-organisation des filaments. En effet, les densités d’ions positifs et négatifs en post-DBD, ainsi que le rapport entre ces densités, critiques pour la charge d’aérosols, sont contrôlés par les champs électriques et le temps de transit des ions en post-décharge. Dans le chargeur post-DBD, les densités d’ions sont décroissantes. Toutefois, cette décroissance n’affecte pas les distributions de charges des aérosols qui sont constantes pour chaque taille quelle que soit la concentration d’aérosol. Dans ces conditions, les granulométries mesurées en post-neutraliseurs radioactif et DBD sont comparées afin de prouver que le neutraliseur post-DBD est viable pour la granulométrie des aérosols submicroniquesThe measurement of the size distribution of an aerosol (solid or liquid particles in suspension in agas) by electrical mobility analyses requires the neutralization of the aerosol. Neutralization consistsin imparting a charge distribution with a mean charge of 0 by the diffusion of bipolar ions on aerosol.We prove the feasibility of a post- Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) bipolar charger as an alternativeto radioactive neutralizer subjected to legislative constraints. The electrical characterization of awire-to-wire DBD versus the gap, the voltage and the flow-rate highlights 3 kinds of selforganizationsof filaments versus voltage. Moreover, discharge current which represents the chargedspecies production per unit of time is evaluated. In the chosen geometry and operating conditions, apost-discharge ions flux measurement method was developed. We confirm that anelectro-hydrodynamic competition controls the extraction of ions from the gap. In fact, electric fieldsand transit time control positive and negative ions densities and the ratio between them which arecritical for aerosol charging. For the post-DBD charger, ions densities decrease in the charging zone.However, this decrease does not affect the aerosol charge distribution for each particle size withconcentration. In these conditions, the post-radioactive neutralizer and post-DBD neutralizer aerosolsize measurements are compared in order to prove that the post-DBD neutralizer is available forsubmicronic aerosols sizing
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Fortin, Pascal-André. "Impact de l'utilisation de composants au carbure de silicium sur la mise en oeuvre d'un chargeur bidirectionnel". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10121.
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Le nombre grandissant de véhicules électriques implique une grande quantité d’accumulateurs
devant être alimentés par le réseau électrique. Le principe d’échange d’énergie véhicule-réseau
(V2G) permet des transferts énergétiques bidirectionnels entre le réseau et les véhicules
électriques. Il est ainsi possible de compter sur ces accumulateurs pour alimenter le réseau.
Le chargeur intégré assure l’interface entre le réseau et ces accumulateurs. Son rendement
constitue un élément majeur de la viabilité du principe V2G. Son caractère mobile est tout aussi
important puisque cet appareil est intégré au véhicule.
Les semi-conducteurs au carbure de silicium (SiC) présentent une percée substantielle pour
atteindre le rendement et la densité énergétiques nécessaires pour un tel convertisseur. Les impacts
de l’utilisation du SiC dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un chargeur bidirectionnel seront
démontrés dans ce mémoire.
La topologie du convertisseur est initialement déterminée puis dimensionnée pour les paramètres
de l’étude, soit en tension et puissance. Les simulations du convertisseur exposent les différences
entre une solution n’utilisant que des composants au SiC à une seconde n’utilisant que des
composant au silicium (Si) traditionnellement utilisés. Une dernière solution combinant les deux
types de composant a aussi été évaluée.
Finalement, la mise en œuvre d’un chargeur bidirectionnel prototype démontre des phénomènes
distincts entre les solutions exposant l’impact des semi-conducteurs au carbure de silicium sur le
rendement du convertisseur bidirectionnel.
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Dogan, Hussein. "Méthodologie de conception des machines synchrones à aimants permanents. Application au véhicule électrique avec chargeur rapide embarqué". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT039/document.
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Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la méthodologie de conception des Machines Synchrones à Aimants Permanents (MSAP) avec pour application le véhicule électrique. Dans une première partie, nous avons abordé du contexte de l'étude et de la problématique du dimensionnement. A l'occasion, nous avons montré qu'il est nécessaire d'adopter une méthodologie de design appropriée en fonction de l'avancement de chaque projet dans le cadre du processus de conception. Nous avons alors proposé différents niveaux de modélisation afin de repérer la machine optimale face au cahier des charges pour ensuite la caractériser plus finement et l'optimiser. La seconde partie du rapport traite donc de la modélisation et de l'optimisation de la MSAP. En premier lieu, un modèle analytique permet d'évaluer les performances globales des centaines de machines très rapidement. Ce premier calcul permet de sélectionner les meilleures machines à l'application pour ensuite les optimiser. Puis, le second niveau de modélisation se base sur les réseaux de réluctances. Ce niveau plus fin permet d'une part de retrouver les performances affinées des MSAP et également de procéder à l'optimisation. Enfin, la dernière partie du rapport est consacrée à l'optimisation de la MSAP en vue d'améliorer grandement les performances et de satisfaire au mieux au cahier des chargesThe works of this thesis concern the design methodology of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) for an electric vehicle application. The first part of this report introduces the context of the study and the problem of design. Then, we have shown that it is necessary to adopt an appropriate design methodology based on the progress of each project in the design process. Thus, we proposed different levels of modeling to identify the optimal machine against the specifications, and then characterize it more finely and optimize. The second part of the report deals with the modeling and optimization of the PMSM. First, an analytical model is employed to evaluate the overall performance of hundreds of machines very quickly. The first calculation is used to select the best machine for the application and then optimize them. Then, the second level of modeling is based on reluctance networks. This model allows finer resolution of the PMSM and also permits to perform optimization. The last part of the report is devoted to the optimization of the PMSM in order to greatly improve performances and meet the specifications
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Peng, Chang Hua. "La responsabilité du chargeur dans les opérations de transports maritimes : étude comparative en droit chnois et français". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D040.
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Ces dernières décennies ont été marquées par une accélération des échanges mondiaux. Le transport maritime du fait de son coût peu élevé a contribué à ce développement. En effet, aujourd’hui près de quatre vingt dix pourcent des marchandises transportées dans le monde le sont par voie maritime. L’augmentation des volumes échangés et la capacité des navires ont fait augmenter les risques d’incidents et du même coup la responsabilité de tous les acteurs des contrats maritimes de transport de marchandises. La responsabilité du chargeur, qui a été longtemps restreinte à un simple cas excepté libérant la responsabilité du transporteur, prend son essor. Elle s’autonomise autour de la construction d’un régime général et spécial qu’il convient de mieux ordonner. A cet égard, l’étude comparative des expériences sino-françaises dans le domaine des responsabilités du chargeur fait apparaître de nombreuses disparités et différences de traitement. Les Règles de Rotterdam s’inscrivent dans cette perspective en consacrant ce phénomène. Elles prennent en considération de nouveaux types de chargeurs tels que le chargeur documentaire afin de mieux s’adapter à la réalité de l’opération de transport. Les risques d’atteinte à l’environnement par des marchandises dangereuses sont aussi pris en compte. Mais contrairement à la responsabilité du transporteur, la responsabilité contractuelle et délictuelle du chargeur est illimitée. En attendant une ratification des Règles de Rotterdam, la liberté contractuelle constitue un moyen intéressant pour le chargeur de limiter sa responsabilité dans le respect des dispositions d’ordre public ou de ses obligations impérativesRecent decades have seen an acceleration of world trade. Due to its low cost, maritime transport has contributed to this development. Indeed, nearly ninety percent of goods transported in the world are seaborne. The increase in trading volumes and vessel capacity have increased the risk of incidents and thereby the responsibility of all actors in maritime carriage of goods contracts. The responsibility of the shipper, which has long been restricted to a simple except case releasing the carrier’s liability, is now taking off. This new autonomy, built around general and special ratings, should be better organized. In this regard, the comparative study of Chinese and French experiences in the responsibility of the shipper reveals many disparities and differences in treatment. The Rotterdam Rules follow the recent trend by taking into account new types of shippers, such as the documentary shipper, in order to better adapt to the reality of transport operations. The risks to the environment due to hazardous goods are also taken into account. But unlike the carrier's liability, the shipper’s liability and tort are unlimited. Pending the Rotterdam Rules’ ratification, contractual freedom is an interesting way for the shipper to limit his liability and tort in the respect of safety law or imperative obligations
国际间交换近数十年来加速了，海上运输的低价格，助长了他的发展，的确现在几乎百分之九十的国际货物运输都靠海运。由于交换的批量和船的容量增加，使得事件的风险和海上运输合同的各方责任提高了。托运人的责任长期以来限制在一个例外, 让承运人的责任释放。托运人的责任浮现，他的存在是建立在普通制度和专门制度中，需要更好的理清。在此情况下，中法海商法经验的比较，在托运人的责任上显出许多的差距和不同的待遇。在透视中 «鹿特丹规则»呈现了此现象。他考虑到新的托运人的类型，譬如提单托运人为了更符合实际运输的实现，被危险货物造成环保损害的风险,也算在内。但是不比承运人的责任，托运人的合同责任和侵权责任是无限的。在等待«鹿特丹规则»的批准之下，自由合同是一个有意思的办法, 为了限制托运的责任，需要遵守治安法和托运人的必需义务。
Libros sobre el tema "Chargeur"
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Picouly, Daniel. Un bâton de rouge dans le chargeur: Roman. Monaco: Rocher, 2004.
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Picouly, Daniel. La Donzelle: Un bâton rouge dans le chargeur : roman. [Monaco]: Editions du Rocher, 2004.
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La donzelle: Un bâton de rouge dans le chargeur : roman. Monaco: Rocher, 2004.
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Journées du chargeur africain (2nd 2002 Dakar, Senegal). Journées du chargeur africain: Dakar du 28 au 31 mai 2002. Dakar: Conseil sénégalais des changeurs, 2002.
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United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission., ed. Charges: Filing a charge. Washington, D.C: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1988.
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United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, ed. Charges: Filing a charge. Washington, D.C: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1988.
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Charge!: Great cavalry charges of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Greenhill Books, 2003.
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Great Britain. Department of the Environment., ed. The community charge: The community charges register : a practice note. London: Department of the Environment, 1988.
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Henry, Chris. Depth charge: Mines, depth charges and underwater weapons, 1914-1945. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2005.
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M, MacDonald James y United States. Dept. ofAgriculture., eds. User-fee financing of USDA's meat and poultry inspection. Washington, D.C. (1800 M. Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036-5831): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1999.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Chargeur"
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Leble, Sergey. "Kinetics of Charges in Waveguides. Charge Transport". En Waveguide Propagation of Nonlinear Waves, 259–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22652-7_10.
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Fieber, M., E. Holub-Krappe, J. Lehmann, T. Drewello y A. Ding. "Charge Separation Reactions of Doubly Charged Xe Clusters". En Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, 919–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2645-0_122.
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Dohlus, M., J. Rossbach, K. H. W. Bethge, J. Meijer, U. Amaldi, G. Magrin, M. Lindroos et al. "Application of Accelerators and Storage Rings". En Particle Physics Reference Library, 661–795. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_11.
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AbstractIt is well known from Maxwell theory that electromagnetic radiation is emitted whenever electric charges are accelerated in free space. This radiation assumes quite extraordinary properties whenever the charged particles move at ultrarelativistic speed: The radiation becomes very powerful and tightly collimated in space, and it may easily cover a rather wide spectrum ranging from the THz into the hard X-ray regime. When generation of such radiation is intended rather than being a side effect, the charged particles are normally electrons, thus kinetic energies are then typically in the multi-MeV range.
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Metral, E., G. Rumolo y W. Herr. "Impedance and Collective Effects". En Particle Physics Reference Library, 105–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_4.
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AbstractAs the beam intensity increases, the beam can no longer be considered as a collection of non-interacting single particles: in addition to the “single-particle phenomena”, “collective effects” become significant. At low intensity a beam of charged particles moves around an accelerator under the Lorentz force produced by the “external” electromagnetic fields (from the guiding and focusing magnets, RF cavities, etc.). However, the charged particles also interact with themselves (leading to space charge effects) and with their environment, inducing charges and currents in the surrounding structures, which create electromagnetic fields called wake fields. In the ultra-relativistic limit, causality dictates that there can be no electromagnetic field in front of the beam, which explains the term “wake”. It is often useful to examine the frequency content of the wake field (a time domain quantity) by performing a Fourier transformation on it. This leads to the concept of impedance (a frequency domain quantity), which is a complex function of frequency. The charged particles can also interact with other charged particles present in the accelerator (leading to two-stream effects, and in particular to electron cloud effects in positron/hadron machines) and with the counter-rotating beam in a collider (leading to beam–beam effects). As the beam intensity increases, all these “perturbations” should be properly quantified and the motion of the charged particles will eventually still be governed by the Lorentz force but using the total electromagnetic fields, which are the sum of the external and perturbation fields. Note that in some cases a perturbative treatment is not sufficient and the problem has to be solved self consistently. These perturbations can lead to both incoherent (i.e. of a single particle) and coherent (i.e. of the centre of mass) effects, in the longitudinal and in one or both transverse directions, leading to beam quality degradation or even partial or total beam losses. Fortunately, stabilising mechanisms exist, such as Landau damping, electronic feedback systems and linear coupling between the transverse planes (as in the case of a transverse coherent instability, one plane is usually more critical than the other).
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Worthington, Sarah. "Equitable Security Interests: Floating Charges". En Proprietary Interests in Commercial Transactions, 71–100. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198262756.003.0004.
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Abstract The previous chapters examined particular illustrations of the ways parties can, by agreement, define their legal and equitable ownership interests in specified assets. Parties have similar powers when it comes to equitable security interests. Floating charges provide the foremost example: they are a prime example of the potency of equitable doctrines. A floating charge enables one party to offer its business undertaking, or some part of it, as security for an obligation owed to another. When first conceived, its novelty was that it allowed security to be given over a fund of assets, a fund that might have additions to it and subtractions from it as the business was carried on. The chargor could continue to deal with the charged assets comprising the fund until the ‘floating’ charge ‘crystallized’, or the permission to deal was revoked. It was this which made the device so commercially attractive.
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Ritchie, G. A. D. y D. S. Sivia. "Electrostatics". En Foundations of Physics for Chemists. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198503606.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces charge as the fundamental property of positive or negative electrons and protons, citing experiments wherein like charges repel while opposite charges attract. It examines the electrostatic interactions that are responsible for the existence of molecules and their chemical and thermodynamic properties. It also discusses the simplest electrostatic reaction between two isolated charged particles that have negligible sizes compared to their separation. The chapter recounts how Charles-Augustin de Coulomb showed experimentally that the magnitude of force between two charged particles is proportional to the product of their charges and to the square of their separation. It clarifies that force is a vector that is collinear with the internuclear separation.
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"Muon charge and spin states". En Muon Spectroscopy, editado por Stephen J. Blundell, Roberto De Renzi, Tom Lancaster y Francis L. Pratt, 21–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858959.003.0003.
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When introducing the positive muon μ+ into matter we find various types of implanted state: the muon can exist as a bare muon (positively charged), or can pick an electronic charge to become the neutral muonium state, or even pick up two electronic charges and become a negatively charged species. These states, and the consequences of their formation, are explored in this chapter.
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Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Mary. "Electrical Injuries". En Neurology And Trauma, 566–73. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170320.003.0031.
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Abstract With power in the extra-low frequency (ELF) 50– 60 Hz range, the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy in industrial and public systems support virtually every aspect of daily living. Electricity is pervasive in modern environments and can be simply defined as “any effect resulting from the existence of stationary or moving electric charges.” Charge is an inherent property of electrons (negatively charged) and protons (positively charged). The motion of charge through a conductor is called electrical current.35 Electrical current is described by the units volts (electrical force), amperes (electrical flow), and ohms (electrical resistance).
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Maxwell, James Clerk. "elementary mathematical ‘fheory of statical electricity". En A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 71–102. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198503736.003.0002.
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Abstract 63.] We have seen that the properties of charged bodies are such that the charge of one body may be equal to that of another, or to the sum of the charges of two bodies, and that when two bodies are equally and oppositely charged they have no electrical effect on external bodies when placed together within a closed insulated conducting vessel. We may express all these results in a concise and consistent manner by describing an electrified body as charged with a certain quantity of electricity, which we may denote bye. When the charge is positive, that is, according to the usual convention, vitreous, e will be a positive quantity. When the charge is negative or resinous, e will be negative, and the quantity -e may be interpreted either as a negative quantity of vitreous electricity or as a positive quantity of resinous electricity.
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Juo, Anthony S. R. y Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Chemistry". En Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0006.
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Soil chemistry deals with the chemical properties and reactions of soils. It is essentially the application of electrochemistry and colloid chemistry to soil systems. Major topics include surface charge properties of soil colloids, cation and anion sorption and exchange, soil acidity, soil alkalinity, soil salinity, and the effects of these chemical properties and processes on soil biological activity, plant growth, and environmental quality. The ability of the electrically charged surface of soil colloids to retain nutrient cations and anions is an important chemical property affecting the fertility status of the soil. There are two major sources of electrical charges on soil organic and inorganic colloids, namely, permanent or constant charges and variable or pH-dependent charges. Permanent or constant charges are the result of the charge imbalance brought about by isomorphous substitution in a mineral structure of one cation by another of similar size but differing valence (see also section 2.3.2). For example, the substitution of Mg2+ for Al3+ that occurs in Al-dominated octahedral sheets of 2:1 clay minerals results in a negative surface charge in smectite, vermiculite, and chlorite. The excess negative charges are then balanced by adsorbed cations to maintain electrical neutrality. Permanent negative charges of all 2:1 silicate minerals arise from isomorphous substitutions. The l:l-type clay mineral, kaolinite, has only a minor amount of permanent charge due to isomorphic substitution. The negative charges on kaolinite originate from surface hydroxyl groups on the edge of the mineral structure and are pH-dependent. Variable or pH-dependent charges occur on the surfaces of Fe and Al oxides, allophanes, and organic soil colloids. This type of surface charge originates from hydroxyl groups and other functional groups by releasing or accepting H+ ions, resulting in either negative or positive charges. Other functional groups are hydroxyl (OH) groups of Fe and/or Al oxides and allophanes and the COOH and OH groups of soil organic matter. Variable-charge soil colloids bear either a positive or a negative net surface charge depending on the pH of the soil. The magnitude of the charge varies with the electrolyte concentration of the soil solution.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Chargeur"
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Coïa, N. "Architecture électronique à sécurité intégrée d’un onduleur/chargeur pour machine électrique à aimants permanents". En Congrès Lambda Mu 19 de Maîtrise des Risques et Sûreté de Fonctionnement, Dijon, 21-23 Octobre 2014. IMdR, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/56141.
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Rodgers, Lennon, Paul Karplus, Radu Gogoana y Mike Nawrot. "Rapidly Charging Battery Systems". En ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-29226.
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For rapidly charging battery systems to be fully realized, there must be [i] a cell chemistry with an adequate energy density that accepts high power charging without overheating and accelerated degradation, [ii] electricity sources that can supply the necessary charging power, [iii] battery pack designs that can handle the large charging currents while not drastically decreasing the mass and volumetric energy densities, and [iv] high power chargers. This study first explores the feasibility of these elements, and presents a particular design that was demonstrated on an electric motorcycle. The final system consists of four battery modules, totaling 1.6 kWatt-hours, a 10 kWatt charger, and an integrated circuit-based Battery Management System. A single module was rapidly charged to 90% capacity in 15 minutes, and all four modules connected in series were rapidly charged to 40% capacity. Future tests will rapidly charge the 4 modules to >90% capacity.
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Banerjee, Soumik, Sohail Murad y Ishwar K. Puri. "Carbon Nanotubes as Nano-Pumps: A Molecular Dynamics Investigation". En ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96206.
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This paper focuses on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for ion separation and encapsulation from a solution containing both positive and negatively charged ions. Metal ion separation from drinking water or during material processing applications can be an important issue. We use molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that a pair of carbon nanotubes with patterned positive and negative charges can form the basis of an effective device for the separation or encapsulation of ions. We consider three different charge patterns: i) Electrodes, where all the atoms of a CNT are charged with a finite surface charge density; ii) Alternate axial bands of positive and negative charges on each electrode; and iii) Alternate circumferential rings of positive and negative charges on the electrodes. The charge pattern determines the preferential intake of water and/or ions by a nanotube. As conventional electrodes they adsorb ions, but with an alternate band or ring charge pattern they adsorb the water molecules. Our simulations show that a charged CNT can be used as a nano-pump that provides purified water or ions from an impure solution.
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Yamaguchi, Yasutaka, Donatas Surblys, Satoshi Nakaoka, Koji Kuroda, Tadashi Nakajima y Hideo Fujimura. "Molecular Analysis on the Dynamic Properties of Water Droplet at Solid-Liquid Interface Based on MD Simulations". En ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44474.
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Molecular dynamics simulations of single water or water-IPA (Isopropyl-alcohol) mixture droplets on a solid surface were performed. The interaction for solid-water molecules was modeled as the combination of L-J and Coulomb potentials, and the effects of Coulomb interaction were independently investigated by appending arbitrary electric charge as a parameter on the solid surface. The water droplet became more wettable both with positive and negative surface charges as the absolute value of the electric charge increased, and the cosine of the contact angle was roughly a linear function of the absolute value of the electric charge although the correlation was obviously different between positive and negative charge values. Multiple molecular orientations seemed possible as local equilibrium states near the adsorption layer on negatively charged surface, and the mean rotational diffusion was higher there. On the other hand, mean rotational diffusion was reduced in the vicinity of the positively charged surface.
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Boyarchuk, K. A., G. A. Lyakhov y Yu P. Svirko. "Four Wave Mixing Diagnostics of Atmospheric Regions with an Excess of Charged Aerosol Concentration". En Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1996.lthd.13.
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In this paper we address the phenomena of four-wave mixing and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a medium containing free electric charges. Under SBS the hypersonic wave at the frequency of the Stokes shift Ω [1] gives rise to oscillation of the all particles of the medium near their equilibrium positions. In an electrically neutral medium equilibrium quantities of the positive and negative charged particles per unit volume are the same. However their mobilities are slightly different. Therefore, the magnitudes and phases of their oscillations near equilibrium positions are not equal to one another. This results in transient electric charge separation in acoustic field [2]. That is, under SBS the excitation of hypersonic wave in the medium with free electric charges leads to the generation of the electric charge density wave of the same frequency in the medium [3].
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Noro, Masatoshi y Satoru Koizumi. "Present Application and Future Possibilities of Quick Charger for Electric Vehicle". En 1st International Electric Vehicle Technology Conference. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-39-7250.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Quick Charger does not only charge Electric Vehicle (EV) rapidly but also mitigate the range anxiety of drivers of EV. The drivers who have experienced the driving of EV often refer to the range anxiety to use up batteries on EV. Range anxiety tends to be overemphasized than what actually is, considering the usage pattern of EV. There is a report to show that the usage of EV has been promoted after the installation of Quick Chargers. Therefore, the build-up of charging infrastructure utilizing Quick Charger is indispensible for the penetration of EV into market. In this paper, discussed is the system configuration and function of present Quick Charger and prospect of future development of Quick Charger. To encourage the wide use of Quick Charger, Quick Charger is featured by versatility, user-friendliness and safety in the event of charging EV. In order to materialize versatility, Quick Charger complies with CHAdeMO protocol, which ensures the charging of various types of EV, as long as EV complies with CHAdeMO. With regards to the safety and reliability, several measures such as insulation checking, protection and supervision by self-checking are adopted to achieve the high level of safety for general public using Quick Charger. Following the guidance on the LCD display, the entire operation of charging can be completed safely and easily by pushing START button after the connection of the cable.</div></div>
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Jackson, Alicia R., Tai-Yi Yuan, Chun-Yuh Huang y Wei Yong Gu. "A Two-Point Conductivity Approach to Measuring Fixed Charge Density in Intervertebral Disc Tissue". En ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206310.
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Low back pain, a major socio-economic concern in the United States, is believed to result from degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) of the spine [1]. The IVD is characterized as a charged, hydrated soft tissue made up of a central nucleus pulposus (NP) surrounded by the layered annulus fibrosus (AF). The negatively-charged nature of the disc derives from the charged groups attached to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules found on proteoglycans (PG) in the extracellular matrix of the disc. The fixed charge density (FCD) is a measure of the number of negative charges attached to the disc matrix per unit volume. FCD is important to disc function, both mechanically (i.e., swelling pressure) and in terms of transport through the disc [2].
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Lavi, Barak y Garry Berkovic. "Optical Nonlinearity Of Co-Polymers Caused By Charge Injection". En Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.21.
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We have shown [1] that asymmetric injection of electric charge into polymer-dye blends can induce second order nonlinear optical effects which are distinct from the more conventional mechanism of using electric fields to align the dye molecules. Using an “in-plane” geometry [1], charges can be injected into polymer-dye films causing symmetry breakage both parallel and perpendicular to the external field. The symmetry breakage perpendicular to the field results from the setting-up of a macroscopic charge gradient, while nonlinearity parallel to the field results from conventional dipolar alignment. Using high voltages but only moderate fields (2000 V across 2mm) charge injection effects can be stronger than dipolar alignment. It is believed that charged dimers and quadrupolar nonlinearities are responsible for the nonlinearity in a charge gradient [2].
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Veeramani, Vivekanand, Ramanathan Karthi y Muthu Shanmugam Ramakrishnan. "Model Based Charge Control for 3-Cylinder TGDI Miller Engine Containing Variable Geometry Turbocharger". En Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-26-0043.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">For ensuring environmental safety, strong emphasis on CO<sub>2</sub> pollution reduction is mandated which led to evolution of miller cycle engines.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">However, the inherent Miller engine characteristic is the lower volumetric efficiency when compared to otto engines because of which small turbo chargers with variable geometry turbines are used to induct air into the engine. With miller engine and VGT turbo charger combination arises the challenges of charge controllability because of lower inertia and reduced vane control area. With conventional turbo charger control methods, the response time is slow thereby leading to turbo lag or severe over boosting, this is overcome by accurate engine modelling and using the same as input for charger control.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, model-based calibration approach was performed on a 3-cylinder Miller GDI 1.2L engine to model the charge exchange of the engine and use the same for determination required turbine vane positions to achieve the desired airflow induction into the engine. The charge exchange model consists of two components namely compressor model and the turbine model. Compressor model predicts the air induction into the engine by virtue of the power provided by the turbine and trajectory of compressor speed. The compressor speed trajectory is determined as a function of compressor inertia and the pressure upstream and downstream of compressor. The Turbine modelling involves accurately modelling the exhaust pressure and temperature across the turbine and deriving the turbine power and Vane position required to achieve the desired pressure at compressor. In addition to this, better surge, and compressor overspeed prediction is possible.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Results show that with model-based turbo control mechanism, efficient control of airflow induction is possible with reduced turbo lag. Additionally Model based calibration approach reduces Calibration Effort for Variants using Same Turbo charger.</div></div>
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Fresco, Anthony N. "Solute Ion Coulomb Force Monopole Motor and Solute Ion Linear Alignment Propulsion". En ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90396.
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Capacitive deionization relies on carbon aerogel or nanofoam having a surface area of 400 square meters/ gram to attract sodium and chlorine ions to the cathode and anode respectively by applying a voltage of about 1.5 VDC across the anode and cathode. By first physically isolating at least two anodes and two cathodes during charge accumulation, at least two positive monopoles and two negative monopoles are created. Positive/negative monopoles are formed by the enclosure of the cathodes/anodes by an electrically conductive material surrounding the sodium/chlorine ions. At least five or six like charged monopoles are created. At least four of the like charged monopoles (all negative or all positive) can be arranged on a disc. At least one stationary monopole of the same charge is placed adjacent to the disc and positioned so that a repulsive electric field is formed between the stationary monopole and at least one of the monopoles positioned on the disc so that the disc is then forced to rotate a shaft at the center of the disc. The Coulomb force between the monopoles is given by Coulomb’s Law, i.e., F=(k/ε)[(q1)(q2)/(r2)](1) where k = 9E+09 Newtons-meter2/coul2, q1 and q2 are the charge in coulombs, r is the distance between the charges in meters and ε = 75–81 dielectric constant assuming water between the charges (more likely air having ε = 1). Only a very small amount of charge in each monopole is required, i.e., 10 millicoulombs, (less than a milligram) to provide a force of about 44,000 Newtons (almost 10,000 lbs) if monopoles are separated by 0.5 meters (assuming this equation for Coulomb’s Law for this application is directly applicable without modification-this may not be the case). (For air, the force would be multiplied by 75–81). In a related approach, solute ions are accelerated by an electrostatic field from solute ions collected on electrodes +,-. Using an orthogonal electric field, partition electrodes are closed to capture like charged ions. Polarity is reversed via a transverse (longitudinal) electric field. Linear alignment of ions results in vector alignment of Coulomb forces to create an ion jet for propulsion or particle acceleration. The result is ionic marine propulsion and a possible ionic jet engine that obtains propulsion energy from Coulomb repulsion forces of homopolar separated charge. No combustion or jet fuel is required. Details are available in WO 2008/024927 A2 Ref. [1].
Informes sobre el tema "Chargeur"
1
Seroa da Motta, Ronaldo y José Gustavo Feres. Water Charge Instruments for Environmental Management in Latin America: From Theoretical to Practical Issues: Brazil Country Case. Inter-American Development Bank, enero de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006771.
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This presentation discusses the new water policy in Brazil. The examples of the State of Ceará, the State of São Paulo and the Federal River Basin of Paraíba do Sul are given. In addition, the criteria of charges applied are detailed along with the formulae for the total monthly water charge. This document was presented by the Environment Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the 2nd Hemispheric Meeting held on February 25th and 26th, 2003.
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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein y Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, mayo de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.
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The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby pollen grains, and overcoming their typically 0.3-3.9 nN detachment force resulting in non-contact electrostatic pollen transfer across a 5 mm or greater air gap from anther-to-bee, thus providing a theoretical basis for earlier experimental observations and "buzz pollination" events; b) charge-relaxation characteristics measured for flower structural components (viz., 3 ns and 25 ns time constants, respectively, for the stigma-style vs. waxy petal surfaces) ensure them to be electrically appropriate targets for electrodeposition of charged pollen grains but not differing sufficiently to facilitate electrodynamic focusing onto the stigma; c) conventional electrostatic focusing beneficially concentrates pollen-deposition electric fields onto the pistill tip by 3-fold as compared to that onto underlying flower structures; and d) pollen viability is adequately maintained following exposure to particulate charging/management fields exceeding 2 MV/m. Laboratory- and field-scale processes/prototype machines for electrostatic application of pollen were successfully developed to dispense pollen in both a dry-powder phase and in a liquid-carried phase utilizing corona, triboelectric, and induction particulate-charging methods; pollen-charge levels attained (~ 1-10 mC/kg) provide pollen-deposition forces 10-, 77-, and 100-fold greater than gravity, respectively, for such charged pollen grains subjected to a 1 kV/cm electric field. Lab and field evaluations have documented charged vs. ukncharged pollen deposition to be significantly (a = 0.01-0.05) increased by 3.9-5.6 times. Orchard trials showed initial fruit set on branches individually treated with electrostatically applied pollen to typically increase up to ~ 2-fold vs. uncharged pollen applications; however, whole-tree applications have not significantly shown similar levels of benefit and corrective measures continue. Project results thus contribute important basic knowledge and applied electrostatics technology which will provide agriculture with alternative/supplemental mechanized pollination systems as tranditional pollen-transfer vectors are further endangered by natural and man-fade factors.
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Garfinkle, D. y Soo-Jong Rey. Angular momentum of an electric charge and magnetically charged black hole. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6434236.
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Walters, William P. The Shaped Charge Concept. Part 2. The History of Shaped Charges. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, septiembre de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226772.
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Bilek, E. M. (Ted). ChargeOut! : determining machine and capital equipment charge-out rates using discounted cash-flow analysis. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-171.
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Vigil, M. G. Design of linear shaped charges using the LESCA (Linear Explosive Shaped Charge Analysis) code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6907641.
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Weinstein Agrawal, Asha, Samuel Speroni, Michael Manville y Brian D. Taylor. Pay-As-You-Go Driving: Examining Possible Road-User Charge Rate Structures for California. Mineta Transporation Institute, octubre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2149.
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This report lays out principles to help California policymakers identify an optimal rate structure for a road-user charge (RUC). The rate structure is different from the rate itself. The rate is the price a driver pays, while the structure is the set of principles that govern how that price is set. We drew on existing research on rate setting in transportation, public utilities, and behavioral economics to develop a set of conceptual principles that can be used to evaluate rate structures, and then applied these principles to a set of mileage fee rate structure options. Key findings include that transportation system users already pay for driving using a wide array of rate structures, including some that charge rate structured based on vehicle characteristics, user characteristics, and time or location of driving. We also conclude that the principal advantage of RUCs is not their ability to raise revenue but rather to variably allocate charges among various types of users and travelers. To obtain those benefits, policymakers need to proactively design rate structures to advance important state policy goals and/or improve administrative and political feasibility.
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Back, John J. Measurements of the Branching Fractions and Charge Asymmetries of Charmless Three-Body Charged B Decays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/815283.
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Kozumplik, Brian J. Electric Charging Intended Functionality, Availability, and Equity Inclusion. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, enero de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023001.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">As unprecedented growth in EV sales is expected, and the number of public charging stations must be planned accordingly as charger up-time and functionality (i.e., availability) is the number one factor for users once the charging system is installed. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Electric Vehicle Intended Functionality, Availability, and Equity Inclusion</b> informs current customers and potential purchasers of functionality, availability, and equity inclusion issues with EV charging systems currently in production and in use across North America and Europe. Note that if shortages of available chargers are recognized and exposed across the US, this could then have a negative impact on future potential EV customers from making the “leap” from traditional ICE vehicles to EVs. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Beech, Russell S. Compact, Lightweight, Smart Battery Charger. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, octubre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440548.
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